environmental pollution thesis statement

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Developing Strong Thesis Statements

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These OWL resources will help you develop and refine the arguments in your writing.

The thesis statement or main claim must be debatable

An argumentative or persuasive piece of writing must begin with a debatable thesis or claim. In other words, the thesis must be something that people could reasonably have differing opinions on. If your thesis is something that is generally agreed upon or accepted as fact then there is no reason to try to persuade people.

Example of a non-debatable thesis statement:

This thesis statement is not debatable. First, the word pollution implies that something is bad or negative in some way. Furthermore, all studies agree that pollution is a problem; they simply disagree on the impact it will have or the scope of the problem. No one could reasonably argue that pollution is unambiguously good.

Example of a debatable thesis statement:

This is an example of a debatable thesis because reasonable people could disagree with it. Some people might think that this is how we should spend the nation's money. Others might feel that we should be spending more money on education. Still others could argue that corporations, not the government, should be paying to limit pollution.

Another example of a debatable thesis statement:

In this example there is also room for disagreement between rational individuals. Some citizens might think focusing on recycling programs rather than private automobiles is the most effective strategy.

The thesis needs to be narrow

Although the scope of your paper might seem overwhelming at the start, generally the narrower the thesis the more effective your argument will be. Your thesis or claim must be supported by evidence. The broader your claim is, the more evidence you will need to convince readers that your position is right.

Example of a thesis that is too broad:

There are several reasons this statement is too broad to argue. First, what is included in the category "drugs"? Is the author talking about illegal drug use, recreational drug use (which might include alcohol and cigarettes), or all uses of medication in general? Second, in what ways are drugs detrimental? Is drug use causing deaths (and is the author equating deaths from overdoses and deaths from drug related violence)? Is drug use changing the moral climate or causing the economy to decline? Finally, what does the author mean by "society"? Is the author referring only to America or to the global population? Does the author make any distinction between the effects on children and adults? There are just too many questions that the claim leaves open. The author could not cover all of the topics listed above, yet the generality of the claim leaves all of these possibilities open to debate.

Example of a narrow or focused thesis:

In this example the topic of drugs has been narrowed down to illegal drugs and the detriment has been narrowed down to gang violence. This is a much more manageable topic.

We could narrow each debatable thesis from the previous examples in the following way:

Narrowed debatable thesis 1:

This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just the amount of money used but also how the money could actually help to control pollution.

Narrowed debatable thesis 2:

This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just what the focus of a national anti-pollution campaign should be but also why this is the appropriate focus.

Qualifiers such as " typically ," " generally ," " usually ," or " on average " also help to limit the scope of your claim by allowing for the almost inevitable exception to the rule.

Types of claims

Claims typically fall into one of four categories. Thinking about how you want to approach your topic, or, in other words, what type of claim you want to make, is one way to focus your thesis on one particular aspect of your broader topic.

Claims of fact or definition: These claims argue about what the definition of something is or whether something is a settled fact. Example:

Claims of cause and effect: These claims argue that one person, thing, or event caused another thing or event to occur. Example:

Claims about value: These are claims made of what something is worth, whether we value it or not, how we would rate or categorize something. Example:

Claims about solutions or policies: These are claims that argue for or against a certain solution or policy approach to a problem. Example:

Which type of claim is right for your argument? Which type of thesis or claim you use for your argument will depend on your position and knowledge of the topic, your audience, and the context of your paper. You might want to think about where you imagine your audience to be on this topic and pinpoint where you think the biggest difference in viewpoints might be. Even if you start with one type of claim you probably will be using several within the paper. Regardless of the type of claim you choose to utilize it is key to identify the controversy or debate you are addressing and to define your position early on in the paper.

Environmental Pollution Essay Sample

Pollution is a major issue in the world today. It can be found in many forms, both natural and man-made; the former of which comes from sources like volcanoes and wildfires, while the latter is typically caused by human activity such as industrial pollution. Pollution has become an even bigger problem over time due to population growth rates that are higher than ever before.

Essay Sample On Environmental Pollution

• Thesis Statement – Environmental Pollution Essay
• Introduction – Environmental Pollution Essay
• Types And Causes Of Environmental Pollution
• Types Of Environmental Pollution
• Effects Of Environmental Pollution
• Effective solutions for coming out of the problem of environmental pollution
• Conclusion – Environmental Pollution Essay

Thesis Statement – Environmental Pollution Essay Environmental pollution is increasing at a high pace due to the use of excessive technology and chemical-based products. Introduction – Environmental Pollution Essay Environmental pollution and various problems which are associated with it cannot be denied at any cost. We cannot stay away from the harsh reality of poor air quality and respiratory diseases caused by environmental pollution. Here we will talk about the different human activities that lead to the excessive pollution of the environment along with the solutions to get rid of it. You can get a complete idea about the causes of pollution and their mitigation was given hereafter best level research by professionals. Get Non-Plagiarized Custom Essay on Environmental Pollution in USA Order Now Main Body – Environmental Pollution Essay Here are few reasons that are responsible for the cause of pollution in the environment. You will also be able to find the perfect solutions to get rid of these causes of pollution. Types And Causes Of Environmental Pollution As we have already seen different types of environmental pollution in the above paragraph. The type of environmental pollution depends on the causes and factors responsible to cause pollution. The classification of environmental pollution is done based on certain specific natural components. Today we are driven by technology and chemicals in every field of our life and there is no space for natural products. For instance, from the air conditioner of our room to the computer and mobile phones everything is causing harm to the environment. More we cannot ignore the loss to air quality caused by vehicle and industrial firms. Every day the use of personal vehicles and technology is rising to make life luxurious. All this is pushing the environment towards a state of vacuum which is full of pollution. Population explosion can deforestation are other big reasons behind the occurrence of global warming. The agents are responsible to cause pollution are known as pollutants. Some of the sources that cause environmental pollution are: Industrial waste:  The primary pollutants to cause environmental pollution are industries as they are responsible for the emission of harmful gases such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, etc in the earth’s atmosphere. These harmful gases have the responsibility to cause air pollution. Also, industries are responsible for water pollution due to the insolvent of the effluents into the water bodies. Industrial wastes are responsible for soil, air, and water pollution. Vehicles:   Humans are widely using vehicles all over the world and their use continuously keeps on increasing. On one side, Vehicles are responsible to ease our means of communication and it becomes easier for us to travel, but on the other hand, the harmful gases emitted from vehicles are responsible for air pollution. Agricultural waste:   With the increase in population, the need for agricultural products also keeps on increasing. To enhance agricultural productivity, the utilization of chemicals and pesticides has also been increasing at a wider pace. But these chemicals and pesticides along with the increasing productivity, also adding up to pollute our environment. Solid waste dumping:  The waste materials resulting from household activities are responsible for environmental pollution in the absence of their proper disposition. Population overgrowth:   As the population is growing disastrously, the requirement for basic living needs such as a house, food, the occupation has also been increasing. This demand is responsible for continuous deforestation to fulfill the basic needs of the overgrowing population. Fossil fuel combustion:   The carbon monoxide gas emitted from fossil fuel combustion is responsible for different types of pollution such as water, air, soil, etc. Types Of Environmental Pollution Air pollution:  The most commonly observed form of environmental pollution. The main cause of air pollution is the increasing use of fuel. The use of fuel has been increasing drastically both for domestic and industrial purposes. All the industrial and household activities emit a great amount of polluting agents into the earth’s atmosphere that cause air pollution. Water pollution:  Water is a very vital need for the survival of human beings and other creatures. Most of the living species depend on the water body to live, therefore it is very necessary to control water pollution. The main cause responsible for water pollution is the disposal of industrial wastes into the water bodies. Water pollution can make the survival of water creatures difficult. Also, there are various human diseases caused by water pollution. Soil pollution:  Soil pollution is also named land pollution. Soil pollution is caused by adding unwanted chemicals to the soil. Adding pesticides and insecticides to the soil can make it unfit for plants and responsible for soil pollution. Noise pollution:  The noise coming from various sources with an intensity of more than 85db and that is unbearable for the human ear are responsible to cause noise pollution. The main cause of air pollution  is industrial pumps, loud processors, etc. Hypertension and stress are crucial psychological problems caused by noise pollution. Radioactive pollution:  It is the most dangerous of all forms of environmental pollution. The effects caused by radioactive pollution are not temporary and almost irreparable. The major effects of radioactive pollution are: Different birth diseases Blindness Cancer Infertility Effects Of Environmental Pollution The effect of environmental pollution depends widely on the type of pollution that is causing it. The effect of air pollution:  Ozone layer depletion and harm to human health. The effect of water pollution:  Acidification and end of aquatic life. The effect of soil pollution : Hinders growth of plants. There are limitless diseases caused because of environmental issues. Some of them are; Lung diseases Allergies Congenital disabilities Mercury poisoning Radiation augmented cancers Cardiovascular diseases and stroke Lead poisoning Skin cancer Lung cancer Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Effective solutions for coming out of the problem of environmental pollution There are so many effective solutions that can help us to solve the issue of pollution in our environment. For example, we can replace the use of chemical products with natural and herbal one. The pollution caused by vehicles can be controlled by the use of public transport instead of public transport. Talking about industrial pollution it can be controlled by measuring the steps that can inhibit the direct emission of smoke into the atmosphere. These are some basic steps which can help us to solve the problem of pollution in our environment which deteriorate the quality of life. So try to adopt a lifestyle that is always inclined towards saving the environment from different types of pollution. Even it is crucial to check the noise pollution which acts as a silent killer in the life of human beings. Buy Customized Essay on Environmental Pollution At Cheapest Price Order Now Conclusion – Environmental Pollution Essay The above essay can be concluded by saying that it is very crucial to check the increasing use of technical equipment to enhance the quality of air. If we will keep on using those products which are harmful to environments like polythene and other non-biodegradable products then it is very tough to deal with the issue of environmental pollution. It is important to make useful strategies like that given in the essay to create a permanent solution to decrease the level of environmental pollution across the world to breathe fresh air There are so many newbie graduates who fail to write their essays on time and that is why environmental pollution essay writing help is given to them. Best essay helpers of the Students Assignment Help are working in the field to help graduates now and then. On-time essay assignments are delivered to the students of the college on their topic. Hire USA Experts for Environmental Pollution Essay Order Now

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Pollution and economic development: an empirical research review

Saleem H Ali 3,1 and Jose A Puppim de Oliveira 2

Published 29 November 2018 • © 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd Environmental Research Letters , Volume 13 , Number 12 Citation Saleem H Ali and Jose A Puppim de Oliveira 2018 Environ. Res. Lett. 13 123003 DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/aaeea7

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Author affiliations

1 University of Delaware (USA) and Professorial Research Fellow, University of Queensland, Australia

2 Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), São Paulo and Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (FGV/EBAPE), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Author notes

3 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.

Saleem H Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2943-9557

Jose A Puppim de Oliveira https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5000-6265

• Received 29 December 2017
• Revised 20 October 2018
• Accepted 6 November 2018
• Published 29 November 2018

Peer review information

Method : Single-anonymous Revisions: 2 Screened for originality? Yes

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Pollution and the economy seem to have been inextricably linked throughout human history. Yet the relationship between environmental harm and economic development is complex and its understanding has been fragmented by disciplinary biases. Economists and environmental scientists have diverged on the urgency of abatement mechanisms and the marginal returns on investment on control technologies and social adaptations. The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis has dominated this discourse, but is only one part of a broader pollution-economy nexus. As we consider a societal shift towards a circular economy, there is a need to consider a more integrated framework for analyzing the empirical evidence that connects pollution and economic development, and its implications for human well-being and the achievement of the sustainable development goals. This paper develops the main connections between pollution and economic development by reviewing the existing empirical evidence in the literature.

