essay on indian civilization and culture

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Essay on Indian Culture in 500 Words

• Updated on  
• Dec 5, 2023

Did you know that Indian culture is one of the oldest and richest cultures in the world? Mark Twain once said, ‘India is the one land that all men desire to see, and having seen once, even a glimpse, would not give that glimpse for all the shows of all the rest of the globe combined.’ Indian culture is known for its rich beauty, traditional values, ethics, and social norms.

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‘We should proudly follow our cultural and traditional values, as they connect us to our age-old customs and what our culture means to us. India’s ethno-linguistically diverse culture has always been successful in catching global attention. Popular festivals like Diwali, Holi, Navratri, etc. are not only celebrated in India but also in other parts of the world.’

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Why is Indian Culture Famous?

India’s rich and diverse culture has always attracted people from different parts of the world. A series of factors are responsible for Indian culture’s popularity, which include;

• Cultural diversity all over the country. 
• Variety of religious and spiritual practices. 
• Connections with the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which is one of the oldest civilizations.
• Concepts like yoga and meditation, which gained popularity all over the world.
• Tradition art practices such as classical dance forms like Odissi, Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, etc. 
• Traditional art forms like Tanjore and Madhubani paintings have gained global attention.
• Our vibrant and colorful festivals like Diwali, Holi, Eid, etc. are celebrated in not just India but in other countries as well. 
• Our flavourful dishes and curries like roti sabzi, dal chawal, puri halwa, samosa, biryani, mithaiya, etc. are now sold all over the world.

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Interesting Facts About Indian Culture?

There are dozens of interesting facts about Indian culture, starting from ancient civilizations to modern times.

• One of the oldest cities in the world, Varanasi, was named the Tourism and Cultural Capital for the year 2022-23 by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
• One of the seven wonders of the world, the Taj Mahal, is located in India, which attracts millions of tourists every year.
• Zero (0) and decimal systems, used in mathematics, were invented in India. The modern numeral system is based on Indian numerical notations. (0,1,2,3, etc.)
• India is home to the world’s oldest holistic healing system; Ayurveda.
• The world’s longest epic, the Mahabharata, is based in India. This legend consists of over 1 lakh couplets (shlokas).

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Things We Can Learn from Our Culture

Our culture connects us to our age-old belief system and social norms. We are born with our cultural beliefs, values, and practices. Our culture teaches us to:

• Understand why people do things the way they want to.
• Respecting everyone around us, especially our elders.
• Emphasize the relationship between family and bloodline.
• Respecting other people’s culture and traditions.
• Reflecting on adaptability to new systems and values.
• Connects us to our roots and gives us an identity.
• Encourages the preservation of our traditional and historical knowledge.
• Emphasizes generosity and hospitality towards our guests and neighbors. 
• It focuses on creating a sense of belonging in a community and mutual support.

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Paragraph on Indian Culture

Related Articles

Ans: Indian culture is one of the most oldest and popular cultures in the world. Our culture is known for its rich diversity, traditional values, ethics, and social norms. We should proudly follow our cultural and traditional values, as they connect us to our age-old customs and what our culture means to us. India’s ethno-linguistically diverse culture has always been successful in catching global attention. Popular festivals like Diwali, Holi, Navratri, etc. are not only celebrated in India but also in other parts of the world.

Ans: Indian culture is one of the oldest cultures in the world; Zero (0) and decimal systems were first used in Indian culture; Indian culture was the first one to follow the practice of Ayurveda, one of the oldest healing systems; world’s oldest legends, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, were recorded in India; and the name India is derived from a Greek word ‘Indica.’

Ans: India was ruled by various Muslim dynasties during the Medival period. They gave this land the name Hindustan, which is derived from the Persian word Hindu from the Sanskrit word Sindhu.

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Shiva Tyagi

With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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Welcome to a journey through the rich and diverse culture of India. From its ancient traditions to modern influences , this article will take you on an exploration of the customs, beliefs, and practices that have shaped Indian society over thousands of years. Situated in the heart of Asia, India is a land of vibrant colors, exotic flavors, and deep-rooted traditions. With its many religions, languages, and cultures, India is a melting pot of diversity and has a unique identity that sets it apart from the rest of the world.

In this article, we will delve into the history, customs, and values that make up the fabric of Indian culture. So, join us as we embark on a journey through time to understand the essence of Indian culture, its evolution, and its significance in today's world. Welcome to the vibrant and diverse world of Indian culture. In this article, we will take you on a journey through time to understand the rich heritage and significance of Indian culture. From ancient civilizations to modern-day practices, we will cover everything you need to know about this fascinating culture. India has a long and complex history, with evidence of human settlements dating back to 75,000 years ago.

The first major civilization in India was the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. This advanced society had well-planned cities, a sophisticated drainage system, and a writing system that is yet to be deciphered. The legacy of this civilization can still be seen in modern-day India, particularly in the northwestern region. In the centuries that followed, India saw the rise and fall of many dynasties, each leaving their mark on the country's culture. The Mauryan Empire (322 BCE-185 BCE) was one of the first major empires in India, established by Chandragupta Maurya.

Under the rule of Emperor Ashoka, it became one of the largest empires in the world at that time and played a crucial role in spreading Buddhism across Asia. The Gupta Empire (320 CE-550 CE) is considered the Golden Age of India, known for its advancements in science, mathematics, art, and literature. It was during this time that Hinduism became the dominant religion in India. The Mughal Empire (1526 CE-1857 CE) was another significant period in Indian history, with its capital in Delhi. Under the rule of Emperor Akbar, it saw a fusion of Indian and Persian cultures, resulting in magnificent architecture and art forms like the Taj Mahal and miniature paintings. Religion plays a significant role in Indian culture, with a diverse population practicing various faiths. Hinduism is the predominant religion, with over 80% of the population identifying as Hindus.

Buddhism, founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama, also has a significant following, particularly in the northern and eastern regions. Islam, brought to India by traders and Sufi saints, is the second-largest religion, followed by Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism. Indian society is deeply rooted in customs and traditions that have been passed down for generations. Festivals are an integral part of Indian culture, with each region and religion having its own unique celebrations. Diwali, Holi, Eid, and Christmas are some of the major festivals celebrated throughout the country. Food is another essential aspect of Indian culture, with each region having its own distinct cuisine.

Spices play a crucial role in Indian cuisine, adding flavor and aroma to dishes. Staple foods include rice, wheat, lentils, and vegetables, with a variety of meat and seafood dishes also available. Clothing in India is diverse and varies based on region, climate, and occasion. Traditional clothing for women includes sarees, salwar kameez, and lehengas, while men typically wear dhotis, kurta-pajamas, or sherwanis. Modern fashion trends have also influenced Indian clothing styles. The art and architecture of India are known for their intricate designs and vibrant colors.

Traditions and Customs

These traditions are deeply rooted in the country's history, religion, and social structures, and they play a significant role in shaping the lives of its people. From daily rituals to festive celebrations, every aspect of Indian culture is infused with a unique set of customs and traditions. One of the most prominent customs in Indian culture is the emphasis on family and community. Family ties are highly valued, and extended families often live together in the same household. This close-knit structure is reflected in various customs and traditions, such as joint family meals and celebrations. Religion also plays a crucial role in shaping Indian customs and traditions.

With a diverse population practicing various religions, India is a melting pot of customs and beliefs. From the colorful festivals of Hinduism to the serene rituals of Buddhism, each religion brings its unique set of customs to the table. The concept of hospitality is another essential aspect of Indian culture. Guests are treated with utmost respect and are considered a part of the family. This tradition is deeply ingrained in the culture, and it is not uncommon for strangers to be invited into homes for a meal or celebration. The concept of karma and reincarnation is also a significant influence on Indian customs and traditions.

Modern Influences

With the rise of social media, the spread of Western fashion and music, and the increasing popularity of English as a language, the traditional values and customs of Indian culture are gradually being replaced by more modern and westernized influences. One of the most noticeable changes in Indian culture is the shift towards a more individualistic society. With the increase in education and job opportunities, young Indians are becoming more independent and are breaking away from traditional family structures. This has led to a change in social dynamics, with a focus on personal growth and success. Modernization has also impacted Indian cuisine, with the introduction of fast food chains and processed foods. Traditional dishes are being replaced by more convenient and accessible options, leading to changes in eating habits and health concerns. Another aspect of Indian culture that has been influenced by modernization is religion.

Religion and Spirituality

With over 1.3 billion people, India is home to multiple religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Islam, and Christianity. Each religion has its unique set of beliefs, rituals, and practices that contribute to the rich tapestry of Indian culture. Hinduism is the predominant religion in India, with around 80% of the population identifying as Hindus. It is a complex and diverse religion that encompasses a wide range of beliefs and practices. The key principles of Hinduism are dharma (duty), karma (action), samsara (reincarnation), and moksha (liberation).Buddhism, which originated in India, is another major religion followed by millions of people in the country.

It emphasizes the importance of achieving enlightenment through meditation and living a moral life. Jainism, one of the oldest religions in the world, promotes non-violence and compassion towards all living beings. Its followers believe in the concept of ahimsa (non-harming) and follow a strict vegetarian diet. Sikhism, founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak, is a monotheistic religion that emphasizes equality and service to others. Its followers believe in the concept of one God and reject the caste system. Islam is the second-largest religion in India, with around 200 million followers. It was brought to India by Arab traders and flourished under the Mughal Empire.

The religion follows the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and emphasizes the importance of prayer, charity, and submission to God. Christianity was introduced to India by Saint Thomas in the 1st century and has since spread across the country. It is the third-largest religion in India, with over 28 million followers. Christians in India come from a variety of backgrounds and belong to different denominations, including Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox. Religion in India is not just a set of beliefs and practices; it is a way of life. It influences every aspect of society, from festivals and rituals to food and dress.

A Glimpse Into History

It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and became one of the largest empires in ancient India. The Mauryan rulers were known for their religious tolerance and administrative efficiency. The Gupta Empire, which ruled from 320 CE to 550 CE, is considered the golden age of Indian culture. It was a time of great prosperity, advancements in science and mathematics, and flourishing art and literature. The Mughal Empire, which reigned from the 16th to 19th centuries, had a significant impact on Indian culture. The Mughals brought with them their own customs and traditions, which blended with the existing Indian culture to create a unique fusion.

They also left behind some of the most magnificent architectural marvels, such as the Taj Mahal. Today, India is a diverse mix of various cultures, religions, and traditions, all of which have been shaped by its rich history. From the vibrant festivals to the mouth-watering cuisine, every aspect of Indian culture has a story to tell. By exploring the different dynasties and empires that have ruled India, we can gain a deeper understanding of the country's cultural heritage and its significance in the modern world. As we come to the end of our journey, we hope that you have gained a deeper understanding and appreciation for Indian culture. It is a land of rich heritage, diverse beliefs, and vibrant traditions. Whether you are interested in history , religion , or modern-day influences, India has something to offer for everyone.

Grace Thompson

Grace Thompson is a dedicated historian and writer, contributing extensively to the field of world history. Her work covers a wide range of topics, including ancient civilizations, cultural histories, and significant global events like the World Wars. Known for her meticulous research and clear, engaging writing style, Grace makes complex historical subjects accessible to readers. Her articles are a valuable resource for both students and educators, providing deep insights into how historical events shape the modern world.

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Essay on Indian Culture for Students and Children

500+ words essay on indian culture.

India is a country that boasts of a rich culture. The culture of India refers to a collection of minor unique cultures. The culture of India comprises of clothing, festivals, languages, religions, music, dance, architecture, food, and art in India. Most noteworthy, Indian culture has been influenced by several foreign cultures throughout its history. Also, the history of India’s culture is several millennia old.

Components of Indian Culture

First of all, Indian origin religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism . All of these religions are based on karma and dharma. Furthermore, these four are called as Indian religions. Indian religions are a major category of world religions along with Abrahamic religions.

Also, many foreign religions are present in India as well. These foreign religions include Abrahamic religions. The Abrahamic religions in India certainly are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Besides Abrahamic religions, Zoroastrianism and Bahá’í Faith are the other foreign religions which exist in India. Consequently, the presence of so many diverse religions has given rise to tolerance and secularism in Indian culture.

The Joint family system is the prevailing system of Indian culture . Most noteworthy, the family members consist of parents, children, children’s spouses, and offspring. All of these family members live together. Furthermore, the eldest male member is the head of the family.

Arranged marriages are the norm in Indian culture. Probably most Indians have their marriages planned by their parents. In almost all Indian marriages, the bride’s family gives dowry to bridegroom. Weddings are certainly festive occasions in Indian culture. There is involvement of striking decorations, clothing, music, dance, rituals in Indian weddings. Most noteworthy, the divorce rates in India are very low.

India celebrates a huge number of festivals. These festivals are very diverse due to multi-religious and multi-cultural Indian society. Indians greatly value festive occasions. Above all, the whole country joins in the celebrations irrespective of the differences.

Traditional Indian food, arts, music, sports, clothing, and architecture vary significantly across different regions. These components are influenced by various factors. Above all, these factors are geography, climate, culture, and rural/urban setting.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Perceptions of Indian Culture

Indian culture has been an inspiration to many writers. India is certainly a symbol of unity around the world. Indian culture is certainly very complex. Furthermore, the conception of Indian identity poses certain difficulties. However, despite this, a typical Indian culture does exist. The creation of this typical Indian culture results from some internal forces. Above all, these forces are a robust Constitution, universal adult franchise, secular policy , flexible federal structure, etc.

Indian culture is characterized by a strict social hierarchy. Furthermore, Indian children are taught their roles and place in society from an early age. Probably, many Indians believe that gods and spirits have a role in determining their life. Earlier, traditional Hindus were divided into polluting and non-polluting occupations. Now, this difference is declining.

