factual description essay

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Factual Description Class 10 CBSE Format, Topics Exercises and Examples

The factual description is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic. Such a writing task is essentially sequential and directional – proceeding from one point to the other in a fixed direction. Although the focus is on factual accuracy, stylistic creativity, and innovation, makes the description more interesting for the reader. Otherwise, a factual description may become mundane and boring.

Basic  English Grammar  rules can be tricky. In this article, we’ll get you started with the basics of sentence structure, punctuation, parts of speech, and more.

We also providing Extra Questions for Class 10 English Chapter wise.

Factual Description Class 10 CBSE  Format, Topics Exercises and Examples PDF

While writing a factual description students must show: (a) an eye for detail (b) the power of observation

The factors that are essential for effective paragraph writing are:

• The logical development of thought

The entire piece should concern itself with a single controlling idea rambling or deviating from the task at hand should definitely be avoided. Connectives and linkers are essential to make the passage interesting and understandable. The thought should be built up by providing adequate details. The description must be sequential with important details listed first and the not – so – important details following.

Important: Use tenses carefully while writing a factual description.

How To Write Factual Description Of A Place, Person And Events Class 10 CBSE

Sample Description (Place) Shreya had the opportunity of visiting a Radio Station. Read the description of the visit she wrote for her school magazine.

Recently I visited the All India Radio Station, Delhi, with my friend, Manjari, who is a host on a youth program, Yuva Manch. We reached the radio station, a big and beautiful building, bright and early. There is a large reception hall, where they stamped my pass. There were so many recording and broadcasting rooms, that I lost count. The sections were marked with signboards and nameplates.

The broadcast room was soundproof. There were many people seated in the audience and a panel of experts.

I also saw the recording room where a program was being recorded. The drama section proved to be an interesting experience as a play rehearsal was going on there. Manjari took me to the technical section where engineers were busy ensuring that the programs were aired without a hitch.

Factual Description Solved Exercises for Class 10 CBSE

Read the hints given below and complete the following description of Jaipur in not more than a 100 words.

Jaipur, a popular tourist destination, is also known as (a) …………………………………. . It (b) …………………………………., the ruler of Amber. The very structure of Jaipur resembles the taste of the Rajputs and the Royal families. In fact, (c) ………………………………….. which are laid out into six sectors separated by broad streets. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. The Nahargarh Fort, (d) …………………………………., crowns the hill in the northwest comer of the old city. The observatory, (e) …………………………………. . Answer: (a) Pink City, is the capital city of Rajasthan (b) was founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II (c) it is the first planned city of India with wide and regular streets (d) which was the residence of the King (e) called Jantar Mantar is a World Heritage Site

Factual Description Practice Exercises for Class 10 CBSE

1. You recently redecorated your room. Write a brief description of the room to your pen friend in the United Kingdom. Do not exceed 100 words.

2. Your school has added a new Maths Lab for students of Classes VI-X. Write a brief description of the Maths Lab in 100 words.

3. The railway station is a bustling place. Describe the scene you witnessed at the railway station in not more than 100 words.

4. You visited the World Book Fair organized by National Book Trust at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. Describe the fair in about 100 words.

Factual Description Of A Person Example

When we write a description of a person we include all important aspects of the person.

Important points

• Relationship to writer
• Social status/role/profession
• Appearance (looks; features; clothes; height; health)
• Characteristics of personality – qualities/attitude; way of walking/talking
• Opinion of others about him
• Any other relevant point (could be brought about by narrating an incident)

Physical Qualities

build – slim, medium, petite, large, stocky, lanky, hefty, pear-shaped, thin etc. height – tall, short, medium etc. clothes/appearance – elegant, sloppy, well-tailored, ill-fitting, casual, formal, untidy, neat, tidy etc. shape of face/expression – angular, bearded, unshaven, friendly, round, oval, square, heart-shaped etc. complexion – fair, pale, swarthy etc. eyes – twinkling, protruding, shifty, staring, close-set etc. hair – balding, receding hairline, close-cropped, thick, wavy, curly, plaited, long, neat, thinning etc. nose – broken, sharp, flat, upturned, roman, pointed etc. lips – discoloured, thin, thick etc. teeth – protruding, broken, gapped, discoloured etc. chin – cleft, receding, pointed, square etc. special features – tattoo, scar, mole, stammer, peculiar gesture etc.

Intellectual Qualities

imaginative, creative, intelligent, mediocre talents, uninspired, unimaginative, sharp, boring etc.

Emotional And Moral Qualities

trustworthy, honest, confident, warm, sincere, selfish, cruel, insensitive, patient, tolerant, dependable, corrupt, dishonest, irresolute, diffident, detached, deceitful, philanthropic, kind, vulnerable, impatient, prejudiced etc.

Sample Description Of A Person

Factual Description Solved Example for Class 10 CBSE

Read the hints given below and complete the following description of Agastya’s grandmother in not more than a 100 words.

When I picture my grandmother, I envision (a) …………………………………. . I have ever heard. She is a 72-year-old with (b) …………………………………. . Surajmukhi Devi, (c) ………………………………….., is one of the strongest persons I know. Despite (d) ………………………………….., she remains lively and regales us (e) …………………………………. . I (f) ………………………………….. of my father and his siblings, her take on the changing world, but most of all, I love (g) …………………………………. . She can soothe away all my fears and pain with her melodious voice. Despite (h) ………………………………….., my grandmother and I (i) ………………………………….. and she has always been (j) …………………………………. . I ever had. Answer: (a) shiny grey hair, twinkling brown eyes, and the sweetest voice (b) 5 children and 8 grandchildren (c) widowed at the age of 39 (d) her falling health (e) with her wonderful stories and experiences (f) enjoy hearing the escapades (g) listening to her sing (h) the generation gap (i) share a deep bond (j) the best friend

• Write a brief description of your grandfather.
• Your school has a new Principal. Write a brief description of your new Principal.
• Write a factual description of the doctor you visit when you are ill. You could also add details of the instruments he uses in his clinic to treat you and any other interesting facts that he/she may have told you about their work.
• Write a description of one of your classmates. TV to get others to guess the person you are describing.
• Look at the picture of the Bihu dancers of Assam. Write a brief description of the dancers.

Factual Description Of A Events Example

Sample Description of an Event

To promote healthy eating habits amongst school children your school recently organized a ‘Nutritious Food and Snacks Competition’. The competition was open to both parents and students. The participation was very encouraging. The famous nutrition expert, Dr Shikha Sharma was the chief guest. As Anjum, the student editor of your school magazine,, write a report about this event in 100 words.

Recently you attended a Career Fair organized by the Australian High Commission in which various Australian colleges and Universities participated and gave information about their undergraduate and graduate programmes. Complete the following account of the fair.

(a) ……………………………………… – Reshma (b) ……………………………………… in a career fair organized by the Australian. High Commission at Bal Bhawan, yesterday and gave information about their undergraduate and graduate programmes.

The Fair presented students with an excellent opportunity to speak to the Deans of various universities, who could guide them on the panorama of courses being offered, (c) ……………………………………… mass communication, designing and biotechnology.

(d) …………………………………….. . In addition to this, the students interacted face to face with major recruiters from the country about available jobs.

(e) ……………………………………… and were looking at future prospects. Answer: (a) Career Fair—a helping hand onto the career ladder (b) Various Australian colleges and Universities participated (c) They elaborated on unconventional professions such as (d) They also spoke about the financial assistance that the students could avail (e) The Fair was perfectly timed as the students had finished their exams

Choose the appropriate options from the ones given below:

• They also spoke about the financial assistance that the students could avail
• The Fair was perfectly timed as the students had finished their exams
• Career Fair – a helping hand onto the career ladder
• They elaborated on unconventional professions such as
• Various Australian colleges and Universities participated

Factual Description Practice Example for Class 10 CBSE

4. Frank Anthony School organized an Inter-school Science Exhibition recently. The event saw around 250 students exhibiting models and methods that were useful in protecting health and the environment. As student editor of your school magazine writes a description of the event in around 120 words.

5. The social work department of Rammanna School, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad organized its regular quarterly medical camp at their adopted Basti at Hauz Kazi for the community people. The camp was sponsored by the Inner Wheel Club of Hyderabad and was attended by 300 people from the basti. Describe the event for a local newspaper in around 120 words.

IN THE REALMS OF ENGLISH

Factual Description

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Factual Paragraphs on Objects:

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Factual Paragraphs on Places:

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What is factual description?

Factual description refers to the detailed and precise depiction of a person, place, thing, or event in a methodical manner. The description should be based on factual information rather than theories or personal opinions. The primary objective of writing a factual description is to provide a detailed account of the topic's characteristics without including personal opinions. The goal is to create an engaging experience for the reader by using descriptive language that appeals to the five senses: touch, sight, smell, sound, and taste. This will be achieved primarily through the use of adjectives.

How to write a factual description?

To write a factual description, it is important to provide precise and comprehensive information about a person, place, object, event, or any other subject matter. Here is a step-by-step guide that will help you write a factual description:

Choose Your Subject: Select a specific subject that you want to describe. It could be a person, a place, an object, an event, or anything else that you find interesting or significant.

Gather Information: Before you start writing, gather all the relevant information about the subject. This could involve observation, research, or personal experience. Make sure the information you gather is accurate and reliable.

Create an Outline: Organize your thoughts and information by creating an outline. Decide on the main points you want to cover in your description. This will help you maintain a logical flow and ensure you don't miss any important details.

Introduction: Begin with an introductory sentence or two that provides a brief overview of the subject you are describing. This should give the reader a general idea of what to expect in the description.

Physical Characteristics: Describe the physical attributes of the subject. This could include its appearance, size, shape, color, texture, and any unique features it possesses.

Functional Details: If applicable, provide information about how the subject functions or its purpose. For example, if you're describing a gadget, explain how it works and what it's used for.

Sensory Details: Engage the reader's senses by including sensory details. Describe how the subject looks, sounds, smells, tastes, and feels. This helps create a vivid and immersive description.

Spatial or Contextual Details: Describe the setting or context in which the subject is found. If you're describing a place, provide details about its surroundings, location, and any relevant historical or cultural context.

Chronological Details (if applicable): If you're describing an event or a process, present the information in a chronological order. This helps the reader follow the sequence of events or steps.

Conclusion: Summarize the key points of your description. You can also add your personal observations or reflections if appropriate.

Edit and Revise: After writing the initial draft, take the time to edit and revise your description. Check for clarity, accuracy, and coherence. Make sure your description flows smoothly and effectively communicates the intended information.

Proofread: Before finalizing your description, proofread it carefully to catch any grammatical errors, typos, or inconsistencies.

Remember that a factual description should aim to provide an accurate representation of the subject, enabling the reader to visualize and understand it clearly. Use precise language, avoid overly subjective language, and focus on conveying information in a coherent and organized manner.

Types of Factual description

Factual descriptions can vary based on the subject being described and the purpose of the description. Here are some common types of factual descriptions:

Person Description: Describing a person's physical appearance, personality traits, background, achievements, and other relevant characteristics.

Object Description: Providing details about the physical attributes, functionality, materials, and any unique features of an object.

Place Description: Describing a location's geographical features, cultural significance, historical background, landmarks, and overall atmosphere.

Event Description: Detailing the sequence of events, activities, and occurrences that took place during a specific event.

Animal Description: Describing the physical characteristics, behavior, habitat, and other aspects of an animal species.

Process Description: Explaining the steps involved in a specific process or procedure, such as how something is made or how an activity is carried out.

Technical Description: Providing detailed technical information about a product, system, or mechanism, often using specialized terminology.

Scientific Description: Describing scientific phenomena, experiments, observations, and their outcomes using precise terminology.

Historical Description: Detailing historical events, periods, figures, and their significance in a factual and informative manner.

Cultural Description: Exploring the cultural aspects of a community, including traditions, customs, rituals, and beliefs.

Natural Description: Describing natural features such as landscapes, ecosystems, geological formations, and weather patterns.

Literary Description: Providing a detailed analysis of characters, settings, themes, and other elements in literature.

Medical Description: Explaining medical conditions, symptoms, treatments, and procedures in an accurate and informative manner.

Travel Description: Describing travel destinations, tourist attractions, local customs, and experiences from personal trips.

Food Description: Detailing the ingredients, preparation methods, flavours, and cultural significance of different types of foods.

Artistic Description: Analysing visual or performing arts, including paintings, sculptures, music, dance performances, and theatre productions.

Architectural Description: Detailing the design, materials, style, historical context, and significance of buildings and structures.

Geographical Description: Exploring geographical features such as rivers, mountains, valleys, and landscapes.

Each type of factual description requires a tailored approach to effectively convey the specific characteristics and details of the subject being described. The language, tone, and level of detail may vary based on the intended audience and purpose of the description.

The steps to write a factual description of a person

Writing a factual description of a person involves careful observation and accurate representation of their physical appearance, demeanour, and other characteristics. Here are the steps to follow:

Choose Your Subject: Select the person you want to describe. It could be someone you know well, a public figure, a historical figure, or a fictional character.

Observation and Research: If the person is someone you know, observe them closely to gather accurate details. If you're describing a public figure or historical figure, research reliable sources to gather information about their physical appearance, personality, and other relevant traits.

Prepare an Outline: Create an outline to organize your description. Decide on the main points you want to cover, such as physical appearance, personality traits, occupation, hobbies, and any unique features.

Physical Appearance: Describe the person's physical attributes, including height, build, hair colour, eye colour, facial features, and any distinctive characteristics like scars, tattoos, or birthmarks.

Attire and Style: Mention the person's typical style of clothing and any accessories they often wear. This can provide insight into their personality and preferences.

Personality Traits: Describe the person's demeanour and personality traits. Are they outgoing, reserved, confident, or empathetic? Use specific examples or anecdotes to illustrate these traits.

Interests and Hobbies: Include information about the person's hobbies, interests, and passions. This adds depth to the description and provides a glimpse into their personal life.

Occupation and Achievements: If relevant, provide details about the person's occupation, career accomplishments, and educational background. Highlight any notable achievements that contribute to their identity.

Background Information: Include any background information that is relevant to the person's identity. This could be cultural, familial, or geographical information that shapes who they are.

Unique Quirks or Habits: If the person has any unique quirks, habits, or gestures, describe them in a way that adds character to the description.

Sensory Details: Incorporate sensory details to make the description more vivid. Describe how the person sounds when they speak, any scents associated with them, or how they make you feel when you're around them.

Organize and Edit: Organize the information in a logical sequence, ensuring a smooth flow from one aspect to another. Edit your description for clarity, conciseness, and coherence.

Proofread: Carefully proofread your description to catch any grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, or inconsistencies.

Use Descriptive Language: Utilize descriptive adjectives, metaphors, and similes to paint a clear picture of the person in the reader's mind.

Be Objective: While you can include your personal observations, strive to maintain objectivity in your description. Stick to facts and avoid overly subjective interpretations.

Conclude with a Summary: Conclude the description by summarizing the key aspects of the person you've described. This reinforces the main points for the reader.

Remember that a factual description should provide an accurate portrayal of the person, allowing the reader to form a clear mental image based on your words.

Write a factual description of a person

Subject: Factual Description of John Smith

John Smith is a middle-aged man with a height of approximately 6 feet and a well-built physique. His short-cropped brown hair is peppered with streaks of grey, and he sports a neatly trimmed beard that frames his angular face. His hazel eyes reflect a sense of intelligence and warmth, often carrying an expression of thoughtful contemplation.

Facial features are defined by a strong jawline and high cheekbones, contributing to a dignified and confident appearance. A pair of wire-framed glasses perches on his nose, emphasizing his scholarly aura. His skin exhibits a sun-kissed tan, suggesting exposure to outdoor activities.

John's wardrobe is characterized by a preference for classic attire. He often dons well-fitted button-down shirts, paired with tailored trousers and polished leather shoes. His choice of clothing reflects professionalism and a sense of traditional elegance.

In terms of demeanour, John exudes a calm and composed presence. His interactions are marked by a measured and deliberate manner of speaking, reflecting his meticulous thought process. Despite his reserved demeanour, he is known among acquaintances for his keen sense of humor, often delivering dry wit that catches those around him off guard.

Occupationally, John has an extensive background in finance, evident through his confident discussions on economic trends and investment strategies. He possesses a Bachelor's degree in Economics from a reputable university and has accrued over two decades of experience in various managerial roles within prominent financial institutions.

When engaged in conversation, John's insightful remarks and analytical approach highlight his intellectual depth. His passion for reading and knowledge acquisition is evident in the diverse range of topics he can comfortably discuss, from literature and history to contemporary global affairs.

Beyond his professional life, John is an avid outdoors enthusiast. He spends weekends hiking in nearby mountain ranges and is an accomplished cyclist, having completed several long-distance races. He values physical fitness and often emphasizes the importance of a balanced lifestyle.

In summary, John Smith is a distinguished individual with a commanding presence, characterized by his tailored appearance, reserved demeanour, and intellectual prowess. His multifaceted interests and experiences contribute to a well-rounded personality that garners respect and admiration from those who know him.

Write the steps to write a factual description of a n object.

Describing an object factually requires careful observation and clear communication. Here are the steps to follow when writing a factual description of an object:

Choose Your Object: Select the object you want to describe. It could be something you're familiar with or something unique that you've encountered.

Physical Examination: Observe the object closely and take note of its physical characteristics. Pay attention to its size, shape, color, texture, material, and any unique features it has.

Research (if necessary): If you're describing an object you're not very familiar with, conduct research to gather accurate information about its specifications, history, and purpose.

Prepare an Outline: Create an outline to structure your description. Decide on the main aspects you want to cover, such as appearance, functionality, significance, and any relevant details.