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1. Introduction

The relationship between pollution and economic development has been widely debated across various disciplines in the natural and social sciences. The prevalence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) has blurred the more complex relations between economic development and environmental outcomes, despite the limitations of the EKC to consider ecological carrying capacity concerns. Moreover, the empirical isolation of many studies in highly specific disciplinary contexts has hitherto prevented us from considering an integrated framework for analysis. As we consider ways of moving towards a circular economy in which pollution itself could be harnessed as a material asset for usage in products to diminish waste, a more integrated framework is needed. This is particularly true in developing countries where pollution rates are rising most dramatically and where governments and firms are often being confronted with conflicting narratives about the impact of environmental regulations on economic growth and broader human development. The relationships between pollution and economic development are complex with several possible feedback loops that are predicated on drivers and consequences of economic growth, ecosystem resilience and the ultimate reliance of financial capital on nature. The aim to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) is an opportunity to revise and organize the debates between pollution and economic development.

Historically, the modern ecological movement, which started in industrialized countries in the 1960s blamed economic development as the main driver of pollution. Studies, such as the Report of the Club of Rome (Meadows et al 1972 ), suggested that if the economy continued with the same pattern we would deplete natural resources and reach unpredictable, and perhaps unacceptable, levels of pollution, advising zero growth as an alternative to environmental and human catastrophe. Zero or negative economic growth emerged as the ardent environmentalist's solution for ecological problems, particularly in more industrialized countries at the time, as economic growth and a clean environment appeared to be antagonistic and interchangeable. The environment-economy antagonism permeated the debates during the UN Conference on Human Development in Stockholm in 1972. However, some dissenting voices, such as the prime-minister of India Indira Gandhi, argued that poverty, or lack of economic development, can also be problematic to environmental pollution (e.g. lack of sanitation) (Gandhi 1972 ). Indeed, later on, we found that the relation between the environment, the economy and human well-being was much more complex. Nevertheless, the zero growth movement has been influential since then and has a diversified range of contemporary streams, such as the more European degrowth movement and the more American steady-state economy (Daly 1991 , Demaria et al 2013 ).

Figure 1 attempts to distill some of these connections and this literature review will focus on five of the fundamental connections noted in this diagram in pathways, A, B, C, D and E with clarification on some of the other feedback loops and connections also noted. This figure is meant to reflect the various debates and controversies in the field as represented by possible causal pathways and is not meant to be an exhaustive or deterministic diagram of all possible causal mechanisms. Some of the most common intervening variables that can lead us towards one or another pathway are presented and will be further explicated in the accompanying text.

Figure 1.  Schematic representation of feedbacks between pollution, economic growth and development which will be covered in this review with possible causal pathways which are further explicated in narrative.

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The extreme nodes of the vertical development axis of the diagram is meant to reflect an established and accepted spectrum of development goals. Economic growth is clearly the dominant pathway towards reaching the positive goals of development but alternative approaches are also considered in terms of ecological constraints that could take us via a circular economy or post-growth model of development which will be discussed towards the end of this review as a possible opportunity for 'win–win' outcomes. This diagram is meant to show a range of possible paths and impact categories as a heuristic exercise rather than a deterministic model.

The term 'eco-primacy' reflects the assumption which proponents of that pathway make regarding environmental issues requiring priority because of long-term reliance of economic systems on the environment (Daly 2014 ). The role of technology in providing a positive development outcome along this pathway is an essential part of the literature that also connects economics with engineering and operations research (National Academy of Engineering 1991). In contrast 'eco-externality' refers to the dominant approach in neoclassical economics wherein environmental impact is perceived as exogenous to economic performance of firms and consumers and presents a more short-term approach to considering pollution (Oats 2006 , Stavins 2012 ). Increased consumption, or 'affluence factors', is indicative of what comes forth as a natural outcome of development processes in most cases up to a certain point (Myers and Kent 2004 ). However, it is important to recognize that there is huge variation between countries regarding how this affluence effect leads to pollution. Japan, Germany and the United States are the most compelling examples of divergence in pollution impact and resource use intensity despite comparable economic development indicators (Schreurs 2003 ). The economic contraction is contending with the trade-offs between financial and natural capital depletion, which is investigated in further detail from the perspective of interdependence of livelihood generation on both forms of capital in the contemporary context of market economies. Let us now consider each of these key areas of interactions between the economy and the environment in terms of evidence-based research that can inform policy formulation.

This paper attempts to distill some of these environment-economy connections (labeled in figure 1 ) and provide new analysis from the recurring discussions on the links between environmental protection and economic development, and their implications for human well-being. It will focus on six of the fundamental connections (A, B, C, D, E and F) that have permeated the environment-development debate as follows:

• (A)   Economic development outcomes leading to pollution abatement (EKC hypothesis).
• (B)   Economic development increasing pollution.
• (C)   Pollution abatement's negative impact on economic growth.
• (D)   Pollution's negative impact on economic growth.
• (E)   Pollution's negative impact on development (even with economic growth—inequality effect).
• (F)   Circular Economy as a way forward?

Each of the following sections examine those connections between the environment and economic development based on the literature.

1.1. Can economic development outcomes lead to pollution abatement? The EKC hypothesis

Are some negative effects of economic development worth enduring as a necessary sacrifice to reap greater rewards of growth, that would self-correct the deleterious impacts of development? This was the prognosis of the work of economist Simon Kuznets, whose name is now immortalized in the famous 'Kuznets curve.' The original curve shows the result of his hypothesis that economic inequality would increase with economic growth but eventually decline (Kuznets 1955 ). The same logic was also employed by subsequent economists to environmental harm, suggesting that ecological damage was a price to pay for initial development, after which a self-correcting mechanism would somehow kick in to improve environmental performance (Grossman and Krueger 1995 , Stern et al 1996, Smulders and Gradus 1996 ). Such an approach is known as the EKC hypothesis.

This hypothesis has been debated for at least 25 years in various forms (Stern 2017 ). Much of the controversies have revolved around the scale of the analysis, the kind of pollutant chosen and the relative determinism of the pollution reduction with income. The curve also does not account for the pollution haven phenomenon that is associated with growing pockets of unequal pollution impacts. Shafik ( 1994 ) while working at the World Bank found that for many pollutants the relationship between income and pollution is not shaped like an upside down U (which might suggest that the solution to pollution is more growth) but rather more like a cedilla—'rising with income, then falling as the low-hanging fruit of pollution abatement is plucked, then rising again as the underlying thermodynamic-physical reality asserts itself' (Zencey 2012 ).

However, the empirical evidence has only marginally supported the reduction of inequality and environmental harm with economic development (Stern 2004 ). The literature now suggests that the EKC is by no means deterministic in terms of a development path, and that there can be variations in its trajectory, based on the pollutant as well as frequent changes in its inflexion, based on what form of development path is chosen. The temporal variation in pollution loading needs to be considered over much longer time horizons and also with greater granularity of measurements to gain an accurate understanding of the relationship between economic growth variables and pollution. For example, Wagner ( 2007 ) showed how EKC estimates related to greenhouse gas emissions could be deconstructed if one considered how the nonlinear transformation of integrated regressors were generated as well as cross-sectional dependence in the data used (World Bank Group 2012 ).

Kahn ( 2006 ) provides an important study of how the EKC explains some kinds of pollution such as air and noise while not other forms of environmental harm such as land degradation, deforestation and soil erosion, particularly in urban ecosystems. Grossman and Krueger ( 1995 ) used the Global Environmental Monitoring System database on air and water quality and conducted an analysis which supported the EKC hypothesis. They concluded that the inflection point of the Kuznets curve for most of the 14 major pollutants they studied occurred when a country's annual per capita income reached around $8000. However, their analysis also revealed some 'baffling' results—in their own words—for example, coliform bacteria's correlation to per capita income rises with income and then falls but then rises again after $10 000 per capita.

In a study of countries in the Mediterranean basin Gurluk ( 2009 ) conducted an EKC fit analysis for 15 countries in the basin and only for France did a quadratic relationship similar to an EKC emerge when biological oxygen demand (BOD) was used as a pollution variable. The inflection point was found to be at per capita income reaching $22 161. All the remaining countries follow either a logarithmic increasing or an inverse-logarithmic increasing function between BOD and per capita income.

Such results point towards a weakness of using econometric techniques in such analysis as well where highly specific variation may be found with certain pollutants and where more qualitative research methods are needed to ascertain any definitive relationship between variables. In another study Hettige et al ( 2000 ) measured the effect of income growth on three determinants of pollution: the share of industry in national output, the share of polluting sectors in industrial output, and 'end-of-pipe' (EOP) pollution intensities per unit of output in the polluting sectors. They found that the industry share of national output follows a Kuznets-type trajectory, but the other two determinants do not and in combination their results implied the rejection of the EKC hypothesis for industrial water pollution. The sectoral composition follows a clean technology dividend for low-income developing countries, but exhibits little or no trend beyond the middle-income range. However, EOP pollution intensity declines continuously with increased income.

The causal pathway by which economic development can lead to environmental conservation is presented through the EKC in terms of consumer pressure on government to engage in more stringent regulations once a certain income level is achieved, which can then also lead to win–win outcomes of a 'green economy' or 'ecological modernization' (Hajer 1996 ). Yet environmental activism is by no means correlated with greater income in and of itself, although in specific cases, it may have greater policy impact in higher income countries (Mertig and Dunlap 2001 ). Moreover, the idea that higher income groups of countries are more environmentally conscious is also contested, as the poor may be more environmentally friendly than the rich (Martinez-Alier 2003 ). Furthermore, another important determinant of the EKC can be the influence of trade whereby pollution intensity in some sectors is simply exported to other parts of the world. Although this may be true for a few sectors like mining of rare earths, which shifted largely to China due to environmental regulations, the most comprehensive evaluation of the embedded pollution of imports suggests that within the US, there has been a gradual shift to greener imports (Levinson 2010 ).

In their comparative analysis of countries at various stages of economic development Suri and Chapman ( 1998 ) found that while both industrializing and industrialized countries have added to their energy requirements (as a corollary for environmental impact) by exporting manufactured goods, the growth has been substantially higher in the former. Concomitantly, industrialized countries have been able to reduce their energy requirements by importing manufactured goods. They conclude that 'exports of manufactured goods by industrialized countries has thus been an important factor in generating the upward sloping portion of the EKC and imports by industrialized countries have contributed to the downward slope'.

Despite the contentions surrounding its empirical observation (Ekins 1997 ) and the need for a more nuanced approach to pollution policy, the EKC provides a good initial framing mechanism for further unpacking the pollution-development dynamic. The upward and downward slopes of the curve are thus an important heuristic mechanism for investigating the other four loci of analysis in this paper.

1.2. How economic development can lead to increasing pollution

The environmental pollution impact of economic development stems from two key pathways that have been widely studied in the literature: (a) The resource base needed to develop infrastructure to deliver key economic development outcomes such as access to transport, electricity, water and food; (b) the increased consumption of pollution-intensive resources that comes from access to more disposable income (Brannlund and Ghalwash 2007 ). These consumed goods may be more pollution-intensive in their production and life cycle. This can arguably further exacerbate income inequality and differential community impacts on the poor (Boyce 1994 ).

Within development discourse there is a recognition that some environmental pollution will be an inevitable outcome of achieving other urgent development aspirations (Constantini and Monni 2008 ), most recently enshrined in the United Nations' 17 SDGs up to the year 2030. However, the linkages and feedback loops that exist between deterioration of the environment and other development outcomes deserves to be considered as a complex system. LeBlanc ( 2015 ) has developed a detailed network map for the SDGs and intriguingly enough Goal 12 (Ensuring Sustainable Production and Consumption) has the most network connections (14) to the other goals. This would be fairly intuitive in terms of the broad economic nexus of the goal but the linkages to the other environmentally-linked goals deserves attention. This goal is most directly linked to pollution externality concerns and the network analysis highlights how reaching the broadest range of development outcomes can have an impact on the environmental sustainability of production and consumption systems.

