article review chicago style

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Book Reviews

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• Journal Articles
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• No Author, No Date etc.
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On This Page

Book review - in a journal, book review - in a magazine, book review - on a website, books with editors in place of authors.

Some books have an editor or editors in place of an author. For editors, include the abbreviation ed. following the editor's name (or eds. for more than one editor). However, this abbreviation is not included in shortened footnotes.

Henry Findell, ed. 

Findell, Henry, ed. 

Eric Small and Will Rhodes, eds. 

Small, Eric, and Will Rhodes, eds.

1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Name of  Journal in which review appears  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Bibliography Entry:

Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name.  Name of Journal in which review appears  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

This citation format is for book reviews found in a journal from a library database. For other types of journals (e.g. in print or from a website), begin the citation as shown above, up to and including the book author's name. Then complete the citation starting at  Name of Journal using the appropriate citation format as shown on the Journal Articles section of the Chicago Citation Guide.

1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Name of Magazine,  Date of Publication, Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name.  Name of Magazine,  Date of Publication. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

This citation format is for book reviews found in a magazine from a library database. For other types of magazines (e.g. in print or from a website), begin the citation as shown above, up to and including the book author's name. Then complete the citation starting at Name of Magazine  using the appropriate citation format as shown on the Magazine Articles section of the Chicago Citation Guide.

1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Title of Website, Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website], Date of copyright or modification or access, URL. 

Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name. Title of Website. Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website]. Date of copyright or modification or access. URL.

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Chicago Citation Style, 17th Edition: Book Review

• Bibliography
• One Author or Editor
• Multiple Authors or Editors
• Author and Editor
• Author and Translator
• Organization as Author
• Anonymous Work
• Chapter from an Edited Work
• Multivolume Work
• Edition Other than the First
• Dictionary or Encyclopedia
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Book Review
• Basic Webpage
• Blogs and Social Media
• Government Website
• Audio/Video Recording
• Online Multimedia
• Interview or Personal Communication
• Lecture or Presentation
• Primary Source Published in an Edited Collection
• Thesis or Dissertation
• Pamphlet or Brochure
• Sacred Text
• Indirect Source
• Government Document
• Paintings, Illustrations, Tables
• AI Generated Content
• Plagiarism This link opens in a new window

Book Review (14.202)

N:           1. Richard E. Wagner, review of  Austrian and German Economic Thought: From Subjectivism to Social Evolution , by Kiichiro Yagi,  Journal of the History of Economic Thought 36, no. 3 (September 2014): 391, https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/ 10.1017/S1053837214000443.

B:     Wagner, Richard E. Review of  Austrian and German Economic Thought: From Subjectivism to Social Evolution ,              by Kiichiro Yagi.  Journal of the History of Economic Thought  36, no. 3 (September 2014): 391-94.              https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/10.1017/S1053837214000443.

NOTE: For a print book review, omit the DOI URL.

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

Most scholarly publishers now assign a unique alpha-numeric code called a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) to journal articles, e-books, and other documents. Chicago guidelines for citing electronic resources include this number in the citation whenever possible. The DOI can generally be found on the first page of scholarly journal articles as well as in the database record for that article. DOIs are typically provided within a URL beginning with  https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/  and ending with the DOI, as seen in this example:  https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/10.1017/CBO9781139028080.

If the DOI does not appear on the article or in the database record, it may be found by entering citation information into the free DOI Lookup on CrossRef.org.

To determine DOIs for an entire reference list, copy & paste the entire list here: Cross/Ref Simple Text Query .

A DOI can be searched or verified by entering the DOI number here: Cross/Ref DOI Resolver .

Materials originally published prior to the Internet, but now available online, may not have a DOI. When a DOI is not available, include the URL in its place.

Help & Guide Contents

Home General Guidelines     Notes     Bibliography Books     One Author or Editor     Multiple Authors or Editors     Author and Editor     Author and Translator     Organization as Author     Anonymous Work     Chapter from an Edited Work     Multivolume Work     Edition Other than the First     Dictionary or Encyclopedia     E-Book Articles     Journal Article     Magazine Article     Newspaper Article     Book Review Websites     Basic Webpage     Blogs and Social Media     Government Website Audiovisual Media     Audio/Video Recording     Online Multimedia Other Sources     Interview or Personal Communication     Lecture or Presentation    Primary Source Published in an Edited Collection     Thesis or Dissertation     Pamphlet or Brochure     Sacred Text     Indirect Source     Government Document     Paintings, Illustrations, Tables Plagiarism

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Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Journal Articles

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Secondary Sources
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• How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
• How to Cite: Other
• Short Form & Ibid.
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Journal article from library database with doi or a url, journal article from online source, journal article in print.

Bibliography:

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

All citations should use first line indent, where the first line of the footnote should be indented by 0.5 inches; all subsequent lines are not indented.

Footnotes should be the same font size and style as the rest of your paper.

See instructions for how to insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.

If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the article instead.

Access Date

Chicago style does not recommend including access dates in the citation, unless no date of publication for the source may be located.

When citing articles from online databases (such as ATLA Religion Database or JSTOR), include the DOI (preferred) or the URL to assist your reader in connecting to the article online.

Access dates are not necessary for articles from library databases. Access dates are only necessary if no date of publication for the source may be located.

Kilgallen, John J. “The Elder Son.” Expository Times 115, no. 6 (2004): 186-89. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1201293 5&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

1. John J. Kilgallen, “The Elder Son,” Expository Times 115, no. 6 (2004): 187, https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.co m/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=12012935 &site=ehost-live&scope=site.

Two to Three Authors

Ritchie, Daniel E, and Jared Hedges. “Choosing Rest in Paradise Lost.”  Christianity and Literature  67, no. 2 (2018): 271–93. doi:10.1177/0148333117725606.

Daniel E. Ritchie and Jared Hedges, “Choosing Rest in Paradise Lost,”  Christianity and Literature  67, no. 2 (2018): 271–93, doi:10.1177/0148333117725606.

Four to Ten Authors

For sources with four to ten authors, list all authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author’s name followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for “and others”)

McCorkle, Brian H., Carole Bohn, Tricia Hughes, and David Kim. “‘Sacred Moments’: Social Anxiety in a Larger Perspective.”  Mental Health, Religion & Culture  8, no. 3 (September 2005): 227–38. doi:10.1080/13694670500138874.

1. Brian H. McCorkle et al., “Sacred Moments: Social Anxiety in a Larger Perspective,” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 8, no. 3 (2005): 230, doi:10.1080/13694670500138874.

Booij, Thijs. “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection.” Biblica 86, no. 1 (2005): 97-106. http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86-2005/Psalm141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

1. Thijs Booij, “Psalm 141: A Prayer for Discipline and Protection,” Biblica 86, no. 1 (2005): 100, http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-86- 2005/Psalm-141-A-Prayer-For-Discipline-AndProtection/130/.

Fewell, Danna Nolan, and David M. Gunn. “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 45 (1993): 45-59.

1. Danna Nolan Fewell and David M. Gunn, “Boaz, Pillar of Society: Measures of Worth in the Book of Ruth,” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 45 (1993): 46.

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Chicago/Turabian Citation

• Citing a Book
• Citing a Chapter or Essay in a Book

Basic Article Citation

Example scholarly journal article in print, example scholarly journal article online, example magazine or newspaper article in print, example magazine or newspaper article online.

• Citing a Webpage
• Additional Resources

Writing Center

Visit the Writing Center for help with brainstorming, organization, revising, citations, and other writing assistance! 