Indian culture is certainly very diverse. Also, Indian children learn and assimilate in the differences. In recent decades, huge changes have taken place in Indian culture. Above all, these changes are female empowerment , westernization, a decline of superstition, higher literacy , improved education, etc.

To sum it up, the culture of India is one of the oldest cultures in the World. Above all, many Indians till stick to the traditional Indian culture in spite of rapid westernization. Indians have demonstrated strong unity irrespective of the diversity among them. Unity in Diversity is the ultimate mantra of Indian culture.

FAQs on Indian Culture

Q1 What are the Indian religions?

A1 Indian religions refer to a major category of religion. Most noteworthy, these religions have their origin in India. Furthermore, the major Indian religions are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.

Q2 What are changes that have taken place in Indian culture in recent decades?

A2 Certainly, many changes have taken place in Indian culture in recent decades. Above all, these changes are female empowerment, westernization, a decline of superstition, higher literacy, improved education, etc.

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History of India

India is a land of ancient civilization. India's social, economic, and cultural configurations are the products of a long process of regional expansion. Indian history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are usually described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic age. Hinduism arose in the Vedic period. 

The fifth century saw the unification of India under Ashoka, who had converted to Buddhism, and it is in his reign that Buddhism spread in many parts of Asia. In the eighth century Islam came to India for the first time and by the eleventh century had firmly established itself in India as a political force. It resulted into the formation of the Delhi Sultanate, which was finally succeeded by the Mughal Empire, under which India once again achieved a large measure of political unity. 

It was in the 17th century that the Europeans came to India. This coincided with the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, paving the way for regional states. In the contest for supremacy, the English emerged 'victors'. The Rebellion of 1857-58, which sought to restore Indian supremacy, was crushed; and with the subsequent crowning of Victoria as Empress of India, the incorporation of India into the empire was complete. It was followed by India's struggle for independence, which we got in the year 1947.

India Timeline

Indian timeline takes us on a journey of the history of the subcontinent. Right from the ancient India, which included Bangladesh and Pakistan, to the free and divided India, this time line covers each and every aspect related to the past as well as present of the country. Read on further to explore the timeline of India.

Economic History of India

Indus valley civilization, which flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC, had an advanced and flourishing economic system. The Indus valley people practiced agriculture, domesticated animals, made tools and weapons from copper, bronze and tin and even traded with some Middle East countries. 

Medieval Indian History

After the death of Harsha the Rajputs came into prominence on the political horizons of North India. The Rajputs were known for their bravery and chivalry but family feuds and strong notions of personal pride often resulted into conflicts. The Rajputs weakened each other by constant wrangling.

Emperor Akbar, also known as Akbar the Great or Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, was the third emperor of the Mughal Empire, after Babur and Humayun. He was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun and succeeded him as the emperor in the year 1556, when he was only 13 years old.

Shah Jahan, also known as Shahbuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan, was a Mughal Emperor who ruled in the Indian Subcontinent from 1628 to 1658. He was the fifth Mughal ruler, after Babur, Humayun, Akbar and Jahangir. Shah Jahan succeeded the throne after revolting against his father, Jahangir. 

Chhatrapati Shivaji

Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. He is considered to be one of the greatest warriors of his time and even today, stories of his exploits are narrated as a part of the folklore. King Shivaji used the guerrilla tactics to capture a part of, the then, dominant Mughal empire.

Ancient India

The History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans. These two phases are generally described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic periods. The earliest literary source that sheds light on India's past is the Rig Veda. It is difficult to date this work with any accuracy on the basis of tradition and ambiguous astronomical information contained in the hymns.

Modern Indian History

During the late 16th and the 17th Centuries, the European trading companies in India competed with each other ferociously. By the last quarter of the 18th Century the English had outdone all others and established themselves as the dominant power in India. The British administered India for a period of about two centuries and brought about revolutionary changes in the social, political and the economic life of the country.

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106 Indian Culture Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Indian culture is one of the oldest and richest cultures in the world. It is known for its diversity, traditions, customs, festivals, and values. Writing an essay on Indian culture can be a fascinating journey into the vast and colorful tapestry of this ancient civilization. To help you get started, here are 106 Indian culture essay topic ideas and examples that you can explore:

• The significance of Diwali in Indian culture
• The evolution of Indian classical music
• The role of Bollywood in shaping Indian culture
• Exploring the concept of karma in Hindu philosophy
• The importance of yoga and meditation in Indian culture
• The tradition of arranged marriages in India
• The symbolism of henna in Indian weddings
• The impact of colonization on Indian culture
• The art of Indian miniature painting
• The cultural significance of Indian spices
• The history and customs of Indian weddings
• The role of women in Indian society
• The influence of Indian mythology on popular culture
• The tradition of storytelling in Indian culture
• Exploring the concept of dharma in Indian philosophy
• The art of Indian classical dance forms
• The history and customs of Indian festivals
• The philosophy of non-violence in Indian culture
• The evolution of Indian fashion and textiles
• The tradition of hospitality in Indian culture
• The impact of globalization on Indian culture
• The role of religion in Indian society
• The art of Indian street food
• The cultural significance of Indian jewelry
• The tradition of Ayurveda in Indian medicine
• The influence of Indian literature on world literature
• The art of Indian pottery and ceramics
• The tradition of Indian folk music
• The history and customs of Indian art forms
• The philosophy of unity in diversity in Indian culture
• The significance of the Taj Mahal in Indian culture
• The evolution of Indian cinema
• The tradition of Indian street art
• The role of education in Indian society
• The impact of technology on Indian culture
• The art of Indian calligraphy
• The tradition of Indian puppetry
• The history and customs of Indian cuisine
• The philosophy of time in Indian culture
• The significance of the lotus flower in Indian culture
• The evolution of Indian architecture
• The tradition of Indian handicrafts
• The role of sports in Indian society
• The impact of climate change on Indian culture
• The art of Indian jewelry making
• The tradition of Indian storytelling
• The history and customs of Indian textiles
• The philosophy of karma in Indian culture
• The significance of the peacock in Indian culture
• The evolution of Indian sculpture
• The tradition of Indian street food vendors
• The role of music in Indian society
• The impact of social media on Indian culture
• The art of Indian embroidery
• The tradition of Indian street performances
• The history and customs of Indian dance
• The philosophy of dharma in Indian culture
• The significance of the cow in Indian culture
• The evolution of Indian painting
• The tradition of Indian street festivals
• The role of art in Indian society
• The impact of urbanization on Indian culture
• The art of Indian textile printing
• The tradition of Indian street musicians
• The history and customs of Indian theater
• The philosophy of ahimsa in Indian culture
• The significance of the peepal tree in Indian culture
• The evolution of Indian photography
• The tradition of Indian street performers
• The role of dance in Indian society
• The impact of social movements on Indian culture
• The art of Indian pottery making
• The tradition of Indian street vendors
• The history and customs of Indian music
• The philosophy of seva in Indian culture
• The significance of the mango in Indian culture
• The evolution of Indian textiles
• The tradition of Indian street art festivals
• The role of theater in Indian society
• The impact of climate change on Indian agriculture
• The art of Indian textile weaving
• The tradition of Indian street food carts
• The history and customs of Indian literature
• The significance of the lotus flower in Indian art
• The evolution of Indian street fashion
• The role of music in Indian religious ceremonies
• The impact of urbanization on Indian architecture
• The art of Indian street photography
• The tradition of Indian street vendors selling flowers
• The history and customs of Indian street food
• The philosophy of karma in Indian street culture
• The significance of the cow in Indian street art
• The evolution of Indian street theater
• The tradition of Indian street musicians playing traditional instruments
• The role of dance in Indian street festivals
• The impact of social movements on Indian street culture
• The art of Indian street food vendors cooking traditional dishes
• The tradition of Indian street art festivals celebrating local artists
• The history and customs of Indian street music
• The philosophy of seva in Indian street culture
• The significance of the peepal tree in Indian street art
• The evolution of Indian street photography
• The tradition of Indian street performers entertaining crowds
• The role of music in Indian street celebrations

These essay topic ideas and examples are just a starting point for exploring the rich and diverse culture of India. Whether you choose to delve into the history, customs, traditions, art forms, philosophies, or social aspects of Indian culture, there is a wealth of topics waiting to be explored. So grab your pen and paper, and embark on a journey of discovery into the vibrant world of Indian culture.

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Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition

Students are often asked to write an essay on Indian Culture and Tradition in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition

Introduction.

Indian culture and tradition, one of the oldest in the world, is rich and diverse. It is a unique blend of various customs, beliefs, and rituals.

India is known for its spiritual diversity with Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Jainism. Each religion contributes to India’s cultural richness.

Art and Architecture

Indian art and architecture represent the country’s history. Monuments like Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, and paintings like Tanjore, Madhubani depict India’s artistic heritage.

Indian festivals like Diwali, Eid, Christmas, Pongal, and Holi showcase the country’s vibrant traditions and unity in diversity.

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250 Words Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition

Indian culture and tradition, one of the oldest and richest in the world, is a beautiful amalgamation of customs, beliefs, and values. It is a unique blend of various customs that have been passed down through generations.

Unity in Diversity

The phrase “Unity in Diversity” aptly describes India. Despite the vast geographical expanse, language variations, and diverse customs, there exists an underlying thread of unity. This unity is reflected in the shared festivals, art, music, and dance forms that are celebrated across the country.

Religion and Spirituality

Indian culture is deeply rooted in spirituality and religion. With Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism originating here, and the widespread practice of Islam, Christianity, and other religions, India exemplifies religious tolerance and coexistence.

Art and Literature

Art and literature form the backbone of Indian culture. From the Vedas and Upanishads to modern literature, Indian authors have contributed significantly to the world. The diverse art forms like Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, and others, along with the rich tapestry of Indian Cinema, showcase the cultural depth of India.

500 Words Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition

Introduction: the mosaic of indian culture.

India, often referred to as a ‘subcontinent’, is a fascinating mosaic of cultures and traditions. This vast nation is characterized by its diversity, yet there is a deep-rooted sense of unity that binds its people together. The Indian culture and tradition are a rich amalgamation of the past and the present, reflecting a civilization that is ancient yet vibrant.

The Cultural Fabric: Religion and Philosophy

At the heart of Indian culture lies its profound religious and philosophical ideologies. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated here, while Islam and Christianity also significantly influence the cultural fabric. Each religion has its unique rituals, festivals, and philosophies, contributing to the country’s cultural richness. The Indian philosophy of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’, meaning ‘the world is one family’, underpins the nation’s outlook towards diversity and pluralism.

Art and Architecture: Aesthetic Manifestations

Language and literature: the voice of a nation.

India’s linguistic diversity is astounding, with over 2000 dialects and 22 officially recognized languages. This linguistic multitude has given birth to a rich literary tradition, with ancient scriptures like Vedas, Upanishads, and epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana setting the foundation. Modern Indian literature, written in various regional languages and English, continues this legacy, exploring contemporary themes and narratives.

Social Structure: The Caste System and Beyond

The caste system, although much criticized, has significantly influenced Indian society and culture. It has shaped social relations, occupations, and even culinary habits. However, with modernization, the rigidities of the caste system are slowly dissolving, leading to a more egalitarian society.

Food and Clothing: A Diverse Palette

Conclusion: preserving the cultural heritage.

Indian culture and tradition, while deeply rooted in history, are not static. They have evolved and adapted, absorbing influences from invaders, colonizers, and immigrants. As we move forward, it is crucial to preserve this rich cultural heritage while allowing it to grow and adapt in the globalized world. The culture and tradition of India, with their extraordinary diversity and unity, are a testament to the country’s resilience and adaptability, offering valuable lessons for humanity.

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Indian Culture and Tradition Essay | Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Indian Culture and Tradition Essay:  Indian Culture and Traditions are unique across the world. The Indian Culture and Traditions Essay elaborated on the variety of traditions and cultures followed by people in India. India is a country of having many cultures, traditions, and religions that made people living in a peaceful, colorful, rich, and diverse nation. It is unbelievable that different directions of India like north, south, east, and west have their own cultures and traditions.

India is having 29 states and 7 union territories across all the directions. There are 22 languages and several religions like Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, etc. exist in India. Whereas Hindi is the official language of India. However, India is the oldest civilization where people still follow their old cultures of caring and humanity. Even though people became modern in today’s world, still they celebrate festivals as per the customs.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Indian Culture and Tradition for Students and Kids in English

Indian culture is famous across the world due to its diversity in music, art, dance, language, cuisine, costume, philosophy, and literature. The important characteristics of Indian Culture are civilized communication, beliefs, values, etiquette, and rituals. India is well known for its ‘Unity in Diversity’ across the world. That means India is a diverse nation where many religious people live together peacefully having their own different cultures. So, we can see people of different languages, dresses, food habits, and rituals living with unity in India.

Long Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition 500 Words in English

A Long Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition Essay will be helpful for students in classes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12.

Indian Culture and Religion

Indian Religion has a great impact on shaping the culture and traditions of India. India has several religions that originated five thousand years ago. Hinduism originated from Vedas, so all Hindu scriptures have been scripted in the Sanskrit language. People believe that Jainism has an ancient origin and exists in the Indus valley. Whereas another religion, Buddhism originated through the teachings of Gautam Buddha in the country. There are various eras that came and gone but have not changed the influence of real culture. That is why the younger generations still follow the older generation’s culture.

However, Indian ethnic culture teaches people to care for the helpless, help poor people, and respect elders. The traditional aspect of India to greet anybody is by saying ‘Namaste’ and touching the elder’s feet. The traditional family structure in India is a joint family, where many generations stay together in one house. People in India still follow the traditional marriage concept of ‘Arranged Marriage’ where the life partner of a child will be chosen by their parents.

Art is also one of the special cultures of India. Each state of India has its own form of dancing and singing such as Kathakali, Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Mohiniyattam, Odissi, and so forth. Moreover, Indian people welcome their guests like God by following the great Indian culture. People believe in the popular saying that ‘Atithi Devo Bhava’. Therefore, humanity and spiritual practices are the roots of Indian culture.