Infrastructure remains a major direct determinant of environmental impact from economic development in absolute terms. Roads and other transport infrastructure is the most widely studied impact category in this arena as it is considered a conduit for other forms of pollution-intensive infrastructure development as well. Much of the research on these impacts has focused on forest cover, land degradation and biodiversity decline as key indicators of overall environmental quality decline. The studies have often been conducted by biologists who are considering the impact of roads that dissect habitats in high biodiversity forests and the resulting impacts on species loss (Caro et al 2015 ). However, there is also a recognition that infrastructure could also provide access for conservation research data that could help protect vulnerable populations, and that some positive social development impacts are inextricably linked to infrastructure of structures like better access to human and animal hospitals; breeding centers for endangered species and water treatment plants for higher density settlements. Thus there has been a focus on the literature to use optimization techniques in determining the least impactful mechanism for infrastructure development (Laurance et al 2015 ). Such techniques offer an amicable way forward for managing the environmental impacts of development and for ongoing monitoring to allay conservation concerns.

Complex modeling techniques have not only been used for optimization analysis but also to do forecasting and thereby consider development pathways. In 2008, The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) harmonized the most widely accepted global economic and environmental change models of long-term development-environment linkages in their OECD Environmental Outlook 2030 4 . The results clearly showed that economic growth which was likely to occur up to 2030 primarily in developing countries would have serious environmental implications. The overall share of environmental impact of development would increase in developing countries, particularly with reference to sulfur dioxide pollution from fossil fuel energy generation and impairment of waterways. As an example, the model captured data from 6000 major rivers worldwide and the analysis showed that India, China and Africa would account for almost half of all the water-induced soil degradation, and around one-third of all anthropogenic nitrogen loading into river-ways by 2030 (OECD 2008 ). Thus forecasting models project that further economic growth in developing countries is likely to substantially worsen pollution levels in a 'business as usual (BAU)' scenario and thus pollution control mechanisms would be needed to mitigate these impacts.

However, there is also a new strand of research called Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, which has been developed by research communities working in modeling and scenarios for energy and climate over a century time scale (O'Neill et al 2014 , 2017 ). It examines the set of challenges humanity will face to adapt to the impacts of and mitigate climate change under different social, economic and environmental conditions in the long-term (Wagner 2007 ).

Moving from macro-models to specific examples, Malaysia provides an important case study of a country which has shown a rapid increase in development indicators over the past 50 years but has also fared well on environmental performance indices such as the Yale Environmental Performance Index. However, even in this case of a 'win–win' outcome trajectory, research shows that overall pollution loading, particularly in waterways, has been directly correlated with economic development. Muyibi et al ( 2008 ) considered several economic variables and conducted a regression against water quality indicators in Malaysia. Their results showed that despite employing a range of technologies and government interventions there were strong correlations between development and pollution loading in waterways. GDP per capita variable accounted for 81% of variances in rivers' pollution episode with an alpha level of 0.005; population accounted for 74% of total polluted rivers with R 2 of 74.2 and p -value less than 0.005 and industrial production accounted for 78% of the yearly variances in levels of river pollution ( p less than 0.005).

In an intriguing converse study of the impact of economic contraction and reduced industrial activity on pollution, Davis ( 2012 ) found that over a 20 year data period in California (1980–2000), economic recessions were correlated with reduced pollution. The study concluded that '33% and 48% of the variability in air pollution levels was estimated by the overall R2 values. The relationship between the employment measures and air pollution was statistically significant, suggesting that air quality improves during economic downturns' (Davis 2012 , p 1956).

One may argue that poverty itself can generate environmental impacts and hence pollution abatement costs should be seen in the context of how they might increase poverty and thereby lead to a negative spiral of de-development. This mainly well-recognized causal pathway is that larger family size is often correlated with poverty. However, the actual environmental impact of this relationship between population and poverty is contested. A notable study to consider these impacts by Heath and Binswanger ( 1998 ) conducted in Colombia concluded that the population and poverty impacts can easily be modulated by specific policy interventions and are not in themselves deterministic. Furthermore, the demographic dividend offered by higher population in terms of labor availability for development and tax income still needs to be considered.

Baland et al ( 2006 ) find that the net environmental impact of poverty itself in the context of rural Nepal is negative but is quantitatively negligible: an increase of 10% in income leads to a net fall of 0.2% in firewood collected. They find the impact of forest degradation (via increased collection times) on local living standards is also miniscule and support similar findings from the Himalayan region and suggest that demographic factors rather than economic growth itself will determine ecological impacts.

More recently, the idea of 'Green Growth' has emerged as a policy alternative that could reconcile economic development and pollution. With a mix of smart management and advanced environmental technology, we could avoid many of the deleterious effects of economic growth and use the environmental improvements to prop up economic growth. Indeed, some proponents of green growth suggested that rapid economic growth could help us to tunnel through the EKC and move us quickly to a rich and clean society. However, green growth policies have brought mixed results. For example, green growth policies in South Korea, which was the strongest proponent of the green growth alternative, were questioned as they were based on nuclear energy, construction of dams and land reclamation leading to irreversible impacts on the natural environment (Bluemling and Yun 2016 ).

Similar analyses are needed more widely across a broader range of pollutants to consider the causal mechanisms that exist in this upward and downward sloping component of the EKC in terms of development leading to increased pollution through material usage and pollution in the long-term.

1.3. Pollution abatement's negative impact on economic growth

Pollution, particularly downstream from the polluter, can be a classic externality problem wherein the curtailment of the pollution to protect those downstream or payment for pollution charges has an immediate cost on the polluter. When the polluted resource is somehow shared as a resource the incentives for cooperation on pollution control increase. Unlike a 'tragedy of the commons,' where a focus on quantity of extraction leads to depletion, in a model where resource quality is the locus of interest, greater cooperation is possible (Ostrom 1990 ). Thus, in principle, there is more likely cooperation over lakes that require sharing of borders, than with rivers that are often asymmetric in terms of their benefits for the upstream riparian versus the downstream riparian suffering the impact of pollution. In order to thus grapple with pollution, the downstream riparian has to invest considerable cost which has to either come from public funds or from private industrial margins. There is an opportunity cost for any such investment; government could utilize those funds for other higher-growth generation activities, and businesses could potentially invest in expansion and further enterprise. Although some growth may be generated by the pollution abatement technology sector itself in terms of 'green growth,' the proximate short-term negative impact of pollution abatement on economic development cannot be ignored. Many studies that show the negative economic impact of pollution abatement costs consider the analysis at the level of a firm, a sector or a locality and are heavily waited towards private costs rather than public benefits. Operations research tools are now being applied to find a workable balance between the abatement cost's short-term impact and its long-term technological and societal dividend (Fare et al 2016 ).

Since 1973, the United States government has had a formal system of tracking Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures through the census bureau, largely to keep track of industry competitiveness. A detailed government study of pollution abatement expenditures on plant-level productivity due to these costs found wide variation between sectors in terms of the impacts being felt (Shadbegian and Gray 2003 ). Using a Cobb–Douglas production function to study 68 pulp and paper mills, 55 oil refineries and 27 steel mills, it was found that a $1 increase in pollution abatement costs leads to an estimated productivity decline of $3.11, $1.80 and $5.98 in the paper, oil and steel industries respectively. However, the study noted that that these figures indicate proximate impacts and long-term viability of the sector through pollution abatement in terms of increased worker productivity was not estimated. Researchers within the United States have largely avoided focusing on pollution costs at the industry level because of these concerns. This is why focused studies that only lay out pollution abatement costs as a constrained locus of analysis in the short-term are very few. Such studies are largely industry consulting reports for internal usage since broader environmental economics research tends to focus on development outcomes for a larger number of stakeholders in society.

For example, within China (Liu 2012 ), there has been some ongoing research on pollution abatement costs in the context of energy competitiveness. However, here too researchers are trying to consider the cost models in terms of different technological options. Indeed, the marginal return on investment in pollution control based on particular technologies, can be the most constructive short-term way of analyzing abatement costs for corporate decision-making and public policy. For specific pollutants where high morbidity and mortality in health and ecosystem function are feared, performance based regulations can encourage development of newer more cost-effective technologies. This has been the approach taken on mercury pollution in China. For example, Alcora et al ( 2015 ) found that 193 tons of mercury was removed in 2010 in China's coal-fired power sector, with annualized mercury emission control costs of 2.7 billion Chinese Yuan (Aprox $ 450 million). Under a projected 2030 Emission Control (EC) scenario with stringent mercury limits compared to BAU scenario, the increase of selective catalytic reduction systems technology was then considered alongside halogen injection (HI), that could contribute to 39 tons of mercury removal at a cost of 3.8 billion CNY. Policy makers would thus need to consider economic tradeoffs based on incentives for new technological development within this time period or consider subsidies for reduction.

The concern about focused research on pollution abatement costs also stems from the context that the impacts of environmental pollution is realized at different time scales from economic benefits. Therefore, we tend to use a discounting factor (often manifest even as high discount interest rate) for future benefits of pollution abatement and conversely a high economic cost for the short-term investment needed to curtail the pollution. Thus pollution abatement gets presented as a 'luxury' for those who are already entitled with economic security and the immediacy of income generation can trump the long-term concern about environmental resilience of the full economic system.

This perception of grassroots priorities is often reflected in developing country respondents to surveys on prioritization of government expenditure. Consider, for example a survey conducted by Globescan of 10 000 Africans from 10 countries across the continent in 2007 5 . The fundamental question asked was: What should be our government's top priority? The results reflect the salience of livelihoods to residents of the world's most impoverished continent. Finding jobs may well be the most significant issue for Africans, whereas protecting the environment is of least priority in terms of expenditure. This seeming paradox between the observable impact of pollution on health and well-being versus a lack of public prioritization has also been documented by Greenstone and Jack ( 2015 ). They suggest some possible causal mechanisms that deserve further research in what they term as a new field of 'envirodevonomics'. Such a research agenda would specially help in considering livelihood and jobs linkages to environmental harm.

It can also be argued that making a linear argument for any industry simply on the basis of jobs can be problematic, if the jobs being created are harmful to society—for example, the huge employment created by the highly pollution-intensive arms trade (Yang et al 2015 ). Instead, what is needed is a consideration of opportunity costs of particular forms of employment with a view of livelihoods that considers various potential paths to development that may involve a short-term slow-down in job creation in pollution-intensive sectors to deliver a more long-term and sustainable job creation in other sectors (Elliott and Lindley 2017 ).

There is thus a need to consider abatement costs in proximate terms versus long-term benefits of the abatement cost as an investment towards a sustainable economy. There is also evidence to suggest that pollution abatement costs tend to provide increasing returns to scale, which in turn can also explain some observations of why inflection points in the EKC framework can be found. Managi ( 2006 ) studied how pollution abatement through choice of pesticide and dispensing technologies due to regulations led to increasing return on investments. Investment in abatement technologies for most common air pollutants for which major abatement costs are incurred such as sulfur or nitrogen oxides reduction also shows an increase in marginal return on investment per unit of pollution abated (Pappin et al 2015 ).

Moser et al ( 2013 ) suggest that we consider pollution abatement in terms of a competitive market economy where a continuum of identical firms using identical technologies produce a homogenous income creation, which impacts aggregate macroeconomic indicators such as GDP. In this economy, two types of capital are accumulated. First, there is conventional capital, also called brown capital, which is more pollution-intensive. Secondly, a less-polluting green capital is presented. Furthermore, the government sets environmental performance standards which entrepreneurs (who are often the job creators in a development process) are obligated to meet. The necessary abatement effort and costs depend on the stringency of these environmental regulations. Consequently, firms adopting cleaner technologies have to spend less on EOP abatement. This benefit, however, comes at a cost because the required resources for green research and development could be invested otherwise profitably in conventional research and development.

