ap seminar thesis statement

What are your chances of acceptance?

Calculate for all schools, your chance of acceptance.

Your chancing factors

Extracurriculars.

Ultimate Guide to the AP Seminar Course and Exam

Do you know how to improve your profile for college applications.

See how your profile ranks among thousands of other students using CollegeVine. Calculate your chances at your dream schools and learn what areas you need to improve right now — it only takes 3 minutes and it's 100% free.

AP classes are generally stand-alone subjects that easily translate to traditional college courses. They culminate in a standardized exam on which students are graded using a five-point scale, which colleges use to determine credit or advanced standing. However, starting in the fall of 2014, the College Board began to adapt the traditional structure to reflect a less stringent rote curriculum and place a heavier emphasis on critical thinking skills.

The AP Capstone program is at the center of these changes, and its introductory course is AP Seminar. Read on for more information about the AP Seminar course and exam and how they can prepare you for college-level work.

About the AP Capstone Diploma 

The AP Seminar course is the first of two classes required for the AP Capstone Diploma —a two-year program with a curriculum designed to develop students’ skills in research, analysis, evidence-based arguments, collaboration, writing, and presenting. Students who receive a score of 3 or higher on the exams for both courses earn an AP Seminar and Research Certificate. Students who receive a score of 3 or higher on both exams and on four additional AP exams receive the AP Capstone Diploma.   

During the AP Seminar course, you will practice collaborative problem-solving, critical thinking, and student-led investigation. During the second year of the program, you will go on to study AP Research , which applies the skills you developed in AP Seminar to a prolonged research project on a topic of your choosing, build an evidence-based argument, and present it through written and oral defense.

When is the AP Seminar Exam?

The 2020 AP Exams have been changed to online exams due to coronavirus. Learn about these changes in our post How is Coronavirus Impacting AP Exams ?

About the AP Seminar Course 

The College Board suggests themes such as freedom, justice, and peace as possible examples. You will use an inquiry framework to practice reading and analyzing articles, studies, and foundational, literary, and philosophical texts. You will also listen to and view speeches, broadcasts, and personal accounts, and examine artistic works and performances. By examining materials like news stories, research studies, and literary works, you will learn to craft arguments to support your point of view and communicate it effectively by using various media.

This course will also support you as you investigate real-world topics of your choosing from multiple perspectives, which often are different or competing. In addition, you will learn to collect and analyze information with accuracy and precision, develop arguments based on facts, and effectively communicate your point of view.

The main educational ideas explored in AP Seminar are broken down into “big ideas.” Within each big idea there are “essential questions,” designed to encourage deep thought about a theme and foster a deeper conceptual understanding of it. Below are the five big ideas of the AP Seminar course, a brief description of them, and their corresponding essential questions.  

Question and Explore: Challenges students to form their own point of view when facing complex issues by asking questions and investigating answers through the exploration of different, often competing, perspectives. The essential questions of “Question and Explore” are: 

• How does the context of a problem or issue affect how it is interpreted or presented?
• How might others see the problem or issue differently?
• What questions have yet to be asked?
• What voices or perspectives are missing from my research?
• What do I want to know, learn, or understand?
• How does my research question shape how I go about trying to answer it?
• What information do I need to answer my question?
• What keywords should I use to search for information about this topic?

Understand and Analyze: The understanding and comprehension of others’ ideas and the ability to synthesize and explain another person’s ideas to others. The essential questions of “Understand and Analyze” are:

• What strategies will help me comprehend a text? 
• What is the argument’s main idea and what reasoning does the author use to develop it?
• Why might the author view the issue this way?
• What biases may the author have that influence his or her perspective?
• Does this argument acknowledge other perspectives?
• How do I know if a source is trustworthy?
• What are the implications of these arguments?
• How does this conclusion impact me and my community? Or my research?

Evaluate Multiple Perspectives: The ability to compare and contrast different perspectives to better understand the complexities of an issue. The essential questions are:

• What patterns or trends can be identified among the arguments about this issue?
• What are the implications and/or consequences of accepting or rejecting a particular argument?
• How can I connect the multiple perspectives? What other issues, questions, or topics do they relate to?
• How can I explain contradictions within or between arguments?
• From whose perspective is this information being presented, and how does that affect my evaluation?