Physical Appearance: Start by describing the object's appearance. Include details like its dimensions, proportions, and any distinctive elements that set it apart.

Material and Texture: Mention the material the object is made of and describe its texture. Is it smooth, rough, shiny, matte, etc.?

Function and Purpose: Explain the object's intended use and its functionality. Describe how it's meant to be used or what role it serves.

Unique Features: Highlight any unique or distinguishing features that make the object stand out. These could be design elements, patterns, or attachments.

History or Origin (if applicable): If the object has a historical or cultural significance, provide some context about its origin, history, or evolution over time.

Context of Use: Describe where and how the object is typically used. This could involve its placement, surroundings, or any specific situations where it's commonly found.

Comparison (if helpful): Compare the object to something familiar to help the reader understand its size, shape, or function. For example, you might say a certain gadget is about the size of a smartphone.

Technical Specifications (if relevant): If the object has technical specifications, such as measurements, capacity, power output, etc., include these details in a clear and organized manner.

Organize and Edit: Organize the information logically, ensuring a smooth flow from one aspect to another. Edit your description for clarity, coherence, and conciseness.

Use Clear Language: Use descriptive language that accurately conveys the object's characteristics. Avoid jargon or overly technical terms unless your audience is familiar with them.

Be Objective: Present the object's characteristics objectively, focusing on factual details rather than personal opinions or interpretations.

Conclude with a Summary: Conclude the description by summarizing the key features and significance of the object you've described.

Remember, the goal of a factual description is to provide the reader with a clear and accurate understanding of the object, allowing them to visualize and comprehend it without any ambiguity.

Write a factual description of an object.

Here's a factual description of a wristwatch:

The wristwatch I am describing is an elegant and sophisticated timepiece designed for both practicality and style. Its circular case, made from polished stainless steel, measures 40 millimetres in diameter, making it suitable for both men and women. The watch features a minimalist design, with a simple yet refined silver dial that serves as the backdrop for the timekeeping elements.

The watch hands, coated in luminescent material, stand out against the silver dial, offering easy readability even in low light conditions. The hours are marked by sleek silver indices, while the 12 o'clock position features a slightly larger numeral, enhancing the watch's functionality.

Attached to the case is a genuine leather strap in a rich chestnut brown color, adding a touch of warmth and luxury. The strap is fastened by a stainless steel buckle, allowing for a comfortable and secure fit on the wrist.

This wristwatch functions with precision due to its reliable quartz movement, ensuring accurate timekeeping. The watch is also water-resistant up to 50 meters, making it suitable for everyday wear without concerns about splashes or light rain.

The watch's design seamlessly combines classic elements with modern aesthetics, making it versatile enough to complement both formal and casual attire. Its unobtrusive profile allows it to be worn daily or on special occasions, adding a touch of timeless elegance to any outfit.

In summary, this wristwatch is a fusion of form and function, showcasing a stainless-steel case, luminescent hands, leather strap, quartz movement, and a design that effortlessly blends classic and contemporary elements. Its attention to detail, precision, and versatility make it a timeless accessory that can suit a range of occasions and styles.

The steps to write a factual description of a place.

Here are the steps to write a factual description of a place:

Select the Place: Choose the specific place you want to describe. It could be a city, a landmark, a natural site, or any location that interests you.

Thorough Observation: Observe the place closely and take note of its physical characteristics, surroundings, and notable features.

Research (if needed): Gather additional information about the place's history, cultural significance, geographical features, and any unique aspects that might be relevant.

Create an Outline: Organize your description by creating an outline. Decide on the key aspects you want to cover, such as geographical features, cultural significance, attractions, and more.

Introduction: Start with an introduction that provides the name of the place and a brief overview of its significance or context.

Geographical Features: Describe the physical characteristics of the place, including its location, climate, terrain, and any distinctive natural features like mountains, rivers, or beaches.

Cultural and Historical Significance: Explain the historical and cultural importance of the place. Highlight any historical events, traditions, or cultural practices associated with it.

Landmarks and Attractions: Detail the landmarks, attractions, and points of interest in the area. This could include famous buildings, monuments, museums, parks, or any other notable features.

Local Culture and Lifestyle: Discuss the local way of life, customs, and traditions of the people who live there. Provide insight into the daily activities and lifestyle of the community.

Surroundings and Environment: Describe the surroundings and environment of the place. Is it in an urban setting, a rural area, or surrounded by natural landscapes?

Accessibility and Transportation: Mention how the place can be accessed, whether by road, air, or water. Describe the transportation options available for visitors.

Personal Experience (if applicable): If you have visited the place, include your personal observations and experiences to add depth to your description.

Organization and Flow: Organize your description in a logical order, transitioning smoothly between different aspects of the place.

Proofread and Edit: Review your description for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and clarity. Edit and revise as necessary.

Be Objective: Present the information objectively, focusing on facts rather than personal opinions or interpretations.

Concluding Summary: Conclude your description by summarizing the key points and significance of the place.

Remember that a well-written factual description of a place should provide readers with a clear and accurate understanding of its physical attributes, cultural context, and significance  

Factual Description of Haldia Township, West Bengal, India

Haldia Township, situated in the state of West Bengal, India, is a bustling industrial and port city that thrives along the banks of the Haldi River. Known for its strategic location and economic significance, Haldia Township serves as a vital hub for trade and commerce in the region.

Geographical Features: Haldia Township is located in the southeastern part of West Bengal, approximately 125 kilometers southwest of Kolkata, the state capital. The township boasts a coastal setting, with the Bay of Bengal to its south. Its geographical coordinates are approximately 22.0259°N latitude and 88.0585°E longitude.

Industrial and Port Significance: One of the most prominent features of Haldia Township is the Haldia Dock Complex, a major port that handles a significant portion of cargo traffic for the region. This complex facilitates the movement of various goods, including bulk cargo, containers, and petroleum products. The port's strategic location near the Bay of Bengal has contributed to its growth as a key trade gateway.

Economic Activities: Haldia Township is a hub of industrial activity, with numerous manufacturing units, chemical plants, and refineries operating within its vicinity. The presence of industries related to petrochemicals, fertilizers, and steel has earned Haldia a reputation as an industrial powerhouse. These industries contribute significantly to the local economy and provide employment opportunities for the residents.

Transportation Infrastructure: The township is well-connected by road, rail, and waterways. National Highway 41 passes through Haldia, connecting it to nearby cities and towns. Additionally, the Haldia railway station serves as a vital transportation node, providing connectivity to major cities across India. The Haldia Dock Complex, with its state-of-the-art facilities, enables efficient maritime trade.

Cultural and Social Aspects: While Haldia Township is primarily known for its industrial activities, it also has a vibrant local culture. The town is home to educational institutions, healthcare facilities, markets, and recreational spaces that cater to the needs of its residents. Festivals and cultural events are celebrated with enthusiasm, reflecting the diversity of the population.

Environmental and Ecological Concerns: Given its industrial prominence, Haldia Township faces environmental challenges related to pollution and waste management. Efforts are being made to strike a balance between economic growth and sustainable practices to preserve the region's natural resources.

In conclusion, Haldia Township in West Bengal, India, is a dynamic and industrially significant place with a strategic coastal location. It plays a pivotal role in trade, commerce, and industry, housing key port facilities and various manufacturing units. The township's blend of economic vigor, cultural diversity, and environmental considerations reflects its status as a vital component of the regional landscape.

Here are 10 topics along with exercise prompts for practicing factual descriptions of objects:

1. Smartphone: Exercise: Write a factual description of a modern smartphone, highlighting its physical features, screen size, camera capabilities, and unique functionalities.

2. Vintage Car: Exercise: Describe a vintage car from the 1960s, focusing on its make, model, exterior design, interior features, and historical significance.

3. Antique Pocket Watch: Exercise: Provide a detailed factual description of an antique pocket watch, including its material, size, intricate engravings, and any visible mechanisms.

4. Musical Instrument (Violin): Exercise: Describe a violin, highlighting its wooden construction, shape, strings, bow, and the sound it produces. Explain its importance in classical music.

5. Designer Handbag: Exercise: Write a factual description of a designer handbag, mentioning its brand, material, dimensions, compartments, and any distinctive embellishments.

6. Kitchen Appliance (Espresso Machine): Exercise: Describe an espresso machine, detailing its components, brewing process, control panel, and how it transforms coffee grounds into espresso.

7. Rare Gemstone (Sapphire): Exercise: Provide a factual description of a sapphire gemstone, discussing its color, clarity, cut, carat weight, and any historical or cultural significance.

8. Vintage Typewriter: Exercise: Describe a vintage typewriter, emphasizing its mechanical keys, metal body, carriage, and the process of typing on it compared to modern devices.

9. Travel Backpack: Exercise: Write a factual description of a travel backpack, highlighting its size, compartments, padding, adjustable straps, and specialized features for different uses.

10. DSLR Camera: Exercise: Describe a DSLR camera, focusing on its lens, sensor size, shooting modes, viewfinder, and the advantages it offers for professional photography.

For each exercise, remember to include accurate details, descriptive language, and a clear structure that highlights the essential features of the object. This will help you practice providing comprehensive and engaging factual descriptions.

Here are 10 topics along with practice prompts for giving accurate descriptions of famous people:

1. Albert Einstein: Practice: Provide a factual description of Albert Einstein, highlighting his physical appearance, iconic hairstyle, contributions to physics, and his famous equation E=mc².

2. Oprah Winfrey: Practice: Describe Oprah Winfrey, mentioning her African-American heritage, her rise from talk show host to media mogul, philanthropic efforts, and impact on broadcasting.

3. Mahatma Gandhi: Practice: Write a factual description of Mahatma Gandhi, focusing on his attire of a loincloth and glasses, his philosophy of nonviolent resistance (Satyagraha), and his role in India's independence movement.

4. Leonardo da Vinci: Practice: Describe Leonardo da Vinci, highlighting his Renaissance-era significance as a painter, inventor, scientist, and his most famous works like the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper."

5. Mother Teresa: Practice: Provide a factual description of Mother Teresa, emphasizing her Albanian heritage, her selfless dedication to helping the poor and sick in Calcutta, and her humanitarian work.

6. Sachin Tendulkar: Practice: Describe Sachin Tendulkar, an iconic Indian cricketer, focusing on his short stature, his records in international cricket, and his role as a cricketing legend.

7. Indira Gandhi: Practice: Write a factual description of Indira Gandhi, the first female Prime Minister of India, discussing her leadership, her impact on Indian politics, and her tragic assassination.

8. Amitabh Bachchan: Practice: Describe Amitabh Bachchan, a legendary Bollywood actor, highlighting his towering height, his iconic baritone voice, his diverse filmography, and his enduring influence on Indian cinema.

9. Kalpana Chawla: Practice: Provide a factual description of Kalpana Chawla, an Indian-American astronaut, discussing her journey from Haryana to becoming the first woman of Indian origin to go to space, and her contributions to space exploration.

10. Narendra Modi: Practice: Write a factual description of Narendra Modi, the current Prime Minister of India, focusing on his distinctive white beard, his rise in politics from being a tea-seller, and his leadership style.

In each practice, aim to include accurate details about the person's physical appearance, achievements, contributions, and any unique characteristics that define their legacy. This will help you refine your skills in providing comprehensive and engaging factual descriptions of famous individuals.

Here are 10 topics along with practice prompts for giving accurate descriptions of famous places:

1. Eiffel Tower, Paris: Practice: Provide a factual description of the Eiffel Tower, mentioning its iconic iron lattice structure, height, historical significance as a symbol of Paris, and its role as a popular tourist attraction.

2. Great Wall of China: Practice: Describe the Great Wall of China, emphasizing its vast length, construction over centuries, defensive purpose, and its UNESCO World Heritage status.

3. Taj Mahal, India: Practice: Write a factual description of the Taj Mahal, highlighting its white marble architecture, intricate detailing, the story behind its creation as a mausoleum, and its status as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.

4. Machu Picchu, Peru: Practice: Provide a factual description of Machu Picchu, discussing its location in the Andes Mountains, its well-preserved Incan ruins, its historical significance as a royal estate, and its UNESCO recognition.

5. Pyramids of Giza, Egypt: Practice: Describe the Pyramids of Giza, focusing on their ancient construction, their use as tombs for pharaohs, their alignment with celestial bodies, and their enduring cultural significance.

6. Jaipur (The Pink City), India: Practice: Write a factual description of Jaipur, known as the Pink City, highlighting its architectural heritage, the use of pink sandstone in its buildings, its historical importance, and its vibrant markets.

7. Varanasi (Benares), India: Practice: Provide a factual description of Varanasi, discussing its spiritual significance as a major Hindu pilgrimage site, its location on the banks of the Ganges River, and its role in Indian cultural and religious traditions.

8. Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), India: Practice: Describe the Golden Temple, the holiest Gurdwara in Sikhism, focusing on its golden exterior, the Amrit Sarovar (sacred pool), its open-door policy, and its role as a place of worship and community service.

9. Qutub Minar, India: Practice: Write a factual description of the Qutub Minar, an ancient Islamic monument in Delhi, highlighting its red sandstone and marble construction, its historical background, and its architectural significance.

10. Victoria Falls, Zambia/Zimbabwe: Practice: Provide a factual description of Victoria Falls, discussing its status as one of the largest waterfalls in the world, its location on the Zambezi River, its significance to the local culture, and its UNESCO World Heritage listing.

In each practice, strive to include accurate information about the place's physical characteristics, historical context, cultural significance, and any unique features that make it noteworthy. This will help you develop your skills in providing comprehensive and engaging factual descriptions of famous places.

10 Factual Essay Topics That Will Help You Score Better

A factual essay is an informative piece of academic writing that aims at providing facts and solid pieces of evidence on the matter. Based on researched data, the writer develops an original argument. As the text consists mainly of hard facts, it is referred to as a factual essay. However, some scholars regard it as an expository essay.

How to write a factual essay? It is anybody’s guess. The worst nightmare for every new learner or so they say about this assignment. Not every teacher explains to students the main purpose of doing it. But even with a detailed template, it is still quite a challenge. How to choose a proper format, how to develop a helpful plan and what are the main specifications of the writing process? Our professional writers made a complete guide to help you succeed with this written assignment without difficulties.

Table of Contents

How To Write A Factual Essay – A Step-By-Step Guide

Follow these steps and they will lead you to the desired result.

First, don’t be afraid to ask for direct instructions from your teacher. Only with a full set of guidelines provided by the instructor, one can make a proper factual essay format. There might be specific requirements that are not foreseen by standard academic styles of writing. So before you start, make sure that your outline is well-considered and formalized. It is essential to have a strong plan to keep track of your paper development.

Second, explore factual essay topics and determine the one that suits you the best. You will need a sufficient amount of information to work on, so do not risk choosing a non-resourceful subject. Make a quick investigation, and write out topics that have the longest list of facts to work with. Then cut out outdated topics and the ones that seem too difficult to handle. Finally, favor the only matter that seems the most exciting for you.

Third, think of an outline. It has to be your ultimate guide throughout the entire writing process. Refer to you whenever you experience difficulties with something. Do not ignore planning, as it is always beneficial for your essay – one way or another.

Fourth, proceed to write the paper. Explain the purpose of writing in the factual essay introduction , list all the facts gathered in the main part, make conclusions in the summary. Follow your instructions and blueprint sharply.

Finally, do your text a favor and re-examine it. Check it for possible mistakes, logical non-conformities, accidental misprints, etc. Ask someone to read the final copy, just in case you have missed something out.

And done! Not that scary after all, right?

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Factual Essay Introduction – Ways To Start

There are several ways to start your composition. Every writer finds his perfect opening line depending on a situation. Some like to begin with a rhetorical question, some prefer a strong statement. Some like to put their outcomes in front, some explain their expectations toward the research.

Check our free factual essay samples to gain inspiration. Examine different opening lines and think of a good one for you. Be creative and feel free to express your imagination the way you like.

Plus, if you don’t have a clear vision of the introduction, do not spend time racking your brains over it. Leave it for the end. The moment you finish with the body part, an inspiration for an ideal beginning may come all of a sudden and out of nowhere. So, better wait for a muse to appear.

Factual Argument Essay Topics – Get The Perfect Match

Got lost among factual argument essay topics? Here’s your survival guide with trending subjects to develop in an expository essay:

• What are the cheapest ways to stop the global environmental crisis?
• What is the best superpower and why?
• What is the best century of all time?
• What is the worst disease that has ever existed on a planet?
• Who is the most dangerous animal on Earth?
• Should we trust in Darwin’s theory or not?
• What is the ultimate lifetime duration for a human?
• What are the positive effects of music therapy?
• Should we all give up on religion?
• What are the perks of being lonely?

These topics cover various subject fields and not necessarily have to be used word-for-word. They are listed here for your inspiration. Take them as templates to develop your own idea on factual writing.

For example, you are interested in exploring the worst disease ever. Here is a quick suggestion for a unique factual essay: “Smoking is the worst addiction that causes irreversible consequences within the mankind”.  Continue to develop this thought and you will inevitably come to your perfect topic.

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Descriptive Essay – Best Tips & Examples

Amanda Green was born in a small town in the west of Scotland, where everyone knows everyone. I joined the Toastmasters 15 years ago, and I served in nearly every office in the club since then. I love helping others gain confidence and skills they can apply in every day life.

So, your professor asked you to write a five-paragraph essay to describe a topic. How do you get started? A descriptive essay is the kind of written paper that gives a vivid image of any subject. It should be clear, illustrative, and free from bias.

My guide will show you how to write a descriptive essay using the best tips and examples. Learn how to give a vivid picture of something and leave an impression on your readers.