Indian Festivals

Festivals play an important role in Indian culture and tradition. People from different religions celebrate different festivals in India. Popular festivals like Diwali, Dussehra, Navratri, Janmashtami, Shivratri, Ganesh Chaturthi, etc. are celebrated by Hindu people in India. Whereas Eid-ul-Fitr, Bakrid, Muharram, etc. festivals are celebrated by Islamic people in India. Other than this, many harvest festivals like Makar Sankranti, Chapchar kut, Pongal, Sohrai, etc. are celebrated by farmers.

However, Christians also celebrate Christmas, Good Friday, etc. festivals in India. There also exist different regional festivals in each state of India like Teej, Onam, Ugadi, Saraswati Puja, Panna Sankranti, Chhath Pooja, Pongal, Lohri, and so forth.

Indian Cuisine

Indian Cuisine is also equally diverse in India like festivals and religions. Indian food and eating habits differ from place to place as each state has its own particular food and eating habits. In other words, people belonging to various parts of the country have their own cuisine, living style, environment, and availability of goods. Indian cuisine is most inspirational. Different states have different cuisines. Indian foods include so many ingredients and are more influential across the world. Indian food is mainly influenced by the diversity of people, so it has a variety of rich Cuisine. North Indian food includes vegetables, roti, dal, rice, fish curry, parathas, etc. South Indian food includes dosa, sambar, idli, vada, upma, uttapam, etc. In general, South Indian people cook food using coconut oil rather than mustard or sunflower oil.

Short Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition 300 Words in English

A Short Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition will be helpful for students in classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Indian Costume

Indian Costumes are different for the different states of India. It varies depending on the origin, climate, and heritage of the place. Indian culture still follows traditional costumes. In eastern states such as Odisha, West Bengal and southern states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, women wear saree as the authentic clothing. It is a single and long fabric piece draped around the body.

In a similar way, men wear Dhoti-Kurta or Kurta-Pyjama as the authentic clothing in eastern states. In northern states like Punjab, women wear salwar kameez and Kurti as traditional clothing. Whereas men wear headgear or turban known as the Dastar as the traditional clothing. In India, all the married Women wear Sindoor, a vermilion powder in the parting of their hair. They also wear bindi, Mehendi, bangles, and earrings as part of their attire.

Indian Literature

In the 19th century, the first literature Rigveda was created in India. It was written in Sanskrit and became the foundation of many religious scriptures and literary works laterwards. Also, the Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda written by the Aryans followed by Indians. Other famous literary works are Ramayana written by Rishi Valmiki and Mahabharata written by Rishi Vyasa in India.

The Biographies of kings like the Mughal Empire, Baburnama, and Akbarnama are also precious literature by which we can know about the era. Other than this, foreign travelers have written some scriptures like Fa Hein and Hussein Tsung which provide knowledge about Indian people’s traditions and lifestyles.

Conclusion on Indian Culture and Tradition Essay

India is a land of rich culture and tradition which teaches people kindness, generosity, and tolerance. Indian culture differs from place to place as it is a multilingual, multicultural, and multi-ethnic society. Indian culture is a unique blend of modern western culture and historical traditions. India is a country of great legends where many great people were born and remembered forever due to their sacrifice for the nation. People across the world come to enjoy and feel the culture and tradition of India.

FAQ’s on Indian Culture and Tradition Essay

Question 1. What are Tradition and Culture?

Answer: Tradition is the customs and beliefs which are followed by people of one generation to another. Whereas culture is the customs, values, and social behavior within a group or society.

Question 2. What is the importance of Indian culture?

Answer:  Indian Culture is unique across the world. India is well known for its ‘Unity in Diversity’ across the world. That means India is a diverse nation where many religious people live together peacefully having their own different cultures. So, we can see people of different languages, dresses, food habits, and rituals living with unity in India. Indian culture is famous across the world due to its diversity in music, art, dance, language, cuisine, costume, philosophy, and literature.

Question 3. What is Indian Tradition?

Answer:  The traditional aspect of India is to greet anybody by saying ‘Namaste’ and touching the elder’s feet. The traditional family structure in India is a joint family, where many generations stay together in one house. People in India still follow the traditional marriage concept of ‘Arranged Marriage’ where the life partner of a child will be chosen by their parents.

Question 4. What is the food culture of India?

Answer: Indian food culture differs from place to place as each state has its own particular food and eating habits. Indian foods include so many ingredients and are more influential across the world. North Indian food includes vegetables, roti, dal, rice, fish curry, parathas, etc. South Indian food includes dosa, sambar, idli, vada, upma, uttapam, etc. In general, South Indian people cook food using coconut oil rather than mustard or sunflower oil.

Question 5. What are the important characteristics of Indian Culture?

Answer:  The important characteristics of Indian Culture are civilized communication, beliefs, values, etiquette, and rituals.

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Introduction, indian culture essay (100 words), indian culture essay (150 words), indian culture essay (200 words), indian culture essay (250 words), indian culture essay (300 words), indian culture essay (500+ words), religious diversity, linguistic diversity, art and architecture, cuisine and attire, preservation and evolution.

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Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition 1000+ Words

Indian culture and tradition, akin to a captivating mosaic, are comprised of myriad vibrant components that constitute the nation’s multifaceted heritage. With deep historical roots, they are commemorated through various avenues such as festivals, art forms, and daily customs. As we embark on this essay, we will delve into the profound essence and importance of Indian culture and tradition. This exploration will encompass their distinctive attributes, their societal significance, and their enduring pertinence.

Diversity in Unity

Indian culture and tradition are renowned for their diversity. India is home to a multitude of languages, religions, cuisines, and customs. Despite this diversity, there is a strong sense of unity that binds the nation together.

Historical Significance

India’s culture and traditions have evolved over thousands of years. The Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedas, and the teachings of ancient sages have all played a role in shaping the culture we see today.

Festivals and Celebrations

India is known for its vibrant festivals, such as Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, and more. These celebrations bring people together, fostering a sense of unity and joy.

Cultural Art Forms

Indian culture finds expression in various art forms such as classical dance, including Bharatanatyam and Kathak, as well as music, encompassing Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, and theater. Furthermore, these art forms boast a rich historical heritage and persistently flourish in contemporary times.

Traditional Clothing

Indian clothing is a reflection of culture and tradition. Attire like the saree, dhoti, and kurta are not just clothing items but symbols of identity.

Expert Opinions

Cultural scholars like Dr. Kapila Vatsyayan emphasize the role of culture in shaping society and providing a sense of identity. They believe that culture is a dynamic force that evolves with time.

Spiritual Practices

Religion and spirituality play a significant role in Indian culture. Practices like meditation, yoga, and visiting temples or mosques are common ways for individuals to connect with their spirituality.

Traditional Medicine

Ayurveda, India’s traditional system of medicine, has been practiced for centuries. It emphasizes holistic well-being and natural healing methods.

Family Values

Indian culture places a strong emphasis on family values. Respect for elders, strong family bonds, and the concept of joint families are integral to Indian society.

Conclusion of Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition

In conclusion, Indian culture and tradition, as a testament to the country’s rich history, diversity, and unity, provide a sense of identity and belonging to millions of people. Moreover, as India continues to evolve in the modern world, it is crucial to preserve and celebrate these cultural treasures. By valuing diversity, promoting cultural exchange, and passing on traditions to future generations, we can ensure that Indian culture and tradition continue to thrive and enrich the lives of all who embrace them. Consequently, India’s cultural heritage is a source of pride and inspiration, forming a tapestry of traditions that we must cherish and protect for generations to come.

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The recovery and study of the Indus civilization

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Indus civilization

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• Live Science - What was the Indus Valley Civilization?
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• World History Encyclopedia - Indus Valley Civilization
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• Frontiers - Of Revenue Without Rulers: Public Goods in the Egalitarian Cities of the Indus Civilization
• Chemistry LibreTexts - The Indus River Valley Civilizations
• GlobalSecurity.org - Indus Valley Civilization / Harappan Civilization - 2300-1700 BC
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What is the Indus civilization?

The Indus civilization was the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent—one of the world’s three earliest civilizations, along with Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt .

Where did the Indus civilization begin?

The Indus civilization began in the Indus River valley, evolving from villages that used the Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture.

Where was the Harappan civilization located?

The Harappan civilization was located in the Indus River valley. Its two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro , were located in present-day Pakistan’s Punjab and Sindh provinces, respectively. Its extent reached as far south as the Gulf of Khambhat and as far east as the Yamuna (Jumna) River .

It remains unclear how the Indus civilization came to an end, and its decline was probably not uniform. By the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, the city of Mohenjo-daro was already dying and was dealt a final blow by invaders from the north. The civilization’s southernmost parts, by contrast, may have continued until Iron Age civilization developed in India about 1000 BCE.

When did the Indus civilization develop?

The Indus civilization developed in the 3rd millennium BCE, making it one of the earliest of the world’s civilizations, and it lasted into the 2nd millennium BCE.

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Indus civilization , the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent . The nuclear dates of the civilization appear to be about 2500–1700 bce , though the southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd millennium bce . Among the world’s three earliest civilizations—the other two are those of Mesopotamia and Egypt —the Indus civilization was the most extensive.

The civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro (Mohenjodaro), near the Indus River in the Sindh (Sind) region. Both sites are in present-day Pakistan , in Punjab and Sindh provinces, respectively. The ruins of Mohenjo-daro were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.

Subsequently, vestiges of the civilization were found as far apart as Sutkagen Dor in southwestern Balochistan province, Pakistan, near the shore of the Arabian Sea , about 300 miles (480 km) west of Karachi ; and at Ropar (or Rupar), in eastern Punjab state, northwestern India , at the foot of the Shimla Hills some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) northeast of Sutkagen Dor. Later exploration established its existence southward down the west coast of India as far as the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay), 500 miles (800 km) southeast of Karachi, and as far east as the Yamuna (Jumna) River basin, 30 miles (50 km) north of Delhi . It is thus decidedly the most extensive of the world’s three earliest civilizations, even though Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations both began somewhat before it.

The Indus civilization is known to have consisted of two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, and more than 100 towns and villages, often of relatively small size. The two cities were each perhaps originally about 1 mile (1.6 km) square in overall dimensions, and their outstanding magnitude suggests political centralization, either in two large states or in a single great empire with alternative capitals, a practice having analogies in Indian history . It is also possible that Harappa succeeded Mohenjo-daro, which is known to have been devastated more than once by exceptional floods. The population was estimated to be 23,500–35,000 in Harappa and 35,000–41,250 in Mohenjo-daro. The southern region of the civilization, on the Kathiawar Peninsula and beyond, appears to be of later origin than the major Indus sites.

The Indus civilization apparently evolved from the villages of neighbours or predecessors, using the Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture with sufficient skill to reap the advantages of the spacious and fertile Indus River valley while controlling the formidable annual flood that simultaneously fertilizes and destroys. Having obtained a secure foothold on the plain and mastered its more immediate problems, the new civilization, doubtless with a well-nourished and increasing population, would find expansion along the flanks of the great waterways an inevitable sequel. The civilization subsisted primarily by farming, supplemented by an appreciable but often elusive commerce. Wheat and six-row barley were grown; field peas, mustard, sesame, and a few date stones have also been found, as well as some of the earliest known traces of cotton. Domesticated animals included dogs and cats, humped and shorthorn cattle, domestic fowl, and possibly pigs, camels, and buffalo. The Asian elephant probably was also domesticated, and its ivory tusks were freely used.

Despite a growing body of archaeological evidence, the social and political structures of the Indus “state” remain objects of conjecture. The apparent craft specialization and localized craft groupings at Mohenjo-daro, along with the great divergence in house types and size, point toward some degree of social stratification. Trade was extensive and apparently well-regulated, providing imported raw materials for use at internal production centres, distributing finished goods throughout the region, and arguably culminating in the establishment of Harappan “colonies” in both Mesopotamia and Badakhshan . The remarkable uniformity of weights and measures throughout the Indus lands, as well as the development of such presumably civic works as the great granaries, implies a strong degree of political and administrative control over a wide area. Further, the widespread occurrence of inscriptions in the Harappan script almost certainly indicates the use of a single lingua franca . Nevertheless, in the absence of inscriptions that can be read and interpreted, it is inevitable that far less is known of these aspects of the Indus civilization than those of contemporaneous Mesopotamia.

Indian Civilization and Culture Summary Class 12, Explanation Notes

by Meenu Saini | Sep 5, 2022 | General | 0 comments

BSEB Class 12 English Rainbow Book Chapter 1 Indian Civilization and Culture Summary, Explanation, Question Answers 

Indian Civilization and Culture – BSEB Class 12 English Rainbow Book Chapter 1 Indian Civilization and Culture Summary and detailed explanation of the story along with meanings of difficult words. Also, the summary is followed by an explanation of the lesson. All the exercises and Question Answers given at the back of the lesson have also been solved.

Indian Civilization and Culture Summary

Video explanation of indian civilization and culture, indian civilization and culture lesson explanation.

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BSEB Class 12 English Rainbow book Chapter 1 – Indian Civilization And Culture

By mahatma gandhi, indian civilization and culture introduction.

In the extract “Indian Civilization and Culture”, Gandhiji elaborates how Indian civilization is far more superior than Western Civilization as it has withstood the passage of time with its strong roots. Indian civilization has witnessed many civilizations grow and end because they worship materialism. Indian civilization, on the other hand, believes in morality and spirituality.     

