assignment operators in arrays

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Assignment Operators in Programming

Assignment operators in programming are symbols used to assign values to variables. They offer shorthand notations for performing arithmetic operations and updating variable values in a single step. These operators are fundamental in most programming languages and help streamline code while improving readability.

Table of Content

What are Assignment Operators?

• Types of Assignment Operators
• Assignment Operators in C
• Assignment Operators in C++
• Assignment Operators in Java
• Assignment Operators in Python
• Assignment Operators in C#
• Assignment Operators in Javascript
• Application of Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used in programming to  assign values  to variables. We use an assignment operator to store and update data within a program. They enable programmers to store data in variables and manipulate that data. The most common assignment operator is the equals sign ( = ), which assigns the value on the right side of the operator to the variable on the left side.

Types of Assignment Operators:

• Simple Assignment Operator ( = )
• Addition Assignment Operator ( += )
• Subtraction Assignment Operator ( -= )
• Multiplication Assignment Operator ( *= )
• Division Assignment Operator ( /= )
• Modulus Assignment Operator ( %= )

Below is a table summarizing common assignment operators along with their symbols, description, and examples:

Assignment Operators in C:

Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in C language:

Assignment Operators in C++:

Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in C++ language:

Assignment Operators in Java:

Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in java language:

Assignment Operators in Python:

Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in python language:

Assignment Operators in C#:

Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in C# language:

Assignment Operators in Javascript:

Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in javascript language:

Application of Assignment Operators:

• Variable Initialization : Setting initial values to variables during declaration.
• Mathematical Operations : Combining arithmetic operations with assignment to update variable values.
• Loop Control : Updating loop variables to control loop iterations.
• Conditional Statements : Assigning different values based on conditions in conditional statements.
• Function Return Values : Storing the return values of functions in variables.
• Data Manipulation : Assigning values received from user input or retrieved from databases to variables.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, assignment operators in programming are essential tools for assigning values to variables and performing operations in a concise and efficient manner. They allow programmers to manipulate data and control the flow of their programs effectively. Understanding and using assignment operators correctly is fundamental to writing clear, efficient, and maintainable code in various programming languages.

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cppreference.com

Assignment operators.

Assignment and compound assignment operators are binary operators that modify the variable to their left using the value to their right.

[ edit ] Simple assignment

The simple assignment operator expressions have the form

Assignment performs implicit conversion from the value of rhs to the type of lhs and then replaces the value in the object designated by lhs with the converted value of rhs .

Assignment also returns the same value as what was stored in lhs (so that expressions such as a = b = c are possible). The value category of the assignment operator is non-lvalue (so that expressions such as ( a = b ) = c are invalid).

rhs and lhs must satisfy one of the following:

• both lhs and rhs have compatible struct or union type, or..
• rhs must be implicitly convertible to lhs , which implies
• both lhs and rhs have arithmetic types , in which case lhs may be volatile -qualified or atomic (since C11)
• both lhs and rhs have pointer to compatible (ignoring qualifiers) types, or one of the pointers is a pointer to void, and the conversion would not add qualifiers to the pointed-to type. lhs may be volatile or restrict (since C99) -qualified or atomic (since C11) .
• lhs is a (possibly qualified or atomic (since C11) ) pointer and rhs is a null pointer constant such as NULL or a nullptr_t value (since C23)

[ edit ] Notes

If rhs and lhs overlap in memory (e.g. they are members of the same union), the behavior is undefined unless the overlap is exact and the types are compatible .

Although arrays are not assignable, an array wrapped in a struct is assignable to another object of the same (or compatible) struct type.

The side effect of updating lhs is sequenced after the value computations, but not the side effects of lhs and rhs themselves and the evaluations of the operands are, as usual, unsequenced relative to each other (so the expressions such as i = ++ i ; are undefined)

Assignment strips extra range and precision from floating-point expressions (see FLT_EVAL_METHOD ).

In C++, assignment operators are lvalue expressions, not so in C.

[ edit ] Compound assignment

The compound assignment operator expressions have the form

The expression lhs @= rhs is exactly the same as lhs = lhs @ ( rhs ) , except that lhs is evaluated only once.