Synthesize Ideas: Unifying the gained knowledge, explored ideas, and numerous perspectives  to form conclusions on your own. The essential questions of “Synthesize Ideas” are:

• How do I connect and analyze the evidence in order to develop an argument and support a conclusion?
• What line of reasoning and evidence would best support my argument? Is my reasoning logical?
• Are there other conclusions I should consider?
• What am I taking for granted? How do I acknowledge and account for my own biases and assumptions?
• What is the best way to acknowledge and attribute the work of others that was used to support my argument?
• How can I avoid committing plagiarism?

Team, Transform, and Transmit: Cultivating critical skills of collaboration, communication, and reflection—teaching students how to work best in a team environment. The essential questions are:

• How can I best appeal to and engage my audience?
• What is the best medium or genre through which to engage my audience?
• What common misconceptions might my audience have?
• How might I adapt my argument for different audiences and situations?
• How might my communication choices affect my credibility with my audience?
• What contributions can I offer to a team?
• What is the benefit of revision?
• How can I benefit from reflecting on my own work?

Only schools that currently offer the AP Capstone Diploma may offer the AP Seminar course. Because it is a part of a larger comprehensive, skills-based program, students may not self-study for the AP Seminar course or exam. At this time, home-schooled students, home-school organizations, and online providers are not eligible to participate in AP Capstone.

About the AP Seminar Exam 

The AP Seminar exam is structured differently than traditional exams, as a significant percentage of your score is weighted on group work and a presentation which is done outside of the exam. Your performance in the AP Seminar course is assessed through three tasks. 

Team Project and Presentation | 20% of AP Seminar Score

The first is the Team Project and Presentation, which accounts for 20% of your total score. In this project, you will work with a team to create an 8- to 10-minute Team Multimedia Presentation and Defense, in addition to writing a 1,200-word Individual Research Report. Each team member is also asked one question in which they’re required to make an oral defense of their argument. 

Team Presentation: Your team presentation should propose a solution or resolution and support that idea with evidence and visual media. Your teacher will score your presentation.   

Individual Research Report: Work with your team to formulate and clarify your individual approach to your investigation of the team’s research question and present your findings and analysis to your group in a well-researched and well-written report. The College Board will score your research report. 

Oral Defense: Following your presentation, your teacher will ask you to make an oral defense of your argument. Below are some examples of the types of questions frequently asked: 

• Student A, how did the group decide to include Student B’s perspective/lens/ conclusions into the overall presentation? 
• Student A, give one specific way that your thinking changed as a result of learning about Student B’s findings. 
• In the future, what change would you make to your group norms, and how would you expect that to improve the team presentation? 
• Reflecting on your colleagues’ work, which one had the greatest impact on your overall understanding of the problem your group identified? 
• In what way did you improve your ability to work with a group as a result of this project? 
• What is an example of a compelling argument from one of your peer’s individual reports that you decided to exclude from your team presentation and why? 
• What is a way in which your team’s resolution makes you think differently about your own individual research? 
• What was the strongest counter argument to the solution or conclusion your team identified and why? 
• Describe an argument from one of your peer’s individual reports that made you think differently about your team’s solution or conclusion? 
• Having finished your project, what, if anything, do you consider to be a gap in your team’s research that, if addressed, would make you feel more confident about your conclusion?

Your teacher is responsible for scoring your oral defense. 

Student Version | 35% of AP Seminar Score

The second portion of your assessment is the Individual Research-Based Essay and Presentation, which accounts for 35% of your total score. For this assessment, you will use cross-curricular stimulus texts (released each year in early January by the College Board) to identify thematic connections, compose a research question, conduct research, analyze and evaluate evidence to develop an argument, and present and defend your conclusions. In doing so, you will produce a 2,000-word Individual Written Argument, a 6- to 8-minute Individual Multimedia Presentation, and an Oral Defense where you’ll need to respond to two questions. 

Individual Written Argument: Using the provided stimulus, identify thematic connections and areas of inquiry and compose a research question that you’ll research and compose a well-written argument conveying your perspective. This is scored by the College Board. 