The lesson revolves around how Indian civilization has withstood the passage of time. Despite our people being called ignorant and uncivilized, India stood still on the seeds of morality sown by our ancestors. The true meaning of civilization is “good conduct” which makes our nation capable of teaching others instead of learning from the West which is obsessed with material possessions and physical comfort. Their idea of happiness lies in fulfilling their innumerable wants whereas our ancestors believed that happiness is a mental condition. Being rich doesn’t guarantee happiness and being poor doesn’t mean sadness which is why, our ancestors refrained us from indulging ourselves in the worldly pleasures. From what they have taught us, we have learned to treat all professions equally. It is not that we did not have the means to invent machinery but our forefathers knew that real health lies in the usage of our own hands and feet. They were against large cities because of all the evil that resides in them. They knew that the sword of ethics is more powerful than the sword of any king or ruler.  Gandhi further mentions how perfection can never be attained but Indian civilization tends to uplift moral beings as it believes in God whereas Western culture encourages immorality because it is Godless. The author thanks modern civilization for making him sure what he wants for India is not to fall on the journey of materialism. The trait that makes modern civilization different is that it leads humans to have innumerable wants that never end whereas ancient civilization teaches us to have control over our wants and in managing them so that they do not get excessive. The reason why modern civilization leads to never-ending human wants is because its people are always aspiring to live in the future and wanting to be in the state of being divine. He further says that European developments might suit their people undoubtedly but if India went on the same lines, it would mean destruction. We can integrate some of the good aspects of European civilization that we are capable of inhibiting but it does not mean that Europeans need not get rid of the ill-aspects that have gotten in it during advancement. In the end, he mentions that focusing on physical comfort upto a certain level is crucial but excess of it becomes an obstruction which is why having innumerable wants and running after satisfying them is misleading or rather, a trap. One must seek physical and intellectual fulfillment upto a certain limit because after that, it leads to physical and intellectual destruction. Hence, humans shall only indulge in these worldly pleasures to an extent where it does not disturb its actual motive which is, service of humanity.   Top    

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Word Meaning: Civilization – the stage of human social and cultural development and organization that is considered most advanced Evolved – caused to develop Beaten – having been defeated Fate – destiny Pharaohs – rulers of ancient Egypt Westernized – be in the process of adopting or being influenced by the systems of the West Glory – magnificence, beauty Pitiable condition- a sad or weak state that makes you feel pity for someone

Explanation of the Above Passage – Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi is of the opinion that the developments that took place in India over the period of time cannot be taken to have been defeated by the rest of the countries. He justifies his statement by explaining the importance of “seeds sown” or in other words, the teachings and morals of our ancestors that built the foundation of our civilization. He mentions that the nations like Rome, Greece, Japan and the rulers of ancient Egypt have all forgotten their age-old practices in the journey towards modernisation. Even though one can not surely say the same for China but India still continues to practice the old traditions. 

The people of Europe are known to practice the teachings of Greece and Rome which c annot be seen in the behaviour of anyone . However, while following them, Europeans are hopeful of avoiding the mistake of Greece and Rome which according to the author is pitiful.

Passage – 

• In the midst of all this, India remains immovable and that is her glory. It is a charge against India that her people are so uncivilized, ignorant and stolid, that it is not possible to induce them to adopt any changes. It is a charge really against our merit. What we have tested and found true on the anvil of experience, we dare not change. Many thrust their advice upon India, and she remains steady. This is her beauty; it is the sheet anchor of our hope.

Word Meaning: In the midst – in the middle of Immovable – unwavering; firm Uncivilized – (of a place or people) not socially, culturally, or morally advanced Stolid – slow-witted Induce – succeed in leading someone to do something (convince) Anvil – a metal block on which a blacksmith shapes metal objects with hammer Thrust – push suddenly in a specific direction Sheet anchor – security

Explanation of the Above Passage – While other nations were moving far away from their ancient teachings, India remained stuck to its ancestral teachings while maintaining the beauty of it. It is believed that Indian citizens are backward, unaware and lack intelligence which is why they are unable to take on change. Gandhi mentions that this belief is against our favor but with what has been seen with experience, we must not risk forgetting our morals and values in the name of civilization. Even though many force their opinions on India to convince it to modernize, we still stand firm and that is what Gandhi describes as “beauty” as it provides security and hope to succeed.

• Passage – Civilization is that mode of conduct which points out to man the path of duty. Performance of duty and observance of morality are convertible terms. To observe morality is to attain mastery over our minds and our passions. So doing, we know ourselves. The Gujarati equivalent for civilization means “good conduct”.

Word Meaning: Mode of conduct – a manner or way of doing, acting or existing Morality – the standard of society used to decide what is right or wrong behavior Convertible – that can be converted; exchangeable Equivalent – equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.

Explanation of the Above Passage – Civilization is the guide that tells people what they are supposed to do. Gandhi calls performing one’s duty and upholding one’s morals to be the same thing. This is because one needs to have full control over their mind and desires in order to act with morality and in order to attain it, one becomes fully aware of oneself. This has been compared to the Gujarati meaning for civilization which is, good conduct. 

• Passage – If this definition be correct, then India, as so many writers have shown, has nothing to learn from anybody else, and this is as it should be.

Explanation of the Above Passage – He says that if civilization equals good conduct then, as already said by many other writers, India does not require change and even above that, it does not need to learn from the rest of the world.

• Passage – We notice that the mind is a restless bird, the more it gets the more it wants, and still remains unsatisfied. The more we indulge in our passions, the more unbridled they become. Our ancestors, therefore, set a limit to our indulgences. They saw that happiness was largely a mental condition.

Word Meaning: Indulge – allow someone to enjoy something desired Unbridled – Unrestrained; uncontrolled 

Explanation of the Above Passage – He compares the human mind to a “restless bird” because it never gets satisfied no matter how much it gets. The more one allows oneself to dive into luxury, the more one craves for it which is why our ancestors suggested everything in moderation and control. This is because happiness is seen as a mental condition that can never be attained by uncontrollably fulfilling one’s desires.

• Passage – A man is not necessarily happy because he is rich, or unhappy because he is poor. The rich are often seen to be unhappy, the poor to be happy. Millions will always remain poor. Observing all this, our ancestors dissuaded us from luxuries and pleasures. We have managed with the same kind of plough as existed thousands of years ago. We have retained the same kind of cottages that we had in former times and our indigenous education remains the same as before. We have had no system of life-corroding competition. Each followed his own occupation or trade and charged a regular wage. It was not that we did not know how to invent machinery, but our forefathers knew that, if we set our hearts after such things. we would become slaves and lose our moral fibre. They, therefore, after due deliberation decided that we should only do what we could with our hands and feet. They saw that our real happiness and health consisted in a proper use of our hands and feet.

Word Meaning: Dissuaded – advised against, persuaded against Plough – a farm tool that breaks earth and soil; furrow Former times – preceding in time; prior or earlier Indigenous – native; home-grown Life – corroding – destroying life gradually Moral fibre – character Deliberation – reflection, consideration and discussion

Explanation of the Above Passage – It is not always true that happiness comes from being rich or sadness comes from being poor. However, it is the opposite, even though most of the population continues to live in poverty. This is the reason why our forefathers stopped us from involving ourselves in too much luxury. This is how the ancient farming styles like ploughing, the type of cottages and education system have stayed intact for thousands of years. Furthermore, this has helped in avoiding the culture of cut-throat competition because everyone followed their own business and concerned themselves with their own income. 

Our ancestors were well aware of the fact that modernisation of technology would only make us slaves while compromising our moral values, otherwise even they had the knowledge and means to develop machinery. They always insisted on using our own hands and feet to accomplish everything instead of depending upon machinery and technology. It is because they were this far-sighted that they could see that real well-being of our body and mind can only be attained if we make use of our own hands and feet.

• Passage – They further reasoned that large cities were a snare and a useless encumbrance and that people would not be happy in them, that there would be gangs of thieves and robbers, prostitution and vice flourishing in them and that poor men would be robbed by rich men. They were, therefore, satisfied with small villages.

Word Meaning: Reasoned – based on logic or good sense Snare – trap Encumbrance – burden Prostitution – the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment Vice – evil ; wickedness Flourishing – thriving, growing in a healthy manner

Explanation of the Above Passage – Our forefathers knew that big cities with westernization are a trap and would burden the people unnecessarily. People would be so involved in worldly pleasures that they would forget what real happiness is. Big cities are filled with gangs, thieves and robbers. Practices of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment is very common in large cities and it is an acceptable trend for rich to steal from the poor. All the evil and wickedness made our ancestors more satisfied with the small villages in India.

• Passage – They saw that kings and their swords were inferior to the sword of ethics, and they, therefore, held the sovereigns of the earth to be inferior to the Rishis and the Fakirs. A nation, with a constitution like this, is fitter to teach others than to learn from others. This nation had courts, lawyers and doctors, but they were all within bounds. Everybody knew that these professions were not particularly superior. Moreover, these Vakils and Vaids did not rob people; they were considered people’s dependents, not their masters. Justice was tolerably fair. The ordinary rule was to avoid courts. There were no touts to lure people into them. This evil too was noticeable only in and around capitals. The common people lived independently and followed their agricultural occupation. They enjoyed true Home Rule. 

Word Meaning: Ethics – moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity Sovereigns – (here) a person who has supreme power or authority Inferior – lower in rank, status or quality Rishis – a Hindu sage or saint Fakirs – a Hindu holy man Superior – higher in rank, status or quality Tolerably – moderately good or agreeable Touts – persons employed in soliciting customers Lure – entice, tempt Home Rule – a political arrangement in which a part of a country governs itself independently of the central government of the country

Explanation of the Above Passage – Our ancestors were wise to know that morals and values possess the greatest power, more so than any king’s swords which is why they favored saints above the crowned rulers. Hence, they believed that instead of following the modernization trend from outside countries, India could rather teach the rest of the world. India is fitter than other nations because it is self-sufficient in terms of courts, lawyers and doctors and that all professions are regarded highly and equally. Unlike other nations, in India, lawyers and doctors do not befool people to steal from them – they are highly reliable and do not act superior. Here, we value fair play and focus on solving matters outside courts instead of having tricksters lure them into court. Even if there were any ill-practices, they only happened in and around the capital cities. Apart from that, the rest of the population lived freely while undertaking agricultural activities and enjoying being their own rulers.

• Passage – The Indian civilization, as described by me, has been so described by its votaries. In no part of the world, and under no civilization, have all men attained perfection. The tendency of Indian civilizations is to elevate the moral being, that of the western civilization is to propagate immorality. The latter is godless; the former is based on a belief in God. So understanding and so believing, it behoves every lover of India to cling to the old Indian civilization even as a child clings to the mother’s breast.

Word Meaning: Votaries – devotees Attained – succeed in achieving something one has worked for Tendency – proneness to a particular kind of thought or action Elevate – raise; exalt Propagate – spread ideas, beliefs etc more widely Immorality – evil, sinful or wrong behavior Latter – denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things Behoves – be right or necessary Cling – adhere; stick

Explanation of the Above Passage – Gandhi mentions that his definition of Indian civilization matches with those of the devotees. He throws light upon the fact that humans are imperfect in every part of the world despite which civilization they belong to. India, however, has a culture of uplifting men by making them aware about their morals and values whereas the West tends to encourage wrongful activities. In the West, they do not believe in the presence of divine power whereas Indian civilization is based on its belief in God – a belief so strong that it is compassionate and real. The believers have been compared to a child clinging to the mother’s breast because every believer wants to stay just as close to  the ancient Indian civilization.

• Passage – I am no hater of the West. I am thankful to the West for many a thing I have learnt from Western literature. But I am thankful to modern civilization for teaching me that if I want India to rise to its fullest height, I must tell my countrymen frankly that, after years and years of experience of modern civilization, I have learnt one lesson from it and that is that we must shun it at all costs.

Word Meaning: Frankly – in an open, honest or direct manner Shun – keep away from

Explanation of the Above Passage – Gandhi clarifies that he does not hate the systems or beliefs of the West. Instead, he is grateful to a lot of things he had learnt from Western literature. Above all, he is most thankful to modernization for teaching him that if he truly wants India to reach its highest potential, the only advice that he can give Indians is to stay away from Western practices at all costs. He mentioned that he is saying this after years of experience in the West.

• Passage – What is that modern civilization? It is the worship of the material, it is the worship of the brute in us — it is unadulterated materialism, and modern civilization is nothing if it does not think at every step of the triumph of material civilization.

Word Meaning: Brute – one who lacks intelligence, sensitivity or compassion Unadulterated – complete Materialism – a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values Triumph – achieve a victory; be successful 

Explanation of the Above Passage – Gandhi asks the readers the actual meaning of the modern civilization that he is asking us to stay away from. He elaborates that it is the obsession with material things that makes us dumb and lack intelligence, sensitivity and passion. He again emphasizes that it is truly the practice of worshiping all material possessions and physical comfort but it is of no use if it does not make man think at every point of his life.

• Passage – It is perhaps unnecessary, if not useless, to weigh the merits of the two civilizations. It is likely that the West has evolved a civilization suited to its climate and surroundings, and similarly, we have a civilization suited to our conditions, and both are good in their own respective spheres.

Explanation of the Above Passage – Gandhi mentions that comparing the two civilizations is not totally meaningless but it is not needed at all because Western civilization has developed out of the needs and wants of the people of the West, suiting their climate and surroundings. Similarly, Indian civilization seems rightful for its people, surroundings and atmosphere.

• Passage – The distinguishing characteristic of modern civilization is an indefinite multiplicity of human wants. The characteristic of ancient civilization is an imperative restriction upon, and a strict regulating of, these wants. The modern or western insatiableness arises really from want of living faith in a future state and therefore also in Divinity. The restraint of ancient or Eastern civilization arises from a belief, often in spite of ourselves, in a future state and the existence of a Divine Power.

Word Meaning: Distinguishing – characteristic of one thing or person that tells the difference between them Indefinite – lasting for an unknown length of time Multiplicity – a large number of variety Imperative – of vital importance; crucial Restriction – an act of limiting someone’s actions or movement insatiableness (n): state of not being satisfied Divinity – the quality or nature of God’s being; the state of being divine

Explanation of the Above Passage – The trait that makes modern civilization different is that it leads humans to have innumerable wants that never end whereas ancient civilization teaches us to have control over our wants and in managing them so that they do not get excessive. The reason why modern civilization leads to never-ending human wants is because its people are always aspiring to live in the future and wanting to be in the state of being divine. On the other hand, ancient civilization comes from the belief of being futuristic but also in the presence of God.