What Is a Descriptive Essay?

A descriptive essay belongs to a genre of essays that creates a vivid reading experience for readers. It aims to describe a person, process, event, place, object, or concept.

When describing a person, you can write about their personality, appearance, behavior, and mood. But when your topic of choice is an event, consider what happened, who was there, and where it took place.

This essay usually appeals to the five senses: sight, touch, smell, hearing, and taste. For example:

Not descriptive : Jane should cut her hair.

Descriptive : Jane’s hair is long and strawberry blonde.

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However, not all descriptions are descriptive essays. Descriptions are just simple paragraphs or sentences with no firm structure. A descriptive essay should include an introduction, at least three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

What Makes a Good Descriptive Essay?

The basis of an excellent descriptive essay isn’t your topic but how you write it. Make sure the following components are included in your writing.

An Interesting Introduction

The introductory paragraph introduces your topic and other contexts that the reader needs to understand your work. Keep it clear to your audience that the essay is meant to focus on description instead of arguments or persuasion.

For example, if you’re writing an essay about climate change, don’t try to argue why climate change is real. Instead, focus on vivid descriptions of the phenomenon. Provide a little background information while keeping it concise.

The most important part of your descriptive essay is the thesis statement. This sentence is the key to strong writing. It summarizes your paper and provides a purpose to it.

Keep your essay objective but interesting. Add a hook statement that will grab the reader’s attention. Then, provide additional details about what you will explain or describe in the following paragraphs.

Detailed Body Paragraphs

After providing the descriptive essay thesis statement, it’s time to practice your critical thinking skills and dive deeper into the body paragraphs.

Writing on academic levels will require you to cover at least three points with formal descriptions. But when writing about a personal experience or any form of creative writing, you can use literary images and tell a story with only one body paragraph.

Every body paragraph should have a topic sentence. When writing about a place, the first body paragraph can discuss its architectural style. For instance, you can say, “The Sydney Town Hall is a manifestation of Victorian architecture.”

Then, support your topic sentence with more descriptions. Ask yourself, how does The Sydney Town Hall represent Victorian architecture?

This part is where you include sensory details. For example, “The Sydney Town Hall has a sophisticated brick and stone structure.” You can add factual information to your body paragraphs, such as “It is inspired by the French Second Empire Hôtel de Ville in Paris.”

Include transitional devices to connect each sentence and let the paragraphs flow smoothly without jumping from one idea to another.

When you gather data from another writer’s work, cite them appropriately. Check the citation style recommended by your professor so you can credit their work and avoid plagiarism.

Short Conclusion

Your entire essay wouldn’t be complete without a good-quality conclusion. Once you’ve painted a memorable image of something through the paragraph, tie it all together in one paragraph.

This part of the essay contains the last few lines that provide meaning to your thesis statement. Use it to leave an impression on your readers.

Your approach to the conclusion should be clear and concise. What is the initial purpose of your work? What is the importance of the details you provided throughout the paper? Reflect on these questions and prepare the audience for the clincher statement.

Finish the entire essay with a thought, quote, or question.

Descriptive Essay Tips

Now that you know the parts of a descriptive essay, here are some tips for writing an essay of this type.

Be Specific With Your Topic of Choice

As a professional writer, the subject matter for your descriptive essays should be specific and clear. Before looking for a topic and creating an essay outline, try setting an objective for your paper. Why do you want to describe an event to your readers vividly?

Once you’ve found your purpose, determine which event, object, person, or idea you want to give a vivid picture of. If it’s a college essay, check the requirements of the professor.

Use Figurative Language

You can make complex descriptions of your topic in non-literal ways. Incorporating figurative language in the essay writing process will give you a creative edge when discussing even the simplest thing.

Understanding similes, metaphors, hyperboles, and other figures of speech are a few descriptive essay writing skills you should master for a flawless essay. Consider this example.

Instead of : We ran fast.

Try : We ran like greased lightning.

“We ran like greased lighting” is more interesting and will stick in your readers’ minds. This is an example of hyperbole, as it indicates an exaggerated statement or claims not taken literally.

However, if you’re producing academic writing, avoid excessive use of figurative language. For example, you should never use metaphors or an analogy to base the foundation of your content.

Keep your abstract writing to an occasional concept sprinkled into your text. Not every sentence requires a figure of speech.

Use Your Senses

Descriptive essay writing will require you to use your five senses. This type of essay will help you explore your sense of taste, sight, touch, smell, and sound.

For example, when describing your favorite life memory, a complete description may include the appearance of the buildings, the laughter of your friends, the smell of the flowers, and the taste of ice cream during that day.

Try creating a table divided into five senses and list each sensation or feeling associated with your topic. These details will help you support your thesis before outlining them.

Here’s an example of a part of an essay about fear with an in-depth physical description.

Instead of : Cameron feels scared.

Try : In a complete state of silence, Cameron curled her hands into tight fists as the room started smelling like his late grandmother’s perfume.

Make an Outline

Whether it’s a narrative essay or an argumentative essay, all kinds of essays require a specific format to guide the entire process. Once you’ve got your senses right, it’s time to look for suitable descriptive essay outlines.

Essay outlines are vital because they simplify the essential components of your paper. They organize your ideas, save time, and prevent writer’s block.

The most common is a five-paragraph essay format, which includes an essay introduction, a strong thesis statement, three body paragraphs, and your conclusion. This format is also the standard essay for college students.

Below is a descriptive essay outline sample about camping.

• Introduction paragraph: Camping is challenging because of situations we can’t control.
• Body paragraph 1: Bad weather
• Body paragraph 2: Wildlife encounters
• Body paragraph 3: Equipment failure
• Concluding paragraph: Restate points

Choose the Right Words

The essay writing process is trickier when trying to make memorable descriptions of experiences, objects, or persons. Essay writers may be tempted to use adjectives and adverbs, but these parts of speech aren’t always the best options.

For example, instead of saying “very bad,” some strong word choices include “terrible” or “awful.” It’s also much better to detail what makes the subject matter “very bad.” Consider the sentences below.

Instead of: Jessica ran swiftly.

Try : Jessica swiftly ran across the street to chase her cat.

Review Your Essay

Take a break from your writing once you have completed your descriptive essay. This will allow you to clear your mind and return to the paper with a fresh pair of eyes.

Once you’re ready, it’s time to copy-edit and proofread your work. Read your work aloud and have a friend or family member give feedback. Make one round of edits for each error. Start with clarity issues, then focus on spelling and grammatical errors.

If your descriptive essay cites other papers or describes historical events, make sure you’re using reliable sources. Fact-check your work, then scan the essay for plagiarism.

If this is a lot of work, consider hiring essay editing and writing services. These editors will fine-tune your writing and help you produce a good-quality paper.

Ideas for Descriptive Essay Topics

There is no limit on what topic you can use for your descriptive essay assignment. As long as you can provide sensory details about the subject, then it’s possible! Here are some essay topic ideas for you.

Describing Objects

• Something I can’t sleep without
• Research tools
• My anti-stress doll
• Family treasures
• Why I prefer Apple over Android
• What’s in my bag

Describing a Place

• The best vacation
• My hometown
• My favorite restaurant
• Best park to walk your dog
• Dream destination
• The newest museum in town
• My favorite part of the house

Describing a Person

• My mother is the best
• Favorite celebrity
• People I miss
• The writer of my favorite book
• A person I look up to
• The best dance
• Why I love my boyfriend

Describing Memories, Hobbies, Behavior, etc.

• My idea of a perfect date
• When I discovered my passion
• Favorite childhood memory
• The first day of school
• Graduation day
• My first crush
• What annoys me
• How I passed the examination
• Baking a cake
• Preparing for a first date
• Writing my first short story
• My dream job
• My gym routine
• A pet peeve
• My best friend’s traits
• An emotion I hate feeling

Template for Descriptive Essay

Follow this descriptive essay structure when writing a descriptive essay.

Paragraph 1/Introduction

• Topic sentence or thesis statement
• Attention-getter
• Explain why the topic is interesting or essential

Paragraph 2

• First description of the topic using vivid language
• Add human senses details

Paragraph 3

• Second description using descriptive language
• Include actual details

Paragraph 4

• Third detailed description of the topic
• Use descriptive writing that appeals to any sense

Paragraph 5/Conclusion

• Summarize your topic and why it is important

Start Writing a Descriptive Essay

Hopefully, my guide has shown you the correct format for a descriptive essay and the best tips for writing one. This essay describes or summarizes any topic, whether a person, place, object, or idea.

Writing a descriptive essay is easy if you consider your five senses and sprinkle some figures of speech. Don’t forget to take a break after writing, then come back to edit and proofread.

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11 Using Description

Description is the tool writers use to make things come alive for their readers, to make sure that their audience is fully immersed in the words on the page. Every time you tell a story to someone, or tell someone about something, you use description even if you don’t know it.  Description can be as basic as, “I have a blue car” or “That is such a cute baby” or as detailed as “ The flowers soak up the golden sun’s rays and begin to show their vibrant colors.”  Descriptive words are used to provide more information and provide added insight.  In fact, a description is the one tool that most allows writers (and speakers) to show instead of just tell, which enables us to exemplify our points to our readers.

There are two basic types of description,  objective  and  subjective .  An objective description is demonstrated in the first two examples above; it gives a factual account of the subject.  A subjective description offers a more personal view of the details by choosing specific words and phrases such as vibrant  to describe colors in the above example.  Vibrant doesn’t just offer detail about the colors, it also offers an opinion or a value judgment within the description.  Most descriptions offer a mix of the two to convey the details while also offering the audience an idea of the emotional context of the subject being described.

Sensory Details

 All expressive description, however, uses  sensory details  as its basis.  These are details that appeal to the  five senses —sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch .  Of course, different subjects lead themselves to an emphasis on different sensory details and not all subjects require a use of all five senses.  We all recognize the importance of sight as a descriptive tool, but we don’t always realize how important other sensory details can also be.  Consider, though, how often you will smell a certain smell and instantly think of something or someone specific.  You might smell freshly baked bread and think of your grandma’s kitchen, or popcorn and think of a movie theater.  Hearing a certain phrase might make you think of an old friend or acquaintance.  You might associate a certain type of material with a blanket you had as a child. When you take a bite of pepperoni pizza you might be reminded of the slumber parties of your youth.  Sensory details really can play an important part in making a description come alive.

Practice Step 1

Choose an everyday object. Write a description of that object that appeals to all five senses in a way that does not state the object.

Practice Step 2

On a separate sheet of paper, describe the following five items in a short paragraph. Use at least three of the five senses for each description.

Using Concrete Description

Try to use specific, concrete descriptions. For example, a writer may write  beautiful  to describe a tree. However,  beautiful is too vague. Instead, a concrete adjective or modifier would be stronger and gives a greater impact. The reader needs details for a picture to form in their heads, abstract concepts like  beautiful  lack a real-world analog.

Here’s a reworked description of the tree: “the sun’s rays glistened off the rain-slick leaves, even as the afternoon sky dipped towards evening.” The  beautiful  qualities of the tree are “shown” through concrete details instead of merely told through abstraction. This gives the reader the illusion of immediate experience, as opposed to the dictionary variety.

Similes and Metaphors

Another way to add descriptive language is to use  similes  and  metaphors , creating a picture in readers’ heads by comparing two objects to each other. Similes and metaphors help to make connections between two ideas, concepts, or objects that clarify or give new meaning.

A  simile  is a comparison using the words like or as. It usually compares two dissimilar objects. For example, the bread was as dry as a bone. The comparison links a piece of bread that has become hard and white to a bone that is also hard and white. Bones often dry out, and so does bread. These similar characteristics are what make the simile effective.

A  metaphor states that one thing is something else. It is a comparison, but it does NOT use like or as to make the comparison. For example, my grandmother is an open book. The comparison implies that my grandmother is full of information that she willingly shares with others.

To make a simile or metaphor, identify an object like a sunset, tree, or river, or a concept like love, peace, or anger. Then think of another object that has some similar traits. Decide whether the words “like” or “as” will help make the connection more understandable. A good simile or metaphor will make the reader look at both objects in a new perspective.

By adding similes and metaphors to a description paper, the writer can appeal to the readers’ imagination and make the writing more interesting to read. Similes and metaphors add spark to descriptions. However, many cliches come in the form of similes and metaphors, so strive to create comparisons that are specific to your particular subject.

The Structure of a Description Essay

Description essays  typically describe a person, a place, or an object using sensory details. The structure of a descriptive essay is more flexible than in some of the other rhetorical modes. The introduction of a description essay should set the tone and the point of the essay. The thesis should convey the writer’s overall impression of the person, place, or object described in the body paragraphs.

The organization of the essay may best follow  spatial order , an arrangement of ideas according to physical characteristics or appearance. Depending on what the writer describes, the organization could move from top to bottom, left to right, near to far, warm to cold, frightening to inviting, and so on.

For example, if the subject were a client’s kitchen in the midst of renovation, you might start at one side of the room and move slowly across to the other end, describing appliances, cabinetry, and so on. Or, you might choose to start with older remnants of the kitchen and progress to the new installations. Maybe start with the floor and move up toward the ceiling.

On a separate sheet of paper, choose an organizing strategy and then execute it in a short paragraph for three of the following six items:

• Your office
• A coffee shop
• Lobby of a movie theater
• Mystery Option. Choose an object to describe but do not indicate it. Describe it so that you preserve the mystery.

Writing a Description

In order to write descriptively, you must take a topic and decide how to make that topic vivid for your audience. If the topic of the piece is merely to describe a particular place, you must decide what elements of that place, when described in text, will become most vivid for your audience. The first step in any descriptive writing is to choose a topic and begin to work out a   thesis statement . You may choose to describe a particular place.

Sample Thesis Statement

Although Minnesota may seem drab and cold to outsiders, natives of the state find it a wonderful place to live.

We can see in this thesis statement that the writer will attempt to show the aspects of Minnesota that make it a great place to live. After detailing a thesis statement, you should come up with a list of sensory words that provide vivid detail and support the thesis. You may start by thinking about the five senses. How does your particular place look, smell, feel, taste, and sound like? How can you best describe these senses so the reader feels what you feel? By organizing the elements of descriptive language into easier to handle sections, like the five senses, you are able to more specifically engage in what elements of the description are most useful.

Order of Presentation

The writer in this case could choose to present the positive aspects of Minnesota in terms of the seasons and weather changes. The details could be presented linearly, starting with spring and going through the winter, highlighting the aspects of each season that most closely support the thesis, that Minnesota is a great place to live.

Prior to starting the essay, give some thought to the audience of your piece. Who is going to read the essay, and what effect would you like it to have upon the readers? An awareness of audience is important in choosing the level of formality you take with your writing. Knowing your audience will also help you distinguish which details to include throughout your essay. Assume that your audience knows very little or nothing about your subject matter, and include details that may seem obvious to you.

Example Audience: In this particular essay, the writer wants to show an outsider to the state why Minnesota natives are so happy to live there. The essay should help break down stereotypes for those outsiders about Minnesota’s cold weather and apparent drabness. Because the essay is designed for those who do not live in Minnesota, and maybe have never been there, it is important to include details about the state that may seem obvious to a native.

With the preparatory work complete, it is time now to begin writing your essay. Use your thesis statement to begin to construct an introductory paragraph. The introduction should set up the basis for your essay, and the thesis statement should state its purpose.

Introduction

Example Introduction

 Many who have not traveled to the state of Minnesota only hear of its cold weather and boring reputation. They are sure missing out on the great opportunities that Minnesota affords. Each season offers different senses that native Minnesotans and tourists know and love. Although Minnesota may seem drab and cold to outsiders, natives of the state find it a wonderful place to live.

With the introduction complete, it is time to start constructing the body paragraphs of your essay. Each body paragraph should have a central theme in itself, and that theme should be represented in a topic sentence. Consequently, each sentence of the paragraph should relate to and support the topic sentence. The body paragraphs are where the majority of the details should be given. When writing the first draft of your descriptive essay, include as many details as is reasonably possible. You can always eliminate the ones that do not serve the essay as well when you are revising your draft. In the case of the Minnesota nature essay, we have decided to set up the body paragraphs in terms of season, starting with spring.

Example Body Paragraph

Spring in Minnesota brings new life to the state after the long winter season. The rain washes the landscape clean, leaving its fresh aroma for all to enjoy. The flowers soak up the golden sun’s rays and begin to show their vibrant colors. The first birds can be seen and heard throughout the woods and fields, telling their stories in beautiful songs. The lakes begin to show their glossy finish as the ice melts away slowly under the heat of the season.

With the body paragraphs complete, it is time to bring the essay to a close with the conclusion. The conclusion should draw a conclusion based on what has been presented throughout the body of the essay. It needs to return to the thesis, but not in an overt way. The conclusion should give the reader a final sense of what the essay was meant to portray. Remember that there should not be any new material introduced in the conclusion, and the way it is worded should give the reader a sense of finality.

Example Conclusion

The variety of activities and distinct seasons found in Minnesota reveal diverse beauty of this state. As one considers the benefits of each season, it becomes clearer why so many native Minnesotans are content with their home state. Minnesota is truly a wonderful place to live.

With the essay complete, it is time to reread and revise your essay (also see revision sections of this textbook). Read your first draft and pinpoint all of the descriptor words you used. If possible, go back and add more after the ones you already used in the essay. If you can, read your essay aloud to a friend and have him/her tell you what images are vivid and what images need more development. Rework any images that are cloudy with more descriptions. Also, check to see if your descriptions have made use of all of the five senses: sound, smell, texture, sight, and taste. Repeat these steps as many times as necessary until you are happy with your product.

