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Study of association between corneal shape parameters and axial length elongation during orthokeratology using image-pro plus software

The aim was to validate the correlation between corneal shape parameters and axial length growth (ALG) during orthokeratology using Image-Pro Plus (IPP) 6.0 software.

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Temozolomide-associated blepharoconjunctivitis: a case report

Temozolomide (TMZ) is an effective oral alkylating agent used in treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and high-grade gliomas. It works by introducing methyl groups into DNA, inhibiting cell division. A case ...

Brimonidine as a possible treatment for myopia

Myopia is becoming a huge burden on the world’s public health systems. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of brimonidine in the treatment of form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and the relationship ...

Comparative visual outcomes of the first versus second eye following small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE)

This study aimed to compare the visual outcomes of the first operated eyes with those of the second operated eyes following small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).

Bilateral multifocal chorioretinitis as the only presentation of acute West Nile virus infection: a case report

To describe a case of bilateral multifocal chorioretinitis as the only presentation of acute West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the absence of neurological involvement.

The structure–function relationship between multifocal pupil perimetry and retinal nerve fibre layer in glaucoma

Multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) is a novel method for assessing functional change in diseases like glaucoma. Previous research has suggested that, in contrast to the pretectally-mediated ...

Management of diabetic ocular complications: from cellular insights to community strategies

The editorial outlines an integrated approach to managing diabetic ocular complications, combining advanced scientific research with practical public health strategies to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and...

Outcome of illuminated microcatheter-assisted circumferential trabeculotomy following failed angle surgery in PAX6 aniridic glaucoma: a case report and literature review

Aniridia is a rare eye disorder with a high incidence of glaucoma, and surgical intervention is often needed to control the intraocular pressure (IOP). Here, we reported a case of illuminated microcatheter-ass...

Risk factors of internal carotid artery stenosis in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: an analysis using optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography

This research investigates the correlation between the severity of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and retinal parameters in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), aiming to uncover pot...

Insulin eye drops improve corneal wound healing in STZ-induced diabetic mice by regulating corneal inflammation and neuropeptide release

In recent years, insulin eye drops have attracted increasing attention from researchers and ophthalmologists. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and possible mechanism of action of insulin e...

Comparison of complications of intrascleral fixation according to the extent of vitrectomy

Intraocular lens (IOL) fixation is performed after intraoperative anterior or total vitrectomy. This study aimed to compare the intraoperative and postoperative complications of these two techniques.

Traumatic terson syndrome with a peculiar mass lesion and tractional retinal detachment: a case report

To report a case with bilateral Terson syndrome presented with a unique mushroom-like mass lesion on the optic disc along with proliferative vitreoretinopathy and tractional retinal detachment.

Association between sleep quality and dry eye disease: a literature review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this article is to systematically review the association between dry eye and sleep quality.

Factors affecting anophthalmic socket reconstruction outcomes using autologous oral mucosal graft

Limited studies have reported surgical outcomes that are defined by strict criteria following grade 2 or 3 socket reconstruction using an oral mucosal graft (OMG). We aimed to determine factors influencing sur...

Two patients with Knobloch syndrome due to mutation in COL8A1 gene: case report and review of the literature

Knobloch syndrome (KNO, OMIM # 267,750) is a rare ciliopathy group sydrome characterized by a collagen synthesis disorder. It represents an uncommon cause of pediatric retinal detachment. This report presents ...

Closed head injury combined with orbital blowout fracture and displacement of the eyeball into the maxillary sinus in a 14-year-old boy: a case report

Trauma-induced orbital blowout fracture (OBF) with eyeball displacement into the maxillary sinus is rare.

A case report: co-occurrence of probable Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and diabetic retinopathy

Bilateral retinal detachment and choroidal detachment in a patient are rare occurrences. The presence of bilateral diabetic retinopathy (DR) in such a case is even rarer and complicates the condition.