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Book an appointment  with a Writing Center consultant. 

Footnote/Endnote

Author First M. Last Name, "Article Title,"   Journal Title Issue, number (date):   page cited,  doi or URL (if online).

Short version:  Author Last Name, "Article Title (shortened if necessary)," page cited.

Bibliography

Author Last Name, First M.   "Article Title."   Journal Title   Issue, number (date):   page range.   doi  or URL (if online).

Note: if using a URL, write "Retrieved from" before it. 

Patrick Wolfe, "Land, Labor, and Difference: Elementary Structures of Race,"   American Historical Review 106, no. 3 (2001): 890.

Short version: Wolfe, "Land, Labor, and Difference,"   890.

Wolfe, Patrick.   "Land, Labor, and Difference: Elementary Structures of Race."  American Historical Review   106, no. 3 (2001):   866-905.

James Naylor, "Socialism for a New Generation: CCF Youth in the Popular Front Era," Canadian Historical Review  94, no. 1 (2013): 62.  doi: 10.3138/chr.1164.

Short version: Naylor, "Socialism for a New Generation," 62.

Naylor, James.   "Socialism for a New Generation: CCF Youth in the Popular Front Era."   Canadian Historical Review   94, no. 1 (2013) :   55-79 .  doi: 10.3138/chr.1164.

Magazine and newspaper articles usually do not include volume and issue information and instead emphasize the date.

Lerone Bennett Jr., "Why Black History is Important to You,"   Ebony , February 1982,  62.

Short version: Bennett Jr.,   "Why Black History is Important to You," 62. 

Bennett Jr.,  Lerone.   "Why Black History is Important to You."   Ebony.   February1982,   61-66.

Andrew Curry, "The Mummy Diaries,"   Discovery , July 2008, 65.  Retrieved from  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=32580475&site=ehost-live

Short version: Curry, "The Mummy Diaries," 65.

Curry, Andrew.   "The Mummy Diaries."   Discovery.   July 2008,   58- 65.  Retrieved from  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=32580475&site=ehost-live

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Periodicals

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style , which was issued in 2017.

Periodicals include print journals, electronic journals, magazines, and newspapers. Citations for these sources should include enough information for the reader to find them   in a library or a database, and as such, publication dates are essential. Magazines and newspapers are typically serialized by day, month, and year; journals include volume, year, month, or season and issue number.

One of the major differences between notes and bibliographic entries for periodicals is the way in which major elements are separated. In notes, the major elements are separated by commas. In the bibliography, the major elements are separated by periods.

Notes and bibliographic entries for a journal include the following: full name of the author(s), article title, journal title, and issue information. Issue information refers to volume, issue number, month, year, and page number(s). For online works, retrieval information and the date of access are also included. Author Name:

Notes include the author’s name as listed in the article. Bibliographic entries, however, invert the author’s name (last name, first name). Article Title: Both notes and bibliographies use quotation marks to set off the titles of articles within the journal. Journal Title: Journal titles may omit an initial “The” but should otherwise be given in full, capitalized (headline-style), and italicized. Issue Information: The volume number follows the journal title with no punctuation and is not italicized. The issue number (if it is given) is separated from the volume number with a comma and is preceded by “no.” The year appears in parentheses after the volume number (or issue number if given). The year may be preceded by a specific date, month, or season if given. Page information follows the year. For notes, page number(s) refer only to the cited material; the bibliography includes the first and last pages of the article.

Electronic Journals

Citing electronic journals generally follows the same format for printed periodicals, which is explained in the Journals section. Additionally, entries include the DOI or URL (DOIs are preferred). The date accessed is not required by CMOS for citations of formally published electronic sources. If an access date is required for other reasons (i.e. by discipline, publisher, or instructor), the access date should be included immediately prior to the DOI or URL. If included, access dates should be separated by commas in notes or periods in bibliographical entries.

Even if weekly or monthly magazines are numbered by volume or issue, they are cited by date only. When following the CMOS Note and Bibliography style, the year is presented as shown in the examples below. When following the CMOS Author-Date style, the date is essential to the citation and it is not enclosed in parentheses.

Page Numbers: Citations for journal articles may include a specific page number. Inclusive page numbers for the entire article are often omitted in bibliographical entries, however, because the pages of the article are often separated by many pages of unrelated material. If page numbers are included, they should follow the date and be preceded by a colon.

Notes and bibliographic entries for magazines include the following information: author’s name, article title (enclosed by quotation marks), magazine title (italicized), and date. Page numbers are included in notes but are omitted in bibliographic entries. Regular departments (or regularly occurring subsections) in a magazine are capitalized but not put in quotation marks. For example, National Geographic is the magazine that regularly includes a department called Foods of the Region.  

Online Magazines

Notes and bibliographic entries for online magazines should follow the relevant examples for printed magazines. Additionally, online magazine entries should contain the URL at the end of the citation. If no stable URL exists, the name of the database can be substituted. Note:  In the examples below, Green Room is not placed in quotation marks because it is the department title rather than the article title. Access Date:

Access dates are not required by CMOS in citations of formally published electronic sources. If an access date is required for other reasons (i.e. by discipline, publisher, or instructor), the access date should be included immediately prior to the URL. In notes, access dates are surrounded by commas and in bibliographic entries they are surrounded by periods.

Notes and bibliographic entries for newspapers should include the following: name of the author (if listed), headline or column heading, newspaper name, month (often abbreviated), day, and year. Since issues may include several editions, page numbers are usually omitted. If an online edition of a newspaper is consulted, the URL should be added at the end of the citation. Time stamps may be appropriate to include when stories for unfolding events are modified. Names of Newspapers: If the name of a newspaper begins with “The,” this word is omitted. For American newspapers that are not well-known, a city name should be added along with the newspaper title (see below). Additionally, a state abbreviation may be added in parentheses after the city name. News Services: News services, such as the Associated Press or the United Press International, are capitalized but not italicized and often appear in the author position of the citation. Headlines: Headlines may be capitalized using “headline style,” in which all major words are capitalized. Although many major newspapers prefer sentence style, the CMOS recommends headline style for consistency among various types of cited sources. Headlines presented entirely in full capital letters in the original are usually converted to headline-style upper and lower case in the citation. Regular Columns: If a regular column is cited, the column name may be included with the article title.

Editorials, Letters to the Editor, and Readers’ Comments: Published editorials and letters to the editor should be treated generically, usually without headlines. Instead of a title, use “letter to the editor” [14.196]. Citing in Text: Newspapers are more often cited in notes or parenthetical references than in bibliographies. If newspaper sources are carefully documented in the text, they need not be cited in the bibliography.

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• Writing Tips

How to Cite a Review in Chicago Author–Date Referencing

2-minute read

• 15th July 2020

Reviews of books, movies, artworks, and other media can be a great resource when writing an essay . But how do you cite a review in your work? Here, we explain how to cite a review in Chicago author–date referencing.

Citing a Review in Chicago Author–Date Referencing

To cite a review in Chicago author–date referencing , give the author’s surname and the date of publication in brackets . However, make sure to cite the author and date of the review itself , not of the work being reviewed!

Here’s an example of an in-text citation for a movie review by Ian Nathan:

The movie was acclaimed for its compelling performances (Nathan 1994).

This citation will then point readers to an entry in your reference list .

If the reviewer is not named, though, cite the publisher instead:

The reviewer described the concert as “impeccable” (BachTrack 2020).