Key Takeaways

• Description essays should describe something vividly to the reader using strong sensory details.
• Sensory details appeal to the five human senses: sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch.
• A description essay should start with the writer’s main impression of a person, a place, or an object.

External Links

Checklist of  Things to Consider   (https://tinyurl.com/y7zegezs) when writing a description.

Susan Berne visits New York and describes her impressions in  Where Nothing Says Everything   (  https://tinyurl.com/yboc9m9s), also called  Ground Zero.  Another link to the story is  here   (https://tinyurl.com/y99fchlw).

Heather Rogers provides a detailed description (book excerpt) of a landfill that challenges the reader to consider his or her own consumption and waste in  The Hidden Life of Garbage   (https://tinyurl.com/y7sb348m).

Sample Descriptive Essay

America’s Pastime

As the sun hits my face and I breathe in the fresh air, I temporarily forget that I am at a sporting event. But, when I open my eyes and look around, I am reminded of all things American. From the national anthem to the international players on the field, all the sights and sounds of a baseball game come together like a slice of Americana pie.

First, the entrance turnstiles click and clank, and then a hallway of noise bombards me. All the fans’ voices coalesce in a chorus of sound, rising to a humming clamor. The occasional, “Programs, get your programs, here!” jumps out through the hum to get my attention. I navigate my way through the crowded walkways of the stadium, moving to the right of some people, and to the left of others, I eventually find the section number where my seat is located. As I approach my seat I hear the announcer’s voice echo around the ballpark, “Attention fans. In honor of our country, please remove your caps for the singing of the national anthem.” His deep voice echoes around each angle of the park, and every word is heard again and again. The crowd sings and hums “The Star-Spangled Banner,” and I feel a surprising amount of national pride through the voices. I take my seat as the umpire shouts, “Play ball!” and the game begins.

In the fifth inning of the game, I decide to find a concessions stand. Few tastes are as American as hot dogs and soda pop, and they cannot be missed at a ball game. The smell of hot dogs carries through the park, down every aisle, and inside every concourse. They are always as unhealthy as possible, dripping in grease, while the buns are soft and always too small for the dog. The best way to wash down the Ball Park Frank is with a large soda pop, so I order both. Doing my best to balance the cold pop in one hand and the wrapped-up dog in the other, I find the nearest condiments stand to load up my hot dog. A dollop of bright green relish and chopped onions, along with two squirts of the ketchup and mustard complete the dog. As I continue the balancing act between the loaded hot dog and pop back to my seat, a cheering fan bumps into my pop hand. The pop splashes out of the cup and all over my shirt, leaving me drenched. I make direct eye contact with the man who bumped into me. He looks me in the eye, looks at my shirt, and tells me how sorry he is. I just shake my head and keep walking. “It’s all just part of the experience,” I tell myself.

Before I am able to get back to my seat, I hear the crack of a bat, followed by an uproar from the crowd. Everyone is standing, clapping, and cheering. I missed a home run. I find my aisle and ask everyone to excuse me as I slip past them to my seat. “Excuse me. Excuse me. Thank you. Thank you. Sorry,” is all I can say as I inch past each fan. Halfway to my seat I can hear discarded peanut shells crunch beneath my feet, and each step is marked with a pronounced crunch.

When I finally get to my seat I realize it is the start of the seventh inning stretch. I quickly eat my hot dog and wash it down with what is left of my soda pop. The organ starts playing and everyone begins to sing “Take Me Out to the Ball Game.” While singing the song, putting my arms around friends and family with me, I watch all the players taking the field. It is wonderful to see the overwhelming number of players on one team from around the world: Japan, the Dominican Republic, the United States, Canada, and Venezuela. I cannot help but feel a bit of national pride at this realization. Seeing the international representation on the field reminds me of the ways that Americans, though from many different backgrounds and places, still come together under common ideals. For these reasons and for the whole experience in general, going to a Major League Baseball game is the perfect way to glimpse a slice of Americana.

Attributions

• Content adapted from  Chapter 5 – Rhetorical Modes  by Jenifer Kurtz is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

English 101: Journey Into Open Copyright © 2021 by Christine Jones is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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40 Topics to Help With Descriptive Writing Assignments

A Helpful List for Writing Paragraphs, Essays, and Speeches

• Writing Essays
• Writing Research Papers
• English Grammar
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

Descriptive writing calls for close attention to factual and sensory details: show, don't tell . Whether your subject is as small as a strawberry or as large as a fruit farm, you should begin by observing your subject closely. Examine it with all five senses, and write down any details and descriptions that come to mind.

Next, go a little further afield with your list and associate your chosen topic or object with memories, opinions, and impressions. This list may give you some ideas for metaphors and possibly even a direction for your paragraph or essay. Then make a list of verbs that could be associated with your topic or object. This will help you have more variety than just "buzzing be" verbs and keep the writing and imagery descriptive and active.

After your brainstorming phase, go through your list and decide which details and descriptions you like the most and are most significant. Don't cross off the others, though. At this point in the project, you want to be open to any direction your imagination and writing take you.

Good advice from Steven King from his book On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft :

If you want to be a successful writer, you must be able to describe [your subject], and in a way that will cause your reader to prickle with recognition. ... Thin description leaves the reader feeling bewildered and nearsighted. Overdescription buries him or her in details and images . The trick is to find a happy medium.

40 Topic Suggestions

To get you started, here are 40 topic suggestions for a descriptive paragraph, essay, or speech. These suggestions should help you discover a subject that especially interests  you . If you don't start out with a topic that you're willing to spend some time with, your writing will show your lack of enthusiasm. If 40 is not enough, try this list of more than 400 writing topics .

If you need some advice for the drafting phase, see " Composing Descriptive Paragraphs and Essays " and " How to Write a Descriptive Paragraph ."

• a waiting room
• a basketball, baseball glove, or tennis racket
• a smartphone
• a treasured belonging
• a laptop computer
• a favorite restaurant
• your dream house
• your ideal roommate
• your memory of a place that you visited as a child
• an accident scene
• a city bus or subway train
• an unusual room
• a child's secret hiding place
• a bowl of fruit
• an item left too long in your refrigerator
• backstage during a play or concert
• a vase of flowers
• a restroom in a service station
• a street that leads to your home or school
• your favorite food
• the inside of a spaceship
• the scene at a concert or athletic event
• an art exhibit
• an ideal apartment
• your old neighborhood
• a small-town cemetery
• a photograph
• a hospital emergency room
• a particular friend or family member
• a storefront window
• an inspiring view
• a work table
• a character from a book, movie, or television program
• a refrigerator or washing machine
• a Halloween costume

King, Stephen. On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft . Scribner, 2000.

• How to Write a Descriptive Paragraph
• 6 Steps to Writing the Perfect Personal Essay
• 5 Examples of How to Write a Good Descriptive Paragraph
• Definition and Examples of Analysis in Composition
• 501 Topic Suggestions for Writing Essays and Speeches
• How to Write a Narrative Essay or Speech
• Topic In Composition and Speech
• Moving Past the Five Paragraph Essay
• Tips on How to Write an Argumentative Essay
• Structure of a Descriptive Essay
• Examples of Great Introductory Paragraphs
• What Is a Compelling Introduction?
• How to Write a Solid Thesis Statement
• List of Topics for How-to Essays
• How to Develop and Organize a Classification Essay
• 40 Writing Topics for Argumentative and Persuasive Essays

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• How to structure an essay: Templates and tips

How to Structure an Essay | Tips & Templates

Published on September 18, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

The basic structure of an essay always consists of an introduction , a body , and a conclusion . But for many students, the most difficult part of structuring an essay is deciding how to organize information within the body.

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Table of contents

The basics of essay structure, chronological structure, compare-and-contrast structure, problems-methods-solutions structure, signposting to clarify your structure, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about essay structure.

There are two main things to keep in mind when working on your essay structure: making sure to include the right information in each part, and deciding how you’ll organize the information within the body.

Parts of an essay

The three parts that make up all essays are described in the table below.

Order of information

You’ll also have to consider how to present information within the body. There are a few general principles that can guide you here.

The first is that your argument should move from the simplest claim to the most complex . The body of a good argumentative essay often begins with simple and widely accepted claims, and then moves towards more complex and contentious ones.

For example, you might begin by describing a generally accepted philosophical concept, and then apply it to a new topic. The grounding in the general concept will allow the reader to understand your unique application of it.

The second principle is that background information should appear towards the beginning of your essay . General background is presented in the introduction. If you have additional background to present, this information will usually come at the start of the body.

The third principle is that everything in your essay should be relevant to the thesis . Ask yourself whether each piece of information advances your argument or provides necessary background. And make sure that the text clearly expresses each piece of information’s relevance.

The sections below present several organizational templates for essays: the chronological approach, the compare-and-contrast approach, and the problems-methods-solutions approach.

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The chronological approach (sometimes called the cause-and-effect approach) is probably the simplest way to structure an essay. It just means discussing events in the order in which they occurred, discussing how they are related (i.e. the cause and effect involved) as you go.

A chronological approach can be useful when your essay is about a series of events. Don’t rule out other approaches, though—even when the chronological approach is the obvious one, you might be able to bring out more with a different structure.

Explore the tabs below to see a general template and a specific example outline from an essay on the invention of the printing press.

• Thesis statement
• Discussion of event/period
• Consequences
• Importance of topic
• Strong closing statement
• Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages
• Background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press
• Thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation
• High levels of illiteracy in medieval Europe
• Literacy and thus knowledge and education were mainly the domain of religious and political elites
• Consequence: this discouraged political and religious change
• Invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg
• Implications of the new technology for book production
• Consequence: Rapid spread of the technology and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible
• Trend for translating the Bible into vernacular languages during the years following the printing press’s invention
• Luther’s own translation of the Bible during the Reformation
• Consequence: The large-scale effects the Reformation would have on religion and politics
• Summarize the history described
• Stress the significance of the printing press to the events of this period

Essays with two or more main subjects are often structured around comparing and contrasting . For example, a literary analysis essay might compare two different texts, and an argumentative essay might compare the strengths of different arguments.

There are two main ways of structuring a compare-and-contrast essay: the alternating method, and the block method.

Alternating

In the alternating method, each paragraph compares your subjects in terms of a specific point of comparison. These points of comparison are therefore what defines each paragraph.

The tabs below show a general template for this structure, and a specific example for an essay comparing and contrasting distance learning with traditional classroom learning.

• Synthesis of arguments
• Topical relevance of distance learning in lockdown
• Increasing prevalence of distance learning over the last decade
• Thesis statement: While distance learning has certain advantages, it introduces multiple new accessibility issues that must be addressed for it to be as effective as classroom learning
• Classroom learning: Ease of identifying difficulties and privately discussing them
• Distance learning: Difficulty of noticing and unobtrusively helping
• Classroom learning: Difficulties accessing the classroom (disability, distance travelled from home)
• Distance learning: Difficulties with online work (lack of tech literacy, unreliable connection, distractions)
• Classroom learning: Tends to encourage personal engagement among students and with teacher, more relaxed social environment
• Distance learning: Greater ability to reach out to teacher privately
• Sum up, emphasize that distance learning introduces more difficulties than it solves
• Stress the importance of addressing issues with distance learning as it becomes increasingly common
• Distance learning may prove to be the future, but it still has a long way to go

In the block method, each subject is covered all in one go, potentially across multiple paragraphs. For example, you might write two paragraphs about your first subject and then two about your second subject, making comparisons back to the first.

The tabs again show a general template, followed by another essay on distance learning, this time with the body structured in blocks.

• Point 1 (compare)
• Point 2 (compare)
• Point 3 (compare)
• Point 4 (compare)
• Advantages: Flexibility, accessibility
• Disadvantages: Discomfort, challenges for those with poor internet or tech literacy
• Advantages: Potential for teacher to discuss issues with a student in a separate private call
• Disadvantages: Difficulty of identifying struggling students and aiding them unobtrusively, lack of personal interaction among students
• Advantages: More accessible to those with low tech literacy, equality of all sharing one learning environment
• Disadvantages: Students must live close enough to attend, commutes may vary, classrooms not always accessible for disabled students
• Advantages: Ease of picking up on signs a student is struggling, more personal interaction among students
• Disadvantages: May be harder for students to approach teacher privately in person to raise issues

An essay that concerns a specific problem (practical or theoretical) may be structured according to the problems-methods-solutions approach.

This is just what it sounds like: You define the problem, characterize a method or theory that may solve it, and finally analyze the problem, using this method or theory to arrive at a solution. If the problem is theoretical, the solution might be the analysis you present in the essay itself; otherwise, you might just present a proposed solution.

The tabs below show a template for this structure and an example outline for an essay about the problem of fake news.

• Introduce the problem
• Provide background
• Describe your approach to solving it
• Define the problem precisely
• Describe why it’s important
• Indicate previous approaches to the problem
• Present your new approach, and why it’s better
• Apply the new method or theory to the problem
• Indicate the solution you arrive at by doing so
• Assess (potential or actual) effectiveness of solution
• Describe the implications
• Problem: The growth of “fake news” online
• Prevalence of polarized/conspiracy-focused news sources online
• Thesis statement: Rather than attempting to stamp out online fake news through social media moderation, an effective approach to combating it must work with educational institutions to improve media literacy
• Definition: Deliberate disinformation designed to spread virally online
• Popularization of the term, growth of the phenomenon
• Previous approaches: Labeling and moderation on social media platforms
• Critique: This approach feeds conspiracies; the real solution is to improve media literacy so users can better identify fake news
• Greater emphasis should be placed on media literacy education in schools
• This allows people to assess news sources independently, rather than just being told which ones to trust
• This is a long-term solution but could be highly effective
• It would require significant organization and investment, but would equip people to judge news sources more effectively
• Rather than trying to contain the spread of fake news, we must teach the next generation not to fall for it

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Signposting means guiding the reader through your essay with language that describes or hints at the structure of what follows.  It can help you clarify your structure for yourself as well as helping your reader follow your ideas.

The essay overview

In longer essays whose body is split into multiple named sections, the introduction often ends with an overview of the rest of the essay. This gives a brief description of the main idea or argument of each section.

The overview allows the reader to immediately understand what will be covered in the essay and in what order. Though it describes what  comes later in the text, it is generally written in the present tense . The following example is from a literary analysis essay on Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein .

Transitions

Transition words and phrases are used throughout all good essays to link together different ideas. They help guide the reader through your text, and an essay that uses them effectively will be much easier to follow.

Various different relationships can be expressed by transition words, as shown in this example.

Because Hitler failed to respond to the British ultimatum, France and the UK declared war on Germany. Although it was an outcome the Allies had hoped to avoid, they were prepared to back up their ultimatum in order to combat the existential threat posed by the Third Reich.

Transition sentences may be included to transition between different paragraphs or sections of an essay. A good transition sentence moves the reader on to the next topic while indicating how it relates to the previous one.

… Distance learning, then, seems to improve accessibility in some ways while representing a step backwards in others.

However , considering the issue of personal interaction among students presents a different picture.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy

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• Write a College Essay
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• College Essay Format & Structure
• Comparing and Contrasting in an Essay

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The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

An essay isn’t just a loose collection of facts and ideas. Instead, it should be centered on an overarching argument (summarized in your thesis statement ) that every part of the essay relates to.

The way you structure your essay is crucial to presenting your argument coherently. A well-structured essay helps your reader follow the logic of your ideas and understand your overall point.

Comparisons in essays are generally structured in one of two ways:

• The alternating method, where you compare your subjects side by side according to one specific aspect at a time.
• The block method, where you cover each subject separately in its entirety.

It’s also possible to combine both methods, for example by writing a full paragraph on each of your topics and then a final paragraph contrasting the two according to a specific metric.

You should try to follow your outline as you write your essay . However, if your ideas change or it becomes clear that your structure could be better, it’s okay to depart from your essay outline . Just make sure you know why you’re doing so.

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3.2: Narration

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The Purpose of Narrative Writing

Narration means the art of storytelling, and the purpose of narrative writing is to tell stories. Any time you tell a story to a friend or family member about an event or incident in your day, you engage in a form of narration. A narrative can be factual or fictional. A factual story is one that is based on, and tries to be faithful to, actual events as they unfolded in real life. A fictional story is a made-up, or imagined, story; when writing a fictional story, we can create characters and events to best fit our story.

The big distinction between factual and fictional narratives is determined by a writer’s purpose. The writers of factual stories try to recount events as they actually happened, but writers of fictional stories can depart from real people and events because their intentions are not to retell a real-life event. Biographies and memoirs are examples of factual stories, whereas novels and short stories are examples of fictional stories.

Because the line between fact and fiction can often blur, it is helpful to understand what your purpose is from the beginning. Is it important that you recount history, either your own or someone else’s? Or does your interest lie in reshaping the world in your own image—either how you would like to see it or how you imagine it could be? Your answers will go a long way in shaping the stories you tell.

Ultimately, whether the story is fact or fiction, narrative writing tries to relay a series of events in an emotionally engaging way. You want your audience to be moved by your story, which could mean through laughter, sympathy, fear, anger, and so on. The more clearly you tell your story, the more emotionally engaged your audience is likely to be. Sometimes narration is the primary mode of an essay, and sometimes it is a component used within an essay, much like other evidence is offered, to support a thesis. This section will discuss the basic components of narration, which can be applied either as a stand-alone essay or as a component within an essay.