• Passage – Some of the immediate and brilliant results of modern inventions are too maddening to resist. But I have no manner of doubt that the victory of man lies in that resistance. We are in danger of bartering away the permanent good for a momentary pleasure.

Word Meaning: Maddening – extremely annoying Resist – withstand the action or effect of Bartering – exchanging goods, property etc Momentary – lasting for a very short time, brief

Explanation of the Above Passage – Gandhi mentions how the fast and unbelievable results of the modern inventions are difficult to refrain from but he tells the readers that he is a strong believer of how self-control is better than the feeling of having it all. This is because giving in to your wants only gives us happiness that lasts a very short time but it takes away long-term happiness.

• Passage – Just as in the West they have made wonderful discoveries in things material, similarly Hinduism has made still more marvellous discoveries in things of religion, of the spirit, of the soul.

Word Meaning: Hinduism – A religion of India that emphasizes freedom from the material world through purification of desires and elimination of personal identity Marvelous – extremely good or pleasing; splendid

Explanation of the Above Passage – Undoubtedly, the West has made some amazing modern inventions when it comes to worldly things and physical comfort. However, Hinduism on the other hand, has made more terrific findings in matters of religion concerning the mind, body and the soul.

• Passage – But we have no eye for these great and fine discoveries. We are dazzled by the material progress that Western science has made. I am not enamoured of that progress. In fact, it almost seems as though God in His wisdom has prevented India from progressing along those lines, so that it might fulfil its special mission of resisting the onrush of materialism.

Word Meaning: Dazzled – amaze or overwhelm someone with a particular impressive quality Enamoured – be in love with, delighted with Progressing – develop towards an improved or more advanced condition Onrush – surge, flow

Explanation of the Above Passage – Gandhi tells the readers that he is not fond of modern inventions despite their amazing discoveries. Even though some of the findings of modern science are impressive, he is not delighted with it. He feels that it is the blessings of the Divine Power that India so strongly believes in, which is stopping India from going in that direction. According to him, it is God who wants India to resist seeking comfort in material things.

• Passage – After all, there is something in Hinduism that has kept it alive up till now. It has witnessed the fall of Babylonian, Syrian, Persian and Egyptian civilizations. Cast a look around you. Where is Rome and where is Greece? Can you find today anywhere the Italy of Gibbon, or rather the ancient Rome, for Rome was Italy?

Word Meaning: Witnessed – to see an event happen Babylonian – an inhabitant of Babylon or Babylonia Syrian – a native or inhabitant of Syria Persian – a native or inhabitant of ancient or modern Persia (or Iran) Cast a look – look quickly in the prescribed direction Gibbon – the English historian of the eighteenth century who authored the famous book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Explanation of the Above Passage – The writer highlights that if Hinduism has sustained all odds over the period of time, there must be something special about it. Other civilizations like that of Babylonians, Syrians, Persians and Egyptians, have all ended but our ancient civilization stands firm. He asks the readers to observe other nations and think where Rome and Greece went. There is no trace of the Italy of Gibbon or ancient Rome even though Rome was Italy.

• Passage – Go to Greece. Where is the world-famous Attic civilization? Then coming to India, let one go through the most ancient records and then look around you and you would be constrained to say, “yes, I see here ancient India still living”.

Word Meaning: Attic – of, relating to, or having the characteristics of Athens or its ancient civilization Constrained – severely restrict in scope, extent or activity

Explanation of the Above Passage – He then compares India with Greece in terms of keeping their ancient teachings alive. Greece has no trace of its well-known attic civilization in the modern times whereas one can clearly find ancient India if they go through our ancient records – they would know that it is still alive in today’s India.

• Passage – True, there were dungheaps, too, here and there, but there are rich treasures buried under them. And the reason why it has survived is that the end which Hinduism set before it was not development along material but spiritual lines.

Word Meaning: Dungheaps – a heap of dung or refuse, especially in a farmyard Buried – covered up 

Explanation of the Above Passage – It is true that one can find hills of dung and garbage in India but there is no denial of the fact that if one digs deeper, there are also treasures that can be found. Gandhi points out that the reason why Hinduism has lasted while others have collapsed is because its end-goal was never obsessing over material things in the name of development but on becoming spiritual beings. 

• Passage – Our civilization, our culture, our Swaraj depend not upon multiplying our wants —self—indulgence, but upon restricting wants – self denial.

Word Meaning: Swaraj – self-government or independence for India Self-indulgence- the act of allowing yourself to have or do anything you enjoy excessively Self-denial – the denial of one’s own interests and needs; self-sacrifice

Explanation of the Above Passage – Our entire way of life, independence and advancement revolves not in fulfilling our wants and burying oneself in material pleasures but in having self-control over our wants so that we do not overindulge in them.

• Passage – European civilization is, no doubt, suited for the Europeans but it will mean ruin for India if we endeavour to copy it. This is not to say that we may not adopt and assimilate whatever may be good and capable of assimilation by us, as it does not also mean that even the Europeans will not have to part with whatever evil might have crept into it.

Word Meaning: Ruin – destruction Endeavour – an attempt to achieve a goal? Assimilation – integration Crept – move slowly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed

Explanation of the Above Passage – He says that European developments might suit their people undoubtedly but if India went on the same lines, it would mean destruction. We can integrate some of the good aspects of European civilization that we are capable of inhibiting but it does not mean that Europeans need not get rid of the ill-aspects that have gotten in it during advancement.

• Passage – The incessant search for material comforts and their multiplication is such an evil and I make bold to say that the Europeans themselves will have to remodel their outlook, if they are not to perish under the weight of the comforts to which they are becoming slaves. It may be that my reading is wrong, but I know that for India to run after the Golden Fleece is to court certain death. Let us engrave on our hearts the motto of a Western philosopher: “Plain living and high thinking”. Today it is certain that the millions cannot have high living and we the few, who profess to do the thinking for the masses, run the risk, in a vain search after high living, of missing high thinking.

Word Meaning: Incessant – continuing without pause or interruption Remodel – change the structure or form of something Perish – lose it’s normal qualities; rot or decay Golden Fleece – an object very difficult to attain. The Golden Fleece of Greek mythology was well protected by snakes and flames, and to secure it Jason had to employ the magic of Media Profess – claim

Explanation of the Above Passage – Gandhi calls the never-ending desire to fulfill one’s temporary wants and its continuous increase an ‘evil’ that even the Europeans would want to get rid of sooner or later if they realise that it is eating their roots up and making them act as slaves. He accepts that he may be wrong in saying that for European civilization but he is sure that if India went on the same lines, it would mean destruction. He compares attaining European civilization to running after the “Golden Fleece” because the Golden Fleece is something very hard to attain and comes with high chances of being unsuccessful. He wants his readers to follow the motto of a Western philosopher – “Plain living and high thinking” wholeheartedly because not everyone can afford a lavish lifestyle (high living). The few people who claim to think about the welfare of the entire nation are also at risk of seeking to look after high living unsuccessfully while missing out on high thinking.

• Passage – Civilization, in the real sense of the term, consists not in the multiplication, but in the deliberate and voluntary restriction of wants. This alone increases and promotes contentment, real happiness and capacity for service.

Word Meaning: Deliberate – done consciously and intentionally Contentment – a state of happiness and satisfaction

Explanation of the Above Passage – Gandhi emphasizes how actual civilization rests in voluntary self-control and not in multiplicity of human wants. Having control over one’s desires is what brings true satisfaction and long lasting happiness along with increased human productivity.

• Passage – A certain degree of physical harmony and comfort is necessary but above a certain level it becomes a hindrance instead of help. Therefore, the ideal of creating an unlimited number of wants and satisfying them seems to be a delusion and a snare. The satisfaction of one’s physical needs, even the intellectual needs of one’s narrow self, must meet at a certain point a dead stop, before it degenerates into physical and intellectual voluptuousness. A man must arrange his physical and cultural circumstances so that they do not hinder him in his service of humanity on which all his energies should be concentrated. 

Word Meaning: Harmony – agreement of ideas, feelings or actions Hindrance – something or somebody that obstructs Delusion – misleading; misconception Degenerates – decline or deteriorate physically, mentally, or morally Voluptuousness – relating to or characterized by luxury or sensual pleasure

Explanation of the Above Passage – Focusing on physical comfort upto a certain level is important but excess of it becomes an obstruction instead of being useful which is why having innumerable wants and running after satisfying them is misleading or rather, a trap. One must seek physical and intellectual fulfillment upto a certain limit because after that, it leads to physical and intellectual destruction. Hence, humans shall only indulge in these worldly pleasures to an extent where it does not disturb its actual motive which is, service of humanity.   Top    

Indian Civilization and Culture Question and Answers

A. Answer the following questions orally:

• What do you know about Gandhiji?

Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Bapu or the Father of the Nation, was more a spiritual leader than a politician. He is known as the father of our nation. He led the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. He is globally known for his doctrine of nonviolent protest (Satyagraha) to achieve political and social progress.

• What did Gandhi do for the farmers in Bihar?

Gandhi came to Champaran in 1917. Here the farmers were forced to yield indigo on 15% of the land and had to surrender their entire yield as rent. Gandhi stood for the interest of the poor farmers but the administration ordered him to leave Champaran. He disobeyed their order and as a result, he was asked to appear in the court. When he appeared in court, the farmers surrounded the entire court in unison and demonstrated fearlessly. The officials failed to control the crowd and Gandhi was saved from being sentenced. The government conducted an inquiry into the case where Gandhi presented evidence of exploitation of the farmers. In the end, the decision was in the favor of the farmers. This was the first triumph of Civil Disobedience in modern India.

• What do you understand by civilization and culture?

Civilization is that mode of conduct which points out to man the path of duty. The Gujarati equivalent for civilization means “good conduct”

The culture in its simplest form refers to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society

Culture exists so that it could be embodied in civilization. The process of civilization brings a place and people to a phase where they can be developed socially and culturally to realize a more advanced stage of human existence.

Hence, culture is what we are and civilization is what we have.

• What do our holy scriptures tell us about universal human values? 

Our holy scriptures tell us the real meaning of life and existence. They explain to us how real accomplishment lies in spirituality and not materiality. They teach us self-control that makes us self-reliant.

B.2. Answer the following questions briefly

• What, according to the author, is modern civilization?

According to the author, modern civilization is Godless. It is the worship of the material and the brute in us. It is unadulterated materialism, and modern civilization is nothing if it does not think at every step of the triumph of material civilization. The distinguishing characteristic of modern civilization is an indefinite multiplicity of human wants.

• What did the author convey to the countrymen about dealing with modern civilization?

 The author conveyed how thankful he is to modern civilization for teaching him that if he wants India to rise to its fullest height, he must tell his countrymen frankly that, after years and years of experience of modern civilization, he has learnt one lesson from it and that it must be shunned at all costs.

• What is the distinguished characteristic of modern civilization?

The distinguishing characteristic of modern civilization is an indefinite multiplicity of human wants. The characteristic of ancient civilization, on the other hand, is an imperative restriction upon, and a strict regulating of, these wants. The modern or western insatiableness arises really from the want of living faith in a future state and therefore also in Divinity.  The incessant search for material comforts and their multiplication is purely an evil.

• The author perceived danger from modern inventions. How?

As per the author, some of the immediate and brilliant results of modern inventions are too maddening to resist. But he has no manner of doubt that the victory of man lies in that resistance and not in over-indulgence. He feels that we are in danger of bartering away the permanent good for a momentary pleasure arising out of the modern inventions.

• What does the author prefer to materialism?

The author prefers spirituality over materialism. He feels there is no development above taking oneself on the spiritual path.

• What does our civilization depend upon?

Our civilization, our culture, our Swaraj depends not upon multiplying our wants with self—indulgence, but upon restricting wants with self denial.

• What is civilization in the real sense of the term? 

Civilization, in the real sense of the term, consists not in the multiplication, but in the deliberate and voluntary restriction of wants. This alone increases and promotes contentment, real happiness and capacity for service.

B.1. 1.Complete the following sentences on the basis of what you have studied :

a) India’s glory is that it …………………………

b) The charge against India is that…………………………………….

c) We dare not change what…………………

d) Our ancestors set a limit to our indulgences because………………..

e) Our forefathers did not invent machinery because…………………

• a) India’s glory is that it is immovable .
• b) The charge against India is that her people are uncivilized, ignorant and stolid .
• c) We dare not change what we have tested and found hue on the anvil of experience .
• d) Our ancestors set a limit to our indulgences because the more we indulge in our passions, the more unbridled they become .
• e) Our forefathers did not invent machinery because if we invented machinery, we would become slaves and lose our moral fibre .

B.1. 2. Answer the following questions briefly :

1) How is Indian civilization different from European civilization?

The people of Europe learnt their lessons from the writings of the men of Greece or Rome. In trying to learn from them, the Europeans imagined that they would avoid the mistakes of Greece and Rome. Such is their pitiable condition. On the other hand, Indian civilization is based on the strong foundation of seeds sown by its ancestors. Based on the Gujarati equivalent for civilization, which means “good conduct”, India has nothing to learn from anybody else. This is because our ancestors have tested and found this true on the anvil of experience.

2) Why does Gandhi say that ‘mind is a restless bird’? What makes the mind restless?

Gandhi calls the mind “a restless bird” because the more it gets the more it wants, and still remains unsatisfied. By saying this, he further meant that the more we indulge in our passions, the more unbridled they become.

3) Why did our ancestors dissuade us from luxuries and pleasures? Did they do the right thing?

