history of radio presentation

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7.2 Evolution of Radio Broadcasting

Learning objectives.

• Identify the major technological changes in radio as a medium since its inception.
• Explain the defining characteristics of radio’s Golden Age.
• Describe the effects of networks and conglomerates on radio programming and culture.

At its most basic level, radio is communication through the use of radio waves. This includes radio used for person-to-person communication as well as radio used for mass communication. Both of these functions are still practiced today. Although most people associate the term radio with radio stations that broadcast to the general public, radio wave technology is used in everything from television to cell phones, making it a primary conduit for person-to-person communication.

The Invention of Radio

Guglielmo Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio. As a young man living in Italy, Marconi read a biography of Hienrich Hertz, who had written and experimented with early forms of wireless transmission. Marconi then duplicated Hertz’s experiments in his own home, successfully sending transmissions from one side of his attic to the other (PBS). He saw the potential for the technology and approached the Italian government for support. When the government showed no interest in his ideas, Marconi moved to England and took out a patent on his device. Rather than inventing radio from scratch, however, Marconi essentially combined the ideas and experiments of other people to make them into a useful communications tool (Coe, 1996).

Guglielmo Marconi developed an early version of the wireless radio.

Wikimedia Commons – public domain.

In fact, long-distance electronic communication has existed since the middle of the 19th century. The telegraph communicated messages through a series of long and short clicks. Cables across the Atlantic Ocean connected even the far-distant United States and England using this technology. By the 1870s, telegraph technology had been used to develop the telephone, which could transmit an individual’s voice over the same cables used by its predecessor.

When Marconi popularized wireless technology, contemporaries initially viewed it as a way to allow the telegraph to function in places that could not be connected by cables. Early radios acted as devices for naval ships to communicate with other ships and with land stations; the focus was on person-to-person communication. However, the potential for broadcasting—sending messages to a large group of potential listeners—wasn’t realized until later in the development of the medium.

Broadcasting Arrives

The technology needed to build a radio transmitter and receiver was relatively simple, and the knowledge to build such devices soon reached the public. Amateur radio operators quickly crowded the airwaves, broadcasting messages to anyone within range and, by 1912, incurred government regulatory measures that required licenses and limited broadcast ranges for radio operation (White). This regulation also gave the president the power to shut down all stations, a power notably exercised in 1917 upon the United States’ entry into World War I to keep amateur radio operators from interfering with military use of radio waves for the duration of the war (White).

Wireless technology made radio as it is known today possible, but its modern, practical function as a mass communication medium had been the domain of other technologies for some time. As early as the 1880s, people relied on telephones to transmit news, music, church sermons, and weather reports. In Budapest, Hungary, for example, a subscription service allowed individuals to listen to news reports and fictional stories on their telephones (White). Around this time, telephones also transmitted opera performances from Paris to London. In 1909, this innovation emerged in the United States as a pay-per-play phonograph service in Wilmington, Delaware (White). This service allowed subscribers to listen to specific music recordings on their telephones (White).

In 1906, Massachusetts resident Reginald Fessenden initiated the first radio transmission of the human voice, but his efforts did not develop into a useful application (Grant, 1907). Ten years later, Lee de Forest used radio in a more modern sense when he set up an experimental radio station, 2XG, in New York City. De Forest gave nightly broadcasts of music and news until World War I halted all transmissions for private citizens (White).

Radio’s Commercial Potential

After the World War I radio ban lifted with the close of the conflict in 1919, a number of small stations began operating using technologies that had developed during the war. Many of these stations developed regular programming that included religious sermons, sports, and news (White). As early as 1922, Schenectady, New York’s WGY broadcast over 40 original dramas, showing radio’s potential as a medium for drama. The WGY players created their own scripts and performed them live on air. This same groundbreaking group also made the first known attempt at television drama in 1928 (McLeod, 1998).

Businesses such as department stores, which often had their own stations, first put radio’s commercial applications to use. However, these stations did not advertise in a way that the modern radio listener would recognize. Early radio advertisements consisted only of a “genteel sales message broadcast during ‘business’ (daytime) hours, with no hard sell or mention of price (Sterling & Kittross, 2002).” In fact, radio advertising was originally considered an unprecedented invasion of privacy, because—unlike newspapers, which were bought at a newsstand—radios were present in the home and spoke with a voice in the presence of the whole family (Sterling & Kittross, 2002). However, the social impact of radio was such that within a few years advertising was readily accepted on radio programs. Advertising agencies even began producing their own radio programs named after their products. At first, ads ran only during the day, but as economic pressure mounted during the Great Depression in the 1930s, local stations began looking for new sources of revenue, and advertising became a normal part of the radio soundscape (Sterling & Kittross, 2002).

The Rise of Radio Networks

Not long after radio’s broadcast debut, large businesses saw its potential profitability and formed networks . In 1926, RCA started the National Broadcasting Network (NBC). Groups of stations that carried syndicated network programs along with a variety of local shows soon formed its Red and Blue networks. Two years after the creation of NBC, the United Independent Broadcasters became the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and began competing with the existing Red and Blue networks (Sterling & Kittross, 2002).

Although early network programming focused mainly on music, it soon developed to include other programs. Among these early innovations was the variety show . This format generally featured several different performers introduced by a host who segued between acts. Variety shows included styles as diverse as jazz and early country music. At night, dramas and comedies such as Amos ’n’ Andy , The Lone Ranger , and Fibber McGee and Molly filled the airwaves. News, educational programs, and other types of talk programs also rose to prominence during the 1930s (Sterling & Kittross, 2002).

The Radio Act of 1927

In the mid-1920s, profit-seeking companies such as department stores and newspapers owned a majority of the nation’s broadcast radio stations, which promoted their owners’ businesses (ThinkQuest). Nonprofit groups such as churches and schools operated another third of the stations. As the number of radio stations outgrew the available frequencies, interference became problematic, and the government stepped into the fray.

The Radio Act of 1927 established the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) to oversee regulation of the airwaves. A year after its creation, the FRC reallocated station bandwidths to correct interference problems. The organization reserved 40 high-powered channels, setting aside 37 of these for network affiliates. The remaining 600 lower-powered bandwidths went to stations that had to share the frequencies; this meant that as one station went off the air at a designated time, another one began broadcasting in its place. The Radio Act of 1927 allowed major networks such as CBS and NBC to gain a 70 percent share of U.S. broadcasting by the early 1930s, earning them $72 million in profits by 1934 (McChesney, 1992). At the same time, nonprofit broadcasting fell to only 2 percent of the market (McChesney, 1992).

In protest of the favor that the 1927 Radio Act showed toward commercial broadcasting, struggling nonprofit radio broadcasters created the National Committee on Education by Radio to lobby for more outlets. Basing their argument on the notion that the airwaves—unlike newspapers—were a public resource, they asserted that groups working for the public good should take precedence over commercial interests. Nevertheless, the Communications Act of 1934 passed without addressing these issues, and radio continued as a mainly commercial enterprise (McChesney, 1992).

The Golden Age of Radio

The so-called Golden Age of Radio occurred between 1930 and the mid-1950s. Because many associate the 1930s with the struggles of the Great Depression, it may seem contradictory that such a fruitful cultural occurrence arose during this decade. However, radio lent itself to the era. After the initial purchase of a receiver, radio was free and so provided an inexpensive source of entertainment that replaced other, more costly pastimes, such as going to the movies.

Radio also presented an easily accessible form of media that existed on its own schedule. Unlike reading newspapers or books, tuning in to a favorite program at a certain time became a part of listeners’ daily routine because it effectively forced them to plan their lives around the dial.