On a separate sheet of paper, start brainstorming ideas for a narrative. First, decide whether you want to write a factual or fictional story. Then, freewrite for five minutes. Be sure to use all five minutes, and keep writing the entire time. Do not stop to think about what to write. The following are some topics to consider as you get going:

The Structure of a Narrative Essay

Major narrative events are most often conveyed in chronological order, the order in which events unfold from first to last. Stories typically have a beginning, a middle, and an end, and these events are typically organized by time. However, sometimes it can be effective to begin with an exciting moment from the climax of the story (“flash-forward”) or a pivotal event from the past (“flash-back”) before returning to a chronological narration. Certain transitional words and phrases aid in keeping the reader oriented in the sequencing of a story. Some of these phrases are listed in Table of Transition Words and Phrases for Expressing Time. 

The following are the other basic components of a narrative:

• Plot : The events as they unfold in sequence.
• Characters : The people who inhabit the story and move it forward. Typically, there are minor characters and main characters. The minor characters generally play supporting roles to the main character, or the protagonist.
• Conflict : The primary problem or obstacle that unfolds in the plot that the protagonist must solve or overcome by the end of the narrative. The way in which the protagonist resolves the conflict of the plot results in the theme of the narrative.
• Theme : The ultimate message the narrative is trying to express; it can be either explicit or implicit.

Writing at Work

When interviewing candidates for jobs, employers often ask about conflicts or problems a potential employee has had to overcome. They are asking for a compelling personal narrative. To prepare for this question in a job interview, write out a scenario using the narrative mode structure. This will allow you to troubleshoot rough spots, as well as better understand your own personal history. Both processes will make your story better and your self-presentation better, too.

Some Other Rhetorical Tips

• To create strong details, keep the human senses in mind. You want your reader to be immersed in the world that you create, so focus on details related to sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch as you describe people, places, and events in your narrative.
• Create tension by making the reader nervous about what is going to happen through sentence, structure, tone, and voice.
• Add dialogue to show the immediacy and drama of the personal interactions (re-creating conversations as necessary to make your narrative work).
• Name specific objects to re-create the scene by selecting details that leave the readers with a dominant impression of how things were.
• Show people in action by describing precise movements and dialogue to convey the action of the scene.

Take your freewriting exercise and start crafting it chronologically into a rough plot summary. Be sure to use the time transition words and phrases listed in Table of Transition Words and Phrases for Expressing Time to sequence the events.

Collaboration : Share with a classmate and compare your rough plot summary. Then, add two or three paragraphs that describe in detail the main character and the setting of the first scene. Try to use all five senses in your descriptions.

Narrative Anecdotes

An anecdote is a short, personal narrative about something specific. It is often used as a component in an essay, acting as evidence to support your thesis, as an example to demonstrate your point, and/or as a way to establish your credibility. It always has a point in telling it.

Elements of an Anecdote

Who, where, when.

Have you ever wondered why children’s stories begin something like this?

Once upon a time, in a galaxy far, far away, the teachers were revolting …

It is the start of a simple narrative. It also contains all the elements of a beginning to any narrative: when, where, and who. An anecdote, because it is short, will begin similarly:

One day, while I was sitting at a stop sign waiting for the light to change…

This little particle of an anecdote tells when, who, and where before the first sentence even ends.

Note : An anecdote sets up a particular incident; it does not tell about a long period of time.

What Happened (Sequence of Events)

Any narrative also includes a sequence of events. You should be able to read an anecdote and tell what happens first, what happens next, and so on. 

Example Anecdote:

My first day of college I parked in the “South Forty,” which is what everyone called the huge parking lot on the edge of the campus. It was seven forty-five in the morning, hazy and cool. I walked across the parking lot, crossed a busy street, walked over a creek, through a “faculty” parking lot, crossed another street, and came to the first row of campus buildings. I walked between buildings, past the library and the student mall. I passed many quiet, nervous-looking students along the way. Many of them smiled at me. One trio of young girls was even chuckling softly among themselves when they all smiled and said “Hi” to me at once. By the time I got to my classroom, far on the other side of campus from the parking lot, I was smiling and boldly saying “Hi” to everyone, too, particularly the girls. Every single one of them smiled or responded with a “Hi” or made a friendly comment or even chuckled happily. It was my first day of college. When I found the building I was looking for, a friend from high school appeared. She was in my first class! I smiled at her and said, “Hi!” She looked at me. She smiled. Then she laughed. She said, “Why are you wearing a sock on your shirt?” I looked down. A sock had come out of the dryer clinging to my shirt.

Implied Point

Most of us want to make sure that we “get the point across” to whatever story we are telling, assuming it has a point. To do this, we tend to explain what we are telling. It is sometimes very difficult to stop. However, stopping in a timely way allows the reader to draw his or her own conclusions.

Show, don’t tell

In the anecdote above, I am very tempted to tell the reader what I felt at the moment I realized that everyone was laughing AT me rather than just being friendly. For the ending, where the point is in this case, it is best to let the reader infer (draw conclusions, fill in the blanks) what happens implicitly rather than to state explicitly what the point is, or what the narrator felt, or anything else.

The more indirect you are about your object or place the better. In the anecdote above, it might be obvious that my object is a sock or my place is a parking lot. The point is, it is not an anecdote “about” a sock; it is referred to indirectly.

How do we show rather than tell? First, describe what you see (I don’t really see anything with “I was SO embarrassed…”) or what you smell, hear, or taste, but NOT what you feel. An easy way to check whether you are showing or telling is to go through your anecdote and underline the verbs. If the verbs are “be”-verbs (is, was, were, etc.) or verbs that describe actions we cannot see (“I thought…” “I believed…” “I imagined…” “it made me upset…” and so on) then you are probably telling.

Write an anecdote that contains who, where, when, and what happens (a sequence of events). Think about an anecdote that involves , alludes to, or otherwise includes your object or place ; it does not have to be “about” your place. It also does not have to be “true” in the strict sense of the word; we will not be able to verify any believable details if they add to the effect of the anecdote. Type it out. Keep it simple and to the point.

Common Questions

What makes stories or anecdotes interesting and something i can relate to.

Actually, it is a simple principle, even though it may not be obvious. We “relate” or “connect” most easily to situations we recognize and so fill in the blanks. If you “tell” me, for example, “I was SO embarrassed …” then you have not let me fill in MY embarrassment. On the other hand, if you “show” me a scene, it allows me to fit my own experience into it:

“I walked past the corner of the aluminum whiteboard tray while lecturing to a class. It ripped my pants. After a moment I said, ‘Class dismissed.’”

The writer of those statements, hopes the reader will fill in some similarly embarrassing moment without the writer clearly stating that this is what is supposed to be done. The connection, the act of “filling in,” is what people tend to refer to as “relating to.”

Interestingly, it does not even matter whether or not readers fill in what the writer intend for them to fill in; it is the act of filling in our own experiences that makes us “relate” to an incident. From a writer’s perspective, that means we should show rather than tell.

Second, resist the temptation to “explain.” Let the reader fill in the blanks! It is so much more personal when the reader participates by filling in.

What are 'cliches' and why can't we use them?

Clichés are figurative phrases and expressions that you have probably heard a million times. For our purposes, there are two kinds of clichés: the ones that jump out at you and the ones that we use without thinking.

If you are paying attention, you will notice that the two sentences above contain at least 3 clichés. You might also notice that clichés are best suited to spoken language, because they are readily available and sometimes when we speak, we don’t have time to replace a common expression with a unique one. However, we DO have time to replace clichés while we are writing.

The problem with clichés in writing is that they are too general when we should be much more specific. They also tend to tell rather than show. In the first sentence above, we have most likely heard the phrase, “have probably heard a million times.” In speech, that expression works. In writing, it should be literal rather than figurative. The first sentence is better this way:

Clichés are figurative phrases and expressions that we have heard so many times that we all share some understanding of what they mean.

Not exactly what you thought when you read it at the beginning of this answer, is it? That is why being literal and specific in writing is better than figurative and vague as a rule.

Here is a re-write of the second sentence at the start of this answer:

For our purposes, there are two kinds of clichés: the ones that are obvious expressions (like “You can lead a horse to water …”) and the ones that are not part of expressions but seem to “go” easily into a group of words (like “we use without thinking”).

The second type is more difficult to identify and eradicate. Usually it is a group of words we have heard before that doesn’t add anything to a statement. For example, instead of “We watched the donuts roll down the street every night,” you might be tempted to add to it this way: “We watched the donuts roll down the street each and every night.” Avoid clichés in your writing.

To see more see more commonly used clichés and for guidance on how to rewrite them, see this handout ( https://writingcenter.unc.edu/cliches/ ) from The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Writing Center.

Contributors and Attributions  

Adapted from  Successful College Composition (Crowther et al.) . Sourced from  LibreTexts , licensed under  CC BY-NC-SA  .

Adapted from  Let's Get Writing (Browning, DeVries, Boylan, Kurtz and Burton) . Sourced from  LibreTexts , licensed under  CC BY-NC-SA  .

• Writing for Success: Narration

This section will help you determine the purpose and structure of narration in writing.

The Purpose of Narrative Writing

Narration means the art of storytelling, and the purpose of narrative writing is to tell stories. Any time you tell a story to a friend or family member about an event or incident in your day, you engage in a form of narration. In addition, a narrative can be factual or fictional. A factual story is one that is based on, and tries to be faithful to, actual events as they unfolded in real life. A fictional story is a made-up, or imagined, story; the writer of a fictional story can create characters and events as he or she sees fit.

The big distinction between factual and fictional narratives is based on a writer’s purpose. The writers of factual stories try to recount events as they actually happened, but writers of fictional stories can depart from real people and events because the writers’ intents are not to retell a real-life event. Biographies and memoirs are examples of factual stories, whereas novels and short stories are examples of fictional stories.

Know Your Purpose

Because the line between fact and fiction can often blur, it is helpful to understand what your purpose is from the beginning. Is it important that you recount history, either your own or someone else’s? Or does your interest lie in reshaping the world in your own image—either how you would like to see it or how you imagine it could be? Your answers will go a long way in shaping the stories you tell.

Ultimately, whether the story is fact or fiction, narrative writing tries to relay a series of events in an emotionally engaging way. You want your audience to be moved by your story, which could mean through laughter, sympathy, fear, anger, and so on. The more clearly you tell your story, the more emotionally engaged your audience is likely to be.

The Structure of a Narrative Essay

Major narrative events are most often conveyed in chronological order, the order in which events unfold from first to last. Stories typically have a beginning, a middle, and an end, and these events are typically organized by time. Certain transitional words and phrases aid in keeping the reader oriented in the sequencing of a story. Some of these phrases are listed here:

Chronological Transitional Words

Other basic components of a narrative are:

• Plot – The events as they unfold in sequence.
• Characters – The people who inhabit the story and move it forward. Typically, there are minor characters and main characters. The minor characters generally play supporting roles to the main character, also known as the protagonist.
• Conflict – The primary problem or obstacle that unfolds in the plot that the protagonist must solve or overcome by the end of the narrative. The way in which the protagonist resolves the conflict of the plot results in the theme of the narrative.
• Theme – The ultimate message the narrative is trying to express; it can be either explicit or implicit.

Writing a Narrative Essay

When writing a narrative essay, start by asking yourself if you want to write a factual or fictional story. Then freewrite, brainstorm, or mindmap about topics that are of general interest to you. For more information about pre-writing, review the materials in “My Writing Process – Prewriting and Draft.”

Once you have a general idea of what you will be writing about, you should sketch out the major events of the story that will compose your plot. Typically, these events will be revealed chronologically and climax at a central conflict that must be resolved by the end of the story. The use of strong details is crucial as you describe the events and characters in your narrative. You want the reader to emotionally engage with the world that you create in writing.

Keep the Senses in Mind

To create strong details, keep the human senses in mind. You want your reader to be immersed in the world that you create, so focus on details related to sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch as you describe people, places, and events in your narrative.

As always, it is important to start with a strong introduction to hook your reader into wanting to read more. Try opening the essay with an event that is interesting to introduce the story and get it going. Finally, your conclusion should help resolve the central conflict of the story and impress upon your reader the ultimate theme of the piece.

Narratives Tell A Story

Every day, you relate stories to other people through simple exchanges. You may have had a horrible experience at a restaurant the night before, or you may have had some good news you are ready to share. In each one of these experiences there’s a story, and when you begin to share a personal experience, you often communicate in a narrative mode.

Although narratives can vary widely, most share several common features. Generally, storytellers establish:

• Characters , the person/people (sometimes they are animals) the story is about, which may include the storyteller
• Conflict , or struggle in the story, that builds their audience’s interest
• Details , or descriptions, that appeal to the  senses  of sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste
• A sequence  of  events  in a  plot , or order of what happens in the story, that keeps the audience engaged as the story unfolds
• Reflection of events around a  theme , or unifying idea, for telling the story

Narratives of Love and War

Consider two narratives that couldn’t be more different—a tale of love and a story of war: John Hodgman’s sweet, geeky tale of falling in love and Emmanuel Jal’s story of being a child soldier and learning to forgive his enemies. Review these videos below then engage in a discussion following the directions as listed.

John Hodgman: A Brief Digression on Matters of Lost Time

Emmanuel Jal: The Music of a War Child

Narrative Essay Example

Read the following example of a narrative essay. Note how it reflects the basic components and common features of narratives, as discussed above.

My College Education

By Scott McLean, in Writing for Success

The first class I went to in college was philosophy, and it changed my life forever. Our first assignment was to write a short response paper to the Albert Camus essay “The Myth of Sisyphus.” I was extremely nervous about the assignment as well as college. However, through all the confusion in philosophy class, many of my questions about life were answered.

I entered college intending to earn a degree in engineering. I always liked the way mathematics had right and wrong answers. I understood the logic and was very good at it. So when I received my first philosophy assignment that asked me to write my interpretation of the Camus essay, I was instantly confused. What is the right way to do this assignment, I wondered? I was nervous about writing an incorrect interpretation and did not want to get my first assignment wrong. Even more troubling was that the professor refused to give us any guidelines on what he was looking for; he gave us total freedom. He simply said, “I want to see what you come up with.”

Full of anxiety, I first set out to read Camus’s essay several times to make sure I really knew what was it was about. I did my best to take careful notes. Yet even after I took all these notes and knew the essay inside and out, I still did not know the right answer. What was my interpretation? I could think of a million different ways to interpret the essay, but which one was my professor looking for? In math class, I was used to examples and explanations of solutions. This assignment gave me nothing; I was completely on my own to come up with my individual interpretation.

Next, when I sat down to write, the words just did not come to me. My notes and ideas were all present, but the words were lost. I decided to try every prewriting strategy I could find. I brainstormed, made idea maps, and even wrote an outline. Eventually, after a lot of stress, my ideas became more organized and the words fell on the page. I had my interpretation of “The Myth of Sisyphus,” and I had my main reasons for interpreting the essay. I remember being unsure of myself, wondering if what I was saying made sense, or if I was even on the right track. Through all the uncertainty, I continued writing the best I could. I finished the conclusion paragraph, had my spouse proofread it for errors, and turned it in the next day simply hoping for the best.

Then, a week or two later, came judgment day. The professor gave our papers back to us with grades and comments. I remember feeling simultaneously afraid and eager to get the paper back in my hands. It turned out, however, that I had nothing to worry about. The professor gave me an A on the paper, and his notes suggested that I wrote an effective essay overall. He wrote that my reading of the essay was very original and that my thoughts were well organized. My relief and newfound confidence upon reading his comments could not be overstated.

What I learned through this process extended well beyond how to write a college paper. I learned to be open to new challenges. I never expected to enjoy a philosophy class and always expected to be a math and science person. This class and assignment, however, gave me the selfconfidence, critical-thinking skills, and courage to try a new career path. I left engineering and went on to study law and eventually became a lawyer. More important, that class and paper helped me understand education differently. Instead of seeing college as a direct stepping stone to a career, I learned to see college as a place to first learn and then seek a career or enhance an existing career. By giving me the space to express my own interpretation and to argue for my own values, my philosophy class taught me the importance of education for education’s sake. That realization continues to pay dividends every day.