[ edit ] References

• C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):
• 6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 72-73)
• C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
• 6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 101-104)
• C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
• 6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 91-93)
• C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
• 3.3.16 Assignment operators

[ edit ] See Also

Operator precedence

[ edit ] See also

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C++ Tutorial

C++ functions, c++ classes, c++ examples, c++ assignment operators, assignment operators.

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator ( = ) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x :

The addition assignment operator ( += ) adds a value to a variable:

A list of all assignment operators:

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An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

The source for this interactive example is stored in a GitHub repository. If you'd like to contribute to the interactive examples project, please clone https://github.com/mdn/interactive-examples and send us a pull request.

The basic assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x . The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples.

Simple assignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable. The assignment operation evaluates to the assigned value. Chaining the assignment operator is possible in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. See the example.

Addition assignment

The addition assignment operator adds the value of the right operand to a variable and assigns the result to the variable. The types of the two operands determine the behavior of the addition assignment operator. Addition or concatenation is possible. See the addition operator for more details.

Subtraction assignment

The subtraction assignment operator subtracts the value of the right operand from a variable and assigns the result to the variable. See the subtraction operator for more details.

Multiplication assignment

The multiplication assignment operator multiplies a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the multiplication operator for more details.

Division assignment

The division assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the division operator for more details.

Remainder assignment

The remainder assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the remainder to the variable. See the remainder operator for more details.

Exponentiation assignment

The exponentiation assignment operator evaluates to the result of raising first operand to the power second operand. See the exponentiation operator for more details.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable. See the left shift operator for more details.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the right shift operator for more details.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the unsigned right shift operator for more details.

Bitwise AND assignment

The bitwise AND assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise AND operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise AND operator for more details.

Bitwise XOR assignment

The bitwise XOR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise XOR operator for more details.

Bitwise OR assignment

The bitwise OR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise OR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise OR operator for more details.

Left operand with another assignment operator

In unusual situations, the assignment operator (e.g. x += y ) is not identical to the meaning expression (here x = x + y ). When the left operand of an assignment operator itself contains an assignment operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. For example:

• Arithmetic operators

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Assignment operators (C# reference)

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The assignment operator = assigns the value of its right-hand operand to a variable, a property , or an indexer element given by its left-hand operand. The result of an assignment expression is the value assigned to the left-hand operand. The type of the right-hand operand must be the same as the type of the left-hand operand or implicitly convertible to it.

The assignment operator = is right-associative, that is, an expression of the form

is evaluated as

The following example demonstrates the usage of the assignment operator with a local variable, a property, and an indexer element as its left-hand operand:

The left-hand operand of an assignment receives the value of the right-hand operand. When the operands are of value types , assignment copies the contents of the right-hand operand. When the operands are of reference types , assignment copies the reference to the object.

This is called value assignment : the value is assigned.

ref assignment

Ref assignment = ref makes its left-hand operand an alias to the right-hand operand, as the following example demonstrates:

In the preceding example, the local reference variable arrayElement is initialized as an alias to the first array element. Then, it's ref reassigned to refer to the last array element. As it's an alias, when you update its value with an ordinary assignment operator = , the corresponding array element is also updated.

The left-hand operand of ref assignment can be a local reference variable , a ref field , and a ref , out , or in method parameter. Both operands must be of the same type.

Compound assignment

For a binary operator op , a compound assignment expression of the form

is equivalent to

except that x is only evaluated once.

Compound assignment is supported by arithmetic , Boolean logical , and bitwise logical and shift operators.

Null-coalescing assignment

You can use the null-coalescing assignment operator ??= to assign the value of its right-hand operand to its left-hand operand only if the left-hand operand evaluates to null . For more information, see the ?? and ??= operators article.

Operator overloadability

A user-defined type can't overload the assignment operator. However, a user-defined type can define an implicit conversion to another type. That way, the value of a user-defined type can be assigned to a variable, a property, or an indexer element of another type. For more information, see User-defined conversion operators .

A user-defined type can't explicitly overload a compound assignment operator. However, if a user-defined type overloads a binary operator op , the op= operator, if it exists, is also implicitly overloaded.

C# language specification

For more information, see the Assignment operators section of the C# language specification .

• C# operators and expressions
• ref keyword
• Use compound assignment (style rules IDE0054 and IDE0074)

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• Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

The basic assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x . The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples.