Long-term follow-up demonstrates change in conformation shape of the focal choroidal excavation lesions

This study aims to present long-term observation of 5 eyes with focal choroidal excavation (FCE), focusing on morphological changes in conformity of the lesion.

Factors affecting long-term myopic regression after corneal refractive surgery for civilian pilots in southwest China

The purpose of this study was to analyze myopic regression after corneal refractive surgery (CRS) in civilian pilots and to explore the factors that may cause long-term myopic regression.

IL-1β induced down-regulation of miR-146a-5p promoted pyroptosis and apoptosis of corneal epithelial cell in dry eye disease through targeting STAT3

To elaborate the underlying mechanisms by which IL-1β promote progression of Dry eye disease(DED) through effect on pyroptosis and apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells(CECs).

Correlation analysis of angles κ and α with the refraction and anterior segment parameters in children

To investigate the correlation of angles α and κ with the refractive and biological parameters in children.

A survey of perceptions of exposure to new technology in residents and practicing ophthalmologists

Incorporation of the rapid advances in ophthalmologic surgical and diagnostic techniques inherent in the field poses a challenge to residency training programs. This study investigates exposure to new technolo...

The efficacy of bandage contact lens in relieving the aggravation of dry eye disease after complicated cataract or/and IOL surgery

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the bandage contact lens (BCLs) in the treatment of dry eye disease (DED) after complicated cataract or/and intraocular lens (IOL) surgery.

Congenital solitary osseous choristoma of the left lateral canthus: a case report

An ocular osseous choristoma is a growth of mature, compact bone in the ocular or periocular soft tissue, and it is the rarest form of ocular choristoma, accounting for only 1.7% of all epibulbar choristomas.

Six-month binocular stereopsis recovery and its influencing factors in children with intermittent exotropia

To investigate the recovery of binocular stereopsis recovery and its influencing factors in children with intermittent exotropia after successful correction of eye position.

A comparison of Scansys and Sirius tomography in healthy eyes

To assess the level of agreement and evaluate the reliability of measurements between two Scheimpflug imaging modalities, Scansys (MediWorks, China) and Sirius (CSO, Italy), in quantifying the anterior segment...

Internal limiting membrane separation and posterior vitreous hyperreflective dots: novel OCT findings in Purtscher-like retinopathy

Purtscher or Purtscher-like retinopathy is diagnosed by retinal hemorrhages and areas of retinal whitening on fundus examination, as well as a reduction in visual acuity due to microvascular occlusion of the p...

Subfoveal choroidal thickness in a general elderly population; Tehran geriatric eye study

To determine the distribution of subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and its associated demographic, ocular, and systemic factors in an elderly population.

Epithelial ingrowth in descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty associated with vitreous loss

Epithelial ingrowth is a rare but potentially sight-threatening complication caused by the invasion of corneal or conjunctival epithelial cells into the eye during ocular surgeries. DMEK is emerging as a widel...

Retinal injury from a laser skin resurfacing device during medical tourism: a public health concern

Laser skin resurfacing is a popular cosmetic procedure for noninvasive skin rejuvenation. Since health insurance plans often do not cover these types of procedures, patients often pay out of pocket. Consequent...

Long-term real-life outcomes of the Clareon® hydrophobic intraocular lens: the Clarte study in 191 eyes

To describe and analyze the real-life refractive, functional and safety outcomes of the Clareon® intraocular lens (IOL) after 3 years.

One year monitoring of retinal morphologic and functional changes in traumatic optic neuropathy patients

To analyze the morphologic and functional change in traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) divided by the mechanism of optic nerve injury.

Management of corneal melting after collagen cross-linking for keratoconus: a case report and a review of the literature

We describe the management of a case of severe corneal melting after corneal cross-linking (CXL) treated with a staged approach using a conjunctival flap followed by deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK).

Agreement in non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction between a photoscreener and a calibrated autorefractor

Photoscreeners have been shown to provide excellent measurements of the refractive error. However, whether they could be used for assessing cycloplegic refraction has not been