Key Takeaways

• Narration is the art of storytelling.
• Narratives can be either factual or fictional. In either case, narratives should emotionally engage the reader.
• Most narratives are composed of major events sequenced in chronological order.
• Time transition words and phrases are used to orient the reader in the sequence of a narrative.
• The four basic components to all narratives are plot, character, conflict, and theme.
• The use of sensory details is crucial to emotionally engaging the reader.
• A strong introduction is important to hook the reader. A strong conclusion should add resolution to the conflict and evoke the narrative’s theme.
• Provided by : Lumen Learning. Located at : http://lumenlearning.com/ . License : CC BY: Attribution
• Successful Writing. Provided by : Anonymous. Located at : http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/successful-writing/s14-01-narration.html . License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
• My College Education. Authored by : Scott McLean. Located at : http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/successful-writing/s19-02-narrative-essay.html . License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
• A Brief Digression on Matters of Lost Time. Authored by : John Hodgman . Provided by : TED Talks. Located at : http://youtu.be/8W51H1croBw . License : All Rights Reserved . License Terms : Standard YouTube License
• The Music of a War Child. Authored by : Emmanuel Jal. Provided by : TED Talks. Located at : http://youtu.be/nF_dHdNOgSA . License : All Rights Reserved . License Terms : Standard YouTube License
• Table of Contents

Instructor Resources (Access Requires Login)

• Overview of Instructor Resources

An Overview of the Writing Process

• Introduction to the Writing Process
• Introduction to Writing
• Your Role as a Learner
• What is an Essay?
• Reading to Write
• Defining the Writing Process
• Videos: Prewriting Techniques
• Thesis Statements
• Organizing an Essay
• Creating Paragraphs
• Conclusions
• Editing and Proofreading
• Matters of Grammar, Mechanics, and Style
• Peer Review Checklist
• Comparative Chart of Writing Strategies

Using Sources

• Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism
• Formatting the Works Cited Page (MLA)
• Citing Paraphrases and Summaries (APA)
• APA Citation Style, 6th edition: General Style Guidelines

Definition Essay

• Definitional Argument Essay
• How to Write a Definition Essay
• Critical Thinking
• Video: Thesis Explained
• Effective Thesis Statements
• Student Sample: Definition Essay

Narrative Essay

• Introduction to Narrative Essay
• Student Sample: Narrative Essay
• "Shooting an Elephant" by George Orwell
• "Sixty-nine Cents" by Gary Shteyngart
• Video: The Danger of a Single Story
• How to Write an Annotation
• How to Write a Summary

Illustration/Example Essay

• Introduction to Illustration/Example Essay
• "She's Your Basic L.O.L. in N.A.D" by Perri Klass
• "April & Paris" by David Sedaris
• Writing for Success: Illustration/Example
• Student Sample: Illustration/Example Essay

Compare/Contrast Essay

• Introduction to Compare/Contrast Essay
• "Disability" by Nancy Mairs
• "Friending, Ancient or Otherwise" by Alex Wright
• "A South African Storm" by Allison Howard
• Writing for Success: Compare/Contrast
• Student Sample: Compare/Contrast Essay

Cause-and-Effect Essay

• Introduction to Cause-and-Effect Essay
• "Cultural Baggage" by Barbara Ehrenreich
• "Women in Science" by K.C. Cole
• Writing for Success: Cause and Effect
• Student Sample: Cause-and-Effect Essay

Argument Essay

• Introduction to Argument Essay
• Rogerian Argument
• "The Case Against Torture," by Alisa Soloman
• "The Case for Torture" by Michael Levin
• How to Write a Summary by Paraphrasing Source Material
• Writing for Success: Argument
• Student Sample: Argument Essay
• Grammar/Mechanics Mini-lessons
• Mini-lesson: Subjects and Verbs, Irregular Verbs, Subject Verb Agreement
• Mini-lesson: Sentence Types
• Mini-lesson: Fragments I
• Mini-lesson: Run-ons and Comma Splices I
• Mini-lesson: Comma Usage
• Mini-lesson: Parallelism
• Mini-lesson: The Apostrophe
• Mini-lesson: Capital Letters
• Grammar Practice - Interactive Quizzes
• De Copia - Demonstration of the Variety of Language
• Style Exercise: Voice

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10.1 Narration

Learning objectives.

• Determine the purpose and structure of narrative writing.
• Understand how to write a narrative essay.

Rhetorical modes simply mean the ways in which we can effectively communicate through language. This chapter covers nine common rhetorical modes. As you read about these nine modes, keep in mind that the rhetorical mode a writer chooses depends on his or her purpose for writing. Sometimes writers incorporate a variety of modes in any one essay. In covering the nine modes, this chapter also emphasizes the rhetorical modes as a set of tools that will allow you greater flexibility and effectiveness in communicating with your audience and expressing your ideas.

The Purpose of Narrative Writing

Narration means the art of storytelling, and the purpose of narrative writing is to tell stories. Any time you tell a story to a friend or family member about an event or incident in your day, you engage in a form of narration. In addition, a narrative can be factual or fictional. A factual story is one that is based on, and tries to be faithful to, actual events as they unfolded in real life. A fictional story is a made-up, or imagined, story; the writer of a fictional story can create characters and events as he or she sees fit.

The big distinction between factual and fictional narratives is based on a writer’s purpose. The writers of factual stories try to recount events as they actually happened, but writers of fictional stories can depart from real people and events because the writers’ intents are not to retell a real-life event. Biographies and memoirs are examples of factual stories, whereas novels and short stories are examples of fictional stories.

Because the line between fact and fiction can often blur, it is helpful to understand what your purpose is from the beginning. Is it important that you recount history, either your own or someone else’s? Or does your interest lie in reshaping the world in your own image—either how you would like to see it or how you imagine it could be? Your answers will go a long way in shaping the stories you tell.

Ultimately, whether the story is fact or fiction, narrative writing tries to relay a series of events in an emotionally engaging way. You want your audience to be moved by your story, which could mean through laughter, sympathy, fear, anger, and so on. The more clearly you tell your story, the more emotionally engaged your audience is likely to be.

On a separate sheet of paper, start brainstorming ideas for a narrative. First, decide whether you want to write a factual or fictional story. Then, freewrite for five minutes. Be sure to use all five minutes, and keep writing the entire time. Do not stop and think about what to write.

The following are some topics to consider as you get going:

The Structure of a Narrative Essay

Major narrative events are most often conveyed in chronological order , the order in which events unfold from first to last. Stories typically have a beginning, a middle, and an end, and these events are typically organized by time. Certain transitional words and phrases aid in keeping the reader oriented in the sequencing of a story. Some of these phrases are listed in Table 10.1 “Transition Words and Phrases for Expressing Time” . For more information about chronological order, see Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” and Chapter 9 “Writing Essays: From Start to Finish” .

Table 10.1 Transition Words and Phrases for Expressing Time

The following are the other basic components of a narrative:

• Plot . The events as they unfold in sequence.
• Characters . The people who inhabit the story and move it forward. Typically, there are minor characters and main characters. The minor characters generally play supporting roles to the main character, or the protagonist .
• Conflict . The primary problem or obstacle that unfolds in the plot that the protagonist must solve or overcome by the end of the narrative. The way in which the protagonist resolves the conflict of the plot results in the theme of the narrative.
• Theme . The ultimate message the narrative is trying to express; it can be either explicit or implicit.

Writing at Work

When interviewing candidates for jobs, employers often ask about conflicts or problems a potential employee has had to overcome. They are asking for a compelling personal narrative. To prepare for this question in a job interview, write out a scenario using the narrative mode structure. This will allow you to troubleshoot rough spots, as well as better understand your own personal history. Both processes will make your story better and your self-presentation better, too.

Take your freewriting exercise from the last section and start crafting it chronologically into a rough plot summary. To read more about a summary, see Chapter 6 “Writing Paragraphs: Separating Ideas and Shaping Content” . Be sure to use the time transition words and phrases listed in Table 10.1 “Transition Words and Phrases for Expressing Time” to sequence the events.

Collaboration

Please share with a classmate and compare your rough plot summary.

Writing a Narrative Essay

When writing a narrative essay, start by asking yourself if you want to write a factual or fictional story. Then freewrite about topics that are of general interest to you. For more information about freewriting, see Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” .

Once you have a general idea of what you will be writing about, you should sketch out the major events of the story that will compose your plot. Typically, these events will be revealed chronologically and climax at a central conflict that must be resolved by the end of the story. The use of strong details is crucial as you describe the events and characters in your narrative. You want the reader to emotionally engage with the world that you create in writing.

To create strong details, keep the human senses in mind. You want your reader to be immersed in the world that you create, so focus on details related to sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch as you describe people, places, and events in your narrative.

As always, it is important to start with a strong introduction to hook your reader into wanting to read more. Try opening the essay with an event that is interesting to introduce the story and get it going. Finally, your conclusion should help resolve the central conflict of the story and impress upon your reader the ultimate theme of the piece. See Chapter 15 “Readings: Examples of Essays” to read a sample narrative essay.

On a separate sheet of paper, add two or three paragraphs to the plot summary you started in the last section. Describe in detail the main character and the setting of the first scene. Try to use all five senses in your descriptions.

Key Takeaways

• Narration is the art of storytelling.
• Narratives can be either factual or fictional. In either case, narratives should emotionally engage the reader.
• Most narratives are composed of major events sequenced in chronological order.
• Time transition words and phrases are used to orient the reader in the sequence of a narrative.
• The four basic components to all narratives are plot, character, conflict, and theme.
• The use of sensory details is crucial to emotionally engaging the reader.
• A strong introduction is important to hook the reader. A strong conclusion should add resolution to the conflict and evoke the narrative’s theme.

Writing for Success Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Narrative Essay

1.1 purpose & structure of narrative writing.

This section will help you determine the purpose and structure of narration in writing.

The Purpose of Narrative Writing

Narration means the art of storytelling, and the purpose of narrative writing is to tell stories. Any time you tell a story to a friend or family member about an event or incident in your day, you engage in a form of narration. A narrative can be factual (true) or fictional (made-up). A factual story is one that is based on, and tries to be faithful to, actual events as they unfolded in real life. A fictional story is a made-up, or imagined, story; the writer of a fictional story can create characters and events as he or she sees fit.

The big distinction between factual and fictional narratives is based on a writer’s purpose . The writers of factual stories try to recount events as they actually happened, but writers of fictional stories can depart from real people and events because the writers’ intents are not to retell a real-life event. Biographies and memoirs are examples of factual stories, whereas novels and short stories are examples of fictional stories.

Know Your Purpose

Because the line between fact and fiction can often blur, it is helpful to understand what your purpose is from the beginning. Is it important that you recount history, either your own or someone else’s? Or does your interest lie in reshaping the world in your own image—either how you would like to see it or how you imagine it could be? Your answers will go a long way in shaping the stories you tell.

Ultimately, whether the story is fact or fiction, narrative writing tries to relay a series of events in an emotionally engaging way. You want your audience to be moved by your story, which could mean through laughter, sympathy, fear, anger, and so on. The more clearly you tell your story, the more emotionally engaged your audience is likely to be.

The Structure of a Narrative Essay

Major narrative events are most often conveyed in chronological order, the order in which events unfold from first to last. Stories typically have a beginning, a middle, and an end, and these events are typically organized by time. Certain transitional words and phrases aid in keeping the reader oriented in the sequencing of a story. Some of these phrases are listed here:

Chronological Transitional Words

The basic components of a narrative are:

• Plot – The events as they unfold in sequence.
• Characters – The people who inhabit the story and move it forward. Typically, there are minor characters and main characters. The minor characters generally play supporting roles to the main character, also known as the protagonist.
• Conflict – The primary problem or obstacle that unfolds in the plot that the protagonist must solve or overcome by the end of the narrative. The way in which the protagonist resolves the conflict of the plot results in the theme of the narrative.
• Theme – The ultimate message the narrative is trying to express; it can be either explicit or implicit.
• Details – The specific descriptions of setting, characters, actions, and all other items that make up the physical world and can be experienced through the senses.

Writing a Narrative Essay

When writing a narrative essay, start by asking yourself if you want to write a factual or fictional story. Then freewrite , brainstorm , or mindmap about topics that are of general interest to you. For more information about pre-writing, review the materials in “My Writing Process – Prewriting and Draft.”

Once you have a general idea of what you will be writing about, you should sketch out the major events of the story that will compose your plot. Typically, these events will be revealed chronologically and climax at a central conflict that must be resolved by the end of the story. The use of strong details is crucial as you describe the events and characters in your narrative. You want the reader to emotionally engage with the world that you create in writing.

Keep the Senses in Mind

To create strong details , keep the human senses in mind. You want your reader to be immersed in the world that you create, so focus on details related to sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch as you describe people, places, and events in your narrative.

As always, it is important to start with a strong introduction to hook your reader into wanting to read more. Try opening the essay with an event that is interesting to introduce the story and get it going. Finally, your conclusion should help resolve the central conflict of the story and impress upon your reader the ultimate theme of the piece.

Narratives Tell A Story

Every day, you relate stories to other people through simple exchanges. You may have had a horrible experience at a restaurant the night before, or you may have had some good news you are ready to share. In each one of these experiences there’s a story, and when you begin to share a personal experience, you often communicate in a narrative mode .

Although narratives can vary widely, they all feature the basic components as explained above. Effective storytellers establish:

• Characters , the person/people (sometimes they are animals) the story is about, which may include the storyteller
• A sequence  of  events  in a  plot , or order of what happens in the story, that keeps the audience engaged as the story unfolds
• Conflict , or struggle in the story, that builds their audience’s interest
• Details , or descriptions, that appeal to the  senses  of sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste
• Reflection of events around a  theme , or unifying idea, for telling the story

Narratives of Love and War

Consider two narratives that couldn’t be more different—a tale of love and a story of war: John Hodgman’s sweet, geeky tale of falling in love and Emmanuel Jal’s story of being a child soldier and learning to forgive his enemies. Review these videos below then engage in a discussion following the directions as listed.

John Hodgman: A Brief Digression on Matters of Lost Time

Emmanuel Jal: The Music of a War Child

Key Takeaways

• Narration is the art of storytelling.
• Narratives can be either factual or fictional. In either case, narratives should emotionally engage the reader.
• Most narratives are composed of major events sequenced in chronological order.
• Time transition words and phrases are used to orient the reader in the sequence of a narrative.
• The four basic components to all narratives are plot, character, conflict, and theme.
• The use of sensory details is crucial to emotionally engaging the reader.
• A strong introduction is important to hook the reader. A strong conclusion should add resolution to the conflict and evoke the narrative’s theme.
• Provided by : Lumen Learning. Located at : http://lumenlearning.com/ . License : CC BY: Attribution
• Successful Writing. Provided by : Anonymous. Located at : http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/successful-writing/s14-01-narration.html . License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
• My College Education. Authored by : Scott McLean. Located at : http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/successful-writing/s19-02-narrative-essay.html . License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
• A Brief Digression on Matters of Lost Time. Authored by : John Hodgman . Provided by : TED Talks. Located at : http://youtu.be/8W51H1croBw . License : All Rights Reserved . License Terms : Standard YouTube License
• The Music of a War Child. Authored by : Emmanuel Jal. Provided by : TED Talks. Located at : http://youtu.be/nF_dHdNOgSA . License : All Rights Reserved . License Terms : Standard YouTube License

Factual Description of a Person Example| Tips | Suitable Words

Describing a person accurately and effectively is an art. Whether it’s for a school assignment or creating characters in your own writing. Writing becomes easy when you get Factual Description of a Person Example.  In this page, we’ll provide an example of how to write a compelling and detailed description of a person. We are also giving.

FACTUAL DESCRIPTION (PERSON)

When we write a description of a person we include all important aspects of the person.

Important Points

• Relationship to writer
• Social status/role/profession
• Appearance (looks; features; clothes; height; health)
• Characteristics of personality—qualities/attitude; way of walking/talking
• Opinion of others about him
• Any other relevant point (could be brought about by narrating an incident)
• Bio Sketch for Class 6
• How to Write a Biographical Sketch
• Biosketch And Biographical Sketch Example For Students
• Biosketch Examples For Class 8 Along With Bio Sketch Questions
• How to Write a Biographical Sketch: A Step-by-Step Guide”

Physical Qualities

•   build— slim, overweight, medium, petite, large, stocky, lanky, hefty, pear-shaped, thin etc. height—tall, short, medium etc.
• Clothes/appearance — elegant, sloppy, well-tailored, ill-fitting, casual, formal, untidy, neat, tidy etc.
• shape of face/expression — angular, bearded, unshaven, friendly, round, oval, square, heart-shaped etc.
•  complexion — fair, pale, swarthy etc. eyes— twinkling , protruding, shifty, staring, close-set etc. hair—balding, receding hairline, close-cropped, thick, wavy, curly, plaited, long, neat, thinning etc.
• Nose — broken, sharp, flat, upturned, roman, pointed etc.
•   Lips — discoloured, thin, thick etc.
•   Teeth — protruding, broken, gapped, discoloured etc. chin—cleft, receding, pointed, square etc.
• Special features — tattoo, scar, mole, stammer, peculiar gesture etc.

Intellectual Qualities

  Imaginative, creative, intelligent, mediocre talents, uninspired, unimaginative, sharp, boring etc.

Emotional and Moral Qualifies

  Trustworthy, honest, confident, warm, sincere, selfish, cruel, insensitive, patient, tolerant, dependable, corrupt, dishonest, irresolute, diffident, detached, deceitful, philanthropic, kind, vulnerable, impatient prejudiced etc.

• Physical appearance
• Good qualities
• Special traits
• Use active ‘passive voice
• Simple present is to be used
• Give concrete examples and anecdotes.

Factual Description of a Person Example

1. Given below are details of an eminent environmentalist. Use the information to form a biographical sketch of Aruna Saxena In 80-100 words.

• Aruna Saxena: Born in 1978 – education – M.A. in Environmental Science
• Achievements: Actively involved in Green Revolution Movement – Won her worldwide recognition -published a collection of poems. ‘Singing Birds’
• Awards: Won the national award for creating environmental awareness
• Other interests: painting, writing poetry
• Positions held: President of Rotary Club of Marwar in 2007, President of the Poetry Club in 2009

Ans . The eminent environmentalist Aruna Saxena was born in 1978. She won worldwide recognition for her active involvement in the Green Revolution Movement. She was honoured with the national award to her contributions towards creating environmental awareness. A postgraduate in Environmental Science. Aruna has a keen interest in writing poetry. This is evident from her collection of poems entitled Singing Birds. Painting is another one of her interests. She has held oral important positions over the years. She was the President of the Rotary Club of Marwar in 2007 and the President of the Poetry Club in 2009

Download the above Bio-Sketch in PDF

2. Use the notes given below to write a short bio-sketch of Vishwanathan Anand.

• Born on 1 1 the December 1969
• Nickname : Popularly Known as “Vishy”
• First title: The youngest National. Champion at the age of 16
• Education : Holds a degree in commerce
• Hobbies are reading, swimming, listening to music
• Character : A man of discipline, self-centred, clear reasoning and immediate insight.
• Awards and Honours: An Indian chess Grandmaster; former World Chess Champion.; has won the World Chess Championship five times, was the undisputed World Champion from 2007 to 2013.