Simple assignment operator which assigns a value to a variable. The assignment operation evaluates to the assigned value. Chaining the assignment operator is possible in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. See the example.

Addition assignment

The addition assignment operator adds the value of the right operand to a variable and assigns the result to the variable. The types of the two operands determine the behavior of the addition assignment operator. Addition or concatenation is possible. See the addition operator for more details.

Subtraction assignment

The subtraction assignment operator subtracts the value of the right operand from a variable and assigns the result to the variable. See the subtraction operator for more details.

Multiplication assignment

The multiplication assignment operator multiplies a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the multiplication operator for more details.

Division assignment

The division assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the division operator for more details.

Remainder assignment

The remainder assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the remainder to the variable. See the remainder operator for more details.

Exponentiation assignment

This is an experimental technology, part of the ECMAScript 2016 (ES7) proposal. Because this technology's specification has not stabilized, check the compatibility table for usage in various browsers. Also note that the syntax and behavior of an experimental technology is subject to change in future version of browsers as the spec changes.

The exponentiation assignment operator evaluates to the result of raising first operand to the power second operand. See the exponentiation operator for more details.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable. See the left shift operator for more details.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the right shift operator for more details.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the unsigned right shift operator for more details.

Bitwise AND assignment

The bitwise AND assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise AND operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise AND operator for more details.

Bitwise XOR assignment

The bitwise XOR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise XOR operator for more details.

Bitwise OR assignment

The bitwise OR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise OR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise OR operator for more details.

Left operand with another assignment operator

In unusual situations, the assignment operator (e.g. x += y ) is not identical to the meaning expression (here x = x + y ). When the left operand of an assignment operator itself contains an assignment operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. For example:

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

• Arithmetic operators

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C Syntax Explained: From Variables To Functions

Unearth the secret intricacies of C in our comprehensive guide. We journey from understanding the fundamental syntax, making sense of arrays and strings, delving into operators and functions, and exploring advanced techniques with real-world applications.

💡 KEY INSIGHTS

• Pointer arithmetic in C is based on the data type size the pointer points to, making it a crucial concept for efficient memory manipulation and array operations.
• The article emphasizes the importance of the const keyword in C for declaring constants, ensuring safety against unintentional modifications and enhancing code reliability.
• Function pointers in C, which point to functions instead of data types, are highlighted for their utility in passing functions as arguments and creating function arrays.
• The guide underscores the difference between structures and unions in memory allocation, with structures allocating separate storage for each member, while unions use shared storage for all.

C is a foundational programming language that has influenced many modern languages we use today. Its syntax forms the bedrock for understanding more complex languages and systems. As you navigate through this article, you'll gain a deeper appreciation for the intricacies and elegance of C's structure. Happy coding!

Basic Data Types

Variables and constants, control structures, arrays and strings, structures and unions, file handling, frequently asked questions, integer types, floating-point types, character type, derived data types.

Explore the world of C's basic data types. This section offers a succinct overview of the primary data types in C, complete with code samples and descriptions. Whether you're a novice or simply revisiting the topic, this guide ensures you grasp the essentials of C programming.

In C, integers are whole numbers that can have both zero, positive, and negative values but no decimal values. The int keyword is used to declare integer variables. Depending on the architecture, an integer can be 2 or 4 bytes.

Floating-point types represent numbers with decimal points. C offers three types for floating-point numbers: float , double , and long double . The precision and storage of these types can vary based on the machine.

The character type is used to store a single character. The keyword used is char . Each character occupies 1 byte of memory in C. Characters are typically stored in ASCII codes.

The void type specifies that no value is available. It is used in functions to indicate that the function does not return any value.

Apart from the basic data types, C supports several derived data types like arrays, pointers, structures, and unions. These types are derived from the basic data types and allow for more complex data structures. For instance, an array can store multiple values of the same type.

Defining Variables

Variable initialization, constants and literals, the const keyword, the #define preprocessor.

Explore the nuances of variables and constants in C. This section delves into the declaration, initialization, and usage of variables, as well as the distinction between variables and constants. Grasp the essence of data storage and manipulation in C programming.

In C, variables are memory locations used to store data. To use a variable, you must first declare its type and name. The variable name should be relevant to its purpose in the program.

Variables are the named placeholders that capture the essence of programming, storing our data's soul.

