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Guide to the TOK Presentation

What’s covered:, what is the theory of knowledge (tok) presentation, how is the tok presentation scored, how to pick a tok presentation topic, how to structure your tok presentation.

The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IB/IBDP) is a high school program offering courses in subjects, ranging from mathematics to Arabic. Students sign up for a holistic approach to learning including external examinations, internal assessments, research papers and community service hours. Students will have to do a bit of everything while completing IB’s core, including CAS, Theory of Knowledge (TOK), and the extended essay (EE). Understanding how to excel in TOK will usually help students in their other aspects of student life. It’ll be important to be familiar with the basics of TOK as a subject before progressing into one of its components, the presentation. 

Quite similar to the TOK essay , the TOK presentation is an attempt to assess your critical thinking skills while conveying your opinions in a clear cut manner. While a TOK essay is more conceptual in its nature in tackling the focal point, the TOK presentation answers a knowledge question by making use of actual real life scenarios to display your understanding of TOK concepts .

The TOK presentation can be done individually, in pairs, or in a group of three. It’s usually delivered in front of your TOK classroom, making this an internal assessment that other students are watching and taking peer review notes on. Each presentation gets a max of 10 minutes per presenter, meaning if you have three people, you get 30 minutes. The actual presentation is followed by a discussion section where the presenter actively engages in a Q&A with the audience and the teacher.

A lot of students really struggle with where to start the presentation, but if you break it down by following a few steps it gets a lot more manageable:

1. Knowledge Question (KQ)

The knowledge question is the focus of your presentation. Upon being given a list of topics for the TOK presentation, keep in mind that the list of selections changes every examination set. So, once you pick a topic, you could create a KQ that analyzes this topic to a greater degree. An example of a knowledge question could be: “What is the role of faith in making ethical decisions.” This is a good knowledge question because it incorporates ways of knowing (WOKs) which are important to analyze in any TOK presentation.

2. Real Life Situation (RLS)

A RLS is supposed to be an example or situation that you can directly use as an expression of your KQ. Relating your RLS to numerous WOKs and areas of knowledge (AOKs) strengthens the arguments you make (the claims and counterclaims for your presentation) and earns you a chunk of your grade for the presentation. 

3. Planning out your presentation 

Creating an outline that details each slide, and even writing down how many minutes you spend on each section of your presentation is important, allowing you to allocate time and manage your presentation efficiently. Creating this outline can also help you feel more confident when your presentation day comes around too!

These three tips can serve as the founding basis for your presentation and will definitely help get you started on the right track!

The grade you get in IB includes the core (CAS, extended essay and TOK). And, 33% of your total IB TOK grade is dependent on your TOK presentation, which is usually graded externally, but recorded internally. What this means is, your actual presentation will be recorded by your teacher, and the recording with your slides will be sent to the IB board, who then assigns an external grader to assess it. The presentation is scored out of ten points, as well as the essay, and the following formula explains the grading schema:

(presentation score) + (essay score * 2) = overall score out of 30

To correlate a letter grade to your score out of 30, IB uses grade boundaries. These boundaries can change any year so checking in with your school for the most updated ones is best. Here is a past example of grade boundaries:

Upon receiving a letter grade you can calculate your grade for the core of IB, which includes the extended essay, CAS, and TOK. Passing the core is essential to earning your diploma in IB and the table below outlines this further: 

Your topic should be presented in the form of a knowledge question that isn’t easily answered with two-dimensional answers like “yes” and “no.” It should in its nature make both the presenter and the audience think deeper into multilevel ways of understanding knowledge as a concept. More often than not, a KQ will usually end up with people having more questions than ending up with a satisfying answer, and that’s exactly what IB wants from a presentation, a debatable and questioning idea. This is usually achieved with a KQ and RLS that work hand in hand, and successful students make sure to consistently link back to their solid topics throughout the presentation. An example of a good TOK presentation topic might look like this: To what extent does faith play a part in online shopping experiences?

In this case a related RLS could be:

Purchases of overpriced and highly coveted products with little to no inherent practical value.

Your topic should have an RLS that the audience can at least relate to, making it easier for them to stay on board for the duration of your presentation, but as well as stay engaged with what you’re talking about. Once you pick a great topic for the presentation, the rest of the planning and work actually falls in place a lot more steadily. 

Breaking the presentation down slide-by-slide is the best way to plan it out, and the following structure may help streamline the process of creating it from start to finish.

• Slide 2 – RLS and Context In this slide you introduce your RLS and provide all the required context and information to explain what your RLS is to the audience. Make sure to start using jargon specific to TOK. Introducing your WOKs and AOKs is a good idea in this slide, and relating it to your RLS should be how you wrap it up.
• Slide 3 – KQ and RLS Declare the KQ that you’ve decided upon and analyze the KQ by breaking it down into segments that can be further developed on. If the KQ contains or mentions a WOK or AOK, further contextualize that specific AOK or WOK for the audience. Explain any assumptions you’ve made on the basis of your KQ and RLS as well, before you continue to develop on them.

The most important tip for IB students when it comes to TOK is the most generic one: start as early as possible! IB is an ultra-holistic approach to schooling, so there’s a lot more than just TOK going on; students usually need to make time to study for internal and external assessments, CAS service hours, and even writing their extended essays. Starting TOK work as early as possible not only sets you up with more time to produce work of higher quality, but also allows you to allocate time for other tasks as well. 

Otherwise, you might find yourself feeling burnt out and unmotivated before actually submitting the essay, and maybe even prevent yourself from achieving that high score in IB that you wanted. So start early, and give yourself that easy extra advantage!

While your IB scores aren’t as important to college admissions as one might assume, showing proof that you’re taking rigorous classes and demonstrating hard work throughout your time as an IB student is more impactful. For better insight into how your chances of college admissions look, check out CollegeVine’s admissions calculator ! 

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IB TOK Presentation Guide (Updated 2023)

Unlock the secret to crafting a winning ToK presentation that wows your audience. Learn the must-know tips to nail your presentation and get top marks!

Table of content

What is a tok presentation, 5 key points for your ib tok presentation, basics for your presentation, slide 1 - title page, slide 2 - decontextualization , slide 3 - knowledge question , slide 4 - development (1) , slide 5 - development (2) , slide 6 - development (3) , slide 7 - conclusion , slide 8 - link back to the rls, example outline for a tok presentation, evidence can be, improve your presentation style.

What up? What up?

Welcome to this well-written article on Nail IB: your secret weapon for moving closer to a perfect score of 45. This article is the first step towards answering how to make a tok presentation. Before you answer this question, you must familiarise yourself with the fundamentals of the TOK presentation.

Remember, we at Nail IB prioritize your journey of becoming a thinking intellectual. This is done by understanding the fundamentals of the diploma, including  IB TOK presentation ,   TOK Essay ,  Extended Essay ,  Internal Assessment , and  CAS.  

Before you read this beautiful article, browse a quick video by Amanda Elise!

TOK presentation is quite similar to  TOK Essay . Both IB concepts emphasize your assessment of  critical thinking skills . A  TOK Essay  takes a more conceptual starting point inspired by the questions released by the International Baccalaureate Organisation. In contrast, an IB TOK presentation, in particular, helps an examiner evaluate your understanding of acquired knowledge based on a real-life situation. To learn the tips and hacks for your essay, click  here . If you wish to learn how to ace your presentation, continue reading!

TOK presentation requires the student to demonstrate a solid analysis of a real-life situation (RLS). This is done by choosing a question as a framework for examining the practical implementation of theoretical knowledge in everyday life. In essence, the question for your presentation should be inspired by a real-life situation.

So good so far?

Remember that a knowledge-based question is not the focus but a means for a critical discussion. It is but a way to explore real-life situations and the areas of knowledge connected with them. 

Okay, so here is a recap! You need to find a real-life situation. Then it would help if you thought about the areas of knowledge directly connected to the problem. Once you do that, you need to forge a question that enables you to connect the dots for the audience and walk them through your thinking process. This knowledge question will be the basis of your presentation as you attempt to develop different perspectives to answer the question. The scope of finding a real-life situation varies from a case in your local community or a broader international issue. 

• Planning Document
• TOK presentation topic 
• KQ & RLS ( Knowledge Question & Real Life Situation )
• Conclusion ( Creating a connection from the first slide to the last )
• Confidence ( Most important when it comes to presentations and sadly mostly neglected as well )

Once you have these 5 pillars set, nothing can stop you from achieving your TOK presentation.

Now let's shed some light on the basics to begin with. Presentations are integral to every course known as 'student kind.' Every other method that we do requires it. With IB, it is one of the two compulsory TOK assignments. The IB TOK presentation is meant to test your understanding of TOK concepts in relation to a real-life situation. 

TOK presentation is  done individually, in pairs, or in three groups.  An IB TOK presentation must be delivered in a language known to all class members. Each presenter must take approximately  10 minutes , roughly  30 minutes per group . After the presentation, discussion time should be scheduled. 

Moving ahead, the first question that comes to a student's mind is where to begin. Don't worry; that will be the first question I'll answer hereafter. 

You start with your planning document. This document will be your blueprint for building everything around your presentation and help you maintain your workflow and direction (in case you get lost in real-life situations, knowledge questions, claims, counterclaims, etc.).

Why is this easy?

•  You have done this before in your  TOK ESSAY,  i.e., applying your concepts in the development section. The idea is mostly the same except for the presenting part.
•  You are conceptually straightforward with your Knowledge questions, claims, and implementation in real-life situations (also covered by you in the essay).