The key thing is that the name in the citation matches the name at the start of the accompanying reference list entry. Speaking of which…

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Reviews in a Chicago Reference List

In the reference list at the end of your paper, provide full details for any source you cited in the main text. For a review, this should include:

Reviewer’s surname, first name. Year of review. “Title of Review,” review of Title of Reviewed Work by Creator(s), location and date of performance (if applicable). Title of Periodical/Website , month and day of review, edition/section information. URL (online sources only).

The entry for the first review cited above, for instance, would look like this:

Nathan, Ian. 1994. Review of The Shawshank Redemption , directed by Frank Darabont. Empire , February 17. https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/shawshank-redemption-review/.

As in the citations, if a review does not have a named author, you can use the publisher’s name in its place. For instance:

BachTrack. 2020. “Spiritually Uplifting Bach from the Bach Collegium Japan,” review of concert performance by Bach Collegium Japan, National Concert Hall, Dublin, March 10, 2020. BachTrack.com , March 10, Concert reviews. https://bachtrack.com/review-bach-suzuki-bach-collegium-japan-dublin-march-2020.

We hope this has helped you with citing a review using Chicago author–date referencing. Would you like more help checking your referencing, though? If so, our team of proofreading experts can help!

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Go to Index

Author-Date: Sample Citations

Go to Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the author-date system. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, follow the Notes and Bibliography link above.

Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster.

Smith, Zadie. 2016. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press.

In-text citations

(Grazer and Fishman 2015, 12)

(Smith 2016, 315–16)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 40 – 45 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages.

Reference list entry

Thoreau, Henry David. 2016. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

In-text citation

(Thoreau 2016, 177–78)

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

D’Agata, John, ed. 2016. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.

(D’Agata 2016, 177–78)

For more details, see 15.36 and 15.42 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

Lahiri, Jhumpa. 2016.  In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

(Lahiri 2016, 146)

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).

Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. 2016. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. 1987. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

(Austen 2007, chap. 3)

(Borel 2016, 92)

(Kurland and Lerner 1987, chap. 10, doc. 19)

(Melville 1851, 627)

Journal article

In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. 2016. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April): 165–76.

(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)

(LaSalle 2017, 95)

(Satterfield 2016, 170)

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. 2017. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

(Bay et al. 2017, 465)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 46–49 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. 2017. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. 2017. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. 2007. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

(Manjoo 2017)

(Mead 2017, 43)

(Pegoraro 2007)

Readers’ comments are cited in the text but omitted from a reference list.

(Eduardo B [Los Angeles], March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo 2017)

For more examples, see 15 . 49 (newspapers and magazines) and 1 5 . 51 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

Kakutani, Michiko. 2016. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

(Kakutani 2016)

Stamper, Kory. 2017. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

(Stamper 2017)

Thesis or dissertation

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.

(Rutz 2013, 99–100)

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.

Bouman, Katie. 2016. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

(Bouman 2016)

(Google 2017)

(Yale University, n.d.)

For more examples, see 1 5 . 50–52 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 1 5 . 57 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

(Souza 2016)

(Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style 2015)

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

(Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017)

Immigration | Hundreds of migrants still arriving in the…

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Immigration | Hundreds of migrants still arriving in the suburbs as Chicago consolidates shelters

After two buses with Texas license plates dropped off more than 80 migrants at the Wilmette train station Wednesday evening, the passengers who had traveled across countries to get to the U.S. didn’t know where they were. It was icy and raining.

“What can we expect? Where are we going? Will there be shelter there?” they asked from the platform.

After a lull at the beginning of this year, the number of buses bringing migrants to Chicago is back on the rise as border crossings have increased. Experts who work at the border say migration numbers typically pick up in the spring and summer.

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For the past three months, buses sent by Texas Gov. Greg Abbott — who has made it pointed policy to send migrants crossing his state’s border to sanctuary cities around the country — have brought people to the suburbs to avoid city fines for unannounced drop-offs.

Though the number of buses coming to Chicago has slowed from a peak in late December, the new steady stream of migrants poses challenges. City officials who promised to shelter and feed asylum-seekers nearly two years ago are struggling to provide housing and wraparound support for over 38,000 migrants who have passed through. Suburbs are feeling the effects of Chicago’s stressed city infrastructure.

While most migrants dropped off in the suburbs immediately board Metra trains bound for downtown, the unannounced arrivals have spurred a wave of municipalities to pass ordinances restricting bus drop-offs. 

The ordinances vary. Grundy County, for example, declared itself a “nonsanctuary county for immigration.” But most counties passed regulations requiring more coordination and communication to avoid buses coming in the middle of the night.

Wilmette , however, has adopted a more welcoming posture. Volunteers coordinate with Wilmette police to meet migrants on the train platform at a moment’s notice and hand them care packages with coats, toiletries and essential items.

Michael Clark, deputy chief of services for the Wilmette Police Department, said the village received 26 buses in March, up from six in February. Six buses arrived between March 29 and 31 alone, he said. Each bus typically has 40-45 people on it.

Volunteers in Wilmette believe Abbott continues to send migrants to the village because of its openness to accept and help them. The buses that arrived last weekend were the biggest wave they’d seen.

Unpredictability

A little before 6 p.m. in Wilmette Wednesday, a bus dropped off a group of mostly young single men at the train station. The migrants said they’d recently been released from a detention center in El Paso, Texas.

To stay warm, they wrapped themselves in thin white blankets they received in Texas. The blankets were the same as those the migrants who arrived in Glen Ellyn in January had used. 

A few of the men in Wilmette said they had family to stay with in the city; others said they hoped to get tickets to other cities and states. Most said they had no relatives, and that they were hoping to find beds within the shelter system in Chicago.

Luis Polanco, 21, from the western state of Zulia, Venezuela, shivered as he waited for the Metra. He said he planned to meet up with his aunt in Tennessee.

“I don’t know anything about that state,” he said. “I just know that I have to go there.”

No one was there to greet the men, who boarded the Metra train that left for Chicago. The volunteers who make up the unofficial migrant welcoming committee don’t know when buses will arrive.

“It’s hard, because it’s unpredictable,” said longtime Wilmette resident Deborah Morris.

Earlier this week, in the basement of St. John’s Lutheran Church in Wilmette, Morris and fellow volunteer Heather Oliver sorted trash bags of donations for migrants to prepare for bus drop-offs.

The women partner with SaLT or “Service and Learning Together,” a student-driven nonprofit organization based in Highland Park that has organized donation drives with local churches and schools to help prepare care packages for migrants boarding trains in Wilmette. 

Morris and Oliver both have other jobs and they question how long they can keep up their ongoing response. They said they met with police and other volunteers this week to discuss the village’s long-term plan. 

“As the number of bus drop-offs has increased significantly over the past several weeks, we are carefully and thoughtfully evaluating the impacts this has on our police department’s resource allocation,” Michael Braiman, Wilmette village manager, said in a statement. 

While Morris and Oliver missed the first bus of migrants on Wednesday, Wilmette police tipped the volunteers off about a second bus expected to arrive. They drove to the station and pulled out their care packages, which they keep in a trailer in the parking lot. The wind and sleet whipped into their faces as they spread out coats, food and supplies on the platform. 

A little after 7 p.m., a large charter bus pulled into the parking lot minutes before a southbound Metra arrived. Families with kids ran through the station from the bus and grabbed what they could — gloves, hats, lotion, jerky sticks. In their frantic dash, they almost missed the train. “Hey, let’s go!” said a Metra employee to hurry the group along.

After the migrants left the station, Oliver said it was one of the most frenetic distributions of donations they’d ever done. 