Daytime Radio Finds Its Market

During the Great Depression, radio became so successful that another network, the Mutual Broadcasting Network, began in 1934 to compete with NBC’s Red and Blue networks and the CBS network, creating a total of four national networks (Cashman, 1989). As the networks became more adept at generating profits, their broadcast selections began to take on a format that later evolved into modern television programming. Serial dramas and programs that focused on domestic work aired during the day when many women were at home. Advertisers targeted this demographic with commercials for domestic needs such as soap (Museum). Because they were often sponsored by soap companies, daytime serial dramas soon became known as soap operas . Some modern televised soap operas, such as Guiding Light , which ended in 2009, actually began in the 1930s as radio serials (Hilmes, 1999).

The Origins of Prime Time

During the evening, many families listened to the radio together, much as modern families may gather for television’s prime time. Popular evening comedy variety shows such as George Burns and Gracie Allen’s Burns and Allen , the Jack Benny Show , and the Bob Hope Show all began during the 1930s. These shows featured a central host—for whom the show was often named—and a series of sketch comedies, interviews, and musical performances, not unlike contemporary programs such as Saturday Night Live . Performed live before a studio audience, the programs thrived on a certain flair and spontaneity. Later in the evening, so-called prestige dramas such as Lux Radio Theater and Mercury Theatre on the Air aired. These shows featured major Hollywood actors recreating movies or acting out adaptations of literature (Hilmes).

Many prime-time radio broadcasts featured film stars recreating famous films over the air.

Instant News

By the late 1930s, the popularity of radio news broadcasts had surpassed that of newspapers. Radio’s ability to emotionally draw its audiences in close to events made for news that evoked stronger responses and, thus, greater interest than print news could. For example, the infant son of famed aviator Charles Lindbergh was kidnapped and murdered in 1932. Radio networks set up mobile stations that covered events as they unfolded, broadcasting nonstop for several days and keeping listeners updated on every detail while tying them emotionally to the outcome (Brown, 1998).

As recording technology advanced, reporters gained the ability to record events in the field and bring them back to the studio to broadcast over the airwaves. One early example of this was Herb Morrison’s recording of the Hindenburg disaster. In 1937, the Hindenburg blimp exploded into flames while attempting to land, killing 37 of its passengers. Morrison was already on the scene to record the descent, capturing the fateful crash. The entire event was later broadcast, including the sound of the exploding blimp, providing listeners with an unprecedented emotional connection to a national disaster. Morrison’s exclamation “Oh, the humanity!” became a common phrase of despair after the event (Brown, 1998).

Radio news became even more important during World War II, when programs such as Norman Corwin’s This Is War! sought to bring more sober news stories to a radio dial dominated by entertainment. The program dealt with the realities of war in a somber manner; at the beginning of the program, the host declared, “No one is invited to sit down and take it easy. Later, later, there’s a war on (Horten, 2002).” In 1940, Edward R. Murrow, a journalist working in England at the time, broadcast firsthand accounts of the German bombing of London, giving Americans a sense of the trauma and terror that the English were experiencing at the outset of the war (Horten, 2002). Radio news outlets were the first to broadcast the attack on Pearl Harbor that propelled the United States into World War II in 1941. By 1945, radio news had become so efficient and pervasive that when Roosevelt died, only his wife, his children, and Vice President Harry S. Truman were aware of it before the news was broadcast over the public airwaves (Brown).

The Birth of the Federal Communications Commission

The Communications Act of 1934 created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and ushered in a new era of government regulation. The organization quickly began enacting influential radio decisions. Among these was the 1938 decision to limit stations to 50,000 watts of broadcasting power, a ceiling that remains in effect today (Cashman). As a result of FCC antimonopoly rulings, RCA was forced to sell its NBC Blue network; this spun-off division became the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in 1943 (Brinson, 2004).

Another significant regulation with long-lasting influence was the Fairness Doctrine . In 1949, the FCC established the Fairness Doctrine as a rule stating that if broadcasters editorialized in favor of a position on a particular issue, they had to give equal time to all other reasonable positions on that issue (Browne & Browne, 1986). This tenet came from the long-held notion that the airwaves were a public resource, and that they should thus serve the public in some way. Although the regulation remained in effect until 1987, the impact of its core concepts are still debated. This chapter will explore the Fairness Doctrine and its impact in greater detail in a later section.

Radio on the Margins

Despite the networks’ hold on programming, educational stations persisted at universities and in some municipalities. They broadcast programs such as School of the Air and College of the Air as well as roundtable and town hall forums. In 1940, the FCC reserved a set of frequencies in the lower range of the FM radio spectrum for public education purposes as part of its regulation of the new spectrum. The reservation of FM frequencies gave educational stations a boost, but FM proved initially unpopular due to a setback in 1945, when the FCC moved the FM bandwidth to a higher set of frequencies, ostensibly to avoid problems with interference (Longley, 1968). This change required the purchase of new equipment by both consumers and radio stations, thus greatly slowing the widespread adoption of FM radio.

One enduring anomaly in the field of educational stations has been the Pacifica Radio network. Begun in 1949 to counteract the effects of commercial radio by bringing educational programs and dialogue to the airwaves, Pacifica has grown from a single station—Berkeley, California’s KPFA—to a network of five stations and more than 100 affiliates (Pacifica Network). From the outset, Pacifica aired newer classical, jazz, and folk music along with lectures, discussions, and interviews with public artists and intellectuals. Among Pacifica’s major innovations was its refusal to take money from commercial advertisers, relying instead on donations from listeners and grants from institutions such as the Ford Foundation and calling itself listener-supported (Mitchell, 2005).

Another important innovation on the fringes of the radio dial during this time was the growth of border stations . Located just across the Mexican border, these stations did not have to follow FCC or U.S. regulatory laws. Because the stations broadcast at 250,000 watts and higher, their listening range covered much of North America. Their content also diverged—at the time markedly—from that of U.S. stations. For example, Dr. John Brinkley started station XERF in Del Rio, Mexico, after being forced to shut down his station in Nebraska, and he used the border station in part to promote a dubious goat gland operation that supposedly cured sexual impotence (Dash, 2008). Besides the goat gland promotion, the station and others like it often carried music, like country and western, that could not be heard on regular network radio. Later border station disc jockeys, such as Wolfman Jack, were instrumental in bringing rock and roll music to a wider audience (Rudel, 2008).

Television Steals the Show

A great deal of radio’s success as a medium during the 1920s and 1930s was due to the fact that no other medium could replicate it. This changed in the late 1940s and early 1950s as television became popular. A 1949 poll of people who had seen television found that almost half of them believed that radio was doomed (Gallup, 1949). Television sets had come on the market by the late 1940s, and by 1951, more Americans were watching television during prime time than ever (Bradley). Famous radio programs such as The Bob Hope Show were made into television shows, further diminishing radio’s unique offerings (Cox, 1949).

Surprisingly, some of radio’s most critically lauded dramas launched during this period. Gunsmoke , an adult-oriented Western show (that later become television’s longest-running show) began in 1952; crime drama Dragnet , later made famous in both television and film, broadcast between 1949 and 1957; and Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar aired from 1949 to 1962, when CBS canceled its remaining radio dramas. However, these respected radio dramas were the last of their kind (Cox, 2002). Although radio was far from doomed by television, its Golden Age was.