I will break down what content must go on each slide alongside what you must address while explaining that slide to everyone. You can always make modifications based on your requirements. The structure will help you clarify yourself to the audience while maintaining the flow of your TOK presentation. 

• The title of your presentation.
• Your group members’ names.

What to address

Introduce a real-life situation (RLS). Please elaborate on your perception of the problem when you first encountered it. Emphasize  why  it is of significance to you.

• Talk about your initial thoughts about the RLS. It would help if you started transitioning from using 'layman' words to explaining everything using TOK terminology. This can be done using some key terms from the Areas of Knowledge associated with your RLS.

Explain a few things about the RLS and how we know them. For example, our senses may provide some insights, while our emotions offer others. To put it in TOK terms, you can analyze  the extent  to which these insights are valid/authentic. Address the limitations of your RLS and your interpretation of it. This will help you show your journey from the RLS to your Knowledge Question. 

• Talk about your Areas of Knowledge (AoKs) and Ways of Knowing (WoKs) that you will use to explore your Knowledge Question. Explain their connection to your Knowledge Question (KQ). 

What to address:  

Mention 2 Knowledge Questions that you considered and the one you are investigating. Explain how the Knowledge Question you have chosen will help explain the RLS. For each of your AOKs/WOKs, preview how they can help to answer your KQ. Explain any assumptions you’ve made about your KQ (if any). Dig deep into the  key terms  that need to be explained for us to understand your KQ.

• Briefly state your claim for the first AOK and the Ways through which you have decided to answer your KQ
• Support your claim through a piece of scientific evidence (a scientific theory).
• Briefly state your counterclaim (an opposing idea in the same AOK/WOK). For example, if you examine your situation through a philosophical point of view and your way of knowing is sensory, state that philosophy is mainly abstract science. Therefore your interpretation can be scrutinized in a very different way if examined through a scientific lens. Furthermore, you can challenge your way of knowing by stating that sensory means of acquiring knowledge can be deceptive as one relies on memory to recall how one felt at a particular point. 

Alright. Breathe! All of this can sound way over the top. I felt the same way when I first encountered TOK. But this is precisely how you are supposed to feel. So you are on the right track. Read on!

Explain your claim and how it is supported by evidence. Clarify how it would answer the KQ. Then do the same for your counterclaim and keep it by evidence. Ensure to clarify how your counterclaim could respond to the KQ differently than your claim did. Use your conclusion to connect the claim and counterclaim.

Repeat the steps mentioned on slide 4 using your second Area of Knowledge and Way of Knowing.

Repeat the steps mentioned on slide 4 using your third Area of Knowledge and Way of Knowing.

• Write down your conclusion.
• Write down a possible flaw in your conclusion.

Explain your conclusion and elaborate on how this conclusion is supported by the insights you’ve drawn along the way. Address the possible weakness or flaw in your decision. You can explain with an example of someone from a different perspective (another gender, age, time, or culture) who might disagree with this conclusion.

• Write 2 interesting ways that your conclusion applies to the RLS.
• Write down two other real-life situations (which are related). Please provide pictures of these two situations so they can be quickly understood. One should be personal to you (something one of you encountered), and another which is more of a shared experience.

Clarify how your conclusion applies to the RLS. Explain how this conclusion can help to explain the other 2 RLS you have on your previous slides.

Good Job! Your work here is done. Just leave this slide up on the screen and watch your professors go gaga on your excellent presentation. (You can thank us later ;))

As a suggestion, you should have your knowledge question written on the bottom as a footer. It helps the audience easily relate your various insights to the knowledge question.

Here are some links to TOK presentation examples:

• Click  here  to access the presentation on Decision Making.
• Click  here  to access the presentation on Language.

IB TOK presentation topic  

For referral purposes, you can look into some previously chosen TOK presentation topics from the links below to get going:

• Check out this  list  of knowledge questions by Larry Ferlazzo to get inspired. 
• The student room has a good conversion in choosing a good presentation topic. Make sure to give it a  read .
• Click  here  for some more similar topics

You must have noticed that  we use a Claim, Counterclaim, Mini-Conclusion structure as described in our  TOK Essay article .  We follow the claim, counterclaim, and mini-conclusion process for each of your developments (AOKs or WOKs) at least thrice. Here's an example of one of your developments:

-For example, your  claim  might be that emotion is reliable when trying to achieve new artistic knowledge, and you show this using some theory (evidence) you learned from your professor.

-Your  counterclaim  is a problem (a limitation) with your claim or an opposing idea from the same perspective. Emotion can sometimes lead to unreliable insights into the arts (i.e., art is open to many interpretations). You show this using (as evidence) an example from your own life experience or theory that accentuates the unreliability of human emotion.

-And then, in the  mini-conclusion,  you basically have to find a way to draw together the two opposing sides. You have to synthesize these two insights to arrive at a more insightful understanding. For instance, emotion can be both reliable and unreliable simultaneously, or there are situations where it's pretty hard to know whether feelings are helping or not (in terms of achieving reliable knowledge). So your MC (mini-conclusion) is that emotions are highly dependable, given that the individual can keep their personal biases away from the situation being experienced.

When you reach your significant conclusion, the key is to draw together and synthesize the insights from all your mini-conclusions. This shows an intellectual approach toward answering your KQ. It also makes your presentation more compelling.

• Examples from the course or from your research. For example, stories of actual scientific experiments or how society responded to a particular piece of art.
• Personal examples. Specific and realistic examples from your life experiences are influential in presentations as they are the most convincing

Here are a few pointers to keep in mind while presenting

• Golden rule - practice makes perfect. As you present in front of an audience (your classmates and your teacher), you must make sure you can articulate your ideas effectively. Rehearse well for your final showdown. 
• Be clear and loud enough to be heard. A presentation's positive aspect is that it allows you to create many links since it is verbal. E.g., 'referring back to the first slide of the presentation.' 
• Creating notes to aid yourself in being well aware of what's next helps maintain your flow. This amps up your preparedness. However, you should avoid sticking to the notes too much.  Eye contact  is significant to make your audience feel addressed.
• Avoid cramming everything on the slides. Keep minimal content and avoid putting in full-blown long sentences. 
• If you are using images to display something, make sure they are not pixelated and are clearly visible to the audience.
• Ensure you stay within your time limit for the presentation.
• Stay calm about the questions at the end. The questions asked by your teacher are there to help you. If you've missed something in your presentation that is key to answering the knowledge issue, this is your opportunity to gain back marks. If you can't answer the question, make a statement or give an opinion. A classic way of avoiding questions is to make your own question, 'That's an excellent question, but I think the main issue here is….' But try to answer them because they are very likely to be beneficial. 
• The audience can ask questions too. Avoid planting a question in the audience as it is too obvious and often creates a wrong impression.
• Lastly, confidence is the key. It would help if you had faith in yourself and the amount of work you have put in. You deserve all of your trust and confidence for your hard work, so it reflects in your way of presenting and is communicated to the evaluator and the audience effectively. 

This article will be the foundation for understanding how to make a tok presentation. A critical key to success is self-confidence. An important key to confidence is preparation ~ Arthur Ashe .

If you are still struggling heaps with your TOK essay, feel free to subscribe to our  tok notes  bundles or get access to more than 500+ IBDP notes and past papers  here .

Nail IB is your virtual companion that helps you hustle through your diploma and provide you with the right resources at the right time. To know more about acing IB, click  here .

Before you go!

• You can also refer to my previous  TOK Essay article  to explain KQ, AOK, WOK, etc., in depth.

IB Resources you will love!

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30 Different TOK Presentation Topic Ideas to Succeed in IB

Table of contents

• Writing Metier

Writing a TOK essay or preparing for a TOK presentation confuses most students. They find it all extra challenging and sometimes don’t understand how they should proceed with it. Given that the TOK essay’s structure and the presentation are unlike others, students can find it challenging to proceed with it. You can only do well on the TOK presentation if you have an excellent idea.

If you want, you can order a custom IB TOK Presentation done by one of our IB experts. Click the button below to fill out our online order form with details of your presentation.

If you decided to select a topic and complete the presentation by yourself, let us get back to the main idea of this article.

List of good TOK presentation topics

The same as with TOK exhibition , the idea you go for needs to be highly relevant to grab the reader’s attention and make sure that you add some value to their knowledge. With such a topic, your chances of doing better become much higher.

Like many other students, you should know that you are not alone if you are also struggling with the TOK presentation topic. So many students are in the same boat as you, struggling to come up with solid TOK presentation ideas .

Here are a few good TOK presentation topics that can help you, and make sure to select the one that drives you or use one as an inspiration:

1. Exercising power and how that affects others

This is a fascinating topic because it is broad. You can choose many different things you want to work with if you choose this topic. Coming up with a knowledge question for this topic is also much easier. You can choose anything that you are comfortable with, given that power can be exercised in different ways in different situations.

Knowledge question: how do social hierarchies affect the treatment of people?

Real-life situation : You can talk about bullying and its prevalence in so many cultures. You can talk about how it affects different people in relation to their behavior.

2. Child labor in low-income countries

You can talk about the harmful effects of child labor.

Knowledge question: How and why do influential companies of the world use child labor?

Real-life situation: Companies like Nike use child labor for low-cost benefits.

3. Effect of religion on our everyday lives

You can talk about how religion is a crucial aspect of people’s lives, profoundly impacting everything they do.