Individual Multimedia Presentation:  Design an oral presentation using visual media to convey your argument. Your teacher is responsible for scoring your individual multimedia presentation. 

Oral Defense: Defend your process, use of evidence, conclusion(s), solution(s), or recommendations in response to two types of questions that your teacher will ask—reflection on research process and extending argumentation through effective questioning and inquiry. Below are some examples of the types of questions you may get asked: 

Reflection on Research Process

• What information did you need before you began your research, and how did that information shape your research? 
• What evidence did you gather that you didn’t use? Why did you choose not to use it? 
• How valid and reliable are the sources you used? How do you know? Which sources didn’t work? 
• How did you select the strategies you used to gather information or conduct research? Were they effective? 
• How did your research question evolve as you moved through the research process? Did your research go in a different direction than you originally planned/hypothesized? 
• What information did you need that you weren’t able to find or locate? How did you go about trying to find that information? 
• How did you handle the differing perspectives in order to reach a conclusion?

Extending Argumentation Through Effective Questioning and Inquiry

• What additional questions emerged from your research? Why are these questions important? 
• What advice would you have for other researchers who consider this topic? 
• What might be the real-world implications or consequences (influence on others’ behaviors or decision-making processes) of your findings? What are the implications to your community? 
• If you had more time, what additional research would you conduct related to this issue? 
• Explain the level of certainty you have about your conclusion, solution, or recommendation. 
• How does your conclusion respond to any of the other research or sources you examined? 
• How did you use the conclusions and questions of others to advance your own research? 

End of Course Exam

2 hours | 4 questions | 45% of score

The final portion of your assessment is the AP Seminar End-of-Course Exam, which is administered like the more traditional AP exams, at a specific time on a specific day, in a formal standardized testing environment. This exam is worth 45% of your total score, clocks in at two hours, and consists of three short-answer questions and one evidence-based argument essay. For the short-answer section, you will read one passage and answer three questions relating to it. For the essay section, you will read four sources, identify a common theme, and create a logically organized, well-reasoned, and well-written argument that presents your own perspective on the theme or issue you identified.

Example of a short-answer question you’ll encounter on the AP Seminar exam: 

AP Seminar Score Distribution, Average Score, and Passing Rate

In 2019, just over 43,000 students took the AP Seminar assessment. Scores from the 2019 exam reveal an assessment with a high passing rate (score of 3 or higher) but a difficult rate of mastery. While 81.1% of students taking the assessments scored a 3 or higher, only 7.1% received the highest score of a 5, while 58.9% received a 3.   

A full course description that can help guide your studying and understanding of the knowledge required for the exam can be found on the College Board website .

Tips For Preparing for the Exam

Step 1: assess your skills.

Before you dive into studying, it can be helpful to take a practice test to gain insight into areas you understand well and those that challenge you. You can use the previous end-of-course exams to help assess your skills. They are available on the College Board Performance Task and End-of-Course Exam Samples page . There are also additional practice questions in the course description . Once you have taken some kind of formative assessment for the end-of-course exam, score it to identify the areas you already understand and those in need of improvement. It can be helpful to have a friend or teacher score it, as free-response questions are more subjective than the multiple-choice questions you find on many other AP exams. From an accurate formative assessment, you will get a better idea of where to focus your studying efforts.

It is more difficult to evaluate your readiness for the in-class portions of your assessment, but you will work with your teacher on developing these skills throughout the year so you should receive plenty of feedback as you go. If you do not feel that you have a solid understanding of your abilities in this area, make sure to arrange a meeting with your teacher so that you can get some honest feedback about your performance in the class so far. 

Step 2: Study the Material

In AP Seminar, you will investigate real-world issues from multiple perspectives, gathering and analyzing information from various sources in order to develop credible and valid evidence- based arguments. 

The AP Seminar course particularly stresses connections within and across AP courses, encouraging cross-curricular conversations that explore the complexities of academic and real-world topics and issues by analyzing divergent perspectives. The AP Seminar course “aims to equip students with the power to analyze and evaluate information with accuracy and precision in order to craft and communicate evidence-based arguments.”