Transition to Top 40

As radio networks abandoned the dramas and variety shows that had previously sustained their formats, the soundscape was left to what radio could still do better than any other mass medium: play music. With advertising dollars down and the emergence of better recording formats, it made good business sense for radio to focus on shows that played prerecorded music. As strictly music stations began to rise, new innovations to increase their profitability appeared. One of the most notable and far-reaching of these innovations was the Top 40 station, a concept that supposedly came from watching jukebox patrons continually play the same songs (Brewster & Broughton, 2000). Robert Storz and Gordon McLendon began adapting existing radio stations to fit this new format with great success. In 1956, the creation of limited playlists further refined the format by providing about 50 songs that disc jockeys played repeatedly every day. By the early 1960s, many stations had developed limited playlists of only 30 songs (Walker, 2001).

Another musically fruitful innovation came with the increase of Black disc jockeys and programs created for Black audiences. Because its advertisers had nowhere to go in a media market dominated by White performers, Black radio became more common on the AM dial. As traditional programming left radio, disc jockeys began to develop as the medium’s new personalities, talking more in between songs and developing followings. Early Black disc jockeys even began improvising rhymes over the music, pioneering techniques that later became rap and hip-hop. This new personality-driven style helped bring early rock and roll to new audiences (Walker, 2001).

FM: The High-Fidelity Counterculture

As music came to rule the airwaves, FM radio drew in new listeners because of its high-fidelity sound capabilities. When radio had primarily featured dramas and other talk-oriented formats, sound quality had simply not mattered to many people, and the purchase of an FM receiver did not compete with the purchase of a new television in terms of entertainment value. As FM receivers decreased in price and stereo recording technology became more popular, however, the high-fidelity trend created a market for FM stations. Mostly affluent consumers began purchasing component stereos with the goal of getting the highest sound quality possible out of their recordings (Douglas, 2004). Although this audience often preferred classical and jazz stations to Top 40 radio, they were tolerant of new music and ideas (Douglas, 2004).

Both the high-fidelity market and the growing youth counterculture of the 1960s had similar goals for the FM spectrum. Both groups eschewed AM radio because of the predictable programming, poor sound quality, and over-commercialization. Both groups wanted to treat music as an important experience rather than as just a trendy pastime or a means to make money. Many adherents to the youth counterculture of the 1960s came from affluent, middle-class families, and their tastes came to define a new era of consumer culture. The goals and market potential of both the high-fidelity lovers and the youth counterculture created an atmosphere on the FM dial that had never before occurred (Douglas, 2004).

Between the years 1960 and 1966, the number of households capable of receiving FM transmissions grew from about 6.5 million to some 40 million. The FCC also aided FM by issuing its nonduplication ruling in 1964. Before this regulation, many AM stations had other stations on the FM spectrum that simply duplicated the AM programming. The nonduplication rule forced FM stations to create their own fresh programming, opening up the spectrum for established networks to develop new stations (Douglas, 2004).

The late 1960s saw new disc jockeys taking greater liberties with established practices; these liberties included playing several songs in a row before going to a commercial break or airing album tracks that exceeded 10 minutes in length. University stations and other nonprofit ventures to which the FCC had given frequencies during the late 1940s popularized this format, and, in time, commercial stations tried to duplicate their success by playing fewer commercials and by allowing their disc jockeys to have a say in their playlists. Although this made for popular listening formats, FM stations struggled to make the kinds of profits that the AM spectrum drew (Douglas, 2004).

In 1974, FM radio accounted for one-third of all radio listening but only 14 percent of radio profits (Douglas, 2004). Large network stations and advertisers began to market heavily to the FM audience in an attempt to correct this imbalance. Stations began tightening their playlists and narrowing their formats to please advertisers and to generate greater revenues. By the end of the 1970s, radio stations were beginning to play specific formats, and the progressive radio of the previous decade had become difficult to find (Douglas, 2004).

The Rise of Public Radio

After the Golden Age of Radio came to an end, most listeners tuned in to radio stations to hear music. The variety shows and talk-based programs that had sustained radio in early years could no longer draw enough listeners to make them a successful business proposition. One divergent path from this general trend, however, was the growth of public radio.

Groups such as the Ford Foundation had funded public media sources during the early 1960s. When the foundation decided to withdraw its funding in the middle of the decade, the federal government stepped in with the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This act created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and charged it with generating funding for public television and radio outlets. The CPB in turn created National Public Radio (NPR) in 1970 to provide programming for already-operating stations. Until 1982, in fact, the CPB entirely and exclusively funded NPR. Public radio’s first program was All Things Considered , an evening news program that focused on analysis and interpretive reporting rather than cutting-edge coverage. In the mid-1970s, NPR attracted Washington-based journalists such as Cokie Roberts and Linda Wertheimer to its ranks, giving the coverage a more professional, hard-reporting edge (Schardt, 1996).

However, in 1983, public radio was pushed to the brink of financial collapse. NPR survived in part by relying more on its member stations to hold fundraising drives, now a vital component of public radio’s business model. In 2003, Joan Kroc, the widow of McDonald’s CEO and philanthropist Ray Kroc, bequeathed a grant of over $200 million to NPR that may keep it afloat for many years to come.

A Prairie Home Companion , hosted by Garrison Keillor (pictured here), is a long-standing public radio tradition that hearkens back to the early days of radio variety shows.

Having weathered the financial storm intact, NPR continued its progression as a respected news provider. During the first Gulf War, NPR sent out correspondents for the first time to provide in-depth coverage of unfolding events. Public radio’s extensive coverage of the 2001 terrorist bombings gained its member stations many new listeners, and it has since expanded (Clift, 2011). Although some have accused NPR of presenting the news with a liberal bias, its listenership in 2005 was 28 percent conservative, 32 percent liberal, and 29 percent moderate. Newt Gingrich, a conservative Republican and former speaker of the house, has stated that the network is “a lot less on the left” than some may believe (Sherman, 2005). With more than 26 million weekly listeners and 860 member stations in 2009, NPR has become a leading radio news source (Kamenetz, 2009).

Public radio distributors such as Public Radio International (PRI) and local public radio stations such as WBEZ in Chicago have also created a number of cultural and entertainment programs, including quiz shows, cooking shows, and a host of local public forum programs. Storytelling programs such as This American Life have created a new kind of free-form radio documentary genre, while shows such as PRI’s variety show A Prairie Home Companion have revived older radio genres. This variety of popular public radio programming has shifted radio from a music-dominated medium to one that is again exploring its vast potential.

Conglomerates

During the early 1990s, many radio stations suffered the effects of an economic recession. Some stations initiated local marketing agreements (LMAs) to share facilities and resources amid this economic decline. LMAs led to consolidation in the industry as radio stations bought other stations to create new hubs for the same programming. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 further increased consolidation by eliminating a duopoly rule prohibiting dual station ownership in the same market and by lifting the numerical limits on station ownership by a single entity.

As large corporations such as Clear Channel Communications bought up stations around the country, they reformatted stations that had once competed against one another so that each focused on a different format. This practice led to mainstream radio’s present state, in which narrow formats target highly specific demographic audiences.

Ultimately, although the industry consolidation of the 1990s made radio profitable, it reduced local coverage and diversity of programming. Because stations around the country served as outlets for a single network, the radio landscape became more uniform and predictable (Keith, 2010). Much as with chain restaurants and stores, some people enjoy this type of predictability, while others prefer a more localized, unique experience (Keith, 2010).