Knowledge question: How does religion alter our beliefs about things?

Real-life situation: So many actors have changed their approach to doing things due to religion and how their thought processes changed.

4. Political tension between countries

If you are interested in economics and politics, then this is an exciting topic that you can explore.

Knowledge question: how does politics between countries affect their relations?

Real-life situation: Economic tensions between China and the USA and how these tensions affect the whole world.

5. How greed affects our lives

Greed is one of the critical aspects of human nature, and it would be interesting to see how greed affects our lives, turning us into people we aren’t.

Knowledge question : What are the different ways our life changes due to greed?

Real-life situation : Many countries have been greedy for money and have ended up in very bad situations due to that greed. This can be touched upon.

6. Should drugs be legalized?

Drug consumption is on the rise all over the world. It would be interesting to see the different perspectives there are about drug legalization in the world.

Knowledge question: What role does ethics play in drug legalization in different parts of the world?

Real-life situation: Countries like Mexico have legalized drugs to some extent. It would be useful to see how these countries have done so from an ethical perspective.

7. Sex workers in the legal context

Sex workers exist in almost all countries. It would be interesting to see this from an ethical perspective.

Knowledge question: Are sex workers working legally?

Real-life situation: Sex workers are very common in Thailand. Exploring that from a legal context can help shed light on how things worked.

8. Athletes and their training

For people who love sports, this would be a very nice topic to work on.

Knowledge question: What kind of training do athletes need to make it big?

Real-life situation: The US has the greatest number of athletes. Using that as an example, you can talk about the kind of training methods that are used there and how that leads to great training for athletes.

9. Poverty in low-income countries

Some countries are suffering from poverty, due to which people don’t have access to proper healthcare. It would be interesting to explore why these countries have greater poverty levels than others.

Knowledge question: How does poverty affect low-income countries?

Real-life situation: In countries like Burundi, people die of malnourishment daily. You can study why these countries live below the poverty line.

10. Climate change in the world

Climate change is affecting almost all countries of the world. It would be nice to explore what we as people can do to minimize the negative impact we have on the environment .

Knowledge question: What can human beings do to minimize the impact of climate change?

Real-life situation: The lifestyles of people in Afghanistan and Bangladesh can be explored to see how they affect climate change and what learnings we as human beings can get from that.

11. Racial discrimination and how it affects us

Racial discrimination is prevalent in almost all parts of the world.

Knowledge question : How does racial discrimination affect who we are as people?

Real-life situation: People of color are discriminated by whites in the US. By looking at how they are treated, you can study how that affects them and turns them sour.

12. Gender Inequality and how that affects our lives

Gender inequality is subconsciously taught to us and is widely prevalent.

Knowledge question: How does gender equality teach us different ways of doing things?

Real-life situation: Movies like Snow White and Cinderella have been teaching us how to conform to different gender roles from a very young age. It would be interesting to explore this from the lens of these movies.

13. Education and learning disabilities

Several students have struggled with learning problems their whole lives. Yet, no matter how hard they try, something holds them back.

Knowledge question: What is being done to promote inclusive education in major world economies?

Real-life situation: Many developed economies all over the world are working towards promoting inclusive education as much as possible.

14. The use of ethics in decision making

Ethics is a very integral part of decision-making. Whenever decisions are taken, they have to be done in accordance bearing in mind what is right and what isn’t.

Knowledge question: What role does ethics play in decision-making?

Real-life situation: in many situations, we don’t see the good in things. We fail to see how we can make decisions in life, bearing in mind ethics.

15. Media consumption and its effect on behavior

The content we consume has a huge effect on the way that we behave. This is especially true for younger children.

Knowledge question : How is kids’ behavior shaped by the content they watch?

Real-life situation: Studies have shown how children who watch violence on television have greater chances of becoming violent in their lives.

16. Abortion and its justification

There are different rules and regulations concerning abortion in the world.

Knowledge question: Should abortion be legal, and under what justification?

Real-life situation: in some parts of the world, abortion is legal, whereas in others, there are different rules about it. It would be interesting to see the rationale behind each and why it exists.

17. Illegal organ trade

Organs are traded all over the world for a great price. It would be interesting to study how there are rules with regard to this in different parts of the world and what the take of morality is in this regard.

Knowledge question: To what extent do extensive amounts of money outweigh morality?

Real-life situation: There is a rise in sales of body organs all over the world. To study how and why this happens in terms of the moral aspect of things would be very interesting to see.

18. The rise in vegan culture

A lot of people all over the world are turning towards veganism.

Knowledge question: Why is there so much awareness around the wrongs of meat eating?

Real-life situation: The fact that so many people are now turning towards plant based foods.

19. Unemployment and its effect on the world

Rising unemployment has led to a lot of pressure on governments in the modern day and age.

Knowledge question: How has unemployment resulted in greater economic pressure ?

Real-life situation : Ever since COVID-19, many people have become jobless, resulting in excess pressure on the governments that are trying to help people sustain themselves.

20. Lack of education and its relation to violence

There is a very low literacy rate in several parts of the world.

Knowledge question: Is there a direct relationship between low literacy rates and its relation to violence?

Real-life situation: In countries where literacy rates are low, there are high crime rates. So it would be interesting to explore how there is a correlation between the two and what can be done about it.

21. Terrorism and Legislations

I believe that there is no need to continue explaining each topic meaning, so let’s continue with RLSs and KQs.

Knowledge question: How is terrorism a result of less stringent government policies?

Real-life situation: Terrorism in many parts of the world is only seeing an upward trend. It would be interesting to see how this is related to there being a lack of rules and regulations with regard to this.

22. Pandemics and our abilities to deal with them

Knowledge situation: Are we in a position to deal with world pandemics correctly?

Real-life situation: COVID-19 showed us what it is like to live amidst a pandemic.

23. Mental health issues in the world

Knowledge question: How can we raise awareness about mental health issues worldwide?

Real-life situation: So many people are struggling with mental health issues all over the world. It would be interesting to explore this concept in further detail.

24. Substance abuse

Knowledge question: How is substance abuse destroying the youth?

Real-life situation: There is a huge rise in substance abuse rates in many parts of the world.

25. Exercising and its growing awareness

Knowledge question: What factors have led to the growing awareness about exercise all over the world?

Real-life situation: in different parts of the world, there seems to be a greater awareness in relation to physical exercise.

26. The culture of influencers

Knowledge question: How has the marketing landscape changed as a result of a rise in the number of influencers?

Real-life situation: On social media, we now see a rise in the number of influencers who have a major impact on the purchases consumers make.

27. Animal testing

Knowledge question: How are there several moral implications in relation to animal testing?

Real-life situation: we see so many people talking about how and why animal testing should now be banned.

28. Sexual harassment in the workplace

Knowledge question: how is sexual harassment harmful to mental health?

Real-life situation : the rise in number of sexual harassment cases at workplaces is only rising over time.

29. Population control

Knowledge question: should there be more awareness around population control?

Real-life situation: in many parts of the world, people don’t have as much knowledge as they should about population control.

30. Body positivity

Knowledge question: how have society’s ideals altered our beliefs about body positivity?

Real-life situation: there are so many teenagers who evaluate their self-worth based on what they see in the mirror.

Select good topics to do a presentation on

So these are a few good topics to do a presentation on. Now, select the prompt that suits you better and start working on your presentation . With these ideas in mind, you are sure to be able to impress the examiner with what you have to discuss!

Before you leave, make sure to check our recent articles where we have shared other topic ideas for IB Internal Assessments and IB Extended essays. I’m attaching a list of different articles according to the type of paper:

• IB ToK Essay Prompts
• Math IA Topic Ideas
• History IA Topics
• Topics for Comparison Essays
• Extended Essay Topic Ideas
• Economics IA Topics
• ESS IA Ideas
• Critical Thinking Essay Ideas
• Chemistry IA Topics that ROCK

Good luck with your IB TOK Presentation, and should you ever seek expert assistance – Writing Metier is a place to go. Our IB writers can help you with almost any type of paper and promise to follow all the latest IB criteria or instructions provided from your side.

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Areas of knowledge and ways of knowing are two essential concepts that you need first to understand before you begin working on these. To find out more about areas of knowledge and ways of knowing, continue reading!

How to get an A in TOK essay? Rubric + A-grade SAMPLES

Writing a Theory of Knowledge essay can seem challenging to most students because they guess how hard it is to get an A in TOK. No matter how hard they try, they feel like they just can’t crack the IB TOK essay, and one of the major reasons for this is that the structure of this essay is very different from other essays.

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IB Theory of Knowledge (TOK): Crafting an Outstanding Presentation

The Theory of Knowledge (TOK) course in the International Baccalaureate (IB) program challenges students to critically examine the nature of knowledge and its implications across different areas of knowledge. An integral part of the assessment is the TOK presentation, where students have the opportunity to delve into a real-life situation and explore the knowledge questions it raises. Crafting an outstanding TOK presentation requires a combination of thoughtful planning, effective communication, and a deep understanding of TOK principles. In this guide, we'll explore key strategies to help you create a compelling and impactful TOK presentation.

 1. Understand the Assessment Criteria:

- clarity of purpose:.

  - Clearly articulate the real-life situation and its connection to knowledge questions.

- Knowledge Questions:

  - Develop focused and open-ended knowledge questions that arise from the real-life situation.

- Perspectives and Implications:

  - Explore multiple perspectives on the knowledge questions and consider their implications.