Inside the brightly lit passenger car barreling toward Chicago, Stefania Rengifo, 23, smiled. She was starving and exhausted but knew she was near the end of her journey. The Venezuelan native had traveled for more than a year with her husband, Leonardo Ruiz, 26, and two daughters under the age of 10. 

The family said they hadn’t eaten in hours. They hadn’t been given food on the bus and they had no money. Like many recent arrivals, they knew no one in the United States. Rengifo looked at her daughters — 6-year-old Lismar and 7-year-old Leannysmar — wrapped in layers of donated sweaters. 

“We want them to study. They’ve never been to school,” she said.

Rengifo studied nursing in Venezuela and her husband worked at a grocery store. They decided to flee the country after her dad was shot and killed about two years ago. She wanted to go to Detroit, she said, because her 2025 asylum court date was there. “I’ve heard that there are a lot of migrants in Chicago and not very much work. It’s complicated,” she said.

As state funds for rental assistance and costly contracts to care for migrants in shelters are reaching their limits, Chicago officials have said they will no longer guarantee they’ll help house asylum-seekers. 

Just under 10,000 migrants are staying in 21 shelters across the city, down from 28 shelters in early February. Officials closed two shelters Sunday. 

Professor Justin Marlowe of the University of Chicago’s Harris School of Public Policy said in a recent interview that it would take more than just funds to respond to the mass number of people who continue to arrive on buses from the southern border. Marlowe said ideally the city would invest in building up more infrastructure.

“Dealing with asylum-seekers on this scale, at this pace is not something that cities are designed to do,” he said.

The Metra train carrying migrant families pulled into the Ogilvie Transportation Center.

“ Chicago, Chicago, llegamos a Chicago! Chicago, Chicago, we’ve arrived in Chicago!” a little boy shouted on the platform. Migrants were given a map by Metra police with instructions in Spanish for how to walk several blocks to the “intake center” at 800 S. Desplaines St. The families walked through downtown, covering themselves in blankets. 

Lismar and Leannysmar looked up at the sky to watch their breath. They held each other’s hands. They had traveled for more than a year and walked for miles to get here.

The lights from warming buses in the parking lot in the West Loop appeared in the distance.

After taking a train to the city, officials at the intake center tell migrants that shelter capacity is limited, according to a document of talking points for asylum-seekers received by the Tribune through a Freedom of Information Act request. “There may be a waiting period before you can enter shelter. You may be waiting on a warming bus until shelter placement is available,” officials will tell migrants.

They also tell them there is no longer housing assistance available, according to the document. And if there is shelter space available, they’re told they can only stay for 60 days .

The following morning, Rengifo said her family was still on the warming bus. They’d been given milk and cereal but didn’t have tennis shoes, she said.

The only help they’d received in Illinois, they said, were the bags they received from the pile offered to them by the Wilmette volunteers as they ran to the Metra train.

Chicago Tribune’s Dan Petrella contributed.

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Yelp names restaurant with ‘best Chicago-style pizza' — and it's not in Illinois

By nbc chicago staff • published april 9, 2024 • updated on april 9, 2024 at 4:36 pm.

While Chicago may be viewed as the undisputed home of deep dish pizza, a recent ranking from Yelp says the best spot in America to find the iconic Windy City dish is actually in California.

According to Yelp, the ranking was compiled by finding pizza restaurants with a large concentration of reviews mentioning “Chicago style pizza,” “Chicago-style pizza,” and “deep dish pizza,” then ranking those establishments based on total volume and ratings of reviews mentioning those terms.

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The list included 25 total restaurants, with 22 located in the U.S. and three located in Canada, with the American and Canadian restaurants being ranked separately.

Despite the list being focused on "Chicago-style pizza," the highest ranked restaurant located in Chicago came in at just No. 10, with Michael's Original Pizzeria and Tavern in Uptown receiving the nod.

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Other restaurants in the Chicago area making the list included Georgio's Chicago Pizzeria & Pub in South Barrington (No. 14), Bacino's of Lincoln Park in Chicago (No. 19) and Pequod's Pizzeria of Chicago (No. 20).

As for the restaurant that topped the list, look no further than Heirloom Pizza in Monterey, Calif., which is the best spot in the country for Chicago-style pie, according to Yelp.

The following eateries closed out Yelp's top five:

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2.  Carmines Pie House  –  Jacksonville, FL 3.  Vero Pizza Company  –  Queen Creek, AZ 4.  Two  Cities  Pizza Company  –  Mason, OH 5.  Tony’s  Little  Italy Pizza Company  –  Placentia, CA

The full list can be found here.

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Five Pieces Not to Miss at EXPO CHICAGO 2024

If you're headed to the windy city for its annual art exposition, be on the lookout for these standout artworks..

When I pitched my editor on sending me to EXPO CHICAGO I tried to hype it up for her by calling it “the fifth most important art fair in America.” It was kind of a joke, but in retrospect sounds even sillier. We’re not on the coasts; superlatives feel out of sync with the slower Midwestern way of life.

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Here, even the explosive playwright Branden Jacobs-Jenkins is reserved—as demonstrated by his excellent new play at the Steppenwolf Theatre, Purpose, which is a relatively restrained family drama about legacy and respectability politics staged on a sitcom set and directed by, of all people, Phylicia Rashad . Here, Nicole Eisenman ’s work in her survey at the Museum of Contemporary Art feels less acerbic than usual. I lingered longer on the ones where people were just hanging out.

So, with the understanding that rankings are antithetical to the Chicago ethos I’ve striven to adopt on my visit, here’s a rundown of my favorite EXPO CHICAGO artworks—complete with my own photos—in no particular order.

Ariel Cabrera, All-inclusive Trip (2024), El Apartamento

My favorite part of Less Than Zero is when a girl takes the main character home from a bar and then hands him a pair of sunglasses and sunscreen, but refuses to touch him as they each pleasure themselves on opposite sides of the bed. Were I a proper critic, I’d group Cabrera’s works in this fair alongside the new Eric Fischl show at Skarstedt and Philip Pearlstein at Bortolami. Surreal luxury forces you to ask yourself: Is it ever not surreal? I like the concept of civil war as a fantasy luxury commodity, too.

SEE ALSO: EXPO CHICAGO’s Tony Karman On the City’s Scene and Joining the Frieze Family

Amy Stober, Crying Girl (2024), MICKEY

On the plane to Chicago, the guy sitting next to me spent most of the time watching reviews for different backpacks that he’d downloaded from YouTube. Allow me to review this bag: it’s manipulative. It looks like a regular duffel hung on a wall but is, in fact, cast polyurethane and hollow when you knock it. The artist was on hand at the booth and did this for me, explaining that she came to be interested in our era of bags because of what they represent in terms of simultaneous “exhibition and privacy.” You want people to see your bag, but not know what’s inside it. The image of the woman is taken from a graphic t-shirt from Forever 21, chosen for its easy legibility.

Michael Rakowitz, The Breakup (2010), the men’s room

Visitors to one of the men’s rooms at the fair will sometimes be treated to the dulcet tones of George Harrison tuning up in this fascinating audio piece by the Chicago-based Rakowitz. This work—installed as part of the fair’s IN SITU non-selling curation—was originally a ten-part radio miniseries commissioned by Al Ma’mal Foundation for Contemporary Art, Jerusalem for Radio Amwaj in Ramallah, using 150 hours of unreleased audio tapes from Michael Lindsay-Hogg’s documentary Let It Be to examine the 1969 disbanding of the Beatles, which included a scuttled tour to Africa, in the context of the simultaneous contemporary failure of Pan-Arabism. Even in the bathroom, this piece holds stirring new relevance in light of Peter Jackson’s Get Back , the investigative podcast boom and probably some other stuff that I’m forgetting.