Key Takeaways

• The Golden Age of Radio covered the period between 1930 and 1950. It was characterized by radio’s overwhelming popularity and a wide range of programming, including variety, music, drama, and theater programs.
• Top 40 radio arose after most nonmusic programming moved to television. This format used short playlists of popular hits and gained a great deal of commercial success during the 1950s and 1960s.
• FM became popular during the late 1960s and 1970s as commercial stations adopted the practices of free-form stations to appeal to new audiences who desired higher fidelity and a less restrictive format.
• Empowered by the Telecommunications Act of 1996, media conglomerates have subsumed unprecedented numbers of radio stations by single companies. Radio station consolidation brings predictability and profits at the expense of unique programming.

Please respond to the following short-answer writing prompts. Each response should be a minimum of one paragraph.

• Explain the advantages that radio had over traditional print media during the 1930s and 1940s.
• Do you think that radio could experience another golden age? Explain your answer.
• How has the consolidation of radio stations affected radio programming?
• Characterize the overall effects of one significant technological or social shift described in this section on radio as a medium.

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Dash, Mike. “John Brinkley, the goat-gland quack,” The Telegraph , April 18, 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/non_fictionreviews/3671561/John-Brinkley-the-goat-gland-quack.html .

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Understanding Media and Culture Copyright © 2016 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

History Cooperative

Who Invented the Radio? The Full Story of Guglielmo Marconi and Digital Chatterboxes 

The radio is an innovation that fundamentally transformed the landscape of communication and entertainment worldwide. Its invention is credited to an Italian electrical engineer, Guglielmo Marconi.

Marconi’s revolutionary invention opened new avenues for transmitting information across significant distances, significantly shaping the socio-cultural fabric of the 20th century. 

To know more about Marconi’s critical role, the timeline of the radio’s development, the benefits driving its invention, and the unique techniques involved in creating this groundbreaking technology, it is crucial to gain insight into the chronicles of history.

Table of Contents

Who Invented the Radio?

Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, is universally recognized as the brains behind the invention of the radio. Born in 1874 to an Italian father and an Irish mother, Marconi was intrigued by physics and electrical science from a young age.

His interests significantly influenced his pioneering work in wireless communication , which culminated in the invention of the radio.

However, radio technology’s development underscores the contributions of many inventors and scientists, with Marconi credited for creating the first practical radio signal system.

Marconi’s early experiments involved sending wireless signals over increasing distances. In 1896, he was granted the world’s first patent for a wireless telegraphy system in England . By 1901, he managed to transmit the first wireless signals across the Atlantic Ocean – a landmark event in the history of wireless communication.

READ MORE: Towers for Telegrams: The Western Union Telegraph Company and the Emergence of Microwave Telecommunications Infrastructure

The latter achievement cemented his status as the father of the radio despite some controversies and counterclaims revolving around his pioneering role in this field.

One such controversy involves the role of Nikola Tesla , another renowned inventor of the same era. Despite Marconi being officially recognized as the radio’s inventor, it’s essential to acknowledge that the development of radio technology was a cumulative effort built on the innovations and discoveries of many brilliant minds, including Tesla’s.

READ MORE: Nikola Tesla’s Inventions: The Induction Motor, Bladeless Turbine, Wireless Power, and More!

When Was the First Radio Invented?

The grand invention of the radio signal transmission system traces back to the penultimate decade of the 19th century. The young Marconi began experimenting with radio waves after studying Heinrich Hertz’s electromagnetic theories and James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave equations.

In 1896, Marconi patented his design for a radio wave-based communication system in Britain, taking his first formal steps towards creating the radio.

However, it was not until December 12, 1901, that Marconi audaciously showcased the world-changing potential embedded in his invention. On that watershed day, Marconi successfully transmitted the first wireless signal across the Atlantic Ocean, from Cornwall in the United Kingdom to Newfoundland in Canada.

This remarkable achievement marked the birth of long-distance, trans-global communication, thereby revolutionizing the way the world connected and interacted.

Since then, the novel technology of radio communication has undergone numerous modifications and enhancements, eventually morphing into the radio devices we recognize today.

Did Nikola Tesla Invent the Radio?

The question of whether Nikola Tesla invented the radio often surfaces for good reason. While Marconi took most of the credit for this world-changing invention, Tesla’s work also had profound impacts on the development of wireless communication technology.

Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-American inventor and electrical engineer, was a visionary who made significant strides in the field of alternating current (AC) power systems and electromagnetic fields.

He designed numerous devices in the 1880s and 1890s that used radio waves to communicate information. His patent for these devices, granted in 1897, was a testament to his pioneering work that undoubtedly influenced the development of radio technology.

Though Tesla filed for patents before Marconi, it’s important to note that Tesla’s patents were more oriented towards establishing remote control devices and not particularly focused on long-distance transmission of voice and data, which constitutes the essential core of modern radio.

Therefore, while Tesla indeed made some significant contributions to radio technology, he did not directly invent the radio as we know it today.

Why Was the Radio Invented?

Human beings, being innately social creatures, have yearned for better ways of communication since time immemorial. This incessant craving served primarily as a catalyst for the creation of the radio.

Before the radio’s invention, the distribution and dissemination of information were constrained by geographic limitations and the slow pace of existing communication methods.

The radio was developed to overcome these issues, offering a new means of fast, real-time information delivery over vast distances. It was the first technological invention that enabled mass communication, connecting people from disparate parts of the world and revolutionizing news reporting. It wasn’t long before entertainment and educational programming joined the ranks, enriching the lives of millions and shaping societal norms on a grand scale.

Besides regular communication, the radio has proven pivotal in various other aspects, such as emergency communication during wars and natural disasters.

It gave birth to a new form of journalism and diversified the entertainment industry with radio plays, music broadcasts, and talk shows, amongst others. It thus holds a unique place in history, not only as a technological marvel but also as a powerful socio-cultural catalyst.

How Was the Radio Invented?

The invention of the radio was a process of scientific and technological collaboration, incorporating valuable research from groundbreaking thinkers such as James Clerk Maxwell, Heinrich Hertz, Mahlon Loomis, and Nikola Tesla.

However, it was Guglielmo Marconi who harnessed this collective knowledge and provided the practical application of wireless telegraphy – a crucial element in the radio’s creation.

READ MORE: Who Invented The Telegraph? Revolutionizing Global Communication

Marconi used the fundamental theory of electromagnetic waves and their propagation characteristics through space to design his radio wave system.

He combined a transmitter that sent out radio waves coded in Morse format with a receiver that decoded these signals into a readable format. In early versions, a spark-gap transmitter was used to send Morse code signals. Newman’s ‘hertzian’ antenna setup was adapted to connect both the transmitter and receiver.

These early radios were primitive compared to modern devices. They presented technical challenges, including limited range, signal interference, and lack of selectivity.

Over time, additions like tunable circuits, amplifiers, and the advent of vacuum tubes significantly enhanced the functionality and reach of the radio, paving the way for commercial radio broadcasting by the early 1920s.

The Influence of the Radio

The creation of the radio had profound and far-reaching impacts on global societies and cultures. It changed the landscape of communication, marking the onset of the era of mass communication.

It offered an efficient, real-time medium for disseminating news and information to a wide audience. This transformation was crucial, particularly during critical times like world wars and natural disasters, as it facilitated the immediate sharing of vital updates and alerts.

READ MORE: What Caused World War 1? Political, Imperialistic, and Nationalistic Factors

Beyond its role in communication, the radio also played a significant part in shaping the entertainment industry.

The advent of radio sparked a new form of entertainment via spoken word content, drama, comedy, news, music, and much more. This development democratized access to entertainment and fostered the growth of a shared popular culture that transcended regional boundaries.