- Presentation Style:

  - Communicate ideas effectively, demonstrating good organization and clarity.

 2. Choose a Relevant Real-Life Situation:

- personal connection:.

  - Select a real-life situation that resonates with your personal experiences or interests. This connection will enhance your engagement and authenticity.

- Global Significance:

  - Consider the global relevance of the situation. TOK encourages exploration of diverse and globally significant issues.

 3. Develop Thoughtful Knowledge Questions:

- open-ended nature:.

  - Craft knowledge questions that are open-ended and encourage exploration. Avoid questions with straightforward answers.

- Relate to Areas of Knowledge:

  - Ensure your knowledge questions relate to specific areas of knowledge, acknowledging the interdisciplinary nature of TOK.

 4. Consider Multiple Perspectives:

- diverse viewpoints:.

  - Analyze the real-life situation from various perspectives, considering cultural, historical, and individual viewpoints.

- Counterarguments:

  - Anticipate counterarguments and address them in your presentation. This demonstrates a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved.

 5. Organize Your Presentation Effectively:

- introduction:.

  - Clearly introduce the real-life situation, providing context and highlighting its significance.

- Development:

  - Systematically explore the knowledge questions, presenting evidence and arguments in a logical sequence.

- Conclusion:

  - Summarize the key findings, address counterarguments, and conclude with reflections on the implications of your exploration.

 6. Engage Your Audience:

- interactive elements:.

  - Incorporate interactive elements, such as questions, discussions, or thought experiments, to engage your audience actively.

- Visual Aids:

  - Use visuals effectively to enhance understanding. Diagrams, charts, and images can convey complex ideas succinctly.

 7. Practice and Refine:

- rehearsals:.

  - Practice your presentation multiple times to refine your delivery and ensure smooth transitions between key points.

- Feedback:

  - Seek feedback from teachers, peers, or mentors to gain valuable insights and make necessary improvements.

 8. Demonstrate Reflection:

- meta-cognition:.

  - Demonstrate meta-cognition by reflecting on your own thought processes, biases, and assumptions throughout the presentation.

- Self-Awareness:

  - Acknowledge the limitations of your exploration and express a willingness to adapt your views based on new insights.

 9. Link to TOK Concepts:

- linkages to ways of knowing:.

  - Explicitly connect your presentation to relevant Ways of Knowing (e.g., perception, reason, emotion) and Areas of Knowledge (e.g., sciences, arts, history).

- TOK Terminology:

  - Incorporate TOK terminology to demonstrate a sophisticated understanding of the course concepts.

 10. Stay within the Time Limit:

- effective time management:.

  - Practice delivering your presentation within the allocated time. Being concise while addressing all key points is crucial.

 Conclusion: Presenting Knowledge with Impact

Crafting an outstanding TOK presentation involves more than just conveying information; it requires a thoughtful exploration of knowledge questions, an engagement with multiple perspectives, and a clear demonstration of TOK principles. By choosing a relevant real-life situation, developing insightful knowledge questions, and organizing your presentation effectively, you can create a compelling narrative that captivates your audience. Remember that the goal is not only to showcase your understanding of the chosen situation but also to invite critical reflections and discussions. With careful preparation, practice, and a genuine passion for exploring the complexities of knowledge, your TOK presentation can leave a lasting impact on both your audience and your own intellectual development.

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9. Presentations Lesson 9 – 10 Sample Topics and Real-Life Situations

IB TOK - Presentations | IB Theory of Knowledge (TOK)

Guide for Students and Educators Guide for Students Nothing blows your mind like studying the IB Theory of Knowledge course. The TOK Presentation is about applying your understanding of TOK terminology and ideas to the real world. Watch our IB Theory of Knowledge (TOK) Presentations series to prepare for your internal assessment. This series shows you how to plan, write and present an excellent presentation.  Important information about the IB Theory of Knowledge Guide (2015 – 2021) The lessons in this series cover requirements of the TOK Presentation as described in the guide: 1.    Marking Criteria 2.    Presentation Structure 3.    Real-life Situations and Knowledge Questions 4.    Arguments and Perspectives 5.    Crafting Conclusions 6.    Conclusion Significance 7.    Presenting Your TOK Presentation 8.    Exemplar Presentation 9.    Sample Topics Here’s how to get the most out of our videos: 1.    Watch our lesson on Marking Criteria before you start working on             the TOK Presentation at school. This lesson introduces you to the             TOK Presentation Assessment Instrument, which is used to mark             the presentation. 2.    Watch our lesson on an Exemplar Presentation to get a sneak-peek         of what the final presentation should look like. 3.    Watch our lesson on Presentation Structure when you start planning         your presentation. Learn about the overall structure and how many           words to allocate to each section. 4.    Watch our lessons on Real-life Situations and Knowledge Questions         and Sample Topics when it is time to pick a real-life situation and               identify a knowledge question. 5.    Watch our lesson on Arguments and Perspectives as you develop             the body of your presentation. 6.    Watch our lessons on Crafting Conclusions and Conclusion                       Significance as you wrap up your presentation. 7.    Watch our lessons on Presenting Your TOK Presentation and an               Exemplar Presentation to learn how to keep your audience                       engaged. We also discuss how to fill in the TOK Presentation                   Planning Document (TK/PPD). 8.    Revisit our lesson on Marking Criteria to double-check that your               presentation meets the top assessment requirements.   Guide for Educators The IB Theory of Knowledge (TOK) Presentations series prepares students to apply their understanding of TOK terminology and ideas to the real world. We know that students need guidance to plan, write and present their TOK Presentations. Each animated video includes engaging explanations and helpful examples for your students. Important information about the IB Theory of Knowledge Guide (2015 – 2021) The lessons in this series cover requirements of the TOK Presentation as described in the guide: 1.    Marking Criteria 2.    Presentation Structure 3.    Real-life Situations and Knowledge Questions 4.    Arguments and Perspectives 5.    Crafting Conclusions 6.    Conclusion Significance 7.    Presenting Your TOK Presentation 8.    Exemplar Presentation 9.    Sample Topics

Here’s how to get the most out of our videos: 1.    Integrate our videos into your school’s IB Diploma Programme We recommend that you integrate this series into your lessons covering the TOK Presentation. We guide students through key terms and concepts related to the TOK Presentation. We also help students to develop their critical thinking skills. Sign up your school with Schooling Online and set lessons for students to watch in class and at home. 2.    Show our videos in your lessons and/or assign videos to view at home Feel free to show the TOK Presentations videos in your lessons. We have included a recommended viewing order below.  Turn your classroom into an interactive learning environment by watching each video in short segments. Pause the video at the beginning or end of each key section and open a discussion with your class. This is the perfect time for students to ask questions and clear up confusions regarding the assessment. Alternatively, you can use our videos as part of a flipped classroom approach. Students can watch one or more videos at home to learn about aspects of the presentation. For example, students can watch the lessons on Real-life Situations and Knowledge Questions and Sample Topics, then come up with their own real-life situations and knowledge questions. Afterwards, class time can be dedicated to discussing whether these ideas are appropriate for the presentation. These videos can also be assigned to view for homework and revision, as many students will need to refer to each lesson several times. Recommended viewing order for the TOK Presentations series: a.    You can show our lesson on Marking Criteria before your students           start working on the TOK Presentation at school. This lesson                     introduces students to the TOK Presentation Assessment                         Instrument, which is used to mark the presentation. b.    You can show our lesson on an Exemplar Presentation to give your           students a sneak-peek of what the final presentation should look like. c.    You can show our lesson on Presentation Structure when your                 students start planning their presentations. Your students can learn           about the overall structure and how many words to allocate to each           section. d.    You can show our lessons on Real-life Situations and Knowledge             Questions and Sample Topics when it’s time for your students to               pick a real-life situation and identify a knowledge question. e.    You can show our lesson on Arguments and Perspectives to help             your students develop the body of their presentation. f.    You can show our lessons on Crafting Conclusions and Conclusion          Significance to help your students complete their presentations. g.    You can show our lessons on Presenting Your TOK Presentation               and an Exemplar Presentation to teach your students how to keep           their  audiences engaged. We also discuss how to fill in the TOK               Presentation Planning Document (TK/PPD). h.    We encourage your students to revisit our lesson on Marking                     Criteria to double-check that their presentations meet the top                     assessment requirements.  

Finding a great TOK presentation topic can be a real struggle! Do you need some inspiration? 

We’ll introduce ten sample topics and show you how to come up with your own ideas. We’ll cover a range of real-life situations, from video games to medical testing to Indigenous Australian artworks.

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IB Theory of Knowledge Exhibition: Guidance and Ideas

Charles Whitehouse

The Theory of Knowledge (TOK) course is a fundamental part of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. The course is intended to encourage students to think critically about the nature of knowledge, and to consider the ways in which different areas of knowledge are interrelated. Students should demonstrate their ability to question the assumptions and biases that underlie different forms of knowledge, and to recognize the value of different perspectives.

The TOK Exhibition is an internally assessed oral presentation which makes up 33% of students’ TOK grade. It is a new assessment component, starting from the first assessment in 2022. The TOK grade and the Extended Essay (EE) make up a maximum of 3 points. If students receive a minimum of an A and a B across the two subjects, they will achieve the full 3 points.

Source: IB TOK Guide .

What is the TOK Exhibition?