Andie Dinkin, Holiday Feast (2024), Half Gallery

It’s harder to get a seat at the Bemelmans Bar bar since the Carlyle became inexplicably popular with influencers but it’s never going to change, not really. Dinkin’s work feels like an update on those murals, though, bringing the crazed surrounding atmosphere of it into the work itself. She has shown her work at the Carlyle , but—this is just my personal association—the great Florine Stettheimer comes into play here too. This one seems to have a lot of disjointed narratives, but then it might just be a really good party.

Tessa Perutz, Cap Ferret Forest in Violet and Varied Cool Tones (2020-2023), Ruttkowski;68

If you Google the words “Cap Ferret Forest” one of the most asked questions is: “Is Cap Ferret chic?” (Answer: Undoubtedly .) I wanted to see the real thing because this work by Chicago native Perutz is magnetic. At just 9 by 7 inches, its shapes and subject matter call to mind Henri Matisse’s cut-outs, though it is in fact oil and pencil on paper, with the paint thick in certain areas like a lush undergrowth. I’m a sucker for alien landscapes but it’s not too strange. Note how the purples are kept in check, where they threaten to predominate. There’s a formula to its density. It doesn’t feel flat at all, does it?

• SEE ALSO : Chicago’s Hyde Park Art Center Puts Alice Shaddle Back in Her Rightful Spotlight

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Critic’s Notebook

The Era of Klaus Mäkelä, Conducting Phenom, Begins in Chicago

On Thursday, the richly talented 28-year-old maestro led the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for the first time since being named its next music director.

By Zachary Woolfe

Reporting from Chicago

On Thursday evening, when Klaus Mäkelä came onstage to lead the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for the first time since being named its next music director , he seemed at pains not to bask in the roar that greeted his entrance.

He smiled, bowed and quickly turned to give the downbeat. The orchestra had already released a video of the moment on Tuesday when the players were told he got the job. Many maestros would take the opportunity to wax a little eloquent before getting down to business; Mäkelä spoke for less than 20 seconds before raising his baton to start the rehearsal.

Mäkelä, just 28, clearly wants to avoid seeming like a vain, spotlight-craving young man. He is already the topic of much discussion for being what some consider far too early in his career for such an august position — the Chicago Symphony has been among America’s finest for well over a century — especially when he has already taken on daunting responsibilities with European orchestras.

His rise has been one of the most meteoric in modern music history. After completing his education in his native Finland, Mäkelä began his international career in earnest a mere six years ago; the pandemic was for him a period of unnatural acceleration.

He is not, however, the first 20-something conductor to burst onto the classical scene. Gustavo Dudamel was Mäkelä’s age when he became the music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Leonard Bernstein was 25 when his surprise New York Philharmonic debut, broadcast nationwide, made headlines.

And Willem Mengelberg was just 24 when he took on the Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam, the eminent ensemble at which Mäkelä is currently artistic partner. He will become chief conductor there in 2027, the same year he will officially become music director in Chicago. (And the same year that his current podium contracts, in Paris and Oslo, will lapse.)

Mäkelä has outpaced even those precursors, though. For Bernstein, it was another 15 years after that fame-making debut before he became the Philharmonic’s music director. And it is certainly unusual, if not unprecedented, for someone so young to be given the keys to two of the world’s most storied orchestras.

That Mäkelä has been entrusted with so much is a testament to how enthusiastically musicians have embraced him. When I watched him rehearsing with the New York Philharmonic before his debut with the orchestra in December 2022, it was obvious why players like him.

Orchestral rehearsals can be draining, largely because of all the stop-and-start pauses to go back and work a spot, the conductor’s “uhs” and “hmms,” and the deflating time it takes to flap the pages in the score and find the moment in question.

Mäkelä’s rehearsing felt uncannily free of all that. He managed to give his comments — succinct, specific, smiling — as he turned the pages; he seemed to know what he wanted and how to cordially, clearly get it. The soufflé never sank, and, without seeming rushed or harried, the energy never ebbed.

He creates a happy workplace for players, which is not necessarily the same thing as creating good music for audiences. That sense of cordial clarity in his music-making can turn some of his performances square and bland, like a Brahms Fourth Symphony with the Oslo Philharmonic. Filmed without an audience — his term in Norway began amid the lockdown restrictions of the 2020-21 season — it is forceful but slack, maintaining crispness while gradually losing propulsion.

And while that orchestra is polished in a 2022 recording of Sibelius’s seven symphonies , there is a feeling of clean, flavorless trudge in Mäkelä’s two subsequent albums with the Orchestre de Paris featuring Stravinsky’s early ballets .

There was quite a difference when he brought that Paris ensemble to Carnegie Hall last month to reprise some of the Stravinsky. “The Firebird” still valued pure sound over drama, with extremes of texture that didn’t quite spark, but “The Rite of Spring” was more of a revelation, a shivery and poised combination of perfumed silkiness and brutality, as if an Hermès scarf was being ritualistically stabbed with a machete.

A Dvorak Ninth Symphony filmed with the Concertgebouw is fabulously played and excitingly taut, the Largo tender. It may be that Mäkelä’s performances get better as his collaborators do: Thursday’s concert in Chicago, too, demonstrated intensity as well as lucidity.

Some offstage drama spiced up the event. The star pianist Yuja Wang, with whom Mäkelä was recently in a romantic relationship, was supposed to join for a Bartok concerto, but waited until last week to cancel. She was replaced by the cellist Sol Gabetta, her tone rich yet delicate in Shostakovich’s Concerto No. 1.

The orchestra played with a transparency that let the harmonies really sound in the uneasy stillness of the second movement’s start, and later there was such unity in the violas that it truly gave the sensation of a single person playing. Mäkelä guided with exquisite care a moment that I hadn’t ever taken much notice of, a passing, poignant bit of pastoral happiness for bassoon, clarinet and flute.

Here and in Shostakovich’s 10th Symphony, the quality of the wind soloists — particularly sensitive and eloquent in this generally superb and powerful orchestra — stood as one of the major legacies of the 13-year tenure of Riccardo Muti , Mäkelä’s predecessor (and 54 years his senior).

Mäkelä’s interpretive neutrality — that clarity and sometimes bloodless judiciousness — can be an advantage in Shostakovich, letting the composer’s extremity and ambiguity speak for themselves. (Even the concert’s non-Shostakovich opener, the Finnish composer Sauli Zinovjev’s “Batteria,” conveyed a Shostakovichian mood of alternately furious and stunned emotional burden.)

In the symphony, the players exuded a sense of freedom while being shaped with patient deliberation. That deliberate quality in Mäkelä, which has elsewhere ended up dull, here ratcheted the tension, which built within movements and over the work as a whole. This was never harsh or overstated Shostakovich, but it accumulated real impact.

Tall and lanky, Mäkelä is a rivetingly — some have said distractingly — energetic presence during concerts, bobbing up and down, sometimes crouching, sometimes leaning back a little, as if surfing. His elbows tend to be relaxed except for huge downbeats, brought crashing from well above his head, and thwacks of the baton across his body.

For those who fear a cookie-cutter prodigy, he has some welcome quirks. He has shown a taste for cross-chronological juxtapositions , and in Oslo led a bit of Lully while striking the beat on the podium with the kind of large staff conductors used during the Baroque period.