In the political arena, radio became an influential tool for disseminating political ideologies, rallying support, and influencing public opinion. And while it was instrumental in the progress of nations, it also served as a propaganda tool during unsettling times, such as the world wars.

The Future of Radio Technology

Despite the advent of newer, more versatile communication technologies, radio retains a unique position.

Traditional terrestrial radio faces a formidable opponent in digital technologies, with online and satellite radio , podcasts, and streaming services reshaping the radio landscape. Still, one cannot underestimate its continuing potential.

Radio has remained resilient, showing an impressive ability to evolve with changing times and audience preferences. This is evident in the rising popularity of internet radio and podcasting, which use digital media to recreate the traditional radio experience with enhanced convenience.

Satellite radio has also been instrumental in expanding radio’s reach, delivering an extensive range of channels catering to diverse interests across national boundaries.

With ongoing technological innovations, this trajectory of relentless evolution is certain to continue, thereby ensuring the relevance of radio in our digital future.

Transmission of Humanity’s Voice

The radio’s invention symbolizes a significant milestone in human ingenuity and the pursuit of enhanced communication.

Marconi’s revolutionary technology sparked a communication revolution, transforming how people connect, share information, and access entertainment.

Today, even as we witness rapid advances in digital communication, the echo of the first radio signals sends a compelling reminder of our relentless quest for connectivity and suggests an exciting future shaped by continuous innovation.

Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age. Princeton University Press.

Bondyopadhyay, Prebir K. (1995) “Guglielmo Marconi – The father of long distance radio communication – An engineer’s tribute”, 25th European Microwave Conference: Volume 2, pp. 879–85

History of the Radio Industry in the United States to 1940″, by Carole E. Scott, State University of West Georgia

Seifer, Marc (1996) Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, p. 1721

White, Thomas H. (November 1, 2012). “Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN’T ‘Invent Radio’

The Work of Hertz” by Oliver Lodge, Proceedings (volume 14: 1893–95), Royal Institution of Great Britain, pp. 321–49

Marconi, Guglielmo (October 1913) “Wireless as a Commercial Fact: From the Inventor’s Testimony in the United States Court in Brooklyn (Part III)

Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003) The Worldwide History of Telecommunications. Wiley.

Baird, Davis, Hughes, R.I.G. and Nordmann, Alfred eds. (1998). Heinrich Hertz: Classical Physicist, Modern Philosopher. New York: Springer-Verlag

Anderson, L.I., “Priority in the Invention of Radio: Tesla vs. Marconi”, Antique Wireless Association Monograph No. 4, March, 1980.

Garratt, G. R. M. (1994). The Early History of Radio.

Gibson, Charles Robert (1914) Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony Without Wires, p. 79

Weiss, G., & Leonard, J. W. (1920) “De Forest Radio Telephone and Telegraph Company”, America’s Maritime Progress, New York: New York marine news Co., p. 254.

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1. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper , use:

<a href=" https://historycooperative.org/who-invented-the-radio/ ">Who Invented the Radio? The Full Story of Guglielmo Marconi and Digital Chatterboxes </a>

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Brief History Of The Radio From 1900 To 2023 Evolution

Last Updated: February 1, 2024

The history of the radio is much older than most of us. What we call a radio today dates back to as far as the early 20 th century.

From its inception, the radio has remained an efficient means of mass communication to date.

Although it may not be as famous and renowned as this generation, it is still revered in information technology.

The invention of the broadcast radio was a technology that was greatly welcomed by the listening public due to its delightful privileges and potentials.

It was the first medium that provided news to the public over the airwaves.

Between 1920 and 1945, radio evolved into the first type of electronic information dissemination system for the masses.

Radio – How Was The Term or Name Coined?

It won’t be easy to know how the term radio came into existence without looking at a brief history of radio.

Scientists initially used the term ‘radio’ to explain electromagnetic radiations employed in innovations such as radio-telegraphy (this was a means of transmitting messages in the absence of poles, cables, or wires).

Simply put, it was used to mean radiation or radiant.

Between the years 1886 and 1888, Hertz undertook studies that indicated radio or electromagnetic waves could travel through an “ether” at an incredible speed – light’s speed.

In the 1890s, scientists like Nicolas Tesla, Guglielmo Marconi, and a host of others developed transmitters, receivers, and conductors.

That invention made it possible for Morse code messages to be transmitted between distant locations without any poles, wires, or cables.

That was how the term ‘radio-telegraphy’ was born. Wireless telegrams were called radios or radio-grams.

These terms help to explain why Marconi and Tesla were deemed to be responsible for what we describe as the wireless telegraph today.

I’m pretty sure you now understand how the name radio came into existence.

Who Invented Radio?

A handful of content online clearly shows a certain level of misconception on who invented the radio. Who invented the radio?

In 1894, it was believed that a young Italian scientist by the name of Guglielmo Marconi woke up one morning with a deep craving for long-distance wireless communication.

His ambitions could be traced to the existence of radio or electromagnetic waves.

Marconi felt the world could do much more with radio waves than just thinking of them as electromagnetic waves.

Therefore, he sourced as much literature as he could find. He combined that literature with the ideas of other scientists and ended up building the first set of portable transmitter and receiver devices.

These devices could function between distant locations. While Marconi can be credited for his invention, he built on the many experiments of his predecessor scientists.

He was able to make a useful device out of what was formerly perceived as a mere experiment.

A year later, Guglielmo Marconi had advanced his system enough for field testing.

After several adjustments and tests, his devices could only do as much as transmitting signals to 1.5 miles.

Interestingly, that same distance was predicted by Oliver Lodge to be the highest distance his radio signals were going to travel.

History of The Radio

Right from its discovery before becoming what it is today, radio has evolved through various exciting phases.

We will go through the different stages of development in this section.

In 1900, the first wireless transmission of the human voice was accomplished, thanks to Roberto Landell de Moura.

He had undertaken a public exhibition before some journalists on the 3 rd of June that year.

Everything happened somewhere in Brazil, Sao Paulo. The signal was able to travel up to 8 kilometers.

The remarkable thing about radio in 1920 is that it was marked as the first time a news program was broadcast over the radio.

That happened somewhere in Detroit, Michigan. It is a news station that CBS Network owned.

It is equally on record that the first college station to broadcast also did that in 1920.

World War I

Radio technology was still very young when WWI took place. Back then, the most sophisticated military gadgets could only manage short-range communications.

The military radio was still using vacuum tubes for its operation.

That means it was so large that you could hardly move it around.

On that note, the Americans somehow tweaked the existing radio.

They developed what was known as the horse-pack set, which employed a hand generator tied to a horse.

Telegraphs or wired telephones were more reliable compared to radio transmissions during World War I.

1940 saw commercial television transmissions come into the limelight. It took off in Europe and North America.

But before this time, radio has been used to transmit images that could be made visible on TVs.

The 1940s also came to be known as the Age of Golden Programming for radio shows.

Before the dawn of the Second World War, radio has become a common means of entertainment and information.

As with every other aspect of the entertainment industry, the government had a firm grip on radio stations, which led to censoring many of their programs.

Radio became the source of series of propaganda in WWII as authorities looked for any means to keep the spirits of its citizens high.

With the ongoing research in the 1970s, it was only a matter of time before the era of digital radio was born.

As the 1980s came to an end, Asad Ali Abidi came up with a radio transceiver system that unveiled digital signal processing within wireless communications.

It was a discovery that was going to give birth to more advanced radio technology.

As the 2000s gradually made way for us to access the 21 st century, more advancements were going to behold radio systems.