The TOK Exhibition is an oral presentation which allows students to demonstrate their understanding and exploration of a real-life situation or issue through the lens of TOK. The exhibition is intended to be an opportunity for students to apply their knowledge and understanding of the TOK course in a practical and meaningful way.

Students create an exhibition of three objects, or images of objects, and write a commentary on each object. The total exhibition should be fewer than 950 words.

It is recommended that the Exhibition be rooted in one of the TOK themes:

Core theme - knowledge and the knower. This theme encourages students to reflect on themselves as knowers and thinkers, and to consider the different communities of knowers to which we belong.

Optional themes: Knowledge and technology; knowledge and language;

knowledge and politics; knowledge and religion; and knowledge and indigenous societies

You will have roughly 8 hours of teaching time to prepare for the exhibition task.

What are the prompts for the Exhibition?

There are 35 prompts which students can respond to. All three objects should link to the prompt.

1. What counts as knowledge?

2. Are some types of knowledge more useful than others?

3. What features of knowledge have an impact on its reliability?

4. On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

5. What counts as good evidence for a claim?

6. How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know?

7. What are the implications of having, or not having, knowledge?

8. To what extent is certainty attainable?

9. Are some types of knowledge less open to interpretation than others?

10. What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge?

11. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?

12. Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge?

13. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?

14. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers?

15. What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge?

16. Should some knowledge not be sought on ethical grounds?

17. Why do we seek knowledge?

18. Are some things unknowable?

19. What counts as a good justification for a claim?

20. What is the relationship between personal experience and knowledge?

21. What is the relationship between knowledge and culture?

22. What role do experts play in influencing our consumption or acquisition of knowledge?

23. How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge?

24. How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected?

25. How can we distinguish between knowledge, belief and opinion?

26. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers?

27. Does all knowledge impose ethical obligations on those who know it?

28. To what extent is objectivity possible in the production or acquisition of knowledge?

29. Who owns knowledge?

30. What role does imagination play in producing knowledge about the world?

31. How can we judge when evidence is adequate?

32. What makes a good explanation?

33. How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development?

34. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge?

35. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge?

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How should I choose my objects?

Students have quite wide flexibility in choosing their objects for the Exhibition. Students are encouraged to select objects that are of genuine interest and that they have encountered in school or in their personal lives.

The objects can be digital as well as physical. For example, students could include a photograph of an object such as a historical document or a real-life sculpture where it would not be feasible to exhibit the physical object. They can also use digital objects, such as a screenshot from social media, but they must be specific objects with a specific real-world context that exist in a particular time and place, including virtual spaces. For example, Twitter as a general media platform is not an object, but a specific tweet is. This is true more generally - the objects should not be generic from the internet or a generic object, but should be more specific.

The objects can also be created by the students themselves, but they must be pre-existing objects, not created specifically for the exhibition.

Have a look at our comprehensive set of IB Study Notes and IB Practice Questions , developed by expert IB teachers and examiners!

What are some example objects and ideas?

The IB gives these examples of objects:

• A tweet from the President of the United States
• An image of the painting Guernica by Pablo Picasso
• The student’s own extended essay (EE)
• A basketball used by the student during their physical education lessons
• The graphic novel The Colour of Earth by Kim Dong Hwa
• A painting that the student created in their DP visual arts course
• A refillable water bottle provided to each student in a school as part of a sustainability initiative
• A news article from the popular website Buzzfeed
• A photograph of the student playing in an orchestra

These demonstrate what is means for the objects to have real world context: a Google Images picture of a basketball would be inappropriate, but the student’s own basketball is fine.

It would, of course, be a good idea to be more original than this! This is especially true because the IB are looking for some personal interest in the objects from the student.

Here are some new ideas by an expert IB TOK tutor of types of objects you could choose.

• A painting or sculpture
• A scientific technology
• A historical document or artifact
• A piece of literature or film
• A photograph or video from your own life
• A musical composition or performance
• A news article, tweet or a podcast
• A personal item such as a family heirloom or an object of sentimental value

For example, if the student chose the theme ‘Knowledge and Language’, the three objects chosen may be:

1. A language translation dictionary, with a commentary exploring the limitations of translating individual words without the context of the sentence or the speaker, based on the student’s experience of acquiring a new language and attempting to communicate with native speakers

2. A script from a historical play studied in school, with a commentary exploring what can be learnt about the past through the language in the text, which is rooted in contemporary ideas, but what knowledge may be lost in not being able to see the play performed as the playwright imagined it at the time

3. A piece of Grade 1 homework from a student’s primary schooling, with a commentary exploring how children’s ability to express their thoughts through language is limited by their lack of skills and experience

What are the assessment criteria?

The TOK Exhibition is marked out of 10 marks. The grade is internally assessed by the student’s teacher and externally moderated by the IB at the end of the course.

This is the IB’s description of an Exhibition which should be marked 9-10. The main assessment question is: “Does the exhibition successfully show how TOK manifests in the world around us?”

The exhibition clearly identifies three objects and their specific real world contexts. Links between each of the three objects and the selected IA prompt are clearly made and well explained. There is a strong justification of the particular contribution that each individual object makes to the exhibition. All, or nearly all, of the points are well-supported by appropriate evidence and explicit references to the selected IA prompt.

In conclusion, the exhibition is a dynamic learning experience requiring students to employ various skills, including research, critical thinking, and collaboration. It demands connecting different knowledge areas, demonstrating critical thinking, and effectively communicating ideas. The assessment, conducted by teachers and externally moderated by the IB, reflects the depth of student engagement. Incorporating IB tutoring can further enhance students' capabilities, offering targeted guidance to refine these essential skills, ensuring a more profound and well-rounded exhibition experience.

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Written by: Charles Whitehouse

Charles scored 45/45 on the International Baccalaureate and has six years' experience tutoring IB and IGCSE students and advising them with their university applications. He studied a double integrated Masters at Magdalen College Oxford and has worked as a research scientist and strategy consultant.

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Overview: TOK Presentation

The TOK Presentation is a presentation that follows a central knowledge question and a main real-life situation. It is typically done individually, or in groups of 2 or 3 students. Each individual presents for 10 minutes, so a group of 3’s presentation would be 30 minutes long.

The TOK Presentation typically follows a central Knowledge Question (KQ), which is then elaborated through a series of developments. An example of a KQ would be: “To what extent does religious systems go against ethical concerns?” This would then relate to an existing RLS.

Along with the presentation, you will have to submit the TOK Presentation Planning Document (TKPPD), which details the general outline for your presentation. The document requires the student to:

• Describe the chosen real-life situation (RLS)
• State the central knowledge question (KQ)
• Explain the connection between the RLS and the KQ
• Outline the development of the TOK presentation based on the context of the RLS 
• Show the significance of the conclusions in the context of the RLS and show how it may be relevant to other real-life situations.

Although the TKPPD is not marked itself, it acts as a guide to the TOK presentation examiner on what you wish to convey in your presentation, hence may be taken into consideration.

General Structure

Introduction.

• To introduce yourselves and the main RLS you’ll discuss.

RLS / Decontextualization

• Elaborate on the chosen RLS (it would normally be best to find one that can be viewed by more than one perspective)
• Explain the facts regarding the RLS, and use WOKs to show how the RLS leads up to your knowledge question. For example, a student may write that emotion in this RLS shows ______, whereas reason in this RLS leads us to think that  ______.
• Explain your thought process in extracting your KQ from your RLS.
• Pro Tip: Do not focus on dissecting your RLS too much (avoid FOA-like explanations)! Instead, focus on how knowledge is produced from/in that certain situation and establishing TOK links.

Knowledge Question

• Some teachers recommend starting off by mentioning several questions that the RLS initially raised, then introduce the KQ that you will be elaborating.
• State/write the AOKs/WOKs that you will use to link the RLS to the KQ. Personal Tip: Either 2-3 AOKs or 2-3 WOKs can be used as your developments/perspectives.
• Don’t forget to explain any key terms that will be helpful!

Perspective / Development Structure

• Briefly state the claim/counterclaim.
• Expand on your claim/counterclaim using evidence. You can raise more RLS to support your claim/counterclaim. Link it back to how it would answer the KQ.
• Make a mini-conclusion.
• Conclude your points.
• To aim for higher marks, many teachers recommend introducing an opposing view/potential flaw in your conclusion.

Link back to RLS

• Explain the link between your conclusion to your main RLS.
• Like your TKPPD, link the conclusion to 2 other applicable RLSs.

Overall Tips

Your TOK presentation does not need to follow the structure above (e.g. you can have 2 developments instead of 3), as it is just a sample suggestion. It’s always best to consult with your TOK teacher for what your school expects as the standard for a good TOK presentation, considering that most presentations are internally marked. Good luck! 🙂

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How to Ace your TOK Presentation

But first, what is the TOK presentation and what does it actually involve?

The presentation is one of two compulsory TOK assignments. The TOK presentation is meant to test your understanding of  TOK concepts in relation to a real-life situation. The real-life scenario can be based on a situation in your local community or an issue of broader international scope. From this real-life scenario, you need to develop a knowledge question. This knowledge question will the basis of your presentation as you attempt to develop different perspectives to which to answer the question from.

How to ace a TOK Presentation:

Simplify your real-life situation.

Don’t choose a real-life scenario which requires extensive explanation. Instead, choose a real-life situation and topic that you have a solid foundation in. When I was doing my presentation, my group decided to explore topics within our one mutual IB subject – Psychology. In class, we had just talked about how men/women look for different characteristics when looking for a partner. Building on this study, we started brainstorming relevant topics which we could explore. In the end, we settled to explore how society measures beauty and the consequences of these conceptions on individuals.