However, their analysis shows, that increasing environmental regulation indeed has a positive impact on the accumulation of green capital and on the increase of green R&D investments. This can especially be seen when the shares of capital levels and R&D investments under varying stringency of environmental standards are considered. Although both capital levels decline, increasing abatement costs even accelerate the decrease of brown capital levels so that in total production turns out to be greener the higher environmental quality standards are. The same applies for R&D investments. They conclude that environmental regulation standards can cause a shift to greener production but only at the cost of reduced economic growth. Therefore, the introduction of additional environmental instruments, such as taxes or subsidies, could be considered if this causal pathway for pollution abatement is taken into account. Indeed, there are studies showing that a pollution tax can potentially have a 'double dividend' by reducing pollution while spurring economic growth (Fisher and van Marrewijk 1998 ). This was unfolded in the concept of co-benefits as the idea of having alternatives for achieving economic, environmental and human development goals at the same time, even though there is a long way to bring it to mainstream practice due to technical and political economy factors (Puppim de Oliveira 2013 ). Moreover, environmental regulations have different effects on different environmental problems and may not be possible in a different governance context. For example, Mie Prefecture in Japan was successful to tackle air pollution with environmental regulations in 1960s, but it has had problems with reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (Puppim de Oliveira 2011 ).

An empirical example of how 'green capital' can be considered in terms of the cost of pollution control regulations was researched by Cai et al ( 2011 ). They studied pollution mitigation policies in China's power generation sector from 2006 to 2009 and noted that this caused a total of 44 thousand net jobs losses. However, as the share of renewable energy that has an indirect employment impacts increased. The renewable energy policies from 2006 to 2010 actually resulted in 472 thousand net job gains. Their research suggests that to ensure the co-existence of green economy and green jobs in China's power generation sector, policy makers should further promote solar PV, biomass and wind technologies. They concluded therefore that in 2010, for every 1% increase in the share of solar PV generation there could be a 0.68% increase in total employment in China, larger than any other power generation technology.

There is also an overarching international dimension of pollution abatement's impact on global economic activity which needs to be considered in the context of trade. In the landmark anthology on this topic, the role of environmental regulation on economic activity edited by Boyle ( 1994 ), Benedict Kingsbury identifies a tripartite division of trade measures which need to be considered in terms of overall regulatory impacts on the economic activity: those intended to have a direct effect on a perceived environmental problem (e.g. trade measures relating to transboundary environmental issues, or to protection of the domestic environment); those taken in direct support of a different measure directed at the environmental problem (e.g. the ban on trade in ozone-depleting substances under the Montreal Convention); and trade measures (sanctions or incentives) intended to change environmental behavior which is essentially unrelated to the trade measure (Boyle 1994 ). Each of these approaches can have highly divergent impacts on the economy at a local level as well as on long-term international economic stability. However, international governance mechanisms which recognize the danger of a 'race to the bottom' in terms of pollution havens emerging at national and sub-national levels deserve attention (Porter 1999 ). The relevance of this 'unpacking' of trade policy can assist governments in considering the kind of pollution abatement pathway that should be deliberated within each regional context.

1.4. Pollution's negative impact on economic growth

The primacy of natural capital as a limiting means from which we derive other forms of capital is a fundamental premise in both economic and ecological sciences. Technological progress and innovation can often augment the availability of natural capital but a decline in basic environmental systems that support natural capital still remains a looming concern (Kolstad 2010 ). Yet, neoclassical economics has generally thought of pollution as a 'social cost' rather than an 'economic cost.' Harkening back to the work of Nobel laureates Ronald Coase ( 1960 ) and Robert Solow ( 1971 ), pollution was presented as an externality. There was historically also a distinct differentiation in the study of natural resource depletion (resource economics) which was embarked upon by pioneering resource economists such as Hotelling ( 1931 ) and concerns about the pollution outcomes of economic activity (environmental economics) by scholars such as Krutilla ( 1967 ) and Kneese ( 1971 ). Later economists, like 2018 Nobel laureate William Nordhaus, extended some of the concerns about pollution's impact on society and the economy as whole in the context of planetary pollutants such as ozone and greenhouse gases (Nordhaus 1994 ), but largely kept issues of resource depletion and pollution separate.

This reductionist approach came under sharp criticism from ecological economists who saw environmental decline both in terms of absolute depletion of resource stocks, as well as relative depletion due to pollution impairing use of the resource (Norgaard 1989 , Krishnan et al 1995 ). Ultimately, if natural capital is depleted through overharvesting of stocks or through unviability of harvests due to pollution impact on the resource (for example heavy metal contamination of fish), there will inevitably be a negative impact on economic growth.

However, there is also another important dimension of how pollution can stifle the full potential of economic growth which was first noted and modeled by Fisher and van Marrewijk ( 1998 ). In their model of extended generations of human development where clean air was a pure public good that could be used as a private input for production, they noted that firms that profit from pollution crowd out investment in innovation and slow economic growth.

There is growing evidence of the negative impact of pollution on economic growth and that we need to pay far more attention to indicators of environmental harm such as the ecological carrying capacity to prevent irreversible harm to particular ecosystems that also sustain livelihoods. In addition to direct impacts on environmental systems that can impact natural capital which in turn influences growth, there is also a major loss in productivity caused by the health impacts of pollution. Respiratory distress can lead to lost work days and have a major impact on the economic output of a locality. A rigorous study of air pollution in Jakarta, Indonesia is a widely cited example in recent years in which the annual cost of air pollution, which is estimated to result on average around 3000 deaths, at around $180 million, which is 1% of the city's GDP (Resosodarmu and Napitupulu 2004 ). The study also considered the benefits of pollution abatement in this context by forecasting at the time of publication up to 2015 using a range of policy and growth scenarios.

At the national level, China (Lu et al 2016 ) is perhaps the archetypal example of the ultimate impact of pollution on economic indicators, and for the past ten years or so, the government has measured the economic impact of pollution on its economy. One Chinese government study in 2006, cited by the New China Agency, suggested that the country's western provinces will suffer an annual loss equivalent to 15 billion euros, or 13% of the region's gross domestic product, because of environmental damage 6 . The Indian government conducted a similar study of damage caused by pollution in in the country in 1999 and estimated the cost at $14 billion annually: amounting to close to 4.5%–6% of GDP (Managi and Ranjan Jena 2008 ). Such estimates rely on a mixture of lost production due to closure of sites due to pollution; health impacting workers resulting in lost labor hours as well as healthcare costs. Despite clear evidence emerging of the long-term impacts of pollution on conventional measures of macroeconomic performance such as growth, often the more consequential impact which needs to be considered by development practitioners.

The direct loss of livelihoods from natural resources can also be an additional metric of pollution impacts on economic growth. For example, research on acid rain's impact on fisheries in the Adirondack region by Caputo et al ( 2017 ) and Beier et al ( 2017 ) suggest that the economic value of the fishing resource itself declines measurably with reduced pH. For small regional economies, this can have substantive localized impact on economic growth but is challenging to isolate and measure.

Another means of estimating the connection between pollution and economic growth is to consider productivity impacts in particular sectors. For example, a study by Aragona and Rud ( 2016 ) in Ghana used a consumer–producer household framework to estimate the agricultural production function and found that farmers located near pollution-intensive mines experienced a relative reduction in total factor productivity of almost 40% between 1997 and 2005.

Concerns of pollution's impact on productivity are not confined only to the outdoor environment. There is also clear evidence from research in experimental economics that there can be productivity losses of between 6% and 9% due to indoor air pollution in common office spaces coupled with noise pollution (Wyon 2004 ).

A corollary for economic growth which has also been used by researchers interested in studying the impact of pollution is the labor supply availability. In a recent study of the impact of pollution in Mexico City on the hours worked by residents near an oil refinery Hanna and Oliva ( 2015 ) found that a 20% drop in sulfur dioxide results in 1.3 h increase in hours worked the following week. This implies an $126 per worker gain from reduced absenteeism over the course of the year for those who lived in close proximity to the refinery. Aggregating such analysis can generate some estimates for direct growth impacts, though accounting for intervening exogenous variables makes that next leap of estimating more challenging.

Thus studies looking at the negative impact of pollution on economic development tend to focus on aggregated impacts in the whole economy in larger scale at the medium and long-term, instead of analyzing impacts of pollution abatement private costs on specific firms in the short-term (such as in item C).

1.5. Pollution's negative impact on human development in spite of economic growth

As noted by the World Bank in its Approach paper on pollution, approximately nine million people die annually from pollution, mostly young children (1.7 million) and older people (4.9 million). 94%, or 8.4 million, of the 9 million deaths caused each year by pollution occur in lower-middle-income countries (Landrigan and Fuller 2016 ). The paper further notes that 'healthy life years lost due to pollution in developing countries amount to 15 times that of developed countries' (WHO 2014a , 2014b ).

One of the most widely studied pollutant is arsenic, which also occurs naturally in parts of Eastern India and Bangladesh and often contaminates the water supply. However, the same inference about pollution linkages to development could be drawn of anthropogenic pollutants as the causal pathways of impact on human capital is identical, whether the pollutant is coming from natural or man-made sources. In one study of Murshidabad region of India Samadder ( 2011 ) studied a population of 1.07 million with 0.32 million exposed to arsenic above the 0.05 mg l −1 , which the WHO considers permissible in drinking water. The Human Development Index of all six spatial blocks analyzed in this study was severely impact by the arsenic pollution and reduced by as much as 25%, largely due to reduction in life expectancy. Another way to analyze the data could be to consider the environmental justice concerns (Schlosberg 2002 ), which would suggest that property values would be lower in areas of arsenic and hence pollution would more greatly impact the poor through market mechanisms. Evidence for such differentiated exposure to pollution by the poor has been documented most comprehensively by Walker ( 2012 ).

Mercury is another notable pollutant which has been widely studied and has recently resulted in an international treaty on its control (The Minamata Convention on Mercury, which entered into force in August 2017). In the most widely cited study Trasande et al ( 2005 ) found that the costs to the U.S. economy of anthropogenic (or human produced) mercury emissions due to decreased IQ's ranges from $2.2 billion to $43.8 billion annually (costs are in 2000 dollars). Given the vast range in cost estimates, there can be even greater concern for local variation in terms of policy-making. Thus, for example, this study was used by the state government of Minnesota to develop mercury policy and concluded that American mercury emissions cost Minnesota an estimated $6.7–$263.2 million annually and American power plant emissions cost Minnesota an estimated $1.7–$108.3 million annually. The total cost of anthropogenic mercury emissions, including emissions worldwide, is roughly $36.6–29.5 million annually. Minnesota's use of coal (which attributes to mercury emissions) to generate power is higher than the national average. In 2004, coal was the source of 65% of Minnesota's energy across the total electric power industry.

In addition to health impacts, pollution can hamper development by reducing the viability of land for agriculture, water usage for fishing and trees for forestry. The connection of the poor to global value chains is often considered a way to help quell poverty. Yet, the ecological resilience of the environment to pollution in which the poor are often situated can test this presumption (Bolwig et al 2008 ).

The concept of ecosystem services as a common-good that is provided to all social strata of society may help to address some of these concerns about environmental injustice as well as providing an accounting mechanism for us to reconcile economic development and environmental conservation (Adams et al 2004 ). Quantifying the financial value that comes from conserving nature has been a major area for research and led to the concept of 'ecosystem services'—those benefits provided by nature that have direct economic benefit but do not have a market (Daily ed. 2012 ). This also led to further investment by the international banking community in recent years including The World Bank in programs which can allow for accounting of these ecosystem services 7 . The next question to ask, however, is if the accounting can be carried out, how might we use financial transaction to help the poor conserve nature. The concept of 'payment for ecosystems services' (PES) has emerged as a result and is now being widely used as a policy tool to mitigate the ultimate development harms of environmental decline (Kumar and Muradian 2009 ).