Initialization refers to assigning a value to a variable at the time of declaration. It ensures that the variable has a defined value before it's used in the program.

Constants are values that remain unchanged throughout the program. A literal is a constant value used in the program, like numbers, characters, and strings. For example, 5 , 'a' , and "Hello" are literals.

The const keyword in C is used to declare a variable as constant, meaning its value cannot be changed after initialization. It provides a level of safety against unintentional changes.

Another way to define constants in C is using the #define preprocessor directive. It replaces the defined constant with its value during compilation.

Arithmetic Operators

Relational operators, logical operators, assignment operators, bitwise operators, special operators.

Unravel the intricacies of operators in C. Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. From basic arithmetic to complex bitwise manipulations, this section provides a comprehensive overview of the different operators available in C.

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations. Common ones include addition ( + ), subtraction ( - ), multiplication ( * ), division ( / ), and modulus ( % ).

Relational operators are used to compare two values. They include equals to ( == ), not equals to ( != ), greater than ( > ), less than ( < ), greater than or equal to ( >= ), and less than or equal to ( <= ).

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values. The primary ones are AND ( && ), OR ( || ), and NOT ( ! ).

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The basic assignment operator is = . There are also compound assignment operators like += , -= , *= , and /= .

Bitwise operators act on individual bits of numbers. They include bitwise AND ( & ), OR ( | ), XOR ( ^ ), NOT ( ~ ), left shift ( << ), and right shift ( >> ).

C also has special operators like the comma operator ( , ), sizeof operator, pointer operators ( * and & ), and member selection operators ( . and -> ).

Conditional Statements

Looping structures, jump statements, switch case.

Delve into the control structures of C. These structures guide the flow of execution in a program, facilitating decisions, repetitions, and jumps in code. This section will clarify the various control structures and their uses in C programming.

Conditional statements allow the program to make decisions. The primary conditional statements in C are if , if-else , and else if . They evaluate a condition and execute a block of code based on the result.

Looping structures enable the execution of a block of code multiple times. The primary loops in C are for , while , and do-while . They repeat a block of code as long as a condition is true.

Jump statements allow the program to jump to a different part of the code. The primary jump statements in C are break , continue , and goto . While break and continue are used within loops, goto can jump to any part of the code.

The switch case structure allows a variable to be tested for equality against multiple values. Each value is called a case, and the variable is checked against each case.

Function Basics

• Function Declaration and Definition

Function Call

Return types and arguments, scope of variables, recursive functions.

Functions serve as the building blocks of a C program, enabling modular code that is both reusable and organized. This section will lead you through the various facets of functions, from their fundamental structure to more intricate topics.

A function is a group of statements that together perform a specific task. It helps in modularizing the code and improving readability. Functions also enhance reusability and make the code more organized.

Function Declaration And Definition

Every function in C has a declaration and a definition . The declaration provides information about the function to the compiler, while the definition contains the actual code.

Once a function is defined, it can be called from another function, including the main function. A function call tells the program to execute the code within the function.

Functions can return values. The type of value a function returns is specified in its declaration and definition. Functions can also take arguments or parameters to operate on.

Variables in C have a scope , which determines where they can be accessed. Variables declared inside a function are local to that function, while variables declared outside are global.

A recursive function is one that calls itself. It's crucial to have a base case in recursive functions to prevent infinite loops.

Array Basics

Multidimensional arrays, string basics, string functions, character arrays vs strings.

Explore the intricacies of arrays and strings in C. These fundamental data structures allow for the storage and manipulation of collections of data. This section will delve into the various aspects of arrays and strings, from their basic structure to more advanced operations.

An array is a collection of elements of the same type, stored in contiguous memory locations. The elements can be accessed randomly by indexing into the array using an integer.

Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays. The most common type is the two-dimensional array, often used to represent matrices.

A string in C is an array of characters ending with a null character ( '\0' ). Strings are used to store text.

C provides a plethora of string functions in the string.h library, such as strcpy() , strlen() , and strcat() , which allow for efficient string manipulations.

While both character arrays and strings seem similar, the key difference is the null terminator. Strings always end with a null character, while character arrays do not necessarily have to. This distinction is crucial when working with C functions that expect strings.

Pointer Arithmetic

Pointers and arrays, pointers to pointers, function pointers, dynamic memory allocation.