For a glossary of terms that you should be familiar with in this course, see page 119 of the course description . For more information about class structure and specific curriculum content, check out a sample syllabus or review one AP teacher’s end-of-course study materials . 

Step 3: Practice for the End-of-Course Exam

Once you have your theory down, test it out by practicing with sample material for the end-of-course exam. You can find some sample questions in the course description and more on the AP Seminar Past Exam Questions Page . As you prepare for this portion of the exam, keep in mind that the four questions on the exam will remain the same each year, though sources and texts will vary.

On the first portion of the exam, you will read a source and answer the first three questions. These are:

• Identify the author’s argument, main idea, or thesis.
• Explain the author’s line of reasoning by identifying the claims used to build the argument and the connections between them.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the evidence the author uses to support the claims made in the argument.

You should allow approximately 30 minutes for the first three questions. The last question asks you to read four sources and you should allow approximately 90 minutes for it. The last prompt is:

Read the four sources carefully, focusing on a theme or issue that connects them and the different perspective each represents. Then, write a logically organized, well-reasoned, and well-written argument that presents your own perspective on the theme or issue you identified. You must incorporate at least two of the sources provided and link the claims in your argument to supporting evidence. You may also use the other provided sources or draw upon your own knowledge. In your response, refer to the provided sources as Source A, Source B, Source C, or Source D, or by the authors’ names.

As you write your response, you should keep in mind that the College Board has a very stringent set of rules regarding plagiarism. If you’re at all in doubt about whether you should cite a source, do so just to be on the safe side. The full AP Capstone Policy on Plagiarism and Falsification or Fabrication of Information can be found on page 35 of the course description. 

Step 4: Practice Through-Course Assessment Pieces

The through-course assessment pieces for the AP Seminar class are unique from other AP assessments in several key ways. First, they are not administered in a traditional standardized testing environment and instead are completed over an extended period of time in the classroom. Second, they have collaborative elements in which you are required to work together with classmates. Finally, your assessment on these sections is scored by your teacher, not an anonymous AP reader. This is a tremendous advantage. Be sure to maintain good communications with your teacher throughout the year, frequently soliciting feedback on your progress so that you will have a realistic idea of your strengths and areas for improvement. This is the single most effective way to prepare for the through-course assessment pieces.

These assessments are completed over several months of the course. The first one, the Team Multimedia Presentation and Defense, consists of a team presentation and an individual research report. In a team of three to five students, you will work to identify, investigate, and analyze an academic or real-world problem or issue. Your team will design and/or consider options and alternatives, develop a multimedia presentation to present the argument for your proposed solution or resolution, and provide a defense to questions posed by the teacher. Your team will divide the group research into individual questions for each team member. Individually, you will then investigate your assigned question on the issue or topic and present your findings and analysis in a well-written individual report.

The team project and oral defense will be scored by your teacher alone. The individual research report will be scored by your teacher and validated by the College Board. 

The second through-course assessment that you will complete is an Individual Research-Based Essay and Presentation, consisting of an Individual Written Argument, Individual Multimedia Presentation, and Oral Defense. You will develop a research topic in response to stimulus texts released by the College Board in early January. Using these materials, you will identify thematic connections, compose a research question, gather additional information through research, analyze, evaluate, and select evidence, and develop a logical, well-reasoned argument of approximately 2,000 words. You will also develop a 6- to 8-minute presentation to convey your perspective and present your conclusions, and then respond to questions posed by your teacher in an oral defense.     

Your presentation and oral defense will be scored by your teacher alone. The individual written argument will be scored by your teacher and validated by the College Board.

Step 5: Take Another Practice Test

As you did at the beginning of your studying, take a practice test to evaluate your progress. You should see your knowledge developing and be able to identify patterns in which areas have improved the most and which areas still need improvement.

If you have time, repeat each of the steps above to incrementally increase your score.

Step 6: Exam Day Specifics

Because this exam is only available to students enrolled in the AP Capstone program, your teacher will register you for the exam when you enroll in the course. You should confirm with your teacher that you are registered for the exam and your scores and materials are submitted within the College Board’s AP Seminar assessment deadlines . 

