archetypal theory essay

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Northrop Frye

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Northrop Frye by Diane Dubois LAST MODIFIED: 26 July 2017 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780190221911-0035

Herman Northrop Frye (July 14, 1912–January 23, 1991) was misunderstood for decades as a literary taxonomist or member of the archetypal school of literary criticism. Since the late 1970s his work has been subjected to wide reappraisal, revealing not only that his entire output was the result of a highly personal project but also that a spiritual quest and social mission runs throughout. While wrestling with William Blake’s perplexing symbolism as a divinity student in the 1930s, the centrality of biblical imagery in the literary canon became clear to him. From this project Frye’s critical method evolved, as he attempted to perfect a systematic approach to literature that could render any text comprehensible. Frye was astoundingly prolific, writing over thirty books and producing hundreds of book chapters, journal articles, book reviews, editorials, lectures, occasional papers, and sermons. Frye usually wrote about literature, but he also wrote on Christianity and other religions, on education, culture and politics, film, and painting. Situated within the University of Toronto for most of his life, he championed Canadian literature and art before it was fashionable to do so and even produced a handful of short stories. His writings have been assembled and edited to form the Collected Works of Northrop Frye , a collection of thirty volumes published by the University of Toronto Press in an immense project that began in 1993 and took just under two decades to complete. The Pratt Library of Victoria University at the University of Toronto holds a huge archive, including copies of literary works hand-annotated by Frye, these notations providing the most recent primary texts for Frye scholars to dig through for fresh material and insight. Despite his enormous output, Frye tells the same story over and over, of the revelatory and redemptive power of the written word. Frye believed that an education in the humanities was the basis of a democratic society. His “concern and freedom” thesis promotes a stance that is both imaginative and critical; laying between the two extremes of conservatism and radicalism, it promotes thinking beyond the simple reiteration of societal norms and values, without tipping into a potentially hazardous laissez-faire. Politically, Frye can be best described as a left-leaning liberal who, so committed to his belief in the social mission of literary criticism, frequently produced populist and accessible versions of his key ideas to disseminate these to a general audience.

Anatomy of Criticism

Frye 1957 is the most comprehensive statement of Frye’s ideas about literature and is a must-read for every Frye scholar. Frye begins by defending the need for a systematic literary criticism that does not rest on “taste” or value judgements or borrow its methodology from other disciplines or extraliterary concerns. The first of Frye’s four essays divides literature into five modes—mythic, romantic, high mimetic, low mimetic, and ironic—each associated with, but not rigidly aligned to, a specific historical period; revising ideas first worked out in Frye 1950 , the second essay shows how literary symbols operate in accordance to five phases, ranging from simple descriptive function to the most profoundly revelatory, which he calls anagogic. In the anagogic phase, all archetypes are intertextually connected, providing a revelatory and transcendental apprehension of literature as an autonomous and self-generating Order of Words. His third essay aligns the four mythoi of romance, irony, tragedy, and comedy to the seasons of summer, autumn, winter, and spring, showing how literature embodies the entirety of human desire and also its demonic inversion; see also Frye 1957 (cited under Shakespeare ). In the fourth essay, Frye formulates a rhetorical criticism, and, in his conclusion, Frye begins to speculate on the social role of literary criticism; for more on the latter, see entries under Politics and Cultural Theory .

Frye, Northrop. “Levels of Meaning in Literature.” The Kenyon Review 12.2 (1950): 246–262.

This material is incorporated into the second essay of Frye 1957 . Draws on Dante’s notion of polysemy, stated in a letter to Can Grande della Scala, where Dante, using a medieval method also used by biblical exegetes, described his own work as polysemous, that is, having multiple layers of meaning, ranging from the literal, through the allegorical and moral to the most profound, revelatory level, the anagogic.

Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957.

Making reference to a staggering breadth of material, Frye presents a persuasive literary typology. Then, in his final essay, Frye writes about Menippean satire, a “creative treatment of exhaustive erudition” and delivers his punchline—that another name for Menippean satire is the anatomy (p. 311). Thus Frye playfully acknowledges that his book is a creative, utopian fiction, positing, while simultaneously satirizing the (im)possibility of an encyclopedic overview of literature.