Research on the efficacy of PES deserves greater attention The findings of Bulte et al ( 2008 ) support the analysis of Pagiola et al ( 2005 ) who suggested that the pre-condition for PES programs to have beneficial effects on poverty reduction is that the poor should: (i) be in the 'right place'; (ii) want to participate (e.g. it should 'fit' into the farm practice); and (iii) be able to participate (e.g. they should be able to make the necessary investments, have sufficiently secure tenure, etc). However, they also conclude that tying PES and poverty reduction may result in lower efficiency in meeting either objective—and in fact it may be better to focus programs on one or the other objective separately. Nonetheless, since PES programs can have indirect effects on the poor-through changes in food prices, wages and land access—poverty and the poor do need to be taken into consideration in designing PES programs, even if poverty reduction is not an objective of the program. However, there is a rising concerns of some authors about the 'commoditization' of the ecosystem services in a market, which can lead to over-exploitation and evictions of the traditional ecosystem users to make the services available to those who can afford paying for the ecological services (Lohmann 2016 ). Thus 'green growth' could be achieved, but the benefits would not be distributed evenly for all.

1.6. Circular economy a way forward?

As we consider win–win opportunities in balancing economic and environmental issues, the nascent concept of a 'circular economy' posits a definitive paradigm shift in the way industrial processes relate to the modern economy (World Economic Forum 2014 , Ghisellini et al 2016 ). The conventional economic model has been focused on linear material flows from mines to markets. However, a circular economy approach that has emerged in recent years suggests the need to reconfigure the economic systems around materials recycling and hence circularity. As with any such major shift in human endeavor, a strong philosophical underpinning can help to draw theoretical insights which in turn allow for transferability of concepts across cases. In this article, the aim is to suggest that a form of dialectical analysis has particular potential in addressing many of the concerns raised by critics of a circular economy. Circularity in modern discourse often implies stasis and thus the circular economy paradigm encounters the same criticism from many neoclassical economists which was faced by Herman Daly ( 1991 ) three decades ago with his concept of a 'Steady-State Economy.' There were two key avenues of critique with regard to such an approach: (a) 'steady-state' implied an atrophy of incentives for innovation and hence would diminish the potential for technological advancement of humanity; (b) the development needs of the indigent on the planet meant we had a moral imperative for economic growth that would be precluded by a steady-state economy. It is important to note, however, that proponents of circular economy are willing to embrace growth, so long as material flows are better cycled within the growth paradigm—they are thus focused on stability at the microeconomic level rather than having a steady-state at the macro-economic level (George et al 2015 ).

A neglected aspect of the circular economy discourse has been an evaluation of how such a paradigm would impact basic human development challenges. There seems to be is a presumption that 'win–win' outcomes would emerge from efficient systems in a circular economy that could provide development dividends in the world's poorer nations (Ghisellini et al 2016 ). Yet some of the dominant premises of a circular economy necessitate reduced consumption and increased durability of material products which has the potential for a major impact on human development in areas that depend on livelihoods from those processes. The simple idea of increasing efficiency by a circular economy will lead to the solution for the increasing ecological footsteps does not hold true, as the Jevon's Paradox may boost aggregate consumption of more efficient system in the long-term in a market economy (Jevons 1865 , Dale et al 2016 ). Overall reduction in consumption may be necessary.

As a locus of analysis, consumption of myriad products and services and the fundamental primary resources on which they depend provides an essential link between economic development and environmental impact (Ali 2010 ). In this regard, there have been calls in the literature to have a better environmental accounting system to track elemental inputs and outputs so as to gauge the tradeoffs between positive economic impact of a project and is negative environmental effects (Almeida et al 2017 ). Further enhancements to the classic input-output modeling developed by Nobel laureate Wassily Leontief ( 1986 ) have been enhanced by some of his protégés within ecological engineering most notably Duchin and Glenn-Marie ( 1995 ).

A major concern in implementing a circular economy model would be the ultimate provision of employment in an economy structured around conventional jobs. Optimists in this regard would argue that a transition to a service sector and its concomitant wealth creation would counterbalance the reduced throughput of manufacturing employment and livelihoods for industrial economies. The transition of livelihoods following automation of major labor-intensive industries during the past century is often alluded to in this vein. Core to such a transition in employment has been the role of entrepreneurs that fuel new opportunities for employment and livelihood growth (McMillan and Woodruff 2002 ). However, the opportunities to benefit from a more circular economy through increasing the value and efficiency of waste material can displace jobs from those less powerful. For example, increasing the value to recyclables can lead to the emergence of recycling companies to the detriment of waste pickers (Do Carmo and Puppim de Oliveira 2010 ). Moreover, there are limits to the absorption of employment by the service sector, even in advanced economies, as researched by scholars such as Ebner ( 2010 ). The potential for high population developing countries in reaching a saturation of entrepreneurial activity deserves further study in the green technology sector, similar to how it has been studied in the case of the IT sector in India. However, such analysis will require a much broader global effort to harness data across supply chains of material usage. In a neoclassical paradigm of green growth, the long-term economic development through increasing efficiency in a more circular economy may lead to more green jobs in the short and medium term, but overall less jobs in the long-term with the continuous push to efficiency through competition mechanisms (Dale et al 2016 ).

2. Conclusion: opportunities for win–win policy options

Harkening back to the 1992 World Development Report which was themed for the first time on issues of 'Development and the Environment' there was a clear recognition that economic growth and the environment were inextricably linked and that neither are functionally exogenous to each other (World Bank 1992 ). That salient observation still holds true, though it has since been unpacked through research. The literature presented in this paper has highlighted the mechanisms by which the interactions between financial and natural capital, as manifest often in terms of economic growth and ecological resilience, respectively occur.

Population growth, particularly in the context of developing countries, remains a lingering imponderable for a more coherent vision for balancing environmental tradeoffs with economic growth. Even with short-term economic growth, a downward spiral can occur by the negative feedback loops between natural capital decline, and rush to overexploitation due to desperation—the fabled 'tragedy of the commons' outcome that we were warned of by Hardin ( 1968 ). Such a presumption of population impacts on irreversible environmental decline further led Hardin to post the extreme view of 'Life Boat Ethics' whereby we would sacrifice other development goals in favor of extreme resource conservation, for what was deemed by many neo-Malthusians as an existential environmental crisis (Hardin 1974 ). However, such an approach is no longer plausible in terms of global ethical norms and a realization that some level of irreversible global environmental decline may well be acceptable to meet some human development objectives. The key focus of environmentalists is now to ascertain which 'planetary boundaries' are the most salient for conservation (Steffen et al 2015 ).

Population growth can suggest greater innovation potential and an able workforce—often termed 'the demographic dividend'—but also a major drain on resource endowments. The IPAT equation (Ecological impact = Population × Affluence × Technology) needs to be revisited here to consider how best to operationalize a circular economy within a development context. The various permutations of this equation have been admirably studied before (particularly, Chertow 2001 ) and are beyond the scope of this article. Suffice it to say that for our purposes here, the technological variable needs to be better connected to the concept of 'planned obsolescence', which is an important feature of consumer product-driven development (Guiltinan 2009 ). One effort to incorporate the IPAT analysis within a circular economy has been posited for the development of Shaanxi province in China (Ying and Wen-ping 2015 ). However, the technological variable in their analysis is not adequately unpacked to consider the development and innovation dividends of obsolescence (Kurz 2015 ). Product design, modularity and finding more ecologically sustainable energy sources would likely be needed to ensure that a 'spiral of development' that was envisaged by social ecologist Murray Bookchin ( 1995 ) as a dialectical process can occur as the circular economy is established. Other win–win opportunities are also offered by proponents of green technology economic multipliers and ways of 'technological leapfrogging' which would reduce resource intensity and pollution while growing the economy, albeit more slowly (Pollin 2015 ).

Ultimately, the costs of pollution to society and economic growth occur over longer time horizons than the internalization of abatement costs at the level of industry. However, the kind of governance established can influence the outcomes and response from economic actors (Puppim de Oliveira and Jabbour 2017 ). Moreover, pollution's impact on economic growth is measured more indirectly as well through loss of productivity and health costs rather than through a direct causal relationship. Thus the pollution-development nexus must continue to be an area of intense research activity from a broad range of disciplines. Ultimately, the value of pollution control will need to be constantly evaluated as new technologies emerge across the multiple pathways and connections between pollution and development presented in this review paper.

The OECD used the ENV-Linkages computable general equilibrium model, alongside the Integrated Model to Assess Global Environment (IMAGE) and the Timer Image Energy Regional (TIMER) model—developed by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP)—with some additional input from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) agricultural-economy model developed at the Agricultural Economics Institute of the Netherlands.

Survey conducted under the auspices of the Commission for Africa: http://commissionforafrica.info/ .

Study cited by Brice Pedroletti, 'En Chine, le déficit de politique écologique menace les performances économiques.' Le Monde, 2 July 2005. This point is expanded in Ali, Saleem H 'In China globalization can be green.' The International Herald Tribune (30 May 2006).

Refer to the World Bank's Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services portal: www.wavespartnership.org .

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102 Water Pollution Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Water pollution essays are an excellent way to demonstrate your awareness of the topic and your position on the solutions to the issue. To help you ease the writing process, we prepared some tips, essay topics, and research questions about water pollution.

🌎 Air and Water pollution: Essay Writing Tips

🏆 best water pollution essay topics & examples, 📌 remarkable air and water pollution research topics, 👍 good research topics about water pollution, ❓ research questions about water pollution.

Water’s ready availability in many locations makes it an easy choice for a variety of purposes, from cleaning to manufacturing to nuclear reactor cooling. However, many companies will then dump water, now mixed with waste, back into rivers or lakes without adequate cleaning, leading to significant environmental pollution.

However, there are other types of harm, such as noise pollution, which are less obvious but also dangerous to sea life. It is critical that you understand what you should and should not do during your writing process.

The stance that big manufacturing industries are the sole culprits of the damage done to the world’s rivers and oceans is a popular one. However, do not neglect the effects of other water pollution essay topics such as microorganisms.

Microbes can spread dangerous illnesses, making them a danger for both water inhabitants and the people who then use that water. Furthermore, they can eat up oxygen if left unchecked, starving fish and other water organisms and eventually making them die out.

Such situations usually result from agricultural practices, which can lead to powerful nutrients entering the water and enabling algae and other microorganisms to grow excessively. An overly lively environment can be as harmful as one where everything is threatened.

With that said, industrial manufacturers deserve much of the attention and blame they receive from various communities. Construction of dedicated waste-cleaning facilities is usually possible, but companies avoid doing so because the process will increase their costs.

You should advocate for green practices, but be mindful of the potential impact of a significant price increase on the global economy. Also, be sure to mention more exotic pollution variations in your types of water pollution essay.

Provide examples of noise pollution or suspended matter pollution to expand on the topic of the complexity of the harm humanity causes to the ecosphere.

You should show your understanding that there are many causes, and we should work on addressing all of them, a notion you should repeat in your water pollution essay conclusions.

However, you should try to avoid being sidetracked too much and focus on the titles of pollution and its immediate causes.

If you stretch far enough, you may connect the matter to topics such as the status of a woman in Islam. However, doing so contributes little to nothing to your point and deviates from the topic of ecology into social and religious studies.

Leave the search for connections to dedicated researchers and concentrate on discussing the major causes that are known nowadays. By doing this, you will be able to create an excellent and powerful work that will demonstrate your understanding of the topic.

Here are some tips for your writing:

• Be sure to discuss the different types of pollution that is caused by the same source separately. Surface and groundwater pollution are different in their effects and deserve separate discussions.
• Focus on the issues and not on solutions, as an essay does not provide enough space to discuss the latter in detail.
• Be sure to discuss the effects of pollution on people and other land inhabitants as well as on water creatures.

Check IvyPanda to get more water pollution essay titles, paper ideas, and other useful samples!