For information about what to bring to the exam, see our post What Should I Bring to My AP Exam (And What Should I Definitely Leave at Home)?

For more about information about APs, check out these CollegeVine posts:

• 2020 AP Exam Schedule
• How Long is Each AP Exam?
• Easiest and Hardest AP Exams  

High school students curious about college admissions will want to check out CollegeVine’s free chancing engine. Using data like GPA, standardized test scores, and extracurricular activities, it can predict your odds of admission at over 500 colleges along with pointing out places to improve your profile—all for free! Sign up for your CollegeVine account today to get a headstart on your college journey.

Related CollegeVine Blog Posts

Find what you need to study

AP Seminar Introduction

6 min read • december 14, 2021

Steven Kucklick

Welcome 👋 to the Fiveable guide for AP Seminar. This first introductory post will go over how this guide is formatted, what you can expect to find in this guide, and then a short overview of the key components of the class. ✍️ Feel free to navigate the guide as you need it and if you have any questions at all please reach out to a Fiveable team member.

What is AP Seminar and the Capstone Program?

The AP Capstone program is a new program started by College Board just a few years ago. It gives students the real-world 🌍 experience and practice with researching, asking big questions, writing, and presenting evidence.

The AP Capstone diploma can be achieved by successful completion of both AP Seminar and AP Research, along with passing 4 other AP exams. More information about the program can be found at the College Board website here.

AP Seminar is the first of two courses that students take in the AP Capstone program. This course is designed to give students the framework they need for AP Research ( Check out that unit guide here! ). 👈

AP Seminar predominately focuses on four core ideas 🧐: Question and Explore, Understand and Analyze, Evaluate Multiple Perspectives, Synthesis Ideas, and Team, Transform, and Transmit. Each of these big ideas will have their own unit guide where we will talk about their relevance to the course and how they apply to the real world.

How to take AP Seminar

Unfortunately you can not self study AP Seminar or Research, it must be taken in a class. This is because of the group work and presentations that must be completed. But don't worry! There are ways that you can advocate to get the AP Capstone program at your school. The best way to go about it is to reach out to an administrator or your principal. Explain the merits of AP Capstone and why it would be a good fit for your school. Often times if school admin sees that students want to take the class they will be more open to offering it!

What can you expect from this guide?

In this guide you will be able to find three big things: an in-depth overview of the Big Ideas of AP Seminar, a look at how your AP score will be calculated, and finally how both of these things tie in together.

Before we get started, I want to highlight some key terms that will be used throughout the class. If you ever need a reminder of what a Big Idea or a Performance Task is, jump back over here!

Key Terms in AP Seminar

Image from College Board

Each Big Idea (seen in the graphic above 👆) will receive its own guide. In those, we will specifically talk about what they mean and give examples of how you will see them in class. Question and Explore seems straight forward enough, but there is a lot of nuance that may not be as clear.

We will also spend a lot of time talking about the two Performance Tasks and the End of Course Exam . These three things make up your 1-5 AP score, so it's important that you're well informed about them.

The final piece of this is talking about how it all fits together. There will not be a specific guide on that, but I will be going over exactly how the Performance Tasks and exam tie in to the Big Ideas throughout the guides.

The big takeaway of all of this is that by the end of the guides, you will feel comfortable tackling AP Seminar head on, armed with all the tools you need! 💪

How will your AP score be calculated?

Now the big question... how do you score that elusive 5 🧐 AP Seminar is a little bit different than other AP classes. Your score is based on three separate assignments: Performance Task 1, Performance Task 2, and the End of Course Exam . Your scores on each of these are averaged together to calculate your final 1-5 score. We will have a separate guide that covers each of these, but I will talk briefly about them here.

Performance Task 1 :

This is usually referred to as the Team Presentation and is exactly that. Here, you will work with a group to research a real-world problem and attempt to come to a solution or conclusion.

Performance Task 2:

This is more of a traditional argumentative research paper where you will research a question and argue a thesis. College Board does give you some guidance here in the form of a stimulus packet. Again, we will cover all of this in the PT 2 guide.