Radio broadcasting was going to have a new face. In the U.S., direct radios and DBS became known.

That said, the most notable thing about the 2000s and radio is the introduction of internet radio.

It was a stand-alone arrangement that let people listen to the radio without PCs.

In 2021, internet radio is no longer new. The technology has been perfected much better than it was two decades ago.

In 2021, broadcast houses have adopted the act of extending their transmissions to live streaming on various platforms.

It meant you could listen to a radio program you missed anytime you wish.

When were radio waves first used?

After his demonstration in Sao Paulo, de Moura imagined he could benefit more by patenting his discovery in a place like the U.S.

Fortunately; he got what he bargained for even though it was not an easy process.

And that was what laid the foundation for radio broadcasting in America.

Reginald Fessenden would be credited for the first radio waves that will hit the airwaves with the help of an asynchronous rotary-spark transmitter.

It was the first official AM radio transmission, happening on the 24 th of December, 1906.

What changes did the invention of the radio bring to Americans?

Americans have had that long-standing reputation of being great lovers of sports.

The Americans are not known for joking about their favorite sporting events.

They never liked missing any sporting occasion, which meant that passionate fans always filled sporting venues to the brim.

That was going to change with the introduction of radio broadcasting.

So, people now had the choice of catching their favorite sports on the radio.

It didn’t only reduce the number of attendees at the sporting venues but also made Americans feel more isolated.

Most times, they listened to the programs alone, and a culture of isolation was born.

History of the car radio

While work on radio technology began in the late 19 th century, the first car radio was commercially unveiled by the Galvin brothers, Paul and Joseph.

This happened precisely in 1930. The two entrepreneurs called their radio Motorola.

They coined its name from two terms: automotive & Victrola (it was a machine used for playing records).

History of sports broadcasting on the radio

While sports broadcasting is known to attract the highest number of listeners, it was only introduced formally in 1920.

Since then, sports and radio have been like Romeo and Juliet.

Even though its debut was a great success, they didn’t give it much attention back at the time.

It was not until 1964 before a radio station built exclusively for sports came into existence in NYC.

The station was practically dedicated to only sports broadcasts and commentary. Nothing more!

FAQ’s The History of Radio

What method is used to cover sports on radio.

Sport radio stations are often noted for their boisterous style and comprehensive analysis by a host and callers.

It has recorded high participation in recent times because sports fans see it as a platform to air their views on all sporting matters.

Hosts usually deploy a conversation style that sucked the caller into the discussion.

With live-action commentary becoming more widespread, many more people are beginning to love the idea of sports broadcasting.

Sports have found a place in the hearts of fans regardless of where it is being broadcast from.

How can I connect to ESPN Radio?

If you have to name some of the superpowers in sports worldwide, ESPN will deserve mention.

As a big coverage house that specializes in American sports, people almost cannot live without this station.

However, if you can’t afford to subscribe to those service providers that broadcast ESPN, you can follow them free on the internet.

Log on to TuneIn.com and catch all the latest sports gist on ESPN for no cost. Yes, you heard me correctly; you are listening for free.

You also have the privilege of following your favorite games on the platform. Get started by clicking on the play button.

Is it possible to listen to the radio via the internet?

Technology has also made listening to radio programs a lot easier today. You can listen to radio stations with the help of a smartphone.

Several radio apps can allow you to do that conveniently. You can download them on the App Store or PlayStore for iOS and Android, respectively.

And it is also noteworthy that you wouldn’t have to pay any money before using the majority of them.

It is also essential to understand that you cannot use such services without an efficient internet connection.

What is the difference between online radios and streaming services?

They are almost the same in that you need the internet before you can use both services. However, there is a slight difference between them.

While online radios allow you to listen to radio stations in real-time (live), radio streaming services make it possible for you to listen to programs on-demand.

You can either listen to it live or catch them later. Radio stations are now employing streaming services on social media platforms and their various websites.

It has often helped get their content to a wider audience even when they can’t follow their programs live.

Who was behind the discovery of radio?

Marconi has been credited for being the brain behind the radios we see today.

Like many other discoveries, he consolidated the ideas of others and examined previous literature on the subject.

His passion and belief in radio waves led him to the ground-breaking discovery of the radio.

Unfortunately, his radio was unable to travel the kind of distance he would have preferred.

The discovery was made in 1894.

The radio may be a complex composition of various electronics components today, but it sure started as a pretty simple setup.

We cannot talk about radios and not talk about the brain behind them, Guglielmo Marconi.

No matter how radio technologies have become today, they were built upon his simple radio setup.

Radios have been used in various capacities over the last centuries.

We also learned that the first official radio broadcast from a radio station took place in 1906.

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Palestinian History: Understanding the Past, Engaging with the Present

Juan Cole 04/17/2024

My 20-minute presentation on Israel Palestine is the first segment in the below below.

In recognition of Arab American Heritage Month and in light of the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Gaza, UM-Flint, in partnership with the Arab American Heritage Council, invited historians Juan Cole, University of Michigan Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History, and Melanie Tanielian, U-M associate professor of history, and Muna Tareh, a UM-Flint alum and political scientist, to provide context for understanding the region.

University of Michigan-Flint Video: “Palestinian History: Understanding the Past, Engaging with the Present” | April 15, 2024

About the Author

Juan Cole  is the founder and chief editor of Informed Comment . He is Richard P. Mitchell Professor of History at the University of Michigan He is author of, among many other books, Muhammad: Prophet of Peace amid the Clash of Empires and The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam . Follow him on Twitter at @jricole or the Informed Comment Facebook Page

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Trump attacks judge and prosecutors in his hush money case in last rally before trial

The Associated Press

Former U.S. President Donald Trump speaks during a campaign event in Schnecksville, Pa., Saturday, April 13, 2024. Joe Lamberti/AP hide caption

Former U.S. President Donald Trump speaks during a campaign event in Schnecksville, Pa., Saturday, April 13, 2024.

SCHNECKSVILLE, Pa. — Former President Donald Trump on Saturday lit into New York prosecutors and the criminal hush money case they brought against him during his last rally before what he called a "communist show trial" begins Monday.

"I will be forced to sit fully gagged. I'm not allowed to talk. They want to take away my constitutional right to talk," said Trump, who has been barred from publicly discussing potential witnesses and jurors but not the judge or prosecutors.

"I'm proud to do it for you," Trump told a crowd in northeast Pennsylvania. "Have a good time watching."

Trump spoke as Israel was fighting off a retaliatory drone attack from Iran that threatened to tip into a regional war in the Middle East. After a short mention of the attack, which he claimed wouldn't have happened if he were president, Trump turned to an extended tirade against his own legal troubles.

He went after Judge Juan M. Merchan, whom he called "corrupt," and District Attorney Alvin Bragg, declaring himself a victim of Democrats bent on blocking his return to the White House.

Trump's Trials

The first criminal trial of a former president begins on monday.

Trump is navigating four separate criminal prosecutions while running to avenge his loss to President Joe Biden, creating an unprecedented swirl of legal and political chaos.

Jury selection starts Monday in New York in his trial where he is charged with seeking during his 2016 campaign to bury stories about extramarital affairs by arranging hush money payments.

It will be the first criminal trial ever of a former U.S. president. And it will limit Trump's availability on the campaign trail, though he is expected to speak to the media after court often and has for months fundraised and campaigned on the felony charges he faces.