Terminology

As you begin to research your topic, you’ll see different perspectives. When you look at these perspectives in more detail, also consider: How can you relate them to Areas of Knowing or Ways of Knowing that you’ve been discussing in class? Simply mentioning a real-life situation and knowledge question are related to a specific Area of Knowing or Way of Knowledge will not do. Rather, you will only receive points once you begin to compare them in relation to each other. Indeed, the IBO states that the best presentations will not only acknowledge that their question can be answered from different perspectives but also investigate these perspectives in relation to each other .

Spend time on your TOK Presentation Planning Document!

The TOK Presentation Planning Document (PPD) seems like a silly document you need to complete in relation to your presentation. However, the PPD is the only evidence that the IBO has that you completed a TOK presentation, as it is the only part of your work which is externally moderated. Specified as being a max of 500 words, you want to make sure you clearly and concisely explain your thought process. The IBO specifies that you should do the following:

• Describe your real-life situation
• State your central knowledge question
• Outline how you intend to develop your presentation, with respect to perspectives, subsidiary knowledge questions and argument
• Show how your conclusions have significance for your real-life situation and beyond

Make sure you follow these guidelines and refer to the TOK assessment criteria as you are completing the PPD. The TOK assessment criteria can be found at the back of your TOK subject guide. Having the criteria next to you and referring to as you are writing your PPD may make a significant impact on how you will score.

Develop an effective presentation style 

As you will be presenting in front of an audience (consisting of both your classmates and teacher), you will need to make sure you can articulate your ideas effectively. Regardless of how great your ideas are, you will not score highly should you be unable to deliver your presentation. To ensure you do this, I suggest you make sure you understand the component parts of your presentations.

I recommend that you practice your presentation several times, both with an audience and without one. I personally liked to practice my presentations in my bedroom alone, just trying to speak through my information while looking at the door. Thus, before anyone gave me any feedback, I could determine whether I actively understood my topic. If I could, I would transition into presenting in front of my parents. I would ask them to come with concrete feedback – did all my points make sense? Are you staying on topic? Do I have good body language when I present?

Practicing your presentation on your own and with an audience will help you structure your presentation more coherently and determine whether your presentation has a flow. In a flow, it is vital that you know how to transition between your points. If you need more advice on how to deliver an effective presentation, click here ! –

That’s it from us – but if you still feel like you need more help, don’t worry! With Lanterna’s Assignment Package, you can get tailored one-on-one private tuition to review your presentation with an elite IB tutor. To get more, click here !

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Pt. 7 – The Areas of Knowledge: Mathematics, the Natural Sciences, The Human Sciences and History What are the Areas of Knowledge The Areas of Knowledge are a bit different, these are about what we know. There are 8 Areas of Knowledge, these are: Mathematics, the Natural Sciences, the Human Sciences, History, The Arts, Ethics, […]

Breaking Down TOK Essay Titles 2021 | Part 1

 The TOK Essay is something many of us dread… Many of us feel like we’ve learned nothing in TOK up until this point and now we’re expected to write an essay!? What makes matters worse is that the Titles are sometimes ridiculously confusing as well – so you might feel like you have no idea […]

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THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE 2023

A comprehensive guide.

THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

Tok curriculum.

Discover the TOK curriculum and its components, including knowledge questions, areas of knowledge, and ways of knowing.

TOK Essay Tips

Learn essential tips and techniques for writing an impressive TOK essay that effectively addresses knowledge issues and receives high marks.

TOK Presentation

Get guidance on how to deliver an engaging TOK presentation that effectively communicates.

TOK Resources

Resources to explore TOK concepts and expand your knowledge: books, articles, and websites.

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TOK ESSAY TITLES 2024

Tok essay title 1 may 2024.

Is subjectivity overly celebrated in the arts but unfairly condemned in history? Discuss with reference to the arts and history.

TOK ESSAY TITLE 2 MAY 2024

How can we reconcile the opposing demands for specialization and generalization in the production of knowledge? Discuss with reference to mathematics and one other area of knowledge.

TOK ESSAY TITLE 3 MAY 2024

Nothing is more exciting than fresh ideas, so why are areas of knowledge often so slow to adopt them? Discuss with reference to the human sciences and one other area of knowledge.

TOK ESSAY TITLE 4 MAY 2024

Do we underestimate the challenges of taking knowledge out of its original context and transferring it to a different context? Discuss with reference to two areas of knowledge.

TOK ESSAY TITLE 5 MAY 2024

Do we need custodians of knowledge? Discuss with reference to two areas of knowledge.

TOK ESSAY TITLE 6 MAY 2024

Are we too quick to assume that the most recent evidence is inevitably the strongest? Discuss with reference to the natural sciences and one other area of knowledge.

Choose from three different TOK course structures

Big Question Framework

Classic TOK Lessons

Disruptive Ideas

Take advantage of three classroom-ready courses for TOK, exclusively available to faculty members. Each course provides meticulously designed and structured lessons, supported by clear and measurable learning objectives. Packed with media-rich resources and inspired by current real-world situations and ideas, these courses will save you considerable time. Begin downloading and delivering them now.

Apply TOK ideas and concepts to the real world

Monthly Newsletter

Investigating Issues

12 Key TOK Concepts

Our resources aim to assist students in exploring and comprehending the most significant current events while understanding how TOK concepts manifest in the real world. Our exclusive monthly TOK newsletter, Investigating Issues, along with the 12 Key Concepts, will aid you and your entire DP faculty in developing critical thinking skills and connecting learning to news issues, debates, and controversies. Subscribe to our complimentary newsletter here to stay updated.

Master the TOK assessment tasks

TOK Essay Support Pack

Exhibition Support Pack

TOK Assessment Lessons

Our assessment packs, available in both English and Spanish, are specifically designed for student use. They provide a clear understanding of the assessment criteria for the TOK essay and exhibition, assisting students in creating exceptional final assessment products. With the TOK assessment lessons, teachers can effectively target and enhance the necessary skills, enabling students to approach the assessment tasks with confidence and achieve success.

Get your whole DP faculty onboard

DP Integration Tool

TOK Mini Lessons

Knowledge Heros

What distinguishes us from other sites and textbooks for TOK is our commitment to catering to ALL faculty members. Our resources are designed with this in mind. The Integration Tool facilitates seamless connections between subjects and TOK concepts, while incorporating real-world events. Mini-lessons offer concise and ready-to-use classroom materials, and Knowledge Heroes empower teachers to draw inspiration from influential figures across various academic disciplines.

Prepare your pre-DP students for TOK

Thinking for Yourself

Middle Year Newsletter

We provide two pre-DP courses, namely “Thinking for Yourself” and “Worldviews,” which aim to foster critical thinking, stimulate debates, and introduce students to the concepts they will encounter in TOK. Additionally, our middle years newsletter assists students in going beyond surface-level understanding by encouraging them to delve deeper into the latest events and real-world issues.

Get trained-up for TOK

Our training programs in TOK and critical thinking are tailored to meet the needs of both specialized teachers and regular faculty members. We have collaborated with schools worldwide, assisting them in incorporating engaging, relevant, and effective TOK and critical thinking practices throughout their curriculum. Additionally, we provide free and premium webinars on TOK, along with a comprehensive collection of videos available on our YouTube channel for you to explore.

Explore the course

The Core Theme

Optional Theme

Areas of Knowledge

Explore our extensive range of free course materials covering every aspect of the TOK course. Delve into the core theme, “knowledge & the knower,” as well as the optional themes like indigenous societies, language, politics, religion, and technology. Additionally, explore the various areas of knowledge such as the arts, history, human sciences, mathematics, and natural sciences. As a faculty member of our site, you’ll have exclusive access to our exploration point documents, providing in-depth insights into each component of TOK.

Download free samples

Classroom Ready TOK Lessons

TOK World Resources

Real World Resources

Gain access to a wide array of free sample materials that showcase our approach and the type of resources available to site members for delivering the TOK course. Explore our comprehensive selection of classroom-ready lessons, organized into three distinct courses. Take a look at our TOK-world resources, designed to empower students to take ownership of their TOK journey. Additionally, discover how our real-world resources establish meaningful connections between learning and current events and issues. Download these samples to get a firsthand experience of our offerings.

Testimonials

Rahul kapoor.

Studying TOK has been an enlightening journey. It has challenged my perspectives, sharpened my critical thinking skills, and expanded my understanding of knowledge. I highly recommend this course to all IB students.

United States

Emily johnson.

TOK has been an incredibly thought-provoking course for me. It has pushed me to question everything and explore different ways of knowing. This course has truly transformed the way I approach learning and understanding the world.

María Santos

Studying TOK has opened my mind to the diverse ways in which knowledge is constructed and evaluated. It has challenged my preconceived notions and deepened my appreciation for the complexity of knowledge.

Ishita Sharma

TOK has made me realise the power of questioning and the importance of having an open mind. It has encouraged me to explore different viewpoints and engage in meaningful discussions.

Request a Callback?

Learn more from, frequently asked questions.

Theory of Knowledge (TOK) is an interdisciplinary course offered as part of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme. It delves into the nature of knowledge, how it is acquired, and the ways in which it is justified. TOK fosters critical thinking, reflection, and exploration of different ways of knowing and areas of knowledge.