• Water Pollution: Causes, Effects and Possible Solutions This is why clean water is required in all the places to make sure the people and all the living creatures in the planet live a good and healthy life.
• Air and Water Pollution in the Modern World The high number of vehicles in the city has greatly promoted air pollution in the area. Poor sewerage system, high pollution from industries and automobiles are among the major causes of air and water pollutions […]
• Water Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Prevention Farmers should be encouraged to embrace this kind of farming which ensures that the manure used is biodegradable and do not end up accumulating in the water bodies once they are washed off by floods.
• Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area In this brief economic analysis of water pollution in Metro Manila, it is proposed to look at the industrial use of waters and the household use to understand the impact that the population growth and […]
• Coca-Cola India and Water Pollution Issues The first difficulty that the representatives of the Coca-Cola Company happened to face due to their campaign in the territory of India was caused by the concerns of the local government.
• Cashion Water Quality: Spatial Distribution of Water Pollution Incidents This essay discusses the quality of water as per the report of 2021 obtained from the municipality, the quality issue and the source of pollution, and how the pollution impacts human health and the environment […]
• Water Pollution: OIL Spills Aspects The effects of the oil spill on a species of ducks called the Harlequin ducks were formulated and the author attempted to trace out the immediate and residual effects of the oil on the birds.
• Importance of Mercury Water Pollution Problem Solutions The severity of the mercury contamination consequences depends on the age of the person exposed to the contamination, the way of contamination, the health condition, and many other factors.
• Water Pollution as a Crime Against the Environment In particular, water pollution is a widespread crime against the environment, even though it is a severe felony that can result in harm to many people and vast territories.
• Newark Water Crisis: Water Pollution Problem The main problem was rooted in the fact that lead levels in the drinking water were highly elevated, which is dangerous and detrimental to the population’s health.
• Water Pollution in a Community: Mitigation Plan Though for the fact that planet earth is abundant with water and almost two-thirds of the planet is made up of water still it is viewed that in future years, a shortage of water may […]
• Food Distribution and Water Pollution Therefore, food distribution is one of the central reasons for water pollution. According to Greenpeace, one of the ways to improve the ecology of the planet is by creating healthy food markets.
• Water Pollution and Associated Health Risks The results of plenty of studies indicate the existence of the relation between the contamination of water by hazardous chemicals and the development of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, asthma, allergies, as well as reproductive […]
• Lake Erie Water Pollution There are worries among the members of the community that the lake could be facing another episode of high toxicity, and they have called for the authorities to investigate the main causes of the pollution […]
• Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan All players need to be trained in significant areas of business so as they can handle them with care and beware of the potential they have in causing damage.
• Water Pollution in the US: Causes and Control Although water pollution can hardly be ceased entirely, the current rates of water pollution can be reduced by resorting to the sustainable principle of water use in both the industrial area and the realm of […]
• Water Pollution and Management in the UAE The groundwater in UAE meets the needs of 51% of users in terms of quantity mainly for irrigation. Surface water is the source of groundwater and plays a major role in groundwater renewal.
• Water Pollution and Its Challenges Water pollution refers to a situation where impurities find way into water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and ground water. This is a form of pollution where impurities enter water bodies through distinct sources such […]
• Water Pollution Sources, Effects and Control Unfortunately, not all the users of water are responsible to ensure that proper disposal or treatment of the used water is done before the water is returned to the water bodies.
• Water in Crisis: Public Health Concerns in Africa In the 21st century, the world faces a crisis of contaminated water, which is the result of industrialization and is a major problem in developing countries.
• Air and Water Pollution Thus, it is classified as a primary pollutant because it is the most common pollutants in the environment. In the environment, the impact of carbon monoxide is felt overtime, since it leads to respiratory problems.
• Causes of Water Pollution and the Present Environmental Solution Prolonged pollution of water has even caused some plants to grow in the water, which pose danger to the living entities that have their inhabitants in the water.
• Water Pollution & Diseases (Undeveloped Nations) Restriction on movement and access to the affected area affects trade and the loss of human life and deteriorated health is a major blow on the economy and on the quality of human life.
• Water and Water Pollution in Point of Economics’ View This research tries to explain the importance of water especially in an economist’s perspective by explaining the uses of water in various fields, pollution of water and the agents of pollution.
• Environmental Justice Issues Affecting African Americans: Water Pollution Water pollution in the 1960s occurred due to poor sewage systems in the urban and rural areas. Unlike in the 1960s, there are reduced cases of water pollution today.
• Water Pollution and Wind Energy Chemical pollution of water is one of the leading causes of death of aquatic life. It is thus evident that chemical pollution of water not only has negative effects on health, but it also substantially […]
• Air and Water Pollution in Los Angeles One of the major problems facing major cities and towns in the world is pollution; wastes from firms and households are the major causes of pollution.
• Water Pollution Causes and Climate Impacts The biggest percentage of sewage waste consists of water, treating the wastes for recycling would help in maintaining a constant supply of water.
• Water Pollution Origins and Ways of Resolving The evidence provided by environmental agencies indicates that industrial agriculture is one of the factors that significantly contribute to the deterioration of water quality.
• Mud Lick Creek Project – Fresh Water Pollution This potential source of pollutants poses significant risks to the quality of water at the creek in terms altering the temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and the turbidity of the water.
• Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society
• Water Pollution and Abstraction and Economic Instruments
• Water Pollution and Individual Effects of Water Pollution
• Understanding What Causes Water Pollution
• An Analysis of Water Pollution as a Global Plague That Affects the People, Animals and Plants
• Water Pollution Through Urban and Rural Land Use and Freshwater Allocation in New Zealand
• Water Pollution: Globalization, One of the Causes and Part of the Solution
• Voluntary Incentives for Reducing Agricultural Nonpoint Source Water Pollution
• The Impact of Water Pollution on Public Health in Flint, Michigan
• Understanding Water Pollution and Its Causes
• The Promises and Pitfalls of Devolution: Water Pollution Policies in the American States
• We Must Fight Against Water Pollution
• Transaction Costs and Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Water Pollution Control Policies
• Water Pollution and Drinking Water Quality
• Water Pollution: An Insight into the Greatest Environmental Risk
• US Water Pollution Regulation over the Past Half Century: Burning Waters to Crystal Springs
• Environmental Impact and Health Risks of Water Pollution to a Child
• Water Pollution Environment Effects Chemicals
• The Negative Effects of Water Pollution on Fish Numbers in America
• The Problem of Oil Spills and Water Pollution in Alaska
• Water Pollution in the United State: The Causes and Effects
• California Water Pollution Act Clean Laws
• The Need to Immediately Stop Water Pollution in the United States
• Water Pollution, Causes, Effects and Prevention
• The Water Pollution Prevention in Oceanic Areas
• Water Pollution and the Biggest Environmental Issues Today
• Fresh Water Pollution Assignment
• Water pollution in Southeast Asia and China
• Water Pollution Caused by Industrial Equipment
• The Impacts of Water Pollution on Economic Development in Sudan
• The Importance of Recycling to Prevent Water Pollution
• Water Pollution and Its Effects on The Environment
• The Sources, Environmental Impact, and Control of Water Pollution
• Water Quality and Contamination of Water Pollution
• Water Pollution and the World’s Worst Forms of Pollution
• The Problem of Water Pollution and the Solutions
• Comparing Contrast Legislative Approach Controlling Water Pollution Industrial
• An Analysis of the Water Pollution and it’s Effects on the Environment
• Water Pollution and The Natural Environment
• The Importance of Clean Drinking Water Pollution
• Water Pollution and Arsenic Pollution
• The Issue of Water Pollution in the Drinking Water in Brisbane
• What Are the Causes and Effects of Water Pollution?
• What Is the Effect of Water Pollution on Humanity?
• How Can Leaders Tackle with Water Pollution in China?
• What Is the Drinking Water Pollution Control Act?
• What Was the Social Water Pollution?
• How Non-Point Is Water Pollution Controlled in Agriculture?
• What Is Canada’s Water Pollution Dilemma?
• Water Pollution: Why Is There Trash in the Ocean?
• What Are the Problems Associated with Water Pollution?
• What Is the Connection Between Air and Water Pollution?
• How Water Pollution Effects Marine Life?
• What Are the Leading Factors of Water Pollution Around the World?
• Why Is Water Pollution an Important Issue Environmental Sciences?
• What Are the Factors That Causes Water Pollution and Its Effects on the World Today?
• What Are There Inorganic Chemicals Cause Water Pollution?
• How Does Drinking Water Pollution Impact the World Environmental Sciences?
• Is There a Connection Between Drinking Water Quality and Water Pollution?
• How to Deal with the Big Problem of Deforestation and Water Pollution in Brazil and the Colombian Amazon?
• Why Is China’s Water Pollution Challenge?
• What Is the Ground Water Pollution Assignment?
• How to Deal the Big Problem of Water Pollution in the World?
• How to Reduce Air and Water Pollution?
• What Is the Harmonizing Model with Transfer Tax on Water Pollution Across Regional Boundaries in China’s Lake Basin?
• Are the Causes and Effects of Water Pollution Determined in Lake Huron?
• Can Water Pollution Policy Be Efficient?
• What Are the Kinds of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences?
• What Causes Water Pollution and Its Effects?
• What Effect Does Water Pollution Have on KZN Citizens?
• How Is Water Pollution Managed in Viet Nam’s Craft Villages?
• What Should You Know About Water Pollution?
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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Home > CNS > ECO > Environmental Conservation Masters Theses Collection

Environmental Conservation Masters Theses Collection

Theses from 2024 2024.

Effects of Habitat, Density, and Climate on Moose and Winter Tick Ecology in the northeastern U.S. , Juliana Berube, Environmental Conservation

Adaptive Silviculture for Wildlife: Supporting Forest Biodiversity Through Climate Adaptation , Jahiya Clark, Environmental Conservation

Comparing Likelihood of Tree Failure Assessments Using Different Assessment Techniques , Ari Okun, Environmental Conservation

Use of Unoccupied Aerial Vehicle (Drones) Based Remote Sensing to Model Platform Topography and Identify Human-made Earthen Barriers in Salt Marshes , Joshua J. Ward, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2023 2023

Modeling the Effects of Forest Management Practices on Ecohydrologic Processes in the Antalya River Watershed of Turkey , Hilal Arslan, Environmental Conservation

HYDRO-SOCIAL TERRITORIES AND OIL PALM PLANTATIONS: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, AGRIBUSINESS, AND SAFE WATER ACCESS UNDER POWER RELATIONS IN KAIS, WEST PAPUA, INDONESIA , Briantama Asmara, Environmental Conservation

Evaluation of Acoustic Telemetry Array Performance and Fine- Scale and Broad-Scale Spatial Movement Patterns for Coral Reef Species in Culebra, Puerto Rico , Roxann Cormier, Environmental Conservation

Improving Energy Efficiency of School Buildings with Solar-Assisted Cooling for the Maldives , Ahmed Fathhee, Environmental Conservation

Pine Barrens Wildlife Management: Exploring the Impact of a Stressor and Active Management on Two Taxa at Camp Edwards , Andrew B. Gordon Jr, Environmental Conservation

Factors Affecting the Distribution of Malayan Sun Bear in Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary, Northern Myanmar , Min Hein Htike, Environmental Conservation

A Multi-Regional Assessment of Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus) Occupancy in Managed and Unmanaged Forests Using Autonomous Recording Units , Jeffery T. Larkin, Environmental Conservation

Climate Change Attitudes of United States Family Forest Owners and their Influence on Forest Management Practices , Logan Miller, Environmental Conservation

The Relative Effects of Functional Diversity and Structural Complexity on Carbon Dynamics in Late-Successional, Northeastern Mixed Hardwood Forests , Samantha Myers, Environmental Conservation

Factors influencing the occurrence and spread of aquatic invasive species in watershed systems , Hazel M. Ortiz, Environmental Conservation

PARTICIPATORY WETLAND GOVERNANCE IN RAMSAR – ASSESSING LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION IN INDIA , Seema Ravandale, Environmental Conservation

A REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE LINKED DECISIONS IN THE CONFISCATION OF ILLEGALLY TRADED TURTLES , Desiree Smith, Environmental Conservation