Some critics have attacked the broad portfolio he has precociously accumulated. But he is hardly the first conductor to maintain more than one directorship at a time. As Hannah Edgar of The Chicago Tribune pointed out on Facebook, the mid-20th-century maestro Fritz Reiner was savaged by critics for not spending enough time in Chicago — and his tenure there is now considered one of the high points of American orchestral history. The Mäkelä era may not deliver on its promise, but not because there are any set rules about what kind of relationship between a city, an ensemble and a conductor brings the best results.

At the end of Thursday’s concert, there was a roar, as there had been at the start. The applause would have gone on considerably longer, but Mäkelä — like Muti, who would eventually wave goodbye to the crowd to tell them it was time to go — cut it off. There were donors to greet, and repeats of the program on Friday and Saturday. He was just getting started.

Zachary Woolfe is the classical music critic of The Times. More about Zachary Woolfe

Let Us Help You Love Classical Music Even More

Spend 5 minutes digging a little deeper into the best parts of music..

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Looking for specific musicians? Check out Maria Callas , opera’s defining diva; the genre-spanning genius of Mozart ; and 21st-century composers  like Caroline Shaw and Thomas Adès.

That’s just the beginning: Here are five minutes to fall in love with  tenors, the flute, the trumpet, Brahms, string quartets and so much more.

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6 Common Leadership Styles — and How to Decide Which to Use When

• Rebecca Knight

Being a great leader means recognizing that different circumstances call for different approaches.

Research suggests that the most effective leaders adapt their style to different circumstances — be it a change in setting, a shift in organizational dynamics, or a turn in the business cycle. But what if you feel like you’re not equipped to take on a new and different leadership style — let alone more than one? In this article, the author outlines the six leadership styles Daniel Goleman first introduced in his 2000 HBR article, “Leadership That Gets Results,” and explains when to use each one. The good news is that personality is not destiny. Even if you’re naturally introverted or you tend to be driven by data and analysis rather than emotion, you can still learn how to adapt different leadership styles to organize, motivate, and direct your team.

Much has been written about common leadership styles and how to identify the right style for you, whether it’s transactional or transformational, bureaucratic or laissez-faire. But according to Daniel Goleman, a psychologist best known for his work on emotional intelligence, “Being a great leader means recognizing that different circumstances may call for different approaches.”

• RK Rebecca Knight is a journalist who writes about all things related to the changing nature of careers and the workplace. Her essays and reported stories have been featured in The Boston Globe, Business Insider, The New York Times, BBC, and The Christian Science Monitor. She was shortlisted as a Reuters Institute Fellow at Oxford University in 2023. Earlier in her career, she spent a decade as an editor and reporter at the Financial Times in New York, London, and Boston.

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Sizing and fit

Materials and sustainability, shipping and returns, cons to consider, the bottom line, vivaia review: we love the brand's boots, flats, and heels, but the sizing scheme is complicated. here's what you need to know..

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Vivaia is a sustainable footwear brand that entered the scene in 2020 with a lot to prove. At this point, most people were well aware of their options for the best flats from brands like Rothy's , Everlane , and Allbirds . Nevertheless, Vivaia (pronounced "v/i/-VAY-yah") carved out their own corner in the sustainable shoe market with colorful, comfortable dress shoes — because regardless of how "green" a brand is, people will wear stylish shoes that are painless to stand in all day.

In our Vivaia review, we give our honest impressions on the sizing and comfort of every style we've tried, so you can make an informed decision on which pair suits you best. Flats are Vivaia's main focus, but we also tested more recent forays into waterproof sock boots, where the Tara Pro ($189) and Regina Pro ($149) turned out to be the real winners of the bunch. 

My issue with Vivaia's sizing is that it widely varies depending on style. In my experience, they tend to run large. When selecting a size on their website, you have the option of choosing from UK, US, or European sizes, but they're inscribed with the European size on the sole. 

Vivaia sent me a pair of size 8 waterproof Tara Pro boots ($189) and Margot Mary Janes ($97) , which fit me perfectly, but their flats were a different story. I ordered a size 8 in the Melia Pointed-Toe Flat, and they were entirely too big.

If you're looking for the best ballet flats for wide feet, I recommend Vivaia over any brands we've tried. They have roomy toe boxes and offer generous stretch, and for this reason they're also great if you plan to style them with thick socks.  But if your feet are on the narrower side like mine, you'll want to size down — or else may want to consider flats detailed in our Rothy's review , which consistently fit true to size. 

Our reviews of every Vivaia style we've tried:

Square-toe margot mary jane.

When putting on my Vivaia Mary Janes, I directly compared them to the Mary Janes I tested for our Rothy's review . Both are machine washable and breathable, but I immediately preferred the look of Vivaia's more — the adjustable buckle on the strap shows more of an intention with the design than the straps on Rothy's, which don't have buckles and are more like strips of fabric.  Not only are Vivaia's Mary Janes less expensive than Rothy's, but they also beat them in terms of comfort. The insoles are padded around the heel and forefoot with a yoga-mat like material, while Rothy's are flat on the inside. The arch support and slightly more structured heel feel notably different when walking on pavement. The square toe box is roomier than Rothy's Mary Janes ($159) , so they're better suited for people with wide feet in this aspect, too.

Melia Pointed-Toe Flat

I was drawn to the d'Orsay on the Melia Pointed-Toe flat, and chose the Nutmeg colorway because it pairs easily with practically everything I wear. However, I was disappointed to find the sizing was way off. They were entirely too big to wear, and fit more like a size 9 than an 8. They do have heel cushions meant to prevent blisters, but otherwise the footbed lacks extra padding, like the kind I came to love from Rothy's signature In Love Insole .

Tara Pro Boot

Vivaia's Tara Pros have been my go-to rain boots this past winter. I've worn these knee-high boots throughout the especially rainy stretch of weekends we've had in New York City, and falling raindrops would bead on the uppers and brush off with a simple swipe. I also tested them by pouring water over them before putting them on, and the knit fabric wicks moisture so effectively that I was honestly impressed. You couldn't wear these as waders, but they're a more stylish alternative to rubber rain boots. I'm five-foot-nine and the stretchy shaft of the boot reaches just below my knee when pulled all the way up, but you can also fold them over or scrunch them around the ankle a bit. Inside, they're lined with a terry knit that keeps my feet warm, and the diamond-quilted foot bed is layered with arch support and shock absorption around the heel and midsole. The block heels are just over an inch high and click with each step. Whenever I receive compliments on them, I'm excited to share that they're waterproof, too.

Regina Pro Boot

Vivaia's water-repellent boot collection also includes the Regina Pros, which first caught our eye for their luxury brand look. They come in six colorways, including two wool versions, and their heels are just over 2 inches high. Reviews style editor Samantha Crozier listed this pair as her top pick for wide feet in our guide to the best ankle boots , thanks to their flexible material. 

  "What sets the Vivaia Regina Pro apart is not just the anti-slip outsole and pressure-relief herbal insole, but also the water-repellant upper that stretches to accommodate even the widest feet.

These boots are incredibly comfortable. The cloth material makes them super easy to slip on in the morning — plus, they're kind of reminiscent of Balenciaga's famous sock boots. But unlike Balenciaga boots, these are incredibly practical and sold at a great price point." — Samantha Crozier, style & beauty editor

Melody Pro Pump

The Melody Pro Square-Toe Chunky Heels are pumps you can wear without the aches and pains usually associated with the style. Reviews editor Samantha Crozier took walks in her neighborhood wearing different heels, and consequently named the Melody Pros the best cloth pumps in our guide to the most comfortable heels . She advises that the Pros are worth the extra $20 because they come with more padding than the basic version.