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Archetypal Criticism

Literary/ Cultural Context Essay

• The Literary Encyclopedia. Volume 1.4.2 : German-language Writing and Culture: Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein , 800-present.
• Vol. editors: Gerhard P. Knapp (University of Utah) , Jennifer Marston William (Purdue University) , Herbert Rowland (Purdue University) , Jill E. Twark (East Carolina University)
• Literary Theory/ Critical approach
• Date of occurrence 1900
• Austria (Location)

The main proponent of archetypal theory in the twentieth century was C.G. Jung, and the Canadian critic and scholar Northrop Frye utilized archetypal theory in literary criticism, though Frye’s approach differed substantively from Jung’s position. The advent of postmodern theory initially dampened the interest and influence of archetypal theory, but in recent years many writers and scholars have responded to the misconceptions and misrepresentations often found in postmodern critiques of archetypal theory (see for instance, Hauke, 2000; Rowland, 2002). Jung addresses the relevance of archetypal theory in literature and the arts most clearly in

(1966) which contains two significant essays on literature and poetry (first published 1922 and 1930).

Citation: Dobson, Darrell. "Archetypal Criticism". The Literary Encyclopedia . First published 21 June 2005 [https://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1569, accessed 15 April 2024.]

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THIRD ESSAY. Archetypal Criticism: Theory of Myths

From the book anatomy of criticism.

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Home › Myth Criticism › Myth Criticism of Northrop Frye

Myth Criticism of Northrop Frye

By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on March 21, 2016 • ( 3 )

Northrop Frye’s Anatomy of Criticism (1957) introduced the archetypal approach called Myth Criticism, combining the typological interpretation of the Bible and the conception of imagination prevalent in the writings of William Blake. Frye continued the formalist emphasis of New Criticism and its insistence on criticism as a scientific, objective and systematic discipline. The book testifies that literary history is a repetitive and self contained cycle where basic symbolic myths (for instance the deluge, trickster) recur.

Myth criticism drew upon the anthropological and psychological bases of myths; rituals and folktales to restore the spiritual content to the alienated, fragmented world ruled by scientism, empiricism and technology. Myth criticism regarded the creation of myth (with its association with magic, imagination, dreams etc.) as integral to human thought; and myth as the collective attempt of cultures to establish a meaningful context to human existence. Literature is viewed as emerging out of a core of myth, and as a “system” based on “recurrent patterns”. These parameters were also reflected in other contemporary movements such as Structuralism and Jungian concept of the “collective unconscious” Frye argued that literature drew upon transcendental genres such as romance (summer), tragedy (autumn), irony/satire (winter) and comedy (spring). These four genres constitute a ‘central unifying myth’. He further codified these genres and uncovered their basic archetypal structures. The romance is characterised by a quest theme where the hero descends into subterranean depths and danger and then rises. This descent and ascent, Frye argued, constituted the `mythopoeic’ equivalent of Jung’s archetype

Summer stands for the culmination of the year’s seasons, just as romance and marriage culminates a life. Comedy is about fantasy and wish-fulfillment and, therefore, suited to spring, while satire’s disillusioned mockery suits the coldness of winter. Thus archetypal criticism lined supposed ‘universal’ psychological states with literary symbols identified as ‘universal’.

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• Anthropological Criticism: An Essay – Literary Theory and Criticism Notes
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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Literature Review — Archetypal Theory On Three Day Road

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Archetypal Literary Theory in the Postmodern Era

Journal of Jungian Scholarly Studies

I propose that differentiating the archetype and the archetypal image provides a means of responding to some postmodern critiques of archetypal theory. I consider the literary theories of Northrop Frye and a postmodern feminist critique of his work. I hypothesize that a more fully Jungian perspective on archetypal theory provides a means of responding to the critiques levelled at Frye. This analysis hopes to contribute to positioning archetypal theory in such a manner as to allow it to remain cogent and relevant in light of postmodern critiques, and to do so without marginalizing or ignoring postmodern theoretical insights.

Related Papers

CONCORDIA DISCORS vs DISCORDIA CONCORS. Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Translation and Cross-Cultural Strategies.

The purpose of my paper is to suggest a reading of Northrop Frye’s work in the context of certain conflicting claims of feminist theories. On the one hand, postmodern thinkers advocating gender scepticism question the legitimacy of comprehensive communal symbols, on the other hand, building on the binaries of gender, feminists continue to perform a useful critique of the extremely “masculine” values of Western culture. I argue that Frye’s unique distinction between primary concern (mythology) and secondary concern (ideology) can be used to theorize the difference between archetype and stereotype, and thus to distinguish the ideological and oppressive from the nourishing and liberating aspects of gendered imagery in our culture. And ultimately, Frye’s typological dialectic provides a way of going beyond the binaries of gender towards the interpenetration of masculine and feminine, subject and object, culture and nature.