Our ancestors saw that the more we indulge in our passions, the more unbridled they become. Therefore, they set a limit to our indulgences as they saw that happiness was largely a mental condition. Hence, they dissuaded us from luxuries and pleasures.

Yes, they were right in doing so because being rich does not guarantee happiness. In fact, the poor are seen to be happier.

4) Why, according to Gandhi, have we stuck with the same kind of plough as existed thousands of years ago? Should we do the same thing even today?

According to Gandhi, we used the same kind of plough as existed thousands of years ago because our ancestors saw that our real happiness and health consisted in proper use of our hands and feet. It was not that we did not know how to invent machinery, but our forefathers knew that, if we set our hearts after such things. we would become slaves and lose our moral fibre. They, therefore, after due deliberation decided that we should only do what we could with our hands and feet. 

In my opinion, usage of plough widely even today would not guarantee agricultural produce enough to cater the entire population of our country. Hence, we should not do the same thing today.

5) How did our ancestors view large cities? Why were they satisfied with small villages?

Our ancestors viewed large cities as a snare and a useless encumbrance. They knew that people would not be happy in them as there would be gangs of thieves and robbers, prostitution and vice, where rich rob the poor. Hence, they were satisfied with small villages.

6) How did our ancestors enjoy true ‘Home Rule’? 

India is self-sufficient in terms of courts, lawyers and doctors. Here, all professions are regarded highly and equally. Unlike other nations, in India, lawyers and doctors do not befool people to steal from them – they are highly reliable and do not act superior. Here, we value fair play and focus on solving matters outside courts instead of having tricksters lure them into court. Even if there were any ill-practices, they only happened in and around the capital cities. Apart from that, the rest of the population lived freely while undertaking agricultural activities and enjoying Home Rule.

C. 1. Long Answer Questions

• ‘I BELIEVE that the civilization India has evolved is not to be beaten in the world.’ What does Gandhi mean by this statement? Do you subscribe to his views?

Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi said, “I believe that the civilization India has evolved is not to be beaten in the world”. By saying this, he meant that nothing can equal the seeds sown by our ancestors. He is proud of the sound foundation of Indian Civilization which has successfully withstood the passage of time. The western civilization which has the tendency to privilege materiality cannot match the Indian civilization that elevates the moral being.

India remains immovable and that is her glory. It is a charge against India that her people are so uncivilized, ignorant and stolid, that it is not possible to induce them to adopt any changes. It is a charge really against our merit. What we have tested and found true on the anvil of experience, we dare not change. Many thrust their advice upon India, and she remains steady. This is her beauty; it is the sheet anchor of our hope. 

However, Indian civilization is also flexible and we can integrate some of the good aspects of European civilization that we are capable of inhibiting for the benefit of our civilization. 

• ‘We notice that the mind is a restless bird, the more it gets the more it wants, and still remains unsatisfied.’ Pick out other metaphors used in the lesson. How do these metaphors help Gandhiji in persuading the readers?

Gandhi has used the power of metaphors in his writing beautifully, to convince the readers. It has not only made the readers understand his idea better but also persuaded them to keep our ancestral morals alive. 

He feels that the Western civilization revolves around continuously chasing materialism and physical comfort. Hence, he has compared the mind to “a restless bird” that is never satisfied no matter how much it gets. Thus, he wants the reader to have voluntary resistance and self-control to refrain them from overindulgence in the worldly pleasures. 

Another example of a metaphor well-used is when he states that “what we have tested and found true on the anvil of experience, we dare not change”.  Here, he compares the foundation of Indian civilization to be as strong as the block of metal being hammered by the blacksmith. It is a charge against India that her people are so uncivilized, ignorant and stolid, that it is not possible to induce them to adopt any changes. It is a charge really against our merit. Many thrust their advice upon India, and she remains steady.

He has also called India’s ability to stand firm “the sheet anchor of our hope” . Just like a large ship remains steady with its sheet anchor amidst a sea storm, India also remains immovable and that is her glory.

He further reasoned that large cities were a “snare”. Just like a snare is a trap for catching birds or mammals, big cities are a useless encumbrance that would not let people be happy in them as there would be gangs of thieves and robbers, prostitution and vice flourishing in them and that poor men would be robbed by rich men. 

• ‘A man is not necessarily happy because he is rich, or unhappy because he is poor. The rich are often seen to be unhappy, the poor to be happy.’ What, according to Gandhi, holds key to real happiness? How does Gandhi define ‘happiness’?

“A man is not necessarily happy because he is rich, or unhappy because he is poor. The rich are often seen to be unhappy, the poor to be happy.”

Millions will always remain poor. Observing all this, our ancestors dissuaded us from luxuries and pleasures. We have managed with the same kind of plough as existed thousands of years ago. We have retained the same kind of cottages that we had in former times and our indigenous education remains the same as before. We have had no system of life-corroding competition. Each followed his own occupation or trade and charged a regular wage. It was not that we did not know how to invent machinery, but our forefathers knew that, if we set our hearts after such things. we would become slaves and lose our moral fibre. They, therefore, after due deliberation decided that we should only do what we could with our hands and feet. They saw that our real happiness and health consisted in a proper use of our hands and feet.

• Why did our ancestors feel satisfied with small villages? Did they do the right thing? Will it be wise today to follow our ancestors in this connection? Give your own view.

Our ancestors felt that large cities are a snare and a useless encumbrance and that people would not be happy in them, that there would be gangs of thieves and robbers, prostitution and vice flourishing in them and that poor men would be robbed by rich men. They were, therefore, satisfied with small villages.

They were right in doing so but even if we want to follow the ancient civilization, India today is moving towards capitalism and development which is forcing people to move out of small villages and migrate to big cities in order to earn a living. The Western philosophy of “Plain living and high thinking” is hard to live by. Today it is certain that millions cannot have a high living. With the rapidly increasing population and the competition, traditional occupations are not feasible, making it difficult to follow the ways that our ancestors used to swear by.

• Discuss the negative features of western civilization.

The western civilization propagates immorality. It is godless. It is the worship of the material and the brute in us — it is unadulterated materialism. Large cities are a snare and a useless encumbrance and that people can not be happy in them, as there are gangs of thieves and robbers, prostitution and vice flourishing in them and that poor men are robbed by rich men. Western civilization promotes incessant search for material comforts and their multiplication which is such an evil as it is putting the nations under the weight of the comforts to which they are becoming slaves.  

The ideal of creating an unlimited number of wants and satisfying them seems to be a delusion and a snare. The satisfaction of one’s physical needs, even the intellectual needs of one’s narrow self, must meet at a certain point a dead stop, before it degenerates into physical and intellectual voluptuousness. A man must arrange his physical and cultural circumstances so that they do not hinder him in his service of humanity on which all his energies should be concentrated. 

• What is the essential difference between the Indian civilization and the Western civilization? How is our civilization superior to the Western civilization?

The essential difference between Indian and Western civilization is the indefinite multiplicity of human wants in the West. The characteristic of ancient civilization is an imperative restriction upon, and a strict regulating of, these wants. The modern or western insatiableness arises really from the want of living faith in a future state and therefore also in Divinity. The restraint of ancient or Eastern civilization arises from a belief, often in spite of ourselves, in a future state and the existence of a Divine Power.

Indian civilization has nothing to learn, but to teach a lot to the modern civilization. It is based on the belief in God which is understanding and so believing that it behoves every lover of India to cling to the old Indian civilization even as a child clings to the mother’s breast. Our civilization does not depend upon multiplying our wants with self—indulgence, but upon restricting wants with self denial. The sound foundation of Indian Civilization has successfully withstood the passage of time. The western civilization which has the tendency to privilege materiality which cannot match the Indian civilization that elevates the moral being.

• A certain degree of physical harmony and comfort is necessary but above a certain level it becomes a hindrance instead of help.’ Elaborate. 

It is true that a certain degree of physical harmony and comfort is necessary but above a certain level it becomes a hindrance instead of help. Therefore, the ideal of creating an unlimited number of wants and satisfying them seems to be a delusion and a snare. The satisfaction of one’s physical needs, even the intellectual needs of one’s narrow self, must meet at a certain point a dead stop, before it degenerates into physical and intellectual voluptuousness. Hence, humans shall only indulge in these worldly pleasures to an extent where it does not disturbs its actual motive which is, service of humanity.

C. 2. GROUP DISCUSSION

Discuss the following in groups or pairs:

• Truth and non-violence have been the biggest weapons of mankind.

Truth and non-violence are known as the twin pillars of Gandhian thought. He believed that truth is the ultimate reality which is God and non-violence as the peak of selflessness. To him, non-violence is not a negative aspect but the highest form of pure love. 

During the freedom struggle, Gandhi introduced the spirit of Satyagraha to the world. Satyagraha means devotion to truth, remaining firm on the truth and resisting untruth actively but non-violently. According to Gandhi, a satyagrahi must believe in truth and nonviolence as one’s creed and therefore have faith in the inherent goodness of human nature. Besides, a satyagrahi must live a chaste life and be ready and willing for the sake of one’s cause to give up his life and his possessions, he would assert.

He believed that truth and non-violence are the two sides of the same coin and considers ahimsa as the means,and truth as the end. He was a great supporter of peace and believed that these two elements together are the only means towards world peace. 

Truth is the biggest weapon because it takes a lot of guts to face reality. Bitter truth is always better than a sweet lie.

Non-violence is also a powerful and just weapon as it cuts without wounding. This also makes it a weapon of the strong.

• High thinking can not go alongside high living. 

High thinking is the ability to reason properly. It is the ability to be able to see clearly the true meaning of life and everything that it constitutes. High living on the other hand, refers to a lavish lifestyle filled with luxuries and indulgences. It is based on fulfilling one’s material wants without refrain. 

Someone capable of high thinking finds high living meaningless as he is able to detach himself from the material possessions. It comes with time, peace and spirituality whereas modern lifestyle is obsessed with materiality which leads to anxiety and the unnecessary urge to always seek for more.

High thinking does not entirely refrain from high living but instead, it teaches when to stop. It is more dependent on self -control and self-reliance. Since high thinking and high living hardly go hand in hand, the Western philosopher has rightly suggested everyone to follow – “Simple living, high thinking”.

C. 3. COMPOSITION

Write a paragraph in about 100 words on each of the following:

a. The real dignity of man lies not in what he has but in what he is.

The worship of materialism is temporary but that of spirituality is permanent as the former is only focused on fulfilling wants whereas the latter is concerned with the peaceful integration of mind, body and soul. 

What a man has is his possessions that can be bought with money. Wants are never-ending and with a restless bird-like mind that humans have, it is difficult to get out of the loop of always longing for more. 

What a man is, is the qualities that stay with him. It signifies his morals and values that form the basis of his very being. Hence, this is where the real dignity of man lies and not in the possession of worldly objects.

b. The crown and glory of life is character. 

D.WORD STUDY

D.1. Dictionary Use

Ex. 1. Correct the spelling of the following words: 

Disuaded – Dissuaded

ocupation – Occupation

Votries – Votaries

Imorality – Immorality

unadultereted – Unadulterated

matarialism – Materialism

Beleif – Belief

Madning – Maddening

engrev – Engrave

Harmoney – Harmony

Ex. 2. Look up a dictionary and write two meanings of the following words — the one in which it is used in the lesson and the other which is more common 

As per lesson- a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event

As per common usage- a statement given to explain a belief or an act; a motive or cause

As per lesson- the process of considering or reasoning about something

As per common usage- to reflect on a matter

As per lesson- have a desire to possess or do (something); wish for

As per common usage- a desire for something

As per lesson- the physical destruction or disintegration of something or the state of disintegrating or being destroyed.

As per common usage- reduce (a building or place) to a state of decay, collapse

As per lesson- imitate the style or behavior of

As per common usage- a thing to be made similar or identical to another

D.2. Word-formation

Read carefully the following sentence taken from the lesson:

Each followed his own occupation.. .

In the above sentence the word ‘occupation’, which is an abstract noun, is derived from the verb ‘occupy’. Now, derive abstract nouns from the verbs given below and use them (abstract nouns) in sentences of your own:

Convert – Conversion – The process of conversion of water to ice requires water to be frozen.

Perform – Performance – The annual day is lined up with splendid performances by students.

Define – Definition – The Gujarati definition of civilization is good conduct.

Please – Pleasure – One must not give up long-term goals for momentary pleasures.

Educate – Education – In rural India, girls still have lesser access to education as compared to boys.

Observe – Observation – The patient is critical and has been kept under the observation of doctors.

D.3. Word-meaning

Ex 1. Find from the lesson words the meanings of which have been given in Column A. The last part of each word is given in Column B:  

Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words (gerunds) from the given list:

(i) Pragya’s ……………….  is not very legible.

(ii) The police could not control the……………..crowd.

(iii) We are in danger of…………….away the permanent good for a momentary pleasure. 

(iv) Gandhi always believed in simple…………………

(v) Amandeep’s……………was quite logical. 

(i) Pragya’s writing is not very legible.

(ii) The police could not control the maddening crowd.

(iii) We are in danger of bartering away the permanent good for a momentary pleasure. 

(iv) Gandhi always believed in simple living .

(v) Amandeep’s thinking was quite logical.

D. 4. Phrases

Ex.1. Read the lesson carefully and find out the sentences in which the following phrases have been used. Then use these phrases in sentences of your own: 

Satisfy with – It is important to keep ourselves satisfied with what we have while we work hard for our dreams.

Be suited to – Western civilization is best suited to people of the West.  

Believe in – A person who believes in God is considered spiritual.

Cling to – It is not advisable to cling to one’s mistakes

In vain – Losing a competition doesn’t signify that all the efforts went in vain.

Read the following sentence from the lesson carefully :

We are dazzled by the material progress that western science has made. 

In the above sentence ‘dazzled’ and ‘made’ are past participles of the verbs ‘dazzle’ and ‘make’ respectively.