TOK offers invaluable skills for intellectual and personal growth. It enhances critical thinking, nurtures an appreciation for diverse perspectives, and encourages curiosity. By engaging with TOK, students develop abilities that are highly beneficial for higher education, such as analyzing arguments, evaluating evidence, and constructing well-reasoned viewpoints.

TOK is assessed through an externally moderated essay and an oral presentation. The TOK essay requires students to critically analyze a prescribed title or develop a self-chosen title related to TOK. The oral presentation provides an opportunity for students to explore a real-life situation from a TOK perspective and engage in a thoughtful discussion.

TOK equips students with critical thinking skills that can be applied to everyday life. It enables individuals to navigate complex issues, evaluate sources of information, and make informed decisions. The skills and perspectives cultivated in TOK are highly transferable, benefiting students in university studies, career paths, and active engagement with the world.

Absolutely! TOK emphasizes the importance of effective communication in conveying ideas and arguments. It encourages students to express themselves clearly, develop coherent arguments, and support them with evidence. Through the oral presentation component and essay writing, TOK hones students’ communication skills, enabling them to articulate their thoughts with precision and clarity.

Before Choosing TOK Presentation Topics: Assignment's Definition and Structure

TOK, which stands for Theory of Knowledge, is a required course studied by the participants of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP). A TOK presentation comprises 9 slides (recommended number), each of which should have minimum text, with the most exciting parts highlighted.

To succeed in this task, it is important to know the TOK presentation structure, so we recommend sticking to the following guidelines:

• Slide #1: Cover Page (one minute). Content : The title of speech + group members. Tell a real-life story explaining why the chosen problem matters to you.
• Slide #2: Decontextualization (one minute). Content : Share an opinion about a real-life situation discussed at the beginning and explain it using the TOK approach (use the terminology learned during the term). Discuss how the audience may relate to the situation (describe a real-life case relevant to your KQ).
• Slide #3: Knowledge Question (a minute). Content : Prepare a KQ list to observe the relationship between your situation and KQ. List a couple of KQs you are currently observing; show how the chosen KQs will be useful for interpreting the situation; offer assumptions regarding KQs; explain the meaning of every term used.
• Slide #4, 5, 6: Development 1-3 (3.5 minutes each). Content : Briefly address all the main claims and explain how the chosen evidence proves those (be sure to do the same with the counterclaim). Compare the selected evidence and the claim, showing in the conclusion how the claim and counterclaim are interrelated.
• Slide #7: General Conclusion.
• Slide #8: Recalling the Real-Life Situation.
• Slide #9: Bibliography (no need to explain anything here - thank your audience instead).

TOK Presentation Examples Topics for Students

Keep in mind that a TOK presentation contributes roughly 33% of the final course grade, so watch out! You cannot earn more than 10 points for such an assignment, so do your best to get the maximum grade as it will be easier for you to survive the rest of the examination stages. Look at these topics for TOK presentation and some TOK presentation examples to ease the process!

• Imagination and will of art.
• The Coherence Theory.
• Simple Mimesis and relation to reality.
• Avante Garde to Chance culture.
• Gangnam style.
• Obesity and the world of marketing.
• Body language.
• Westernization in art.
• Cultural imperialism.
• Correlation between evolution & art.
• The purpose of life.
• Utilitarianism & Categorical Imperative.
• Different types of ethical dilemmas.
• Self-interest theory.
• Living a life without knowing its meaning.
• Moral relativism.
• Duty ethics & Evolution-Creation theories.
• Punishment according to ethical standards.
• Defining what is right & what is wrong from an ethical perspective.
• Different schools of thoughts.
• Using dance as a language.
• Common problems in dancing.
• A separate genre of art/sports.
• An Indian love story in the context of dance.
• Communicating through various dancing movements.
• Krumping - a different style of dance.
• Dancing by Lacey and Kameron.
• Dancing and the art of theatre.
• Dancing in the modern cinematography.
• The vital role of dance in indigenous communities.
• The evolution of the primary purpose of music throughout time.
• The form of art to entertain.
• History of rock music.
• The role of classical music in students' lives.
• The impact of different music on human emotions.
• Cases of alleged music plagiarism.
• The role of music in overall literacy.
• The extent to which music conveys knowledge & insight.
• Music in the '80s and its role in the modern world.
• The Theory of Knowledge & music.
• The consequences of removing monuments.
• The way modern people erase history.
• The fate of The Foot Soldier of Birmingham.
• The good and the bad in US history.
• Seeing the American Revolution from various perspectives.
• The significance of the US Confederate Monuments.
• Things that Georgetown owes the descendants.
• Praising Trump and his actions.
• The unfair fate of Mahatma Gandhi.
• Reasons why the President needs the so-called Council of Historians.
• Human Sciences.
• How approaches to natural sciences are related to human sciences.
• Ways of quantifying data in human sciences.
• The credibility of the findings in psychological sciences.
• What role ethics plays in psychology.
• Empathy & feeling as the way of knowing your neighbor in psychology.
• Ethical responsibilities from a psychological point of view.
• Human behaviors that are beyond the scope of psychology.
• Various psychological approaches applied across different historical periods.
• The effectiveness of psychological research.
• Radioactive decay.
• A look from the math perspective at Fibonacci numbers in nature.
• The constants of nature.
• Analysis of the compounding chess squares legend.
• The speed of light & time dilation.
• The invention of logs.
• Different log scales in real life.
• Lottery math: the ways to win.
• Game theory & expected value.
• Scientific induction & deduction.
• People who base their understanding of the world on feelings.
• Evaluating facts vs. feelings.
• Mapping human emotions.
• The primary purpose of language.
• Communicating emotions through language.
• The contribution of mentions to reasoning.
• Factors that influence emotions: culture, gender, personality traits, etc.
• To what extent are human emotions reliable?
• Should we rely on our emotions in the decision-making process?
• The consequence of having reason and no emotions.
• Different perceptions of beauty.
• The main concepts of beauty in developed countries.
• Comparing beauty standards of the Ancient times with modern days.
• The central idea of beauty.
• Theory of Knowledge and beauty.
• The way social media represents beauty.
• Factors that affect the perception of beauty.
• The role of culture in understanding what is beautiful.
• Internal & external beauty.
• Plastic surgery.

Getting Help from Online Writing Team

Choosing TOK presentation topics ideas is not nearly as challenging as doing the actual research & writing. Our team of seasoned professionals know everything about different types of academic writing and are always ready to help you with your TOK presentation. We can even provide some TOK presentation examples for you to get the process. Order your paper now and get it done in no time at all!

26 Free TikTok Ideas for When Your Imagination is Tapped

Experts say you’re supposed to post 1-4 times per day, so it’s no wonder you may have run out of unique TikTok ideas by now.

26 TikTok Ideas

Creating engaging, entertaining content on TikTok is no easy task. Though it’s simple enough to film and publish TikTok videos , it can still be intimidating to figure out what to film and publish. That’s where this list of 26 TikTok ideas comes in.

Read on for our awesome list of TikTok video ideas to help get your brain juices flowing.

Bonus: Don’t know what to post on social? Unlock +100 free social media content ideas and never worry about writer’s block again!

26 TikTok video ideas to delight and engage your audience

1. share a tutorial.

Teach ‘em a lesson they won’t forget! By this we mean: create a quick and easy tutorial showcasing how to use your product or service.

This could be a fairly straightforward demo (here’s how to wash our sneakers) or something hyper-specific (here’s how to style our sneakers for Pride), or even a product hack a user might not know about (here’s how to recycle our sneakers into flower pots for a mother’s day gift).

https://www.tiktok.com/@mr.magicinus/video/7029961331910429957?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7102529268554810885

2. Demo a recipe

There’s a whole world of cooks out there in the TikTokaverse: connect with them by sharing a recipe. Even if your brand isn’t specifically a food product or kitchen-related company, everyone’s gotta eat, right?

If you’re a fashion brand, maybe someone can wear a sweatshirt from your newest line while they prep some ceviche — it’s all about offering followers value, baby.

@bonappetitmag This cake pretty much caused a stampede in the test kitchen whenever it was up for grabs. @adamjmoussa was always at the front of it #brownbutter #cakefrosting #birthdaycake #cakerecipes ♬ original sound – Bon Appétit Magazine

3. Put a viral hack to the test

Let other people do the creative thinking for you: on TikTok, there’s absolutely no shame in piggybacking.

Share your own experience or reaction to a viral hack — people love to see honest reviews and tests before they try, like microwaving a hat full of popcorn or whatever. Here are @Recipes trying out a viral Starbucks drink.

@recipes Comment what I should try next? 😎 #viral #recipe #food #starbucks #chailatte #Splice ♬ original sound – Viral Recipes

4. Collaborate with other users

I’m sorry but I simply have to say it: teamwork makes the dream work!

Partner up with an influencer, one of your superfans, or another complementary business to half your workload and double your reach (if they’re sharing with their audience, you’re reaching a whole new set of eyeballs, hubba hubba).

@deepica Never Have I Ever….HAD A HARDER TIME KEEPING THIS A SECRET!!! @netflix’s NEVER HAVE I EVER x @livetinted dropping TMR!!!! #neverhaveiever #netflix #netflixgolden #livetinted #collab #iconic #representation #geekingout #4u #greenscreenvideo ♬ Love You So – The King Khan & BBQ Show

5. Lip synch to a song or dialog clip

TikTok was born from the ashes of a lip-synching and dancing app, so these activities are still super common on the social media platform. Why not get in on the fun?