Pointers are one of the most powerful and yet challenging concepts in C programming. This section will guide you through the nuances of pointers, from their basic understanding to advanced applications.

A pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. Pointers allow for direct memory access and manipulation, making them essential for dynamic memory allocation and array operations.

Pointer arithmetic involves operations like addition and subtraction on pointer variables. It's crucial to understand that pointer arithmetic is based on the size of the data type the pointer points to.

Arrays and pointers are closely related in C. The name of an array is a pointer to its first element, and array elements can be accessed using pointer arithmetic.

It's possible to have pointers to pointers in C. This concept is often used in scenarios like multi-dimensional arrays and dynamic data structures.

Function pointers are pointers that point to functions instead of data types. They can be used to pass functions as arguments and create arrays of functions.

Pointers play a crucial role in dynamic memory allocation . Functions like malloc() , calloc() , and free() are used to allocate and deallocate memory at runtime.

Defining Structures

Accessing structure members, structures and functions, defining unions, difference between structures and unions.

Explore the intricacies of structures and unions in C. These user-defined data types allow for the grouping of variables of different data types. While they may seem similar, they serve distinct purposes and have unique characteristics.

A structure is a user-defined data type that allows grouping of variables of different data types. It provides a way to store multiple items of mixed types under a single name.

Members of a structure can be accessed using the dot operator. Once a structure variable is defined, its members can be initialized and accessed as shown below.

Structures can be passed to functions as arguments. They can be passed by value or by reference. It's common to pass them by reference to avoid copying large structures.

A union is similar to a structure but with a key difference. In a union, all members share the same memory location. This means only one member can contain a value at any given time.

The primary difference between structures and unions is the way memory is allocated. In structures, each member has its own storage, whereas, in unions, all members use the same storage. This makes unions useful when variables aren't used at the same time.

Opening And Closing Files

Reading from files, writing to files, error handling in files.

This section will guide you through the essential operations like opening, reading, writing, and closing files. Learn how to efficiently manage data storage and retrieval with hands-on examples.

In C, the FILE pointer is used to handle files. To open a file, use the fopen() function, and to close it, use the fclose() function. Always ensure that a file is closed after operations to free up resources.

To read from a file, functions like fgetc() , fgets() , and fread() are available. These functions allow for reading single characters, strings, or blocks of data respectively.

Writing to files can be achieved using functions like fputc() , fputs() , and fwrite() . These allow for writing single characters, strings, or blocks of data.

When opening a file, you need to specify the mode . Common modes include "r" for reading, "w" for writing, "a" for appending, and "b" for binary mode. Combining modes, like "r+" allows for both reading and writing.

It's crucial to handle potential errors when working with files. Functions like ferror() and feof() help in detecting errors and end-of-file conditions, ensuring smooth file operations. Always check if a file has opened successfully before performing operations.

What is the difference between = and == in C?

= is an assignment operator used to assign a value to a variable. == is a relational operator used to compare two values for equality.

Why do we use the void keyword in function declarations?

The void keyword indicates that the function does not return any value. It can also be used in the function's parameter list to indicate that the function does not accept any arguments.

How are arrays and pointers related in C?

An array name is essentially a constant pointer to the first element of the array. Pointers can be used to access and manipulate array elements.

What is the significance of the & and * operators in C?

The & operator is used to get the address of a variable, while the * operator is used to dereference a pointer, i.e., to access the value stored at the address pointed to by the pointer.

Why is it recommended to use curly braces { } even for single-statement blocks in control structures?

Using curly braces for single-statement blocks enhances code readability and reduces the risk of logic errors, especially when modifications are made to the code later on.

What is the difference between ++i and i++ ?

Both are increment operators. ++i (pre-increment) increments the value of i before its current value is used in an expression, while i++ (post-increment) uses the current value of i in an expression and then increments it.

How can I read a string with spaces using the scanf function?

The scanf function typically stops reading input upon encountering whitespace. To read a string with spaces, you can use the %[^\n] format specifier, which reads until a newline character is encountered.

Which operator is used for assignment in C?

Continue learning with these c guides.

• What Is C Programming Memory Allocation
• What Is C Programming Device Drivers
• C Programming And Assembly Language: A Step-By-Step Approach
• What Is C Programming Low-Level Programming
• How To Use C Programming System Programming

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