Ex. 1. Complete the sentences given below by using the appropriate forms of the verbs given in brackets:

• Indian Civilization has…………..it alive till now. (keep)
• I see here ancient India still…………..(live)
• We have……………..many things from western literature. (borrow)
• We have been……………..west since long. (copy)
• Arya did………………so. (speak)
• Nehru had………………….so many letters to his daughter from jail. (write) 
• Indian Civilization has kept it alive till now. (keep)
• I see here ancient India still alive. (live)
• We have borrowed many things from western literature. (borrow)
• We have been copying west since long. (copy)
• Arya did say so. (speak)
• Nehru had written so many letters to his daughter from jail. (write) 

Ex.2. Study the following sentence from the lesson

We notice that the mind is a restless bird, the more it gets the more it wants….

Mark the use of double comparative in the above sentence. Look at the examples given in the table: 

Form ten sentences of your own choice on this pattern

• The more you study, the more you learn.
• The more, the merrier.
• The more practice you do, the better you become.
• The less you worry about others, the less they will bother you.
• The less I worry, the more relaxed I feel.
• The older we get, the wiser we become.
• The faster you drive, the quicker you will get there.
• There are more and more people coming to this vacation spot.
• The hotter the weather, the more water we should drink.
• The more you practice, the more you learn.

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• Indian Culture and Tradition Essay

Essay on Indian Culture and Tradition

As students grow older, it is important for them to improve their understanding and hold over the language. This can be done only through consistent reading and writing. Writing an essay is a task that involves cooperation and coordination of both the mind and body. Students must be able to think as well reproduce their thoughts effectively without any confusion. This is important when it comes to writing answers and other important documents as ones go to higher classes. The art of writing effectively and efficiently can be improved by students through writing essays. To help students in this domain, Vedantu provides students with numerous essays. Students can go through the same and learn the correct manner of writing the essay. 

Indian Culture and Tradition

India enjoys a wide variety of cultural and traditional presence amongst the 28 states. Indian origin religions Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism are all based on dharma and karma. Even, India is a blessed holy place which is also a native place for most of the religions. Recently, Muslim and Christianity also practised working amongst the whole India population. The pledge also added the line, ‘India is my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.’  

Indians are great with cooking; their spices are special for medicinal purposes, so visitors are difficult to adjust to with such heavy spices. The cricketers touring Indian pitches are out due to such food. Frequently, it's been observed that the sportsperson arrived in India either with cooking skills or with a cook. Spices such as cumin, turmeric and cardamom have been used for a long period, to make the dishes more delicious and nutritional. Wheat, rice and pulses help to complete the meal. The majority of the population is a vegetarian one due to their religious aspects.

Talking about the language, India is blessed with a wide range of languages used. Each state has its own language. A major part of the state is unable to speak other languages than the native one. Gujrathi, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Punjabi, Telugu and many more are the representative languages of the respective state. It's easy to recognize the person with the language he spoke. There are 15 regional languages but almost all of them Hindi is the national language of the country. Sanskrit is considered an ancient and respected language. And most of the legendary holy texts are found in Sanskrit only. Along with these, most of the people are aware of plenty of foreign languages. 

Indian clothing is adorable to most of the foreigners. Woman wearing a sari is the pride of a nation. These create a pleasant effect and she looks so beautiful that a majority of foreign country’s female want to be like her. The origin of the sari is from the temple dancers in ancient times. Sari allows them to maintain modesty and freedom of movement. On the other hand, men traditionally wear a dhoti and kurta. Actually, Dhoti is a type of cloth without any further attached work done on it. The great Mahatma Gandhi was very fond of it and in their dignity, most of the people used to wear the same. 

Apart from all the above facts, Indians are legends with arts and studious material. Shah-rukh Khan, Sachin Tendulkar, Dhirubhai Ambani, Amitabh Bachchan Rajnikant, Sundar Pichai are many more faces of India who are shining and representing India on a global scale. There are 20-30 grand festivals celebrated every year in which every festival pops up with history and respect to the respective religion. Even in terms of business, India is not behind. Agriculture is the best occupation of 70% of people in India. It’s our duty to protect the wonderful culture that we have. 

Indian culture is one of the oldest and most unique cultures known across the globe. It has various kinds of traditional values, religion, dance, festivals, music, and cloth, which varies from each state or town even. Indian art, cuisine, religion, Literature, Education, Heritage, Clothes etc has a huge impact on the whole world where everyone admires and follows it. It is known as the land of cultural diversity.  India thrives on a variety of languages, religions, and cultures due to the diverse race of people living in the country. It can be referred to as one of the world’s most culturally enriched countries. When one thinks of India, they picture colors, smiling faces of children running in the streets, bangle vendors, street food, music, religious festivals etc. 

Religion 

India is a land where different religious beliefs are followed. It is the land of many religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism.  Four Indian religions namely Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Buddhism were born in India while others are not of Indian origin but have people following those faiths. The people of India keep a solid belief in religion as they believe that following a faith adds meaning and purpose to their lives as it is the way of life. The religions here are not only confined to beliefs but also include ethics, rituals, ceremonies, life philosophies and many more.

Families 

Family plays a vital role in every Indian household. Indians are known to live together as a joint family with their grandparents, uncles and aunts, and the next generation of offspring as well. The house gets passed down from family to family throughout the generations. But with the new modern age, nuclear families are starting to become more common as children go out of town into cities for work or studies and get settled there, also everyone now prefers to have their own private life without any interference. But still, the concept of family get together and family gatherings are not lost as everyone does come together frequently. 

Indian Festivals

India is well known for its traditional festivals all over the world. As it is a secular country with diversity in religions, every month some festival celebration happens. These festivals can be religious, seasonal or are of national importance. Every festival is celebrated uniquely in different ways according to their ritual as each of them has its unique importance. National festivals such as Gandhi Jayanti, Independence Day and Republic Day are celebrated by the people of India across the entire nation. Religious festivals include Diwali, Dussehra, Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Zuha, Christmas, Ganesh Chaturthi, etc. All the seasonal festivals such as Baisakhi, Onam, Pongal, Bihu etc are celebrated to mark the season of harvest during two harvesting seasons, Rabi and Kharif. 

Festivals bring love, bond, cross-cultural exchange and moments of happiness among people.

Indian cuisine is known for a variety of spicy dishes, curry, rice items, sweets etc. Each cuisine includes a wide range of dishes and cooking techniques as it varies from region to region. Each region of India cooks different types of dishes using different ingredients, also food varies from every festival and culture as well. Hindus eat mostly vegetarian food items such as pulao, vegetables, daal, rajma etc whereas people from Islamic cultural backgrounds eat meat, kebabs, haleem etc. In the southernmost part of India, you will find people use a lot of coconut oil for cooking purposes, they eat a lot of rice items such as Dosa, Idli, Appam etc with Coconut chutney, sambhar.

Indian Clothing is considered to be the epitome of modesty and every style is very different in each region and state. But the two pieces of clothing that represent Indian culture are dhoti for men and saree for women. Women adorn themselves with a lot of bangles and Payal that goes around their ankles. Even clothing styles varied from different religions to regions to cultures. Muslim women preferred to wear salwar kameez whereas Christian women preferred gowns. Men mostly stuck to dhoti, lungi, shalwar and kurta.In modern days, people have changed their sense of style, men and women now wear more modern western clothes. Indian clothes are still valued but are now in more trendy and fashionable styles. 

There is no single language that is spoken all over India; however , Hindi is one common language most Indians know and can speak or understand. Every region has a different language or dialect. As per the official language act, Hindi and English are the official languages in India. Other regions or state wise languages include- Gujarati, Marathi, Bangla, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Kashmiri, Punjabi etc. 

FAQs on Indian Culture and Tradition Essay

1. What are the Popular Spices in India?

Popular spices in India include - Haldi(Turmeric), Chakri Phool(Star Anise), Til (Sesame seeds/ Gingili seeds), Saunf(Fennel Seeds), Kesar(Saffron), Laal Mirch(Red chilli), Khas(Poppy seeds), Jayphal(Nutmeg), Kalonji(Nigella Seeds), Rai/Sarson(Mustard Seeds), Pudina(Mint), Javitri(Mace), Patthar ke Phool​(Kalpasi), Kala Namak/ Sanchal/ Sanchar powder(Black salt/ Himalayan rock salt/ Pink salt), Sonth(Dry ginger powder), Methi dana(Fenugreek seeds), Suva Bhaji/ Sua Saag(Dill)

Kadi Patta(Curry Leaves), Sukha dhania(Coriander seeds), Laung(Cloves), Dalchini(Cinnamon), Sabza(Chia seeds), Chironji(Charoli), Ajwain(Carom seeds, thymol or celery seeds), Elaichi(Cardamom), Kali Mirch(Black Pepper (or White Pepper), Tej Patta(Bay Leaf), Hing(Asafoetida), Anardana(Pomegranate seeds), Amchoor(Dry mango powder)

2. What is the Language Diversity Available in India?

The Indian constitution has 22 officially recognized languages. Apart from it, there are around 60 languages that are recognized as smother tongue with more than one million speakers. India also has around 28 minor languages spoken by over one hundred thousand and one million people. Apart from these, there are numerous dialects spoken by a various sect of people based on their region of origin. 

3. Who are Some of the Most Famous Indian Celebrities Popular Across the Globe? 

India has people excelling in all aspects of art and activities. Few prominent celebrities to garner global fame include - Sudha Murthy, Amitabh Bacchan, Virat Kohli, Saina Nehwal, Sania Mirza, Priyanka Chopra, MS Dhoni, Sachin Tendulkar, Mohanlal, A R Rehman, Mukesh Ambani, Ratan Tata, Narayana Murthy, Kiran Majumdar Shah, Narendra Modi, Amith Shah. all these people have received great accolades in their respective area of expertise globally and getting recognition to India on a global level. 

4. How to Improve Writing and Reading Skills for Producing Good Essays?

Writing an essay becomes a tedious task when the mind and hand do not coordinate. It is important for you to be able to harness your mental ability to think clearly and reproduce the same on paper for a good essay. Always remember the first few thoughts that you get as soon as you see an essay topic is your best and purest thoughts. Ensure to note them down. Later you can develop your essay around these points. Make sure your essay has an introduction, body and the final conclusion. This will make the reader understand the topic clearly along with your ability to convey the any information without any hesitation or mistake. 

5. How many religions are there in India? 

As of now, there are a total of 9 major religions in India with Hinduism being the majority. The remaining religion includes- Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Baha'i Faith. 

6. Which is the oldest language in India? 

Indian classical oldest language is Sanskrit, it belongs to the Indo- Aryan branch of Indo- European languages. 

7. What are the few famous folk dances of India? 

Folk dances are the representation of a particular culture from where they are known to originate. Eight famous classical dances are- Bharatnatyam from Tamil Nadu, Kathakali from Kerala, Kathak from North, West and Central India, Mohiniyattam from Kerala, Kuchipudi from Andhra Pradesh, Odissi from Odisha, Manipuri from Manipur, Sattriya from Assam. 

8. How many languages are spoken in India? 

Other than Hindi and English there are 22 languages recognised by the constitution of India. However, more than 400 languages and dialects in India are still not known as they change after every town. Over the years, about 190 languages have become endangered due to very few surviving speakers. 

9. Describe the Indian Culture. 

Indian culture is very diverse and the people of India are very warm and welcoming. They have a strong sense of family and firmly believe in unity in diversity. In India, there's a saying saying 'Atithi Devo Bhava'  means 'the guest is equivalent to god'. So if one visits India, they will never feel unwanted.

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Culture is What We are, Civilization is What We Have

• 24 Jan 2024

"Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit."

 - Jawaharlal Nehr u

The concepts of culture and civilization are often used interchangeably , yet they represent distinct aspects of human existence . Culture embodies the essence of who we are as individuals and as communities, while civilization refers to the tangible achievements and structures we have created as a society. 

Culture refers to the shared beliefs , values, customs , traditions, behaviors, language, art, and other elements that characterize a particular group of people, whether that group is defined by nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, or some other commonality. Culture encompasses the way individuals within a society or community perceive and interact with the world around them. It is a complex and multifaceted concept that influences people's worldviews , behaviors , and identities . It is the foundation upon which human identity is built. It encompasses the beliefs , values, customs, traditions, and shared knowledge that are transmitted from generation to generation . Culture is deeply rooted in the human experience , and it shapes our thoughts , behaviors , and interactions with others. It is a dynamic and ever-evolving force that reflects the diversity and complexity of human societies across the globe.

It provides individuals with a sense of identity and belonging . It connects people to their roots , helping them understand their heritage and where they come from. Cultural practices, languages, and rituals become powerful tools for expressing one's identity and affiliations. It serves as a moral compass , guiding individuals and communities in determining what is right and wrong . It establishes the ethical framework through which people make decisions and navigate the complexities of life.

Culture fosters creativity and self-expression. It is a source of inspiration for art, music, literature, and all forms of human creativity . Cultural expressions are vehicles for telling stories , sharing experiences , and connecting with others on a profound level. Cultural beliefs and values are the fundamental principles that guide how people within a culture understand the world and make moral or ethical judgments . These beliefs can include religious, philosophical, or ethical viewpoints. It is often expressed through various customs and traditions. These can include rituals, ceremonies, festivals, and everyday practices that are passed down from generation to generation. Language is a central element of culture, as it allows people to communicate and express their thoughts, emotions, and ideas . Each culture may have its own language or dialect , and language often carries cultural nuances and meanings . Its expressions through art, music, literature, dance, and other creative forms are essential to understanding a culture's aesthetics, values, and historical narratives.

Culture also sets social norms , which govern acceptable behavior within a society . These norms may include rules about etiquette, gender roles, and interpersonal interactions. Food is an integral part of culture , and culinary traditions vary widely across different cultures. Traditional dishes and cooking methods often carry significant cultural meaning. The clothing and fashion choices of a culture can be influenced by climate, history, religion, and social norms. These choices often reflect cultural identity. Religious beliefs and practices are a significant part of many cultures , influencing everything from daily rituals to major life events. 