While song lip-synching is the classic move, lip-synching dialog is a fun option as well: try pairing a catchphrase from a movie with a new context — for instance, shooting a clip of you admiring someone using your product while you mouth along to the famous “I’ll have what she’s having!” line from When Harry Met Sally . Iconic! Hilarious! Applicable to almost all types of businesses!

@emmabrooksmcallister Malibu is the vibe ♬ Solar Power – Lorde

6. Make a wacky machine

This guy created an elaborate Rube-Goldberg device to serve him lunch and we cannot look away. Maybe you should… also… do that?

@espn He made this whole thing just to eat his lunch while he works 😂 (via Joseph’s Machines/YT) ♬ original sound – ESPN

7. Create a branded hashtag challenge

Challenges are hot-hot-hot on TikTok. Sure, you can follow along with whatever the most recent trend is (e.g. chugging a cup of dry nutmeg), but why not take it to the next level by creating your own with a branded hashtag, like Levi’s #buybetterwearlonger campaign?

@levis Save this video for the next time you go thrifting 📌 #vintagelevis #vintagedenim #buybetterwearlonger ♬ original sound – Levi’s

8. Do a non-branded TikTok challenge

Maybe you don’t have time to create a whole new challenge from scratch. No problem! There are dozens of challenges circulating around the platform at any given time.

Just tap on over to the Discover page to see what’s trending that you can join in on this week — like the #winteroutfit hashtag that even Rod Stewart is getting in on.

@sirrodstewart Thanks for showing us how it’s done! 🎄 🕺 💃🏻 #Christmas #FelizNavidad #FestiveFashion #ChristmasDecor #WinterOutfit @penny.lancaster0 ♬ Da Ya Think I’m Sexy? – Rod Stewart

9. Show your process in fast-motion

Whether you’re painting a mural, latch-hooking a rug, packing up an order for shipping, or using a chainsaw to carve a statue of a bear, it’s fun to see how something comes together… especially if it’s fast-motion and we don’t have to linger too long on the boring bits. Record yourself making your thing or practicing your activity, speed it up and set it to peppy music. The effect is hypnotic and impressive.

@the.art.room 🏠❤️💯 #drawing #howtodraw #tutorial #art #foryou ♬ Aesthetic – Tollan Kim

10. Host a livestream

For better or worse, anything can happen on a livestream… so live on the edge for once, why don’t you?

A livestream is a great chance to announce a new product drop, share some exciting brand news, host a Q&A, or interview a special guest, while viewers chime in in the comments with insights and maybe a crude emoji or two. (Dig in deeper to all things livestream with our ultimate guide to social media livestreaming here !)

11. Try out a duet

TikTok’s duet and stitch features offer the opportunity to collaborate with existing TikTok content to create your own fresh remix. Use this feature to film a reaction to a video, or layer on your own sweet voice or video onto an existing clip.

@gordonramsayofficial #duet with @bayashi.tiktok How to ruin a beautiful salmon…..really ?!?!? #ramsayreacts #tiktokcooks ♬ original sound – Jakob

12. Create a comedy skit

Since TikTok videos are so short and fast-paced, they’re really the ideal format for comedy. If you’ve got a sense of humor and it’s appropriate for your brand, write a silly skit or embrace something absurd.

Viral TikToks tend to be ones that offer something informative or surprising, and what’s more surprising than something that makes you laugh?

@isthattomhearn4real The options are endless! #fyp #inagarten #barefootcontessa #inagartenrecipes #comedy #foodnetwork #cookingtips #kitchenhacks #impressions ♬ original sound – Tom Hearn!

13. Share some fun facts

Wouldn’t it be nice if the internet made us a little smarter for once? You can be part of that movement by sharing fun facts… either about your brand, your industry, or current events.

@spencer.barbosa WHO ELSE IS SHOOK???😖 #funfact #iwastodayyearsold #relatable #fact #teenager ♬ original sound – spencer barbosa🧚🏻

14. Go behind-the-scenes

Give the people a little peek-a-boo into what you do with an intimate look into your office, factory, team meeting, production process, or client visit.

Think of it like “bring your kid to work day” but, you know, for everyone on the internet. The 79,000 people who liked this video of tires being retreaded would agree that there’s something inherently satisfying about seeing behind the scenes.

15. Reveal a hot tip or life hack

What’s a surprising way you make your life easier or better? Why not share that wisdom with the world?

@mama_mila_ Which one will you try first? 🌻 #lifehacks #homehacks ♬ Material Girl – Madonna

16. Play with the green screen

The green screen technology TikTok has introduced to the world is, in short, a gift to humanity. Record a standard product update in front of a collage of Rihanna or use it to set a vibe by announcing a big sale in front of a tropical ocean view.

@tiktok Try out the new #greenscreenvideo Update the app to use the new Creative Effect! ♬ original sound – TikTok

17. Perform science experiments

It’s fun to see what happens when you attempt to play with the laws of physics or chemistry. Make a volcano. I dare you. Or just cover a watermelon in rubber bands like this man. You can’t look away!

@andcarli ♬ som original – Andcarli

18. Perform a makeover

Get into the world of #beautytok by giving someone (or yourself!) a makeover on camera. Hair, makeup, outfit, whatever kind of big exciting change you fancy.

Fast-motion video is a great one for this too, so you can see the transformation come together. The makeover doesn’t even have to be on a person… a DIY furniture makeover or room reveal can be just as satisfying.

@theflippedpiece This piece of furniture got an EXTREME makeover 🤯 #MacysGiftTok #upcycling #furniture #makeover ♬ Rockin’ Around The Christmas Tree – Brenda Lee

19. Hypnotize your followers with soothing visuals

If you’ve got access to some sort of weirdly satisfying or calm-and-sleepy video content: use it. It’s the visual back-rub we’re all craving. Now please take a brain break with this tape ball video.

https://www.tiktok.com/@eselden117/video/7125720695820045610?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc

20. Demo a workout

TikTok users are freaks for fitness. Get sweaty and demonstrate a workout routine or specific move that they can try out. Sure, maybe your brand has nothing to do with fitness, but put a twist on it to make it fit the right tone: for instance, if you’re a soda company, you could create a burpee-centric workout that incorporates taking a sip after every set.

@popsugarwellness @Jake DuPree knows how to switch it up. Our fave is number 4 😉 #Dumbbells? #DumbbellOnly #FitTok #FitnessTikTok #FitnessTips #DumbbellWorkout #TrainerTip ♬ GASLIGHT – INJI

21. Try out TikTok’s newest filters

The scientists at TikTok are releasing new filters and AR effects regularly. Get experimental and try something new. The effect might inspire the content, like the stop motion filter shown here.

@brisenpais cleaning & shelving videos coming up 💕✨ #manga #mangacollection ♬ son original – JuniorJmss

22. Be a weirdo

Get absurd for fun. TikTok is full of gentle pranks and silliness. Delight your followers by doing something wonderfully weird… like buying an all-pink breakfast.

@kylethomas Breakfast @ 711 pink edition #asmr #bangkok #thailand ♬ original sound – kyle thomas 🌿

23. Film a “get ready with me” clip

For some reason, it’s fascinating to see people’s routines. Film a day in the life or even a “get ready with me” clip where you show just how you roll: if the world wants to see just how you make your smoothie in the morning, who are you to deny them?

@str4w84by Packing my bag for class today ♬ gilmore lala – <3

24. Run a bracket or vote

Sure, partisanship may be tearing apart our society, but sometimes it’s fun to pit people against each other for non-serious reasons. Create a bracket or vote where you get people to weigh in on something: the more absurd the better, honestly.

Crunchy or smooth peanut butter? What is the best vegetable? Spark the debate and watch the engagement fly.

25. Open up a Q&A

Invite users to grill you with an “ask me anything” session (or an “ask me anything about a very specific topic” session). Then you can go ahead and answer the Qs over the course of future TikTok videos, or even run a TikTok livestream to respond to all of the burning queries. Content galore!

@tiktok The new Q&A feature is now here to help you ask or answer any questions. Try it out now! ♬ original sound – TikTok

26. Weigh in on a current event or special occasion

Use the events in the news, celebrity gossip, or major holidays or events to act as inspiration for the content you create. Share your Oscar picks, post a Superbowl snack recipe, or react to JLo and Ben Affleck’s wedding.

@jimmykimmellive When you’ve only hosted the 2nd craziest Oscars… ♬ original sound – Jimmy Kimmel Live

Posting creative TikTok content is a huge part of finding success on the platform… but to build lasting engagement and an audience of avid fans, your marketing strategy needs to go beyond just uploading your masterpiece. Dig in deeper to our guide to TikTok for business to learn how to build conversation and cultivate a community that will last.

Grow your TikTok presence alongside your other social channels using Hootsuite. Schedule and publish posts for the best times, engage your audience, and measure performance — all from one easy-to-use dashboard. Try it free today.

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Stacey McLachlan is an award-winning writer and editor from Vancouver with more than a decade of experience working for print and digital publications.

She is editor-at-large for Western Living and Vancouver Magazine, author of the National Magazine Award-nominated 'City Informer' column, and a regular contributor to Dwell. Her previous work covers a wide range of topics, from SEO-focused thought-leadership to profiles of mushroom foragers, but her specialties include design, people, social media strategy, and humor.

You can usually find her at the beach, or cleaning sand out of her bag.

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