"Vivaia's pressure relief insoles have padding exactly where you want it. Incredibly, there's extra cushioning on the area between your heel and ankle where blisters usually appear so there's no uncomfortable rubbing. The sole also has arch support, padding under the balls of your feet, and a shock-absorbent heel rebound. 

All of these bells and whistles combine to create a pump that you'll want to wear all day. In fact, these actually feel like wearing sneakers! I'm never afraid of wearing these out of the house, no matter how far I'm going to be walking." — Samantha Crozier, style & beauty editor

The principle material Vivaia uses to create their shoes is recycled PTA, or "polyethylene terephthalate," sourced from water bottles that have been diverted from landfills. Each pair of flats takes six bottles to make. Similar to Birkenstocks, their soles are made with renewable EVA, or "ethylene vinyl acetate," which is a lightweight, waterproof, and flexible material similar to foam and rubber. They also use recyclable thermoplastics to construct their heels, because it can be made from non-toxic plastic and takes less energy to manufacture.  The rubber used on the outsoles is a blend of synthetic rubber from Vietnam and biodegradable natural rubber, so there's a slight compromise on how purely renewable each pair actually is. The insoles also consist of polyurethane foam, and PU production is a notoriously polluting process. But the insoles also consist of an herbal blend of natural Artemisia Argy, which helps control odor and humidity to help your feet stay dry and fresh.

Vivaia ships internationally from their warehouses in the UK, US, Germany, and China, and and you can see their list of included countries here . They offer free standard shipping on any order over $99, which typically ships within one to two days, and your shoes should arrive between seven and twelve days. You can add shipping insurance for an extra two dollars. Express shipping costs an extra $25.99, with an expected delivery of three to five days.  If you're unsatisfied with your order, Vivaia accepts free returns of shoes in perfect unworn condition, with a 100% money back guarantee when you send them back within 30 days — though during the holiday season, this has been extended to 45 days. Refunds take up to three days to be processed. 

Evidently, Vivaia's sizing system is not true-to-size in every style, and in one case ran much larger than what we expected. If you're especially interested in the Melia Pointed Toe Flats or you have narrow feet, I recommend sizing down by half a size. It's also worth noting that not every style is machine washable, so be sure to check your pair's care guide beforehand. 

Despite Vivaia's original claim to fame being flats, they've really hit their stride with their waterproof boots and comfortable pumps. The material is resilient, they're comfortable to walk in, and the silhouettes are easy to style so you're likely to get a lot of use out of them. Although their sizing system still needs some perfecting, Vivaia's designs are definitely a solid option for people who want sustainably-made shoes with a modern feminine flair.

You can purchase logo and accolade licensing to this story here . Disclosure: Written and researched by the Insider Reviews team. We highlight products and services you might find interesting. If you buy them, we may get a small share of the revenue from the sale from our partners. We may receive products free of charge from manufacturers to test. This does not drive our decision as to whether or not a product is featured or recommended. We operate independently from our advertising team. We welcome your feedback. Email us at [email protected] .

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Concerns about eye discomfort appear to rise after solar eclipse

Google searches about “hurt eyes” spiked Monday afternoon, just after many U.S. communities experienced the total solar eclipse. 

The searches suggest some people in the sun’s path were worried they’d glanced at it too long. 

It’s a valid concern, eye experts said. Looking at the sun without protective equipment can harm your vision, and complaints of eye issues have been documented after past eclipse events. However, cases of long-term damage after eclipses aren’t common.

In addition, hurting eyes aren’t the best indicator of a severe problem: Injuries from “solar retinopathy,” when light injures retinas, occur without immediate pain. 

Two main types of injuries are possible from looking at the sun — a burn to the outside of the eye and damage to nerve tissue within. 

“You can get a little bit of a burn to the surface of the eye, or what we call solar keratitis,” said Dr. Daniel Lattin, an ophthalmologist at Nemours Children’s Health in Jacksonville, Florida. “You can get sort of a burn to that cornea, and that’ll cause redness and tearing and those sorts of symptoms. That should resolve on its own, within a day or two, without any sort of permanent damage.”

That type of injury is rare, and it’s more commonly associated with climbers who spend time at high altitudes without proper eye protection, said Dr. Russell Van Gelder, an ophthalmologist at University of Washington Medicine and the director of the Karalis Johnson Retina Center in Seattle.

“It’s pretty hard to get that eclipse gazing; you need a fair amount of exposure,” Van Gelder said. 

Vision symptoms are more likely and worthy of concern. 

“If you have symptoms of a blind spot, wavy lines, floaters or blurry vision, that could be solar retinopathy after this eclipse, and you need to be seen right away,” said Dr. Luxme Hariharan, chief of ophthalmology at Dayton Children’s Hospital in Ohio. 

Hariharan said symptoms of solar retinopathy typically develop in the 24 hours after sun exposure. The condition isn’t associated with pain. 

“It’s not a pain sensation,” Van Gelder said. “The retina is devoid of the sense of pain or temperature. The retina can’t feel when it’s injured.” 

Lattin said there’s no treatment for solar retinopathy, though some patients’ eyes will recover over time.

Limited data suggests prolonged problems aren’t common. Only about 100 patients reported “eclipse-related retinopathy” after the 2017 total solar eclipse, according to a technical report published by the American Astronomical Society . Children and young adults were the most likely to be affected, according to the report, which based its estimates on informal survey data. 

Van Gelder said no national registry keeps track of such injuries. 

After the 2017 eclipse, he said, his clinic treated a half-dozen patients in Seattle who had eye complaints. He treated two of them directly, both of whom experienced partial recoveries. 

“If people are having pain, it’s probably not anything significant,” Van Gelder said. “If they have vision issues, they should be seen.” 

Experts said it doesn’t take long to damage the eyes after you gaze at the sun. 

“It can take as little as one to two seconds where you’re looking at it unprotected if you’re not using the glasses,” Hariharan said. “The problem is when the moon is blocking it in totality and it’s cloudy, you think it’s safe to look at, and people will stare at it for longer.”

Evan Bush is a science reporter for NBC News. He can be reached at [email protected].

Aria Bendix is the breaking health reporter for NBC News Digital.

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• Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples

Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples

Published on September 12, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

An in-text citation is used to point readers toward any source you quote , paraphrase or refer to in your writing. The Chicago Manual of Style has two options for in-text citations:

• Author-date : you put your citations in parentheses within the text itself.
• Notes and bibliography : you put your citations in numbered footnotes or endnotes.

You should choose one of these two citation options and use it consistently throughout your text. The source details are listed in full in a bibliography or reference list at the end. Make sure to pay attention to punctuation (e.g., commas and quotation marks ).

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Author-date citation example

(Woolf 1921, 11)

Footnote citation example

1. Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.

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Table of contents

Which chicago style should you use, option 1: author-date in-text citations, option 2: citations in footnotes or endnotes, citing sources with multiple authors, missing information in chicago in-text citations, frequently asked questions about chicago in-text citations.

First, you need to decide whether you are using notes or author-date in-text citations. You can usually find out from your instructor or syllabus which style you should use.

The notes and bibliography system is usually preferred in humanities subjects like literature, history and the arts. The author-date system is preferred in the sciences, including social sciences.