A culture's history, including its historical events, heroes, and symbols , plays a crucial role in shaping its identity and worldview.  The structure of families and social hierarchies within a culture can greatly impact social interactions and relationships.

Civilization , on the other hand, is the external manifestation of human achievement. It refers to the material and structural advancements that societies have made throughout history. Civilization encompasses the development of technology, infrastructure, governance, and institutions that enable human progress and organization . It is a complex and multifaceted concept that refers to an advanced stage of human social and cultural development characterized by various distinctive features. It is marked by significant technological innovations that improve the quality of life. These innovations include agriculture, transportation, medicine, communication, and many others. They have transformed how we live, work, and interact with the world. It gives rise to organized societies with intricate social hierarchies and political systems. Institutions such as governments , legal frameworks, and educational systems are integral to the functioning of civilizations .

The growth of civilizations is often characterized by urbanization and the construction of infrastructure . Cities become hubs of culture, commerce , and innovation , while infrastructure such as roads, bridges , and buildings supports the needs of the population of the growing society. This process is a common feature in the historical development of many civilizations throughout human history. 

While culture and civilization represent distinct aspects of human existence , they are interconnected and mutually influential . Culture provides the values, traditions, and shared narratives that underpin the development of civilization , shaping its trajectory and character . Conversely, civilization creates the conditions for the preservation and dissemination of culture , ensuring its continuity across generations.

Culture influences the choices and priorities of a society as it develops. Cultural values and norms play a pivotal role in shaping the direction of technological advancements, governance structures, and social institutions within a civilization. As civilization advances, it often leads to cultural exchanges and the blending of diverse traditions . For example, the Silk Road facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices between East and West , enriching both civilizations.

Culture is the essence of who we are as individuals and communities , while civilization represents the tangible achievements and structures that we have created as a society . Both culture and civilization are intertwined , with culture serving as the foundation and civilization as the external manifestation of human progress. Recognizing and valuing this interplay between culture and civilization is essential for understanding the complex tapestry of human identity and history . It reminds us that our cultural heritage is not just a relic of the past but a living force that continues to shape our present and future.

"Civilization is not the multiplication of wants but the deliberate and voluntary renunciation of many of them." 

- M K Gandhi

Unity in Diversity: The Essence of India’s Composite Culture | Essay Writing for UPSC by Vikash Ranjan Sir | Triumph ias

Table of Contents

India’s Mosaic: A Celebration of Unity in Diversity

(relevant for essay writing for upsc civil services examination).

India’s vibrant landscape is dotted with myriad cultures, traditions, and histories. Dive into the mesmerizing mosaic of India’s composite culture and discover how it epitomizes unity in diversity.

The Threads of Time

From the ancient Indus Valley Civilization to modern-day India, the country has imbibed, evolved, and celebrated a myriad of influences, giving birth to its unique identity.

A Symphony of Cultures

Whether it’s the resonating chants from temples, the melodic calls for prayer from mosques, or the harmonious carols from churches, India embraces them all with open arms. Languages, festivals, art – every facet of Indian life reflects its harmonious blend.

Conclusion: A Lesson for the World

In times of global divisiveness, India’s composite culture stands tall as a testament to the strength and beauty of unity in diversity.

To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus , aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching . These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology’s diverse methodologies and techniques

India, Composite Culture, Unity in Diversity, Religions, Languages, Festivals, Art, Architecture, Historical Evolution.

Sociology Optional Syllabus Course Commencement Information

• Enrolment is limited to a maximum of 250 Seats.
• Course Timings: Evening Batch
• Course Duration: 4.5 Months
• Class Schedule: Monday to Saturday
• Batch Starts from: Admission open for online batch

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Instructional Format:

• Each class session is scheduled for a duration of two hours.
• At the conclusion of each lecture, an assignment will be distributed by Vikash Ranjan Sir for Paper-I & Paper-II coverage.

Study Material:

• A set of printed booklets will be provided for each topic. These materials are succinct, thoroughly updated, and tailored for examination preparation.
• A compilation of previous years’ question papers (spanning the last 27 years) will be supplied for answer writing practice.
• Access to PDF versions of toppers’ answer booklets will be available on our website.
• Post-course, you will receive two practice workbooks containing a total of 10 sets of mock test papers based on the UPSC format for self-assessment.

Additional Provisions:

• In the event of missed classes, video lectures will be temporarily available on the online portal for reference.
• Daily one-on-one doubt resolution sessions with Vikash Ranjan Sir will be organized post-class.

Syllabus of Sociology Optional

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIOLOGY

• Modernity and social changes in Europe and emergence of sociology.
• Scope of the subject and comparison with other social sciences.
• Sociology and common sense.
• Science, scientific method and critique.
• Major theoretical strands of research methodology.
• Positivism and its critique.
• Fact value and objectivity.
• Non- positivist methodologies.
• Qualitative and quantitative methods.
• Techniques of data collection.
• Variables, sampling, hypothesis, reliability and validity.
• Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle.
• Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society.
• Max Weber- Social action, ideal types, authority, bureaucracy, protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
• Talcott Parsons- Social system, pattern variables.
• Robert K. Merton- Latent and manifest functions, conformity and deviance, reference groups.
• Mead – Self and identity.
• Concepts- equality, inequality, hierarchy, exclusion, poverty and deprivation.
• Theories of social stratification- Structural functionalist theory, Marxist theory, Weberian theory.
• Dimensions – Social stratification of class, status groups, gender, ethnicity and race.
• Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and causes of mobility.
• Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal society, industrial /capitalist society
• Formal and informal organization of work.
• Labour and society.
• Sociological theories of power.
• Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
• Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
• Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
• Sociological theories of religion.
• Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
• Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious revivalism, fundamentalism.
• Family, household, marriage.
• Types and forms of family.
• Lineage and descent.
• Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
• Contemporary trends.
• Sociological theories of social change.
• Development and dependency.
• Agents of social change.
• Education and social change.
• Science, technology and social change.

INDIAN SOCIETY: STRUCTURE AND CHANGE

Introducing indian society.

• Indology (GS. Ghurye).
• Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
• Marxist sociology (A R Desai).
• Social background of Indian nationalism.
• Modernization of Indian tradition.
• Protests and movements during the colonial period.
• Social reforms.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

• The idea of Indian village and village studies.
• Agrarian social structure – evolution of land tenure system, land reforms.
• Perspectives on the study of caste systems: GS Ghurye, M N Srinivas, Louis Dumont, Andre Beteille.
• Features of caste system.
• Untouchability – forms and perspectives.
• Definitional problems.
• Geographical spread.
• Colonial policies and tribes.
• Issues of integration and autonomy.
• Social Classes in India:
• Agrarian class structure.
• Industrial class structure.
• Middle classes in India.
• Lineage and descent in India.
• Types of kinship systems.
• Family and marriage in India.
• Household dimensions of the family.
• Patriarchy, entitlements and sexual division of labour
• Religious communities in India.
• Problems of religious minorities.

SOCIAL CHANGES IN INDIA

• Idea of development planning and mixed economy
• Constitution, law and social change.
• Programmes of rural development, Community Development Programme, cooperatives,poverty alleviation schemes
• Green revolution and social change.
• Changing modes of production in Indian agriculture.
• Problems of rural labour, bondage, migration.

3. Industrialization and Urbanisation in India:

• Evolution of modern industry in India.
• Growth of urban settlements in India.
• Working class: structure, growth, class mobilization.
• Informal sector, child labour
• Slums and deprivation in urban areas.

4. Politics and Society:

• Nation, democracy and citizenship.
• Political parties, pressure groups , social and political elite
• Regionalism and decentralization of power.
• Secularization

5. Social Movements in Modern India:

• Peasants and farmers movements.
• Women’s movement.
• Backward classes & Dalit movement.
• Environmental movements.
• Ethnicity and Identity movements.

6. Population Dynamics:

• Population size, growth, composition and distribution
• Components of population growth: birth, death, migration.
• Population policy and family planning.
• Emerging issues: ageing, sex ratios, child and infant mortality, reproductive health.

7. Challenges of Social Transformation:

• Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability
• Poverty, deprivation and inequalities.
• Violence against women.
• Caste conflicts.
• Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
• Illiteracy and disparities in education.

Mr. Vikash Ranjan, arguably the Best Sociology Optional Teacher , has emerged as a versatile genius in teaching and writing books on Sociology & General Studies. His approach to the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus is remarkable, and his Sociological Themes and Perspectives are excellent. His teaching aptitude is Simple, Easy and Exam Focused. He is often chosen as the Best Sociology Teacher for Sociology Optional UPSC aspirants.

About Triumph IAS

Innovating Knowledge, Inspiring Success We, at Triumph IAS , pride ourselves on being the best sociology optional coaching platform. We believe that each Individual Aspirant is unique and requires Individual Guidance and Care, hence the need for the Best Sociology Teacher . We prepare students keeping in mind his or her strength and weakness, paying particular attention to the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus , which forms a significant part of our Sociology Foundation Course .

Course Features

Every day, the Best Sociology Optional Teacher spends 2 hours with the students, covering each aspect of the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus and the Sociology Course . Students are given assignments related to the Topic based on Previous Year Question to ensure they’re ready for the Sociology Optional UPSC examination.

Regular one-on-one interaction & individual counseling for stress management and refinement of strategy for Exam by Vikash Ranjan Sir , the Best Sociology Teacher , is part of the package. We specialize in sociology optional coaching and are hence fully equipped to guide you to your dream space in the civil service final list.

Specialist Guidance of Vikash Ranjan Sir

The Best Sociology Teacher helps students to get a complete conceptual understanding of each and every topic of the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus , enabling them to attempt any of the questions, be direct or applied, ensuring 300+ Marks in Sociology Optional .

Classrooms Interaction & Participatory Discussion

The Best Sociology Teacher, Vikash Sir , ensures that there’s explanation & DISCUSSION on every topic of the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus in the class. The emphasis is not just on teaching but also on understanding, which is why we are known as the Best Sociology Optional Coaching institution.

Preparatory-Study Support

Online Support System (Oss)

Get access to an online forum for value addition study material, journals, and articles relevant to Sociology on www.triumphias.com . Ask preparation related queries directly to the Best Sociology Teacher , Vikash Sir, via mail or WhatsApp.

Strategic Classroom Preparation

Comprehensive Study Material

We provide printed booklets of concise, well-researched, exam-ready study material for every unit of the Sociology Optional Syllabus / Sociology Syllabus , making us the Best Sociology Optional Coaching platform.

Why Vikash Ranjan’s Classes for Sociology?

Proper guidance and assistance are required to learn the skill of interlinking current happenings with the conventional topics. VIKASH RANJAN SIR at TRIUMPH IAS guides students according to the Recent Trends of UPSC, making him the Best Sociology Teacher for Sociology Optional UPSC.

At Triumph IAS, the Best Sociology Optional Coaching platform, we not only provide the best study material and applied classes for Sociology for IAS but also conduct regular assignments and class tests to assess candidates’ writing skills and understanding of the subject.

Choose T he Best Sociology Optional Teacher for IAS Preparation?

At the beginning of the journey for Civil Services Examination preparation, many students face a pivotal decision – selecting their optional subject. Questions such as “ which optional subject is the best? ” and “ which optional subject is the most scoring? ” frequently come to mind. Choosing the right optional subject, like choosing the best sociology optional teacher , is a subjective yet vital step that requires a thoughtful decision based on facts. A misstep in this crucial decision can indeed prove disastrous.

Ever since the exam pattern was revamped in 2013, the UPSC has eliminated the need for a second optional subject. Now, candidates have to choose only one optional subject for the UPSC Mains , which has two papers of 250 marks each. One of the compelling choices for many has been the sociology optional. However, it’s strongly advised to decide on your optional subject for mains well ahead of time to get sufficient time to complete the syllabus. After all, most students score similarly in General Studies Papers; it’s the score in the optional subject & essay that contributes significantly to the final selection.

“ A sound strategy does not rely solely on the popular Opinion of toppers or famous YouTubers cum teachers. ”

It requires understanding one’s ability, interest, and the relevance of the subject, not just for the exam but also for life in general. Hence, when selecting the best sociology teacher, one must consider the usefulness of sociology optional coaching in General Studies, Essay, and Personality Test.

The choice of the optional subject should be based on objective criteria, such as the nature, scope, and size of the syllabus, uniformity and stability in the question pattern, relevance of the syllabic content in daily life in society, and the availability of study material and guidance. For example, choosing the best sociology optional coaching can ensure access to top-quality study materials and experienced teachers. Always remember, the approach of the UPSC optional subject differs from your academic studies of subjects. Therefore, before settling for sociology optional , you need to analyze the syllabus, previous years’ pattern, subject requirements (be it ideal, visionary, numerical, conceptual theoretical), and your comfort level with the subject.

This decision marks a critical point in your UPSC – CSE journey , potentially determining your success in a career in IAS/Civil Services. Therefore, it’s crucial to choose wisely, whether it’s the optional subject or the best sociology optional teacher . Always base your decision on accurate facts, and never let your emotional biases guide your choices. After all, the search for the best sociology optional coaching is about finding the perfect fit for your unique academic needs and aspirations.

To master these intricacies and fare well in the Sociology Optional Syllabus , aspiring sociologists might benefit from guidance by the Best Sociology Optional Teacher and participation in the Best Sociology Optional Coaching . These avenues provide comprehensive assistance, ensuring a solid understanding of sociology’s diverse methodologies and techniques. Sociology, Social theory, Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Sociology Optional Syllabus. Best Sociology Optional Teacher, Sociology Syllabus, Sociology Optional, Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Optional Coaching, Best Sociology Teacher, Sociology Course, Sociology Teacher, Sociology Foundation, Sociology Foundation Course, Sociology Optional UPSC, Sociology for IAS,

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