End of Course Exam :

The EOC, which you will take during the AP Exam weeks, is made up of two parts that you will complete in one two-hour time period. The first part will present you with a short article and you will determine the author's thesis and evaluate their evidence and line of reasoning. The second section has you write a short argumentative essay using evidence given by College Board.

How does this all tie in together?

The Performance Tasks and the EoC are all based around the Big Ideas and the skills that you learn. This is where things get slightly different from other AP classes. You aren't really learning content as much as you are learning skills 🤯

The skills that you learn through the Big Ideas will help you be successful in the PTs and EoC. As we go through each of the Big Ideas I will make note of how this applies to the tasks that you are graded on.

Last thing before we get in to it. This guide is meant to help YOU. If for whatever reason you feel that the guide is lacking something or you are still confused, please let us know! Now, let's journey on to Big Idea 1.

Key Terms to Review ( 6 )

AP Capstone

End of Course Exam

Independent Research Report (IRR)

Individual Multi-media Presentation (IMP)

Performance Tasks

Stay Connected

© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.

[email protected]

• Apr 22, 2020

Advice for Writing the IRR

The IRR, the individual research report, part 1 of PT1. This is often the introduction to AP Seminar and can be the most daunting to introductory AP Seminar students. However, in this guide, I will help break-down this assessment. Once you understand a few key components in writing a stellar IRR, the IRR eventually starts to write itself.

First and foremost, read through the rubric provided by the college board:

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap18-sg-seminar-pt1.pdf

Now let's break down this rubric:

R1: Synthesize multiple perspectives by describing how the sources are similar, different, or similar to an extent. By doing so, you are creating a more complex argument that shows the maturity of a scholar. (X would agree with Y in that ...., but not in that .....) (X would further amplify Y's point that... by stating that ...)

R2: This is the row for the purposeful use of sources . There are several ways you can articulate the use of sources within your IRR, but never directly say "this source is used to clarify an argument." Try to imbed these words through your analysis though.

These potential purposeful uses of a source are:

- introduce an argument or claim

- contrast ideas or arguments

- provide evidence for an argument

- define a concept, illustrate a concept, or clarify a statement

- provide an example

- qualify/amplify a point

Here is an example: Consequently, Scholar X's point further amplifies Scholar Y's point

R3: This row also regards purposeful use of sources, but also relates to attributed tags . Specifically , after citing a source, make sure to say the author's credibility. For instance, X, a professor of economics at Harvard, claims that ... Also, make sure that the dates on the sources are relevant, so no sources from 1950 unless there is an absolute, justifiable need to do so.

R4: Continue to add multiple scholars, who think differently about a topic . Make sure that you have scholars that bring a unique perspective or contrast another's argument. You never want an IRR with only scholars that only agree with each other. Not only is it boring, but it also creates a range of perspectives.

R5: Make sure you have in-line citations and a bibliography at the end. You can find all rules for in-text and bibliography on the Purdue Owl website. Usually, in-text citations follow the order (author names, year published). Make sure to get citations for the bibliography directly from the source, if provided in APA. Else, read through Owl Purdue.

R6: Probably the easiest row to get, in my opinion. All you need to do is maintain a scholarly tone , without any colloquial language. Additionally, make sure to fix all grammar mistakes . If needed, make sure to define complicated jargon, applicable to the topic of research, for the reader. Additionally, make sure to remove all contractions, as they are a sign of informal writing.

If you take anything out of this guide, it is that the IRR IS NOT AN ARGUMENT . I repeat, if you attempt to make an argument, you are not answering the task correctly. (i.e. your score es no Bueno)

With that said, let's start to look at the process of creating IRR:

1. Choose a research question with your teammates. (Pro tip: choose teammates that you know will be put to put in the effort, not your friends.) This research question should be researchable, complex, and relevant. By researchable , I mean that you should be able to find a variety of articles that help support your argument on online, scholarly journal libraries such as Jstor or Ebsco. By complex , I mean that I mean that several scholars have differing perspectives on the issue . For instance, consider the question: What policies can the government enact to lower poverty rates? Some scholars might suggest increasing the minimum wage, creating more employee benefits, and provide the poor better educational opportunities. This will be important later on! By relevant , I mean that it is a current issue today in a specific country or globally . As much as I would like to research on the militaristic implications of alien warfare on human civilization or the continuing impacts of the second great awakening on American civilization today, these are not relevant questions! On that note, please don't choose a research question with no practical implications: What shape is the Earth. There is no tension or significance in the question (Pro tip: you should be able to answer the question "Why is my research question important to answer in modern society/who is affected?"). Additionally, don't choose "that" research question that everyone chooses (i.e. Rohingya crisis/plastics in the ocean. Its been done at least a 100 times. )

2. Now that you have a research question, split the question into different lenses . Each person should choose one lens. Also, make sure that all the lenses are applicable. Don't make someone do artistic for plastics in the ocean. They will get stuck and this will hurt when they come back for the TMP. On that note, make sure that the topics covered in each lens don't overlap . Communicate with each other and try not to have too much overlap in sources.

3. Also, identify a few sources before you finalize your RQ and check the dates. If they are generally too old (i.e. 20th century), consider changing or refining your RQ.

4. Once you have created a potential question, the next step is to conduct research. I would highly suggest making an Annotated Bibliography to arrange your sources, probably between 10-12 other than your stimulus sources. While conducting research, make sure to write down the main idea, quotes you want to use, attributive tags, and how you plan to use this research in your IRR for each article. Trust me, it will be helpful later. If you find that all the researchers are saying the exact same thing, try to redevelop your question, as it has proven to not be complex enough.

5. Once you have completed the research stage, you can now proceed to make an outline for your research paper. Make sure that you don't make an argument - that would be an IWA.Try to identify some sub-claims that the authors talk about and group your sources into these sub-claims . If there are too many or too few sources for a sub claim , consider redefining these categories.

6. Now, you can move onto writing the IRR! Remember, the maximum word count is 1320 , so be careful and be concise.

The first paragraph should set the context of the issue . Seek to create tension or significance, introduce the people affected, explain the significance with statistics, and introduce the research question. Finally, create a thesis statement that states the sub-claims that you will analyze throughout the IRR. This will help structure your argument. The intro should be about 250 words.

Now, you can begin each of your body paragraphs! Each body should be around 300 words. First, you want to have an introductory statement introducing the main topic of the paragraph. Then, you are essentially aiming to introduce numerous perspectives on the sub claim that you have made above. Between each of these perspectives, you want to either explain the connection with other sources, similarities/differences/nuances, or explain their purposeful use. Try to also get the source "talking" to each other (i.e. X would counter Y's claim, stating that [Y's claim], disproving X's claim that [X's claim] is actually ). This not only indicates a mature writer but will help increase your score by proving to the AP reader that you are able to connect sources, rather than summarizing what other people say(a book report). Continue to introduce perspectives and assess their validity by comparing their perspectives with other scholars that may further amplify their point or contrast.

***look at R2 for the purposeful use information***

With the paragraphs done, make a possible solution paragraph . Do not attempt to make your entire IRR supporting this solution, however. This should be a final concluding remark . Essentially you want to introduce a potential solution and explain the solution thoroughly. Then, explain the potential benefit of this solution. Follow up with a direct counter that explains the ineffectiveness of the solution. Finally, create a closing remark for the entire IRR, which incorporates the sub-claims.

Finally, include your Bibliography and you should be done with this task. Congratulations!

Additional Tips: Do not stack sources next to each other without analysis or commentary. This will look like a book report on the main ideas of the claims made by different authors. Remove words such as "it" "is" "that." These words often point to an immature/underdeveloped writer.

With that said, this should be all you need to score highly on the IRR. Follow these steps and the IRR won't seem that complicated anymore.

Happy studying and Good Luck!

Recent Posts

A Brief Guide to a 5 in AP Research

IWA: Connecting Multiple Perspectives

What I learned from AP Seminar and Advice for Future Students

1 kommentar

Looking for top-notch online personal statement writing help ? MyAssignmentServices offers comprehensive assistance to craft compelling personal statements that stand out. Our expert writers ensure your unique qualities shine through, boosting your chances of success. Trust us to guide you through the process and help you achieve your academic and career goals.