Trump spoke at the Schnecksville Fire Hall in Lehigh County, where a long line formed outward three hours before Trump's planned appearance. It was Trump's third visit this year to the vital swing state, one that could decide who wins this year's presidential race. He also plans to attend a fundraiser in nearby Bucks County before the event.

Pennsylvania is a critical battleground in the rematch between Trump and Biden, with both candidates expected to visit the state frequently through November. Trump flipped the state to the Republican column in 2016 but lost it four years after to Biden, who was born in the northeast city of Scranton and has long talked about his roots in the city. Biden plans to deliver a major address Tuesday in Scranton on tax fairness.

Bob Dippel, 69, retired after working as a chief financial officer for several small businesses. He said he didn't think the upcoming trial "would matter too much" to independent voters because "people are starting to see the mockery being made" of the legal system.

Biden has argued Trump's lies about losing the 2020 election are dangerous for the country. He has said Trump poses a fundamental threat to democracy and U.S. alliances abroad — rhetoric that Trump has argued applies to Biden.

"We're going to win in the biggest landslide in history, because we're the ones who are fighting to save our democracy and Joe Biden is a demented tyrant," Trump said.

Iran's attack on Israel, in apparent retaliation for a strike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus that killed 12 people, may once again push foreign policy and the Middle East into the center of the presidential campaign.

It marked the first time Iran has launched a direct military assault on Israel, where officials have vowed to strike Iran directly in response to any attack from Iranian soil.

Prior to Saturday, Trump has recently said Israel needs to "finish up" its offensive in Gaza, warning the country is "absolutely losing the PR war" as deaths mount and images of mass destruction proliferate. Israeli forces are going after Hamas after militants staged an Oct. 7 attack in which they killed an estimated 1,200 people and took 250 hostages.

"Get it over with, and let's get back to peace and stop killing people. And that's a very simple statement," Trump said in an interview with conservative radio host Hugh Hewitt earlier this month. "They have to get it done. Get it over with, and get it over with fast because we have to — you have to get back to normalcy and peace."

Trump recently said that any Democratic-leaning voters who support Israel should back him instead, as Biden has criticized Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's actions in his war against Hamas. The Republican said Wednesday that "any Jewish person who votes for a Democrat or votes for Biden should have their head examined."

During his presidency, he moved the American embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and facilitated the normalization of relations between Israel and several Arab states through a series of agreements known as the Abraham Accords. He pulled out of the Iran nuclear deal negotiated by his predecessor, Barack Obama, a move that Israel welcomed.

The deal lifted sanctions on Iran, which agreed in exchange to limit its nuclear program and allow inspections. Trump said it was too generous to Iran, while supporters of a deal said it was the best option to forestall a nuclear-armed Iran.

Google Cloud Next 2024: Everything announced so far

Google’s Cloud Next 2024 event takes place in Las Vegas through Thursday, and that means lots of new cloud-focused news on everything from Gemini, Google’s AI-powered chatbot , to AI to devops and security. Last year’s event was the first in-person Cloud Next since 2019, and Google took to the stage to show off its ongoing dedication to AI with its Duet AI for Gmail and many other debuts , including expansion of generative AI to its security product line and other enterprise-focused updates and debuts .

Don’t have time to watch the full archive of Google’s keynote event ? That’s OK; we’ve summed up the most important parts of the event below, with additional details from the TechCrunch team on the ground at the event. And Tuesday’s updates weren’t the only things Google made available to non-attendees — Wednesday’s developer-focused stream started at 10:30 a.m. PT .

Google Vids

Leveraging AI to help customers develop creative content is something Big Tech is looking for, and Tuesday, Google introduced its version. Google Vids, a new AI-fueled video creation tool , is the latest feature added to the Google Workspace.

Here’s how it works: Google claims users can make videos alongside other Workspace tools like Docs and Sheets. The editing, writing and production is all there. You also can collaborate with colleagues in real time within Google Vids. Read more

Gemini Code Assist

After reading about Google’s new Gemini Code Assist , an enterprise-focused AI code completion and assistance tool, you may be asking yourself if that sounds familiar. And you would be correct. TechCrunch Senior Editor Frederic Lardinois writes that “Google previously offered a similar service under the now-defunct Duet AI branding.” Then Gemini came along. Code Assist is a direct competitor to GitHub’s Copilot Enterprise. Here’s why

And to put Gemini Code Assist into context, Alex Wilhelm breaks down its competition with Copilot, and its potential risks and benefits to developers, in the latest TechCrunch Minute episode.

Google Workspace

Image Credits: Google

Among the new features are voice prompts to kick off the AI-based “Help me write” feature in Gmail while on the go . Another one for Gmail includes a way to instantly turn rough email drafts into a more polished email. Over on Sheets, you can send out a customizable alert when a certain field changes. Meanwhile, a new set of templates make starting a new spreadsheet easier. For the Doc lovers, there is support for tabs now. This is good because, according to the company, you can “organize information in a single document instead of linking to multiple documents or searching through Drive.” Of course, subscribers get the goodies first. Read more

Google also seems to have plans to monetize two of its new AI features for the Google Workspace productivity suite. This will look like $10/month/user add-on packages. One will be for the new AI meetings and messaging add-on that takes notes for you, provides meeting summaries and translates content into 69 languages. The other is for the introduced AI security package, which helps admins keep Google Workspace content more secure. Read more

In February, Google announced an image generator built into Gemini, Google’s AI-powered chatbot. The company pulled it shortly after it was found to be randomly injecting gender and racial diversity into prompts about people. This resulted in some offensive inaccuracies. While we waited for an eventual re-release, Google came out with the enhanced image-generating tool, Imagen 2 . This is inside its Vertex AI developer platform and has more of a focus on enterprise. Imagen 2 is now generally available and comes with some fun new capabilities, including inpainting and outpainting. There’s also what Google’s calling “text-to-live images” where you  can now create short, four-second videos from text prompts, along the lines of AI-powered clip generation tools like Runway ,  Pika  and  Irreverent Labs . Read more

Vertex AI Agent Builder

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History of Radio

Jul 12, 2014

1.8k likes | 5.24k Views

History of Radio. Shumile zehra 13-10222 Warda Tahseen 13-10017 Ifra Zia 13-10166 Khadija - tul -Kubra 13-10483 Rafia Khan 13-10335. Presented to: Miss Sehrish Mushtaq. History of radio .

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History of Radio Shumilezehra 13-10222 WardaTahseen 13-10017 Ifra Zia 13-10166 Khadija-tul-Kubra 13-10483 Rafia Khan 13-10335 Presented to: Miss SehrishMushtaq

History of radio Radio owes its development to two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone, all three technologies are closely related. Radio technology began as "wireless telegraphy. -Ifra Zia

Invention • During the 1860s, Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves. • in 1886, German physicist, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves. • In 1866, Mahlon Loomis, an American dentist, successfully demonstrated "wireless telegraphy.

Marconi • Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. • He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel. •  This was the first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message in 1902.

Nikola Tesla • In addition to Marconi, two of his contemporaries Nikola Tesla is now credited with being the first person to patent radio technology; the Supreme Court overturned Marconi's patent in 1943 in favor of Tesla.

Harold & Edwin • On March 8, 1916, Harold Power with his radio company American Radio and Research Company (AMRAD), broadcast the first continuous broadcast in the world. • Inventor Edwin Howard Armstrong is credited with developing many of the features of radio as it is known today. Armstrong patented three important inventions that made today's radio possible.

Fessenden • Canadian, Reginald A. Fessenden is best known for his invention of the modulation of radio waves and the fathometer. • Fessenden started his own company where he invented the modulation of radio waves, the "heterodyne principle”.