Effect of Alliaria petiolata management on post-eradication seed bank dynamics , Chloe Thompson, Environmental Conservation

Bog Turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) Population Dynamics and Response to Habitat Management in Massachusetts , Julia Vineyard, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2022 2022

Assessment of the Economic and Ecosystem Service Contributions of USDA Forest Service Landowner Assistance Programs in the Conterminous United States , Jacqueline S. Dias, Environmental Conservation

Exploring Urban Forestry Non-Governmental Organizations in the Temperate Forest Region of the United States , Alexander J. Elton, Environmental Conservation

Songbird-mediated Insect Pest Control in Low Intensity New England Agriculture , Samuel J. Mayne, Environmental Conservation

Perception and Value Assessment of Ecosystem Services in Rural and Urban Regions in Ecuador , Roberto S. Navarrete Arias, Environmental Conservation

Identifying New Invasives In The Face Of Climate Change: A Focus On Sleeper Populations , Ayodelé C. O'Uhuru, Environmental Conservation

A Tipping Point in the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest: Current and Future Land-Use and Climate Change Trends , Alula Shields, Environmental Conservation

Dynamics of Water Supply and Demand in the Bandama River Watershed of Cote d'Ivoire , Sarah Alima Traore, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2021 2021

Applying Ecological Theory to Amphibian Populations to Determine if Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) are Ideal and Free when Selecting Breeding Habitat , Taylor M. Braunagel, Environmental Conservation

Assessing the Impacts to Society Associated with the Use of Alternative Ammunition for Hunting on National Wildlife Refuges , Christopher Cahill, Environmental Conservation

Evaluation of Environmental Factors Influencing American Marten Distribution and Density in New Hampshire , Donovan Drummey, Environmental Conservation

Can Volunteers Learn to Prune Trees? , Ryan W. Fawcett, Environmental Conservation

The Efficacy of Habitat Conservation Assistance Programs for Family Forest Owners in Vermont , Margaret E. Harrington, Environmental Conservation

The Role of Vegetative Cover in Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change and Improving Public Health , Anastasia D. Ivanova, Environmental Conservation

Assessing the Structure and Function of Utility Forests in Massachusetts , Ryan Suttle, Environmental Conservation

Factors Influencing Stopover and Movement of Migratory Songbirds within the Silvio O. Conte National Fish and Wildlife Refuge , Jessica Tatten, Environmental Conservation

Patterns and mechanisms of intraspecific trait variation across thermal gradients in a marine gastropod , Andrew R. Villeneuve, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2020 2020

Habitat Associations of Priority Bird Species and Conservation Value on Small, Diversified Farms in New England , Isabel Brofsky, Environmental Conservation

Autonomous Recording Units as an Alternative Method for Monitoring Songbirds , Lindsay Clough, Environmental Conservation

Impact of Predators on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in the Eastern and Western United States , Ryan Crandall, Environmental Conservation

New England’s Underutilized Seafood Species: Defining And Exploring Marketplace Potential In A Changing Climate , Amanda Davis, Environmental Conservation

Improving Growth and Survival of Cultured Yellow Lampmussel (Lampsilis cariosa) for Restoring Populations , Virginia Martell, Environmental Conservation

From Intentional Awareness to Environmental Action: The Relationship Between Mindfulness and Pro-Environmental Behaviors , Nischal Neupane, Environmental Conservation

The Ecological Value of Spruce Plantations in Massachusetts , Calvin Ritter, Environmental Conservation

In-vitro Propagation and Fish Assessments to Inform Restoration of Dwarf Wedgemussel (Alasmidonta Heterodon) , Jennifer Ryan, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2019 2019

Hydrologic Structure and Function of Vernal Pools in South Deerfield, Massachusetts , Charlotte Axthelm, Environmental Conservation

Ecological and Economic Implications of Establishing Quercus spp. in the Urban Environment , Tierney Bocsi, Environmental Conservation

Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Management Effectiveness and Plant Community Response , Erin Coates-Connor, Environmental Conservation

Defining and Addressing Interconnected Goals in Groundwater Management Planning Across the USA , Allison Gage, Environmental Conservation

Root-Driven Weathering Impacts on Mineral-Organic Associations Over Pedogenic Time Scales , Mariela Garcia Arredondo, Environmental Conservation

Using Visual Media to Empower Citizen Scientists: A Case Study of the Outsmart App , Megan E. Kierstead, Environmental Conservation

Urban Biodiversity Experience and Exposure: Intervention and Inequality at the Local and Global Scale , Evan Kuras, Environmental Conservation

Arboriculture Safety Around The World , Jamie Lim, Environmental Conservation

Ecological Considerations and Application of Urban Tree Selection in Massachusetts , Ashley McElhinney, Environmental Conservation

The Women's Action: Participation through Resistance , Michael Roberts, Environmental Conservation

Eastern Whip-poor-will Habitat Associations in Fort Drum, NY , Kimberly Spiller, Environmental Conservation

The Role of International River Basin Organizations in Facilitating Science Use in Policy , Kelsey Wentling, Environmental Conservation

An Examination of Tern Diet in a Changing Gulf of Maine , Keenan Yakola, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2018 2018

Mapping Sandbars in the Connecticut River Watershed through Aerial Images for Floodplain Conservation , Bogumila Backiel, Environmental Conservation

You Must Estimate Before You Indicate: Design and Model-Based Methods for Evaluating Utility of a Candidate Forest Indicator Species , Jillian Fleming, Environmental Conservation

Performance of Floristic Quality Assessment in Massachusetts Forested Wetlands , Carolyn Gorss, Environmental Conservation

The Impact of Intraspecific Density on Garlic Mustard Sinigrin Concentration , Mercedes Harris, Environmental Conservation

Plants, Parasites, and Pollinators: The Effects of Medicinal Pollens on a Common Gut Parasite in Bumble Bees , George LoCascio, Environmental Conservation

Human and Climate Change Influences on Black (Diceros bicornis) and White (Ceratotherium simum) Rhinos in Southern Africa , Hlelolwenkhosi S. Mamba, Environmental Conservation

Watershed-Scale Modeling for Water Resource Sustainability in the Tuul River Basin of Mongolia , Javzansuren Norvanchig, Environmental Conservation

Impacts of Small, Surface-Release Dams on Stream Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen in Massachusetts , Peter Zaidel, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2017 2017

Accounting For Biotic Variability In Streams With Low Levels of Impervious Cover: The Role of Reach- and Watershed-Scale Factors , Catherine Bentsen, Environmental Conservation

Juvenile River Herring in Freshwater Lakes: Sampling Approaches for Evaluating Growth and Survival , Matthew T. Devine, Environmental Conservation

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON BIRD ABUNDANCE ALONG ELEVATION GRADIENTS IN THE NORTHERN APPALACHIANS , Timothy Duclos, Environmental Conservation

EVALUATION OF THE RECREATIONAL CATCH-AND-RELEASE FISHERY FOR GOLDEN DORADO SALMINUS BRASILIENSIS IN SALTA, ARGENTINA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT , Tyler Gagne, Environmental Conservation

Botswana’s Elephant-Back Safari Industry – Stress-Response in Working African Elephants and Analysis of their Post-Release Movements , Tanya Lama, Environmental Conservation

Factors Influencing Shrubland Bird and Native Bee Communities in Forest Openings , H. Patrick Roberts, Environmental Conservation

A Mixed-methods Study on Female Landowner Estate Planning Objectives , rebekah zimmerer, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2016 2016

Factors Influencing Household Outdoor Residential Water Use Decisions in Suburban Boston (USA) , Emily E. Argo, Environmental Conservation

Understory Plant Community Structure in Forests Invaded by Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) , Jason Aylward, Environmental Conservation

Factors Affecting Habitat Quality for Wintering Wood Thrushes in a Coffee Growing Region in Honduras , Brett A. Bailey, Environmental Conservation

Invasive Species Occurrence Frequency is not a Suitable Proxy for Abundance in the Northeast , Tyler J. Cross, Environmental Conservation

Population Genetic Analysis of Atlantic Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus) in Coastal Massachusetts. , Katherine T. Johnson, Environmental Conservation

Modeling Historical and Future Range of Variability Scenarios in the Yuba River Watershed, Tahoe National Forest, California , Maritza Mallek, Environmental Conservation

The Life History Characteristics, Growth, and Mortality of Juvenile Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, in Coastal Massachusetts , Julianne Rosset, Environmental Conservation

Specific Phosphate Sorption Mechanisms of Unaltered and Altered Biochar , Kathryn D. Szerlag, Environmental Conservation

Trophic Relationships Among Caribou Calf Predators in Newfoundland , Chris Zieminski, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2015 2015

Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Assemblages in Three New York Pine Barrens and the Impacts of Hiking Trails , Grace W. Barber, Environmental Conservation

Niche-Based Modeling of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Using Presence-Only Information , Nathan Bush, Environmental Conservation

Assessing Mammal and Bird Biodiversity and Habitat Occupancy of Tiger Prey in the Hukaung Valley of Northern Myanmar , Hla Naing, Environmental Conservation

Generating Best Management Practices for Avian Conservation in a Land-Sparing Agriculture System, and the Habitat-Specific Survival of a Priority Migrant , Jeffrey D. Ritterson, Environmental Conservation

Experimental Test of Genetic Rescue in Isolated Populations of Brook Trout , Zachary L. Robinson, Environmental Conservation

UNDERSTANDING STAKEHOLDERS PERCEPTION TOWARDS HUMAN-WILDLIFE INTERACTION AND CONFLICT IN A TIGER LANDSCAPE-COMPLEX OF INDIA , Ronak T. Sripal, Environmental Conservation

Impacts of Land Cover and Climate Change on Water Resources in Suasco River Watershed , Ammara Talib, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2014 2014

A Comparison of American, Canadian, and European Home Energy Performance in Heating Dominated – Moist Climates Based on Building Codes , Stephanie M. Berkland, Environmental Conservation

Spatio-Temporal Factors Affecting Human-Black Bear Interactions in Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Nathan Buckhout, Environmental Conservation

Estimating the Effective Number of Breeders of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, Over Multiple Generations in Two Stream Systems , Matthew R. Cembrola, Environmental Conservation

An Assessment of Environmental Dna as a Tool to Detect Fish Species in Headwater Streams , Stephen F. Jane, Environmental Conservation

Assessing Wild Canid Distribution Using Camera Traps in the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts , Eric G. LeFlore, Environmental Conservation

Quantifying the Effect of Passive Solar Design in Traditional New England Architecture , Peter Levy, Environmental Conservation

Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Species in Sumatra: Smaller Cats and the Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis) As Case Studies , Wulan Pusparini, Environmental Conservation

The Cumulative Impacts of Climate Change and Land Use Change on Water Quantity and Quality in the Narragansett Bay Watershed , Evan R. Ross, Environmental Conservation

Patterns in Trash: Factors that Drive Municipal Solid Waste Recycling , Jared Starr, Environmental Conservation

Theses from 2013 2013

Greening the Building Code: an Analysis of Large Project Review Under Boston Zoning Code Articles 37 and 80 , Sandy J. Beauregard, Environmental Conservation

Vernal Pool Vegetation and Soil Patterns Along Hydrologic Gradients in Western Massachusetts , Kasie Collins, Environmental Conservation

Implementation of Aquaponics in Education: An Assessment of Challenges, Solutions and Success , Emily Rose Hart, Environmental Conservation

Aquatic Barrier Prioritization in New England Under Climate Change Scenarios Using Fish Habitat Quantity, Thermal Habitat Quality, Aquatic Organism Passage, and Infrastructure Sustainability , Alexandra C. Jospe, Environmental Conservation

The Energy Benefits of Trees: Investigating Shading, Microclimate and Wind Shielding Effects in Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts , Emma L. Morzuch, Environmental Conservation

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Home > Environmental Studies > Student Theses 2001-2013

Student Theses 2001-2013

Theses/dissertations from 2017 2017.