 Ans. Vishwanathan Anand who is popularly known as “Vishy” was born on with December 1969. He was declared as the youngest National Champion at the age of 16. Besides being a graduate in commerce, he is fond of reading, swimming and listening to music. He is a man of discipline and self-esteem. He is known as an Indian Chess Grandmaster.

3. Given below is a profile of Sourav Ganguli. Write a short bio-sketch of him in about 100 words. You may take help from the inputs given below:

• Birth — July 8, 1972, in Kolkata
• Test debut — June 20, 1996, at Lords Century against England
• Test Achievement — 113 Tests, 7212 Runs, 42 Average 16 Centuries, 35 Half-Centuries
• ODI Achievement — 311 matches, 11,363 Runs, Average 4102
• Highest ODI Score — 183 in 158 balls against Sri Lanka in 1999 World Cup.
• Popularly known — Prince of Kolkata

  Answer                                                     Sourav Ganguli

Sourav Ganguli was born on July 8, 1972, in Kolkata. Ganguli made his Test debut at Lords on June 20, 1996, and struck a fine century in this debut match against England. He played 113 Tests and accumulated 7212 runs with a healthy 42 plus average. He scored 16 centuries and 35 half-centuries in the process. In ODIs, he ranks among the greats with 11363 runs under his belt from 311 matches at an average of 41.02. His highest ODI score came in the biggest stage when he butchered Sri Lanka on a way to a 158–ball 183 at Taunton in the 1999 World Cup. He is popularly known as the ‘Prince of Kolkata’.

4. Write a bio-sketch of Tamil writer-Bama.

Read the biographical details of famous Tamil writer-Bama and write a bio-sketch on the  basis of these details

• Bama – Born 1958, creative Tamil. the woman writer committed teacher, social activist -popularly known as Karukku Barna
• Pennaine Faustina Mary Fatima Rani
• Novels – Karukku, Sangati and Vanaman- translated into other Indian languages. English and French
• Wrote twenty short stories – not published in book form
• Honorary doctorate degree – Crossword Award for her semi-fictional autobiography Karukku
• Invited by universities in India and abroad – lecturer at various conferences
• Multi-faceted personality -woman with extraordinary courage. conviction resistance to any form of oppression
• The keen eye for beauty in nature. profound insight into issues pertaining to caste, religion, women • Clear thoughts and expression
• Dedicated to the uplift of the downtrodden: passion-Teaching. Mission –Building a casteless society

Ans . Banta popularly known as Karukku Barna was born in 1958. She is a Tamilian woman writer. a committed teacher and a social activist. She goes by the penname Faustina Mary Fatima Rani. She is a prolific writer. tier novels include Karukku. Sangati and Vanaman which have been translated into other Indian languages, English and French. Moreover, she has written twenty short stories which have not been published in the booking form. She holds an honorary doctorate degree. and has won the Crossword Award for her semi-fictional autobiography Karukku. She is regularly invited by Indian and foreign universities to lecture at various conferences. She is a multi-faceted personality and is a woman with extraordinary courage. Conviction and resistance to any form of oppression. She has a keen eye for beauty in nature, profound insight into issues pertaining to caste, religion and women. She has a clarity of thoughts and expression. She is dedicated to the up!’ upliftment of the downtrodden is passionate about teaching and her mission is to build a casteless society.

5. Chen below notes on the life of Ustad Rahi Khan. Write a biographical sketch of his in about 100 words .

•  Born – March 211. 1926 in Sitapur. U.P.
• His ancestors – Famous musicians
• At the age six – Moved to Varanasi
• Received training – Under Ustad Amir Ali Khan – a sitar player
• Started performing at the age of 14
• Performed in India and abroad
• Awarded Padain Shri in 1967
• Established a music school at Varanasi
•  Died – August 21 st 2004

  Ans . Ustad Rahi Khan was born on 21″ March. 1926 in Sitapur, a town in Uttar Pradesh. His ancestors were famous musicians. At the age of six. He moved to Varanasi. He received training under the sitar player Ustad Amir Ali Khan. I started performing at the early age of fourteen. He performed extensively in India and abroad. He was awarded the Padam Shri in 1967 established a music school in Varanasi. Ile passed away on 21″ August 2001 His life is one of the best examples of Hindu- Muslim unity.

6. On the basis of the given profile, write short bio-sketch of Dr Anand Kumar.

• Dr Anand Kumar: DM, FRCS, Cardiac Surgeon
• Full Name: Anand Kumar Misra
• Father’s Name: Dr A. P. Misra, Cardiac Surgeon
•   Presently working as Director, Heart Care Research Institute, Agra
•   Achievements : Govt. of India honour-Padma Vibhushan.
• For conducting 200 successful bypass surgeries and four Human heart transplants

Ans . Dr Anand Kumar Misra, a renowned Cardiac Surgeon, is the son of Dr A. P. Misra, a Cardiac Surgeon of world repute. He is presently the director of Heart Care Research Institute, Agra. He has been awarded Padma Vibhushan, India’s greatest honour, for conducting 200 successful bypass surgeries besides four human heart transplant cases, etc.

7. With the help of the given clues, write a bio-sketch of Subhash Chandra Bose in not 80-100 words.

• Name: Subash Chandra Bose; Netaji
•   Contribution: immense, Freedom Fighter
•   Born: January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa
•   Career: Civil Services
• Achievements: Joined struggle; established Indian National Army
• Motto Give me blood and I will give you the freedom
• Setback: Retreat after the defeat of Japan and Germany
• Death : Air crash over Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa) on August 18, 1945

Ans. Subhash Chandra Bose, affectionately called Netaji, was born on January 23, 1897, in Cuttack, Orissa. He was one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. Deeply moved by the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, he gave up a promising career in the Civil Service to join the Freedom Movement. He founded the Indian National Army to overthrow the British Empire from India. His famous motto was “Give me blood and I will give you freedom”. However, the defeat of Japan and Germany in the Second World War forced INA to retreat and it could not achieve its objective. Subhash Chandra Bose was reportedly killed in an air crash over Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa) on August 18, 1945.

8. On the basis of the value points given below, write a biographical sketch in about 80 words.

• Name: Pablo Diego Jose Francisco Picasso
• Birth: Born 25 October 1881 Malaga, Spain
• Died: 8 April 1973 (aged 91) Mougins, France
• Nationality: Spanish
• Field: Painting, Drawing, Sculpture, Printmaking, Ceramics
• Training: Jose Ruiz y Blasco (father), Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
• Movement: Cubism
• Works: Its Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) Guernica (1937) The Weeping Woman (1937)

Pablo Diego Jose Francisco Picasso was born on 25 October 1881 in Malaga, Spain. His fields of expertise are painting, drawing, sculpture, printmaking and ceramics. He received training from his father José Ruiz y Blasco and at Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. He is a proponent of the art movement called Cubism. His most famous works are Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, Guernica and The Weeping Woman. He died on 8 April 1973, aged 91, at Mougins, France.

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4.2 Narration

The purpose of narrative writing.

The purpose of narrative writing is to tell stories. Any time a person tells a story to a friend or family member about an event or incident, the individual engages in a form of narration. A narrative can be factual or fictional. A factual story is one that is based on actual events as they unfolded in real life. A fictional story is made up, or imagined; the writer of a fictional story can create characters and events as desired.

The big distinction between factual and fictional narratives is based on the writer’s purpose. The writers of factual stories try to recount events as they actually happened, but writers of fictional stories can depart from real people and events because the writers’ intentions are not to describe real-life events. Biographies and memoirs are examples of factual stories, whereas novels and short stories are examples of fictional stories.

Because the line between fact and fiction can often blur, it is helpful for writers to understand their purpose from the beginning. Is it important that writers recount history, either their own or someone else’s? Or does their interest lie in reshaping the world in their own image—depending on how writers would like to see it or how they imagine it could be? Our answers will go a long way in shaping the stories people tell.

Ultimately, whether the story is fact or fiction, narrative writing tries to relay a series of events in an emotionally engaging way. Authors want the audience to be moved by their stories—through laughter, sympathy, fear, anger, and so on. The more clearly they tell their stories, the more emotionally engaged the audience is likely to be.

The Structure of a Narrative Essay

Major narrative events are most often conveyed in chronological order—the order in which events unfold from first to last. Stories typically have a beginning, a middle, and an end, and events are typically organized by time. Certain transitional words and phrases aid in keeping the reader oriented in the sequencing of a story.

The following are the other basic components of a narrative:

• Plot. The events as they unfold in sequence.
• Characters. The people who inhabit the story and move it forward. Typically, there are minor characters and main characters. The minor characters generally play supporting roles to the main character, or the protagonist.
• Conflict. The primary problem or obstacle that unfolds in the plot that the protagonist must solve or overcome by the end of the narrative. The way in which the protagonist resolves the conflict of the plot results in the theme of the narrative.
• Theme. The ultimate message the narrative is trying to express can be either explicit or implicit.

Writing a Narrative Essay

When writing a narrative essay, authors begin by deciding whether to write a factual or fictional story. Next, they engage in prewriting strategies such as freewriting about topics that are of general interest to them.

Once authors have a general idea of their writing, they sketch out the major events of the story in order to develop the plot. Typically, these events will be revealed chronologically, and will climax at a central conflict that must be resolved by the end of the story. The use of strong details is crucial as authors describe the events and characters in their narrative. They want the readers to emotionally engage with the world that they create.

As always, it is important to start with a strong introduction to hook the reader into wanting to read more. The writer should try opening the essay with an event that is interesting, to introduce the story and get it going. Finally, the conclusion should help resolve the central conflict of the story and impress upon readers the ultimate thesis of the piece. The ending of the story for the main character may be positive or negative. Writers include vivid details in their stories using the five senses so the reader will be able to experience the story.

Code-Switching

Writers use language in a variety of ways. They may use dialogue to convey details that accurately represent the characters and setting of their local story. Or, they may remember the voices of family members. How are they different from other voices? In Hawaiʻi, there are many languages, including Hawaiʻi Creole English (Pidgin). Pidgin varies depending on place and time. The spelling of Pidgin words is up to the writer, and it’s based on how the words sound. “What” could be spelled “wat” or “wot.” Writers may switch between languages (e.g., Pidgin and English) depending on circumstances. This is called code-switching. Accurate representation of dialogue increases the authenticity of a story.

Most stories have a main character who wants to achieve a goal (e.g., surviving a wipe out while surfing, winning a championship, passing a course, graduating high school). There are obstacles that a main character encounters while trying to achieve a goal (e.g., strong waves, a highly skilled opponent, procrastination, self-doubt). Then the story shows the main character’s response to obstacles and whether or not the goal is achieved. If your topic is autobiographical, think of a memory that you don’t mind sharing with the class. Regardless if the story is autobiographical or fictional, plan the characters and plot. As you write your short story, the story may turn out differently than you expected, and that’s fine. This is a starting point.

• How many characters will you have in your story?
• Who are these characters? Describe each of the characters. For each character, list information on their backstory, their qualities, their goals/desires. How will these characters interact with one another?
• Will you use first person (“I”) or third person (“He/She”) to tell this story?
• Whose point of view will you tell the story from? Through which character’s eyes will the reader experience the story from?
• Plot Exercise for Your Narrative

A. Introduction and Rising Action

1. Who is the main character (protagonist) of this story?

2. What is the main character’s goal/desire?

3. Who/what is the obstacle your main character experiences when trying to achieve a goal/desire?

4. What does the main character do when encountering this obstacle?

1. Is the main character successful or unsuccessful in achieving his/her goal/desire?

C. Falling Action

1. What happens after the climax?

D. Resolution

1. What happens at the end of the story? Is this a happy ending? What is the lesson learned?

1. Where does the story take place?

Parts of this section is adapted from OER material from “ Narration “ in Writing for Success v. 1.0 (2012). Writing for Success was adapted by Saylor Academy under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work’s original creator or licensor.

The section on Code-Switching and other parts is original work by the authors of this text.

English Composition Copyright © 2019 by Contributing Authors is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Factual Description

A factual description of a place or a person or an object requires details which must logically be woven in a paragraph with appropriate cohesion devices. The description should not appear sketchy, fragmented or loose. The appropriate format and style must be followed.

(a) Description of a place/building must include the location, outside surroundings, interiors, purpose, etc. (b) Description of a person must include outward appearance, mannerisms, dress, gait, features, way of talking, and any other particular information to be given which may be relevant to the description. (c) Description of an object must incorporate its outward appearance, its constituents or parts, its function or purpose, any faults or advantages and any other detail relevant to the question.

Q1. Today a lady, an acquaintance of your mother, came to visit your house. Your mother was not at home at that time. When she comes back you describe the lady to her in such a way that she can recall and recognize her. Write the description.

Factual Description of a Visitor

Mother, today a lady came to our house at around 11 O’clock. I was alone in the house at that time. When I opened the door, I saw that a tall fair woman dressed in an elegant salwar kameez was standing at the door. She handed me her card and told me that she had met you in Bangalore during a conference. She told her name as Vandana. She was carrying a brown leather handbag and had long black hair which she had left open. Her hair were particularly noticeable, being so beautiful. She said that you might not be remembering her so the card would help you in recognising her. She also showed me the visiting card which you had given to her in Bangalore. She told me that she located the house with the help of the map drawn on the backside of the card.  She has given her contact number and address of Delhi and has said that she will stay  in Delhi for 2 days and you can come to meet her.

Q2. Yesterday two thieves made an attempt to burgle your house but were unsuccessful because you saw them outside your window in the moonlight and raised an alarm. In the mean time they managed to escape. Describe the burglars to the police for identification.

Factual Description of the Burglars

One burglar was a burly man of around 30 years of age. He was wearing black coloured clothes to camouflage in the dark. He was bare-foot and carried a sack on his shoulder which carried some tools or weapons or may be some loot. Whatever it was it made a faint clanging noise as he walked. He also had a slight limp. I could see everything clearly as I was standing in the dark in my room hidden behind the curtain and it was a bright moon-lit night outside. It was the time of around 11.30 p.m. at night. I had just finished studying and had switched off the light of my room. When I came out of the wash-room after freshening up, I saw some movement outside. First I thought there was only one man but after a few minutes one more emerged from the bushes. He looked thin and younger and was perhaps the heavier man’s assistant. He was only dressed in a vest and shorts. They seemed to have scaled the boundary wall and were hiding in the bushes planning to enter the house after ensuring everyone had gone to sleep. When he tried the doors and windows I got scared and shouted for help. Hearing my cries they both ran away before my father could get his air gun.

Q3. Avinash stays in a small town. This time he went to his uncle’s house, who stays in Delhi, to celebrate Diwali. He was very impressed by the decoration and hustle-hustle of the city and writes a description for his school magazine.

Celebration of Diwali at My Uncle’s House

This time I went to my uncle’s house who stays in Delhi to celebrate Diwali with my cousins. Oh ! what an experience it was. Days before the market-place had been decorated with earthen lamps and figurines of Ganesha and Laxmi were being sold in large numbers. There were several kinds of fairs, fetes, Diwali Melas, exhibitions and discount sales, festival-season programmes being held all over the city. The markets were bursting with shoppers. Crackers, sweets, dry-fruits, gifts, clothes, gadgets all were being sold by tons. Uncle took me to see the hustle and bustle of many markets while he shopped. Sometimes he bought gifts for his office, sometimes sweets for friends or household goods for his house and family. On the evening of the festival I went with my cousins for a drive to some nearby areas of the city. The entire area was decorated with lights of different kinds. Coloured bulbs, candles, lamps, blinking lights all made the colony look like a bride. It was breath-takingly beautiful.

— Tanuja, Class XI

Q4. Your school has recently built a new computer room and installed five new machines. Write a factual description of it for your school magazine.

A New Computer Room in My School

One week ago the school became the proud owner of five sophisticated sleek computers. They are IBM Compatible Models complete with Central Processing Unit (CPU), keyboard, printer, terminal and mouse. They have various applications running on the system like Basic Language Programming, Spread Sheet, Word Processor, etc. Some video games have also been loaded to generate interest among the students and teach them how to use the various units.  The computers are kept in an air-conditioned room which has to be kept dust free. So shoes are taken out and the main room is separated by a glass screen from the entrance.  Two computer teachers have been appointed who have already started teaching us the theoretical portion of the syllabus, mainly the computer language. The other one is teaching us how to use the keyboard and mouse.  When the school installed the machines many of us had seen the computers from such close quarters for the first time. It was a thrilling experience.

— Rajat, Class XI

Q5. You have recently been to Chennai for your friend’s wedding. You were very surprised to see the railway station of Chennai which being a terminal station is different from other stations. Write a factual description of it for your school magazine.

A Visit to Chennai Railway Station

Chennai Central Station, I found, is a unique railway station because it is the last station on the South-East coast of India i.e. trains cannot go further South-East from Madras. They simply end there. If they have to go further south they have to take a separate route. I saw a terminal station that is what Chennai Central is, for the first time. It is so different from other railway stations having no stairs and no over bridges. One can simply walk to any of the platforms because all converge on to the main lobby of the station. Each rail track ends at a point and the trains simply stop there. Thus it looks more like an airport: spacious, airy, quite clean with very few porters and many luggage trolleys standing for self-service. It has many cold drinks and coffee vending machines, South Indian food joints, railway catering canteen, retiring rooms and rest houses. Thus it is one of the most modern and well-equipped stations. You can even see flowers being sold on the station as Tamil women are very fond of them. There is a cool sea breeze blowing reminding one of the presence of sea nearby.

— Amita, Class XII

Q6. Last week you attended a seminar on the importance of blood donation organized by Red Cross Society, New Delhi. Write a factual description to be read in the morning assembly.