Annis Pratt

Journal of University of Human Development

Araz A H M E D Mohammed

This study proposes a psychoanalytic reading of Kit Anderson’s Five Sisters: A Modern Novel of Kurdish Women based on Carl Gustav Jung’s (1875-1961) major theories of archetypes which are the persona, the shadow, and the self discussed in Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche. While hospitality, honor killings, political persecution and resistance are displayed in the novel as general archetypal images that are used to label Kurds with, Anderson’s primary purpose in crafting characters, themes, and settings is the universal nature of suffering. The five sisters are engulfed by horrendous conditions, which produce a wide range of causes that push the novelist to exhibit various forms of the persona, the realization of the shadow, and the (dis)integration of the self. In order to create a world where the self prevails, the novel proposes two prospects: the dismantlement of tribal mentality and the liberation of women through education. The implication is that although Anderson present...

International Journal of English and Social Sciences

Kevin George

Northrop Frye was a Canadian literary critic and theorist. He was born on 14th July,1912 in Sherbrooke in Quebec, Canada. Harold Bloom called him a "Miltonic figure" (qtd. By Bloom in an interview) of literary criticism for his exemplary and original contributions to the field of literary criticism. Frye was educated at the University of Toronto where he was a theology and philosophy major. He then did his postgraduate degree in English at Merton College, Oxford. In 1939 he returned to Canada and started teaching at Victoria College, University of Toronto where he spent the rest of his literary career. Northrop Frye is viewed as a pioneering critic of archetypal criticism. His first book The Fearful Symmetry: A Study of William Blake written in 1947 was a highly original study of Blake's poetry and is considered a seminal critical work. He shot to international fame with the publication of his book titled The Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays written in 1957 "which redirected American literary theory away from the close reading of New Criticism and towards the larger meanings of literary genres, modes and archetypes." (Drabble 386). Regardless of the critical evaluation, he stressed on a value-free science of criticism. Frye in most of his works elaborate a comprehensive map of the literary universe in a schematic series of classifications. He has written over twenty books on various subjects including culture, myth, social thought and archetypal theory. His famous works include The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology, Secular Scripture, The Great Code: The Bible and Literature, Spiritus Mundi, The Well-Tempered Critic and Northrop Frye on Shakespeare. Frye was a polymath who had extensive knowledge on various subjects such as western culture, archetypal criticism, religion, anthropology et cetera. The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology, published in 1963 is the collection from which the essay "The Archetypes of Literature" is taken. It was originally published in The Kenyon Review in 1951. Frye analyses literature with respect to various rituals and myths. He drew inspiration from many sources including the Bible, Blake's prophetic books, Oswald Spengler, Sigmund Freud and James George Frazer. But the main source of influence was the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung. Frye was immensely influenced by his account of the collective unconscious. But ironically Frye objected to being called a Jungian critic because he said that the literary critics should be concerned only with the ritual or dream patterns and need not concern themselves with how the symbols actually got there.

Social Sciences Studies Journal

Aydın Görmez

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

Susan Henking

Dialectical Anthropology

Norris Johnson

Jungian archetype theory exemplifies tensions between ways of questioning in psychology. Jung anchors his thesis in the contrasting discourses of biology and metaphysics, though his narrative presents a ‘whole’ transcending both. The present focus is on itsproblematic touchdown in the discourse of science. The essay considers, in turn, tensions specific to Jung’s writing, tensions between Jungian theory development and the logic of scientific discovery, and tensions inherent in post-Jungian revisions of archetype theory, culminating in the relationship between saying and seeing problematized by Wittgenstein. Throughout,the essay engages with Jung’s theorizing as itself a creative process, the products of which (the specific propositions debated by his followers and critics) may be viewed as crossroads requiring readers of Jung to make decisions as to which way to turn. In closing, the possibility of integrating Jung’s thought with a dialogical approach is indicated.

Cynthia Giles

The first chapter of my dissertation, which focused on the application of archetypal psychology (as conceptualized by Carl Jung and James Hillman) to the analysis of cultural phenomena. Five chapters present an in-depth explanation of this approach. The sixth chapter demonstrates the approach through a cultural analysis of Nazism in 20th-century Germany. This dissertation provides the basis for my subsequent work in the area of Holocaust literature, as well as my current writing about Trumpism

Rethinking History

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