Military Use and Patent Control • When the United States entered the first world war in 1917, all radio development was controlled by the U.S. Navy. • In 1919, after the government released its control of all patents, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was established with the purpose of distributing control of the radio patents that had been restricted during the war.

Early History of Broadcasting-ShumileZehra

Pioneers of Broadcasting • Reginald Fessenden (1866-1932) An engineer who had been working on producing voice radio since Marconi's first wireless broadcast across the Atlantic,OnChristmas Eve, 1906, read the Christmas story and a violin playing "Silent Night" in his broadcast. The voice wished them a merry Christmas. • Charles Herrold Charles Herroldof San Jose, California sent out broadcasts In April 1909 from his Herrold School, he was the son of a farmer who patented a seed spreader, based on the ideas of spreading crop seed far and wide. • Frank Conrad In 1916, Frank Conrad, an employee for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvaniagarage.

The First Commercial Radio StationOn November 2, 1920, station KDKA made the nation's first commercial broadcast. It was Election Day, and the power of radio was proven when people could hear the results of the Harding-Cox presidential race before they read about it in the newspaper. KDKA was a huge hit, inspiring other companies to take up broadcasting. In four years there were 600 commercial stations around the country. To keep up with the cost of improving equipment and paying for performers, stations turned to advertisers. • First Radio Ad In August 1922, the first radio ad, for a real estate developer, was aired in New York City.

Radio in education • Radio in education soon followed and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.

1st commercial radio station in United States • On August 20, 1920 the first commercial radio station in the United States -- 8MK from Detroit -- began broadcasting. The station was known first as 8MK, then on October 21, 1921, it became WBL when it received its commercial license. Its name was changed finally to WWJ a few months later. • WWJ was 1st station to broadcast a news program on August 31, 1920. Moreover, it is first radio station to broadcast a piano accordion recital through the airwaves.

NBC (National Broadcasting Company) In 1926, RCA (Radio Corporation of America) formed the first national network, called NBC (National Broadcasting Company). Their first nationwide broadcast was the 1927 Rose Bowl football game from Pasadena. • British Broadcasting Company (BBC) In 1922 a consortium of radio manufacturers formed the British Broadcasting Company (BBC). This broadcast continued until its license expired at the end of 1926.

Radio in Sub-continent-Khadija-tul-kubra

Role of Radio after 2nd World War The destruction and devastation of the war was so horrible and painful that the minds of the time were forced to think how to save people from the monster of wars in future. In creating awareness and hatred against the effects and after effects of the war, radio played a very vital role. Discussions against war, speeches of peace lovers and talks highlighting the aftereffects of wars were started being broadcast which led the world to have a set-up like UNITED NATIONS to save the world from war

Radio in Sub-Continent • March 1926 The Indian Broadcasting Company. A private company was formed. • 23rd July,1927 IBC started a station at Bombay. The beginning of broadcasting in sub-continent. • 1928 A small transmitting station was set up at Lahore. • April 1930 Broadcasting under the direct control of Govt. under the title of Indian State BroadcastingService • Jan 1934 The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933 came into force. • Jan 1935 Peshawar Radio Station was set up by NWFP Government ­ 250 watts transmitter. Radio News, Reporting and Production ­ MCM515VU

Radio News, Reporting and Production ­ MCM515VU • Jan 1936 Delhi Radio Station was Opened. A.S. Bukhari ­ Station Director. • June 1936 Indian State Broadcasting Service was changed into All India Radio. • Dec 1937 The Lahore Radio Station went on air • 1939 Dhaka Radio station was opened • 12th Nov 1939 Quaid-e-Azam's first radio broadcast from Bombay on Eid-Day • July 1942 Peshawar Radio Station formally inaugurated • 3rd June 1947 Quaid-e-Azam makes historic address on All India Radio and announces the creation of newly ndependentstate of Pakistan for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent

RADIO PAKISTAN-WardaTahseen

The 1st news bulletin went on air from Radio Pakistan on--AUG.14, 1947 "Pakistan, the largest Muslim state and the fifth one in the world came into being with the click of clock at midnight last night. The dream became a reality in the unbelievable short span of six years in the face of the Faith in God, with unity and discipline among their ranks and convinced of the great role destined for them in the comity of nations, the dynamic people of Pakistan shall now march on to achieve their cherished goal."

RADIO PAKISTAN • Pakistan Broadcasting corporation, Public radio broadcasting network • Aug 14‚1947 Pakistan comes into being and the announcement of its creation is made by the new organization‚ the Pakistan Broadcasting Service which comes into existence at the same time and later designated as Radio Pakistan. • At time of independence Pakistan possessed three radio stations, at Dhaka , Lahore and Peshawar • In 1948 new stations at Karachi and Rawalpindi was opened.

Radio pakistan • The first speech that is on air after independence was: • "Pakistan,the largest Muslim state and the fifth one in the world came into being with the click of clock at midnight last night. The dream became a reality in the unbelievable short span of six years in the face of the stiffestopposition. Faith in God, with unity and discipline among their ranks and convinced of the great role destined for them in the comity of nations, the dynamic people of Pakistan shall now march on to achieve their cherished goal.

Early challenges and role of radio Pakistan • Rehabilitation of Muhajerin Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan. Besides their rehabilitation, their consolation was also a big challengeto be taken up. Radio programs were specially designed to courage and strengthens muhajarens • India's onslaught on Kashmir-1948 and Radio Immediate after the independence, india let its forces into kashmir that was in all aspects near to pakistan than India. Rawalpindi radio station 3 broadcast programmes to assure kashmiris that at that hour of trial they were not alone. • 11thSep. 1948 ­ Quaid-e-Azam passed away ShakeelEhmad read the news with graphic and moving description. • Sep. 1965 India again assaults Pakistan.--radio fought along with nation and army

Role of radio during war of 1965 -Rafia Khan

Role of radio during war of 1965 • The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. • This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War and was fought by India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. 

The war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India.The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. • It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.

Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the International Border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. • Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. Many details of this war, like those of other Indo-Pakistani Wars, remain unclear.

Radio ,24 hours perform their role during war. Radio update all the news of war for Pakistanis. Ayub khan’s speech was delivered on radio for Pakistan army to show our support and prayers to the Pakistan army. • Other than this,noorjahan songs are broadcast on radio to bring encouragment to Pakistan army like, Aewatankaysajeelayjawano, Mere naghmaytumharayleeyayhain. .

PBC act, 1973 • The foundation stone of PBC headquarter , islamabad building was laid by former president Mr.zulifqar Ali Bhutto on 27th April, 1972. • After the new constituation had been formed and brought inti effect in 1973, the parliament passed ‘PBC Act 1973” • “to publish, circulate, distribute and regulate news and information in any part of the world in any manner” • “to broadcast such programmes as may promote islamic ideology, national unity and principles of democracy, freedom equality, tolerance and social justice as enunicated by islam, discourage parochial, racial, tribal, sectarian, linguistic and provincial prejudices and reflect the urges and aspirations of people of pakistan”

PBC services • Home services • World services • External services • PBc services (news & curent affairs) • Sautul Qur’an • FM-101 ( 1oct , 1998) • FM-93 • FM-94.6

PBC news • Broadcast 149 news bulletins in 31 languages daily • Covering world, national and regional news as well as sports, business and weather reports.

Platform provided by radio pakistan • Abidaparveen • Alan faqeer • Sanammarvi • Film stars: • Mustafa quershi • Muhammad ali • SyedsalehMuhammah shah • Anwar solangi

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