Honourable Principal, teachers and dear friends Good Morning to you all

I happened to attend a seminar on the importance of blood donation that was organized by Red Cross Society, New Delhi. Near about 90 students from different schools and 50 doctors from different hospitals of Delhi attended the seminar. The Union Health Minister pointed out the importance of blood for our life. He revealed that a single drop of blood can save the precious life of a dying man. He stated that by donating blood they are not inviting any ailment or deficiency of any kind in the body. It is the mental or psychological whim that a donor possesses in his or her mind about some weakness. A healthy man can donate blood after every six months and he will remain in a perfect trim. Other eminent doctors too stated that they should save and protect their blood and utilize it at the proper time. The seminar concluded that the masses should be educated to donate blood.

Instructions & Directions

Instructions and directions as their name indicates include guidelines, advice, precautions, warnings and steps to be followed in order to achieve some purpose. They include points which must follow in logical order, suggestions—do’s and don’ts which must be kept in mind while achieving the desired result. Each point must lead to another and make the composition a cohesive whole.

Q1. You are going to the hostel next week. Your mother writes a set of instructions and directions and gives it to you. It includes Dos and Don’ts and directions about managing your routine. Write her instructions.

Once you will be on your own, you will realize that independence is very sweet but requires lot of responsibility. You have already learnt how to sew a button on your shirt. You should know how to make a cup of tea. Knowing how to fix a fuse is also important. You should be able to handle emergencies like sickness or being hurt. Always contact the authorities in that case.

You should wind your alarm clock at night so that you can wake up in time. Be quick in getting ready but do not neglect personal hygiene. There will be no Mom to remind you. Your good health is important for you to study hard, so eat well. The mess food may not be like home’s. But it is more wholesome and hygienic than food outside. So do not eat cheap spicy food in the outside eating places. You must make friend with other boys in the hostel. Being in good company will not make you homesick. I know you can handle all this well. So my good wishes are with you.

Q2. Central Electricity Authority has to release pamphlets to be distributed among general public to create awareness about conservation of electricity in the wake of increasing power shortage in the country. Write the instructions and do’s and don’ts for the purpose.

In view of the continued power shortage consumers are requested to follow certain regulatory measures restricting use of power:

1. Electrical gadgets like geysers, air conditioners, heaters, hot plates should be used sparingly. 2. Do not leave fans, bulbs and appliances on when not in use. 3. Use energy efficient gadgets & ISI marked products instead of local products. 4. Get your gadgets repaired regularly to prevent loss in transmission. 5. Avoid buying second hand/old gadgets and power intensive luxury appliances. 6. Reduce too much dependence on power. 7. Encourage alternate sources of energy—solar and wind power energy. 8. Reduce friction in moving parts of appliances by regular lubrication.

Q3. Green Movement is an environmental organization which educates children on how to keep their surroundings and environment clean. As a volunteer of the organization. Write instructions and directions for a lecture in school.

We should remember that earth is our own planet and every individual effort that we make towards its protection matters. In fact, at our personal level we can achieve a lot. Today I will show how you can do that.

1. First of all, we must check our habit of wasting paper, throwing it around and littering our surroundings. All such waste material like toffee wrappers, bits of paper, aluminium foil, polythenes which we use in everyday life can be collected and sold. This way at least it does not make the surroundings untidy.

2. We should also persuade our parents to use unleaded petrol, get catalytic convertors and get our vehicles checked for emissions. Minimum use of vehicles should be practised. Simple chores can be accomplished by walking or cycling instead of using scooter or car every time. For going to the office also car pools can be made.

3. Another important step is to check the use of fluoro-carbons like sprays, insecticides as all these deplete the ozone layer in the environment.

4. Biodegradable waste like vegetable and fruit peels, dry leaves, egg shells can all be used in the backyard of the house to make manure. It’s high time we all contributed our little bit to the environment.

Q4. Apex Trekking Club is looking for members for trekking expeditions to various destinations during summer vacations. Their secretary informs the students of Joseph Public School about the various requirements, do’s and don’ts and points to remember for trekking. Write them.

Today I will give you some instructions and tips about safe trekking.

1. A person who is fond of trekking should have lot of courage and stamina. The body should be conditioned by regular exercise a few days before the trek to take the continuous strain of steep climbs. 2. The person should possess good sturdy sports shoes, plenty of warm but not heavy woolen clothes, a pocket knife, some medicines for common ailments like fever, cold, etc. and first aid equipment. A torch, some light snacks, water should also be handy. All these things should be kept in a light, convenient knap-sack to be carried behind your back.

3. Last but not the least the prospective trekkers should have ample amount of sportsmanship: to be able to help other trekkers in need and lot of independence and presence of mind to be able to handle emergencies.

Let me tell you that it’s only the first trek which is difficult. I hope this short lecture must have driven out all fears and suspicion from your mind. All those who are interested in joining us for the next trek can give their names to the Principal of your school.

Q5. Your twelve year old cousin has come home from the hospital after a brief spell of illness. Your aunt has requested you to come and look after her for two days because she has to go out of town for an important meeting. You ask your mother for advice on how to look after a sick person. On behalf of her write the instructions and do’s and don’ts.

A sick person has to be handled very carefully. One has to be responsible and patient. She may be feeling a little low so you can carry, some fresh flowers and a ‘Get well soon’ card which can make her feel better and cheerful. You must keep the room airy and cool. Also keep her clothes loose and comfortable. Talk to her or play soft music if she likes but don’t give her unnecessary strain of sitting for long hours or talking too loudly. Give her light and easily digestible food which is not spicy or hot. It would be better if she took small amounts at frequent intervals because it would not burden her digestive system. Foods like fruit juices, vegetable soup, porridge, ‘Khichdi, toasted bread, light tea will all do her good. In the morning help her have a sponge and change of clothing with powder so that she feels fresh. Help her in getting down from the bed and walk a little to give her muscles a bit of exercise.  Keep medicines, water, doctor’s and aunt’s telephone numbers handy, just in case of an emergency. I know you can manage, so best of luck.

Q6. Mukesh Kumar has to appear for an interview for a job next week. He seeks help from his father about preparing for the interview. His father is going on an official tour for a period often days. Before leaving he writes a set of instructions and directions for Mukesh. Write the instructions on his behalf.

1. It has been quite some time since you finished your college. So you must study your academic subjects thoroughly. 2. Being aware of current affairs and happenings around you will help in showing how up to date and well informed you are. 3. Keep your certificates, mark sheets, both academic and of extra-curricular activities and of previous job neatly arranged in a folder. Do not forget to check the letter to see if they have asked for any particular document. 4. You can also plan a few answers to the questions you think they might ask. 5. You can even practise your movements in front of the mirror to remove any hesitation or nervousness that you are likely to feel. The way you enter, wish, walk, sit and talk: all reflect your state of mind. So be relaxed, confident and attentive. 6. Listen carefully to each question before jumping to answer. Think before replying. 7. Everybody does not know all the answers, don’t hesitate in admitting ‘I’m afraid, “I don’t know’ if you don’t know the answer. Even if you disagree with a view point you can politely say so, “I’m sorry Sir, I don’t agree with you” and convince them with what you think about it. 8. Lastly, be smartly and neatly dressed. Think of what you will wear beforehand and keep it ready.

Process –Writing

Process writing is only slightly different from instructions in content. Recipes, experiments, all require a process to be followed. This process contains points in the same order in which they have to be performed. Students must remember to first collect all ideas related to the question in rough and then plan and organise them in fair. Instructions and directions and process writing involve the usage of imperative speech for example (Take a beaker or do not turn left, or do remember to keep a torch, etc.). As you can see, no subject is required in most of the sentences.

Q. You are staying at a boarding school. You want to open a Savings Bank Account. Write how to open a Savings Bank Account in about 150 words.

Opening a Savings Bank Account

The process of Opening a Savings Bank Account is very simple. Go to bank and ask the clerk on duty at the Saving Account counter to give you a prescribed printed form for opening an account. You must take with you and your identity card and Aadhar Card. You are required to enter your name and address in it. You can give the name of nominee. You have to put your signature at two or three places on it. This is termed as your specimen signature. Each applicant is required to sign a declaration to the effect that he or she has read and accepted the rules for the conduct of Savings Bank Deposit Account. After you have opened an account, you are given a bank Pass Book with your name, home address and account number written on it. You can withdraw the amount required by filling in the withdrawal form.

Q2. Kunika’s father is down with fever. The doctor advises him to take light food like ‘Khicdi’, etc. Her mother has important work in the office and she leaves instructions for her on how to make ‘Khicdi’. Write them for her.

How to Make Khichdi

First of all mix 5 table spoonfuls of dal (green moong) with 5 table spoonfuls of rice and wash them four to five times in running water. Strain the water and soak it in 1 cup of filtered water for half an hour. When it is soaked, put half a teaspoon of butter in a pressure cooker on a slow flame, when it is melted, crackle some cumin seeds and a pinch of asoeftida. Add a pinch of turmeric and a quarter spoon of salt. Pour the soaked dal and rice in the cooker along with the water and add 2 more cups of water. Close the lid of the cooker and let it cook on slow flame for ten minutes or give 3-4 whistles. When the pressure from the cooker is released, open it to see if it is done. The dal and rice should be well cooked and mixed in the gruel. It should be slightly thin. Take it out into a plate and serve to it your father.

Q3. Your uncle who stays abroad wants to admit his two children aged four and five years respectively in a school in Delhi. He wants to know the procedure of admission in the schools. Write the process for him.

The Admission procedure in the schools of Delhi

In Delhi the system of admission in various schools for KG classes is by lottery or by screening through interviews. Advertisements start appearing in various newspapers from November onwards for the availability of registration forms. The age requirement is generally mentioned. some schools take children of 4 years and above for KG classes while others accept children of 5 years and above for class I.

Schools have different processes. Some require the forms to be taken and filled then and there itself while others give enough time to fill the details and submit them. Proof of residence, birth certificate, photos of child are some of the important documents required.

In Delhi because of long distances, transportation is a great problem. So many schools cater to areas within 10 km radius only, or many screen the applications according to area mentioned. The child, along with the parents is then called for interview. General awareness, muscle control of hands, confidence and ability to communicate are some of the qualities observed. Selected candidates are then informed, either by post or told to check at the school notice-board.

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Lucid and to the point.beneficial for the students and teachers alike. thanks

Very useful to students. ………………. thanks

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A Camera : Factual Description of Things Essay in English for Students Exams

March 1, 2020 entranciology English Study , Factual Description Essay 0

A Camera : Factual Description of Things Essays in English for Students Exams.

A Camera is a piece of equipment that is used for taking photographs or films, moving pictures or television pictures. It consists of a black box with flexible sides of leather. There is a double convex lens in its front and a ground glass screen at its back. The lens can be adjusted according to the distance of the object to be photographed.

At its top, there is a push button connected with the shutter. The shutter is used for exposure. The time exposure depends on the intensity of light. Some cameras are fitted with flashlights. A flashlight is a device containing a flashbulb that you use with a camera to take photographs indoors, in the dim light.

While taking a photograph you remove the cover of the lens and adjust the lens. Then you press the push bottom at the top. The shutter opens and allows exposure of the sensitive film to the rays of light coming from the object to be photographed. The image is recorded on the film instantly. The film is then taken out and sent for developing and fixing. This is the negative. You can prepare many photographs from this negative.

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In Saga of NBC and Ronna McDaniel, Perks and Perils of Partisan Talk on TV

Why are television news networks so enamored with paid Beltway analysts?

By Michael M. Grynbaum and John Koblin

Trying to juice ratings in an election year, a major TV network hired a pair of provocative commentators from the political establishment to inject some spiky opinion into its otherwise-staid campaign coverage.

The result — the Gore Vidal and William F. Buckley Jr. debates of 1968 — was a hit with viewers and an unexpected success for ABC News. It also inspired television news divisions to bring more partisan voices into their coverage, a trend that intensified at the dawn of the 24-hour cable news era in the early 1980s.

These days, the role of the “paid contributor” — a commentator on contract, to bloviate on demand — is fully baked into the TV news ecosystem. Typically, the role is occupied by a political veteran who can offer an insider perspective on the news of the day, drawing on experience as, say, an elected official, a Beltway strategist or a West Wing aide.

Or, in the case of Ronna McDaniel, as the former chairwoman of the Republican Party.

Ms. McDaniel’s tenure as a paid contributor at NBC News was less successful than those of many of her peers. (Her two immediate predecessors as Republican leader, Michael Steele and Reince Priebus, work for MSNBC and ABC News.) Her hiring led to an open revolt by NBC and MSNBC stars, who said it was disqualifying that Ms. McDaniel had been involved in former President Donald J. Trump’s efforts to undermine the 2020 election results.

She was ousted by NBC on Tuesday, four days after she started. Ms. McDaniel, whose deal was worth $300,000 annually, is now seeking to be paid at least $600,000 for the two years she signed up for, according to a person familiar with her plans.

The episode prompted angst inside NBC News, where journalists and producers on Wednesday were still puzzling over their bosses’ handling of the situation, according to several people who requested anonymity to discuss private discussions.

By Wednesday, critics on the left were mollified by the network’s decision to cut ties with Ms. McDaniel. But some NBC political reporters remained concerned that Republican officials, who have mocked the network’s leadership for refusing to keep Ms. McDaniel, may now be reluctant to engage on stories.

Others at NBC have questioned the byzantine leadership structure developed by Cesar Conde, the chairman of the NBCUniversal News Group, who on Tuesday said he accepted “full responsibility” for hiring Ms. McDaniel while noting it was “a collective recommendation” by his team. Under Mr. Conde, franchises like the “Today” show, “NBC Nightly News” and MSNBC report to different executives, while being arms of the same company.

Despite the collapse of Ms. McDaniel’s deal, NBC and its peer networks are unlikely to back away from relying on Washington veterans to offer commentary alongside traditional journalists.

Ideally, these contributors enhance a network’s ability to explain political events to its audience when the newsmakers themselves are not available. Networks seek a wide ideological variety of contributors so that various perspectives can be reflected on-air.

“Who can better inform you about life inside the White House, a political party, or on a presidential campaign than someone who actually worked for one?” said Michael LaRosa, a former MSNBC producer who served as a spokesman for Jill Biden, the first lady. “They have a unique experience that presumably a journalist at a network, or the audience, does not have, which allows for greater awareness and information to provide the viewer.”

Finding paid contributors to reflect the viewpoint of Mr. Trump and his supporters, however, has proved challenging .

In 2017, CNN fired Jeffrey Lord, a Reagan White House veteran and indefatigable Trump defender, after he evoked a Nazi salute in a Twitter exchange. More recently, the Republican Party’s full-throated embrace of Mr. Trump’s baseless conspiracies about election fraud has raised questions about how to responsibly include those views — held by a large constituency of the voting public — while staying in the bounds of responsible, factual journalism.

Several NBC News executives believed Ms. McDaniel presented the right balance. Although she had advanced some false claims about the 2020 election, she also earned Mr. Trump’s ire by not backing his conspiracies as fiercely as he had hoped. That distinction failed to register with stars like Rachel Maddow, who called Ms. McDaniel “someone who is part of an ongoing project to get rid of our system of government.”

Paid partisan commentary in TV news took off in the early days of 24-hour cable, when executives were scrambling to fill airtime. Experts who could chat during an hourlong program were a helpful investment, sometimes more so than traditional journalists, whose reporting duties were onerous and expensive.

It also made sense for cable networks to put name-brand political figures on retainer. That way, when a major story broke, producers did not have to waste precious minutes trying to book guests. Experts were already on the payroll and contractually obligated to travel to the studio.

Sometimes, these opinion-givers become television stars themselves. Joe Scarborough is a former Republican congressman; James Carville was a top aide to Bill Clinton; Donna Brazile is a former Democratic Party chairwoman; Nicolle Wallace worked in the George W. Bush administration; Alyssa Farah Griffin served under Mr. Trump. The list goes on and on .

Beltway insiders offered their own kind of allure. “As cable news develops, there’s a desire to elevate the stature and the prestige of these networks,” said Kathryn Cramer Brownell, a historian at Purdue University and author of “24/7 Politics: Cable Television and the Fragmenting of America from Watergate to Fox News.”

“The incentive is claiming this insider knowledge that they can sell to their viewers — that these political insiders can tell them how it really operates,” Ms. Brownell said in an interview. “We know that’s not necessarily true. They have a particular view, or potentially a particular partisan outlook and an ideological agenda. But bringing these insiders on helps the network compete for viewers, to say they have something unique they can offer.”

Contributors brought another asset to the networks: their Rolodexes. Glossy magazines had long doled out “contributing editor” contracts to socialites in exchange for access to their rarefied worlds; if Vogue wanted to photograph the private gardens of, say, a minor Spanish royal, it helped to have the aristocrat’s backgammon partners on speed dial. Television news divisions operate on a similar philosophy, with former party leaders like Ms. McDaniel helping to book their erstwhile colleagues as guests.

Jeff Greenfield, the longtime television political analyst, who began his career working in politics, wrote in Politico on Wednesday that despite the backlash over Ms. McDaniel, it “doesn’t mean operatives should be off limits as analysts.”

There are just certain conditions they must meet, he wrote: “Are they upfront about their prejudices and identified as partisans, or are they able to put aside their recent political work and speak the honest truth?”

In the end, Mr. Greenfield added, “I have a clear, firm view on whether such a move is defensible: It depends.”

Michael M. Grynbaum writes about the intersection of media, politics and culture. He has been a media correspondent at The Times since 2016. More about Michael M. Grynbaum

John Koblin covers the television industry. He is the co-author of “It’s Not TV: The Spectacular Rise, Revolution, and Future of HBO.” More about John Koblin