The Disappearing Wetland Act: Climate Change, Development, and Protection , Jessica P. Doughty

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

The Centrality of Ecological Design: Achieving Sustainability in an Era of Free-Market Capitalist Framework , Eddy Andrade

A Vicious CERCLA, Or The Twilight of the Superfund , Donald Borenstein

Saving the World’s Remaining Tigers: Panthera’s Work and the Role of Non-Profits in Wildlife Conservation , John Byrne

New York City’s Water Challenges: History, Politics, and Design , Jessica Crowley

Giving Back to the Community: Addressing the Environmental Literacy Gap Through Socially and Environmentally Responsible Business Practices , David Garcia

Wasting Plates: Addressing Food Waste in the United States , Sarah Geuss

Too Pig to Fail: Considering Regulatory Solutions to the Environmental Damages Caused by Industrial Hog Farms in North Carolina , Samir Hafez

Sandy and the City: The Need for Coastal Policy Reform , Jonathan Hilburg

Drilling for Arctic Oil: Is it Worth the Risk? , Emily Kain

The Pedestrianization of New York City: An Environmental History and Critique of Urban Motorization and A Look at New York City’s New Era of Planning , Anna Kobara

Hurricane Sandy: Using Environmental History, Economics, Politics and Urban Planning to Prepare For the Next One , Julia Maguire

Our Failing Food System: Productivity Versus Sustainability , Alyson Murphy

Exploring the Drivers of CSR and Creating a Sustainable Corporate Institution: Environmental Education, Politics, and Business Practices , Eric Osuna

Composting Food Waste: A Method That Can Improve Soil Quality and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions , Gentiana Quni

Assessment of Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Conservation Awareness in the Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem , Karianne Rivera

The Sustainable Future of the Metropolis: Greening New York City Building By Building , Lizbeth Sanchez

Trash Talk: Solid Waste Disposal in New York City , Alexander Williams

Hurricane Sandy: A Chance to Identify Vulnerabilities, Learn from the Past, and Increase Future Resiliency , Julianne Yee

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Going Green at New York-Presbyterian: Hospitals As Sustainable Businesses , Samantha Allegro

A Stronger Role For the United States President in Environmental Policy , Elizabeth Anderson

Simulating Climate Risk Into Markets and Policies: A New Approach to Financial Analysis and Policy Formation , Miguel Bantigue

Environmental Education Reform: Using Experiential Learning to Influence Environmental Policy-Making By Fostering a Sense of Environmental Citizenship and Eco-Literacy , Nicol Belletiere

Internship Report: Earthjustice & the Fracking Battle in New York's Marcellus Shale , John Byrne

Coal: How We Achieved Our Dependency and Its True Cost , Kelly Caggiano

Recycling Furniture: The Ecological, Economic and Social Benefits , Michele Calabrese

Internship Report UNEP: The Effects of Climate Change in Arctic Zones , Diana Cartaya-Acosta

Environmental Racism in South Africa: A Sustainable Green Solution , Danielle Darmofal

The Bronx, Beavers and Birthrights: The Case For Urban Wildlife , Richard Day

The Economics of Biodiversity , Paige Doyle

Environmental Communications: Case Study of New York City's Double Crested Cormorant , Marisa Galdi

Not a Walk In the Park: Environmental Justice in New York City , Lindsey Grier

The Economic and Environmental Justice Implications of Hydraulic Fracturing in 21st Century North America , Katie Medved

The Bottling Craze: Exposing the Environmental Effects of Bottled Vs. Tap Water , Michele Paccagnini

How the United States Will Find a Sustainable Future Through Increased Nuclear Productivity , Ian Pruitt

Group For the East End: The Role of Childhood Environmental Education in Improving Learning Behaviors and the Health of Humans and the Environment , Brian Riley

The Role of Modern Zoos in Wildlife Conservation: From the WCS to the Wild , John Scott

Global Climate Change Vs. Global Warming: What Is the Difference "Global Climate Change" and "Global Warming"? , Nadia Seeteram

Lost in Translation: Environmental Communication Issues in Media and Politics , Carolyn Wegemann

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

The Ins and Outs of Corporate Greenwashing , Jennifer Bender

A River Runs Through It: Community Access to the Bronx River in Tremont and Hunts Point , Matthew Bodnar

The Future is Green; Urban Agriculture in the Bronx , Patty Gouris

All in Our Backyard: Exploring how Environmental Discrimination Affects Health and Social Conditions in the South Bronx , Mireille Martineau

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

The Bronx River Alliance: A Model Community Action Organization And an Internship in Development , John Hinck

Enrique Reef: Degradation and Protective Measures , Dana Mitchell

The Human Population Growth and its Ecological Consequences on Kenya and Tanzania , Lauren Noll

Environmental Consciousness: Human Motivation for Thinking Ecologically , Rob Pigue

Economics of Carbon Regulation: An Exploration to the Nuance of Carbon Regulation , Timothy J. Schwartz

New York Botanical Garden Internship: From Photography to Policy , Christine Willeford

Theses/Dissertations from 2009 2009

Environmental Health and Climate Change: The Case of Lyme Disease , Matthew Abad

Recycling Tendencies of Fordham University's Population , Jeremy Aiss, Vincent Ammirato, Anamarie Beluch, and Christopher Torres

The Business of Sustainability , Andrea Brady

Waste Mismanagement: Fighting Environmental Injustice in Mott Haven and Hunts Point , Elizabeth Friedrich

Environmental Internship & The Fordham Eco-Roof Proposal , Anthony Giovannone

The Putnam Railroad Corridor Restoration Project: A Comprehensive Plan for Paired Ecological Restoration and Greenway Construction , Patrick J. Hopkins Jr.

Land Use Policy and Development on Long Island , Richard Murdocco

From the Bronx into the Wild! My Adventurous Experience at the Bronx Zoo , Lauren Noll

For the Birds! , Robert Patterson

Managing Infestation of the Invasive Viburnum Leaf Beetle (Pyrrhalta viburni) at the New York Botanical Garden , Gregory Russo

Environmental History of Japan , Amy Seagroves

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

A Healthy Environment is a Healthy Body , Matthew Abad

Stormwater Runoff, Combined Sewer Overflow, and Environmental Justice in the Bronx , Natalie Collao

Solving a Crisis: Water Quality & Storm Water Infrastructure in New York City , Kelsey Ripper

The New Social Movement: Environmental Justice in the Bronx , Kelsey Ripper

Environmental Justice and Street Science: A Fusion of Community Knowledge and Environmental Health Justice to Address the Asthma Epidemic in Urban Communities , Natalie Robiou

Urban Wildlife and Leopold’s Land Ethic: “The squirrels on a college campus convey the same lesson as the redwoods. . . .” , Natalie Robiou

Unpasteurized Milk and Soft Cheese Outbreaks: An Overview of Consumer Safety , Taygan Yilmaz

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

The Environmental Justice Movement in the United States , Harrison Delfin

Natural River Restoration in Urban Ecology: The Bronx River , Samuel P. Loor

Theses/Dissertations from 2006 2006

The H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus: Globalization, Climate Change, and Other Anthropogenic Factors in New Emergent Diseases , Quan Luong

The Environmental Effects of War , Philip Swintek

Theses/Dissertations from 2005 2005

Identification of Genetically Modified Organisms in Foodstuffs , Anamarie Beluch

The Moral Dilemma of Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs) , Anamarie Beluch

Theses/Dissertations from 2003 2003

The History of Community Gardens in New York City: The Role of Urban Agriculture and Green Roofs in Addressing Environmental Racism , Rosamarie Ridge

Theses/Dissertations from 2002 2002

Bronx River Restoration: Report and Assessment , Teresa Crimmens

Environmental Audit of the Rose Hill Campus , Nicole Marshall, Maria Nissi, Brian Flaherty, Carl Van Ostrand, and Ian McClelland

Theses/Dissertations from 2001 2001

Bronx River Restoration: Report and Assessment , Nicole Marshall

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Home > College of Public Health > Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health > Theses & Dissertations

Theses & Dissertations: Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Nitrous Oxide Exposure in the Workplace: A Study of Pediatric Dental Clinics in Saudi Arabia , Badr Alhemayyed

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Grip Characterization of Protective Gloves , Doris Burns

A systematic literature review of the prevalence, distribution, exposure, and human health risks of tire microplastics and the contribution of their physicochemically diverse properties , Luke Glastad

Hepatocyte-Hepatic Stellate Cell Axis in Potentiation of Alcohol and HIV-Induced Liver Injury , Moses O. New-Aaron

Agrichemicals (Nitrate and Atrazine) In Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in Children in Nebraska , Balkissa S. Ouattara

Environmental exposures and human health challenges: Evidence-based insights from health surveillance systems , Jagadeesh Puvvula

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Investigation of Environmental Lead Exposures in Children at A Midwestern City with Superfund Site , Zijian Qin

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Modulation of Estrogen Metabolism and Prevention of Pathologies , Bodhisattwa Mondal

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Hearing Loss and Hearing Protection Use Among Midwestern Farmers , Josie J. Ehlers

An Assessment of Preparations Made in the United States for Highly Hazardous Communicable Diseases Following the 2014-2016 Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic , Jocelyn J. Herstein

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Organizational Effects of Defeminizing Toxicants: Lessons Learned From an Environmental Sentinel Organism, The Fathead Minnow. , Jonathan Ali

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Aldehyde Adducts and Lung Injury , Muna Sapkota

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Postural Responses to Perturbations of the Vestibular System During Walking in Healthy Young and Older Adults , Jung Hung Chien

Risk factors for agricultural injury : an evaluation using systematic review and injury surveillance , Rohan Mahadeo Jadhav

Risk Factors for Agricultural Injury: An Evaluation Using Systematic Review and Injury Surveillance , Rohan Mahadeo Jadhav

Occupational exposure to isoflurane anesthetic gas in the research environment , Andrea R. Mulvenon

Community, environmental, and occupational health risks associated with fossil fuel energy production , Mark A. Shepherd

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Functional and proteomic study of KIAA1199 in breast cancer , Hong Peng

Characterization of 3-Dehydroquinate Dehydratase from Francisella tularensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Scott Reiling

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Perception and production of complex movement variability , Joshua Lewis Haworth

Quantifying stride-to-stride fluctuations in amputee gait: implications for improved rehabilitation , Shane R. Wurdeman

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release by human lung fibroblasts through TGF-beta/Smad3 pathway , Maha Farid

Quantitative proteomics and its application in studying the functions of microrna-155 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma , Xin Huang

Biomarkers for organophosphorus agent exposure , Wei Jiang

Exposure to tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate as a possible explanation of aerotoxic syndrome , Mariya Sergeyevna Liyasova

Reducing the impact of distraction using augmented feedback on robot-assisted surgical skills training , Irene H. Suh

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Protein drug delivery using block ionomer complexes , Andrea Rose Mulvenon

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) on the chemosensitivity of mantle cell lymphoma to agents that induce DNA strand breaks , Radha M. Golla

Evaluation of the mode of action and human relevance of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist-induced hemangiosarcomas in mice , Satoko Kakiuchi-Kiyota

Reaction of human albumin with aspirin in vitro : mass spectrometric identification of acetylated amino acids , Mariya Sergeyevna Liyasova

Risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma and drinking water contaminants in Nebraska : atrazine and nitrate , Martha Grace Rhoades

Endocrine disruption in agriculturally-intense Nebraska watersheds , Marlo K. Sellin

Association of estrogen metabolism and risk of breast or prostate cancer or non-hodgkin lymphoma : detection of novel biomarkers from case-control studies , Li Yang

Theses/Dissertations from 2008 2008

The XRCC1 Arg399GIn polymorphism in breast cancer , Mohamed Fouad Irbrahim Ali

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Critical role of estrogen metabolizing enzymes in breast cancer initiation via a direct genotoxic mechanism , Fang Lu

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