The styles are similar in the information they present, but they differ in terms of the order, location, and format of that information. It’s important to use one style consistently, and not to confuse the two.

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Author-date style places citations directly in the text in parentheses . In-text citations include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and if applicable, a page number or page range:

This style of Chicago in-text citation looks the same for every type of source.

When using author-date, you should always include a reference list  with an entry corresponding to each citation. This provides the reader with full publication information to locate the source.

Where should citations appear in the text?

The author-date style gives you some flexibility in where you place your citations in the text.

Most commonly, you will put the citation at the end of the relevant sentence (before the period). You can also integrate it into the sentence. If you name the author in your sentence, you only need to include the date and page number in parentheses.

Multiple citations can also be combined within one set of parentheses using a semicolon .

As you can see in the Valentine citation, it’s not always necessary to include a page number—only when you’re referring to a specific part of the text. If you want to cite the text as a whole, you can leave out the page number.

In notes and bibliography style, your citations appear in either footnotes or endnotes .

To create a Chicago footnote or endnote reference, a superscript number is placed at the end of the clause or sentence that the citation applies to, after any punctuation (periods, quotation marks , parentheses ). Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on.

These superscript numbers correspond to numbered footnotes or endnotes containing the actual citation.

Full notes and short notes

There are two types of note you can use in Chicago style: full and short.

• Full notes contain the full publication details of the source.
• Short notes contain the author’s last name, the title (shortened if it is longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant).

You should usually use a full note the first time you cite each source. If you cite the same source more than once, use a short note for each subsequent citation. You may also use “ ibid. ” to repeat the citation from the previous note, but short notes are the more usual choice.

The rules of your specific institution may vary, requiring you to use one of the two note styles every time. It’s important to check with your instructor if you’re unsure.

This is what a full and short note for the same citation might look like:

The format of the note varies depending on the type of source. Below you can see examples of a Chicago website citation , book citation , book chapter citation , and journal article citation .

Chicago footnote citation examples

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Footnotes or endnotes?

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to, while endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the Chicago style bibliography .

The citation looks exactly the same whether it appears in a footnote or an endnote . If you haven’t been told which one to use, the choice is a matter of personal preference. The important thing is to consistently use one or the other.

In both styles, when you cite a source with two or three authors, list the names in the order they appear in the original publication:

When a source has four or more authors, use the term “ et al. ” after the first author’s name:

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Sometimes, not all of the information you need for your citation will be available. Thankfully, there are ways to work around this in both styles.

No page number

Page numbers are not always necessary; if the source doesn’t have page numbers (e.g., a website ), or if you’re referring to the general argument of a text instead of a specific passage, you can omit page numbers.

If a source has no page numbers but you still want to specify a particular part of the text, you can use other locators like paragraphs, chapters or headings instead—whatever markers the text provides:

No publication date

If the source doesn’t have a stated publication date, you can write “n.d.” in place of the year:

If no specific author is listed, you can refer to the organization that published the source:

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

When a source has four or more authors , your in-text citation or Chicago footnote should give only the first author’s name followed by “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”). This makes your citations more concise.

In your bibliography or reference list , when a source has more than 10 authors, list the first seven followed by “et al.” Otherwise, list every author.

• A reference list is used with Chicago author-date citations .
• A bibliography is used with Chicago footnote citations .

Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:

• In a reference list entry, the publication year appears directly after the author’s name.
• In a bibliography entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).

There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a Chicago annotated bibliography .

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

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Caulfield, J. (2022, December 05). Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/chicago-in-text-citation/

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Police fire 96 shots in 41 seconds, killing Black man during traffic stop

Dexter Reed’s mother remembers the last time she saw her son alive. “Mom, I’m going for a ride,” he told her, before heading out in the car that he had purchased just three days earlier.

Reed, 26, was killed that same day, when tactical-unit police officers fired 96 bullets at him within 41 seconds, according to Chicago’s Civilian Office of Police Accountability, or COPA, which investigates allegations of police misconduct and police shootings. “He was just riding around in his car,” Dexter’s mother, Nicole Banks, told Fox 32 Chicago on Tuesday, as she broke down in tears. “They killed him.”

COPA released video footage of the shooting Tuesday and said its investigation of the “officers’ use of deadly force” on March 21 remains ongoing, and that its review of the footage and initial reports “appear to confirm that Mr. Reed fired first,” hitting one officer while four others returned fire.

The Chicago Police Department told CNN that it was cooperating with COPA’s investigation and that it “cannot make a determination on this shooting until all the facts are known and this investigation has concluded.” The department did not immediately respond to a request for comment from The Washington Post.

According to COPA, police stopped Reed “for purportedly not wearing a seatbelt.” In several body-cam videos, multiple officers can be seen exiting an unmarked vehicle and surrounding Reed’s car, which had tinted windows. The officers demand that he unlock and open the door, and not roll up the window.

“Upon stopping Mr. Reed, multiple officers surrounded his vehicle while giving verbal commands. When Mr. Reed did not comply with these commands, officers pointed their firearms at Mr. Reed,” COPA said.

Officers can be seen retreating as they ask Reed to exit the vehicle. Then, shots can be heard.

Reed can be seen staggering out of the vehicle before collapsing onto the road. As officers approach his motionless body, they can be heard telling Reed not to move. A pool of blood can be seen on the ground next to Reed as officers place him in handcuffs.

“Ultimately there was an exchange of gunfire which left Mr. Reed dead and an officer shot in the forearm,” COPA said, adding that a gun was recovered from the front passenger seat of Reed’s car.

Andrew M. Stroth, the family’s attorney, said Tuesday that the plainclothes officers “did not announce they were police officers.” The footage shows many officers in plainclothes, with some wearing vests with the word “police” on them.

According to COPA, police continued to shoot at Reed after he left his car and fell to the ground. The agency noted that Reed was “struck by gunfire multiple times and was transported to the hospital and later pronounced deceased.”

Stroth described Reed as a star athlete who “enjoyed playing hoops,” and loved to cook and spend time with his family. He called on Chicago Mayor Brandon Johnson to “disband these tactical units that have been terrorizing communities.”

Johnson said Tuesday that he was aware that the footage was “extremely painful and traumatic” and that the officers involved in the fatal shooting have been placed on a 30-day administrative leave.

“As mayor and as a father raising a family, including two Black boys on the west side of Chicago, I am personally devastated to see yet another young Black man lose his life during an interaction with the police,” Johnson said.

Johnson said that he had spoken with Reed’s family over the weekend and that he was committed to a “transparent” investigation.

Stroth called on Cook County State’s Attorney Kim Foxx to “move swiftly to get justice” for the Reed family and said “the people of Chicago deserve to have awareness and full knowledge of police shootings.”

In a statement Tuesday, Foxx said “it is imperative that we let the investigation take its course.” “Be assured, our commitment to finding justice for everyone involved is unwavering,” she said.

“If you didn’t stop my nephew, he will be alive today,” Reed’s uncle told CNN on Tuesday.

Reed’s death has once again reignited debate and anger over police brutality and excessive use of force in the United States, prompting protests outside a Chicago police station this week, with activists, residents and family members calling for justice.

There have been at least 9,497 fatal police shootings in the United States since 2015, according to The Post’s database . In the past 12 months, at least 1,116 people have been shot and killed by police.

Police killings of Black Americans including Tyre Nichols , Breonna Taylor and George Floyd have prompted protests and a racial reckoning that translated into hundreds of bills aimed at curtailing law enforcement powers and reshaping policing.

“How many more young Black and Brown men need to die before this city will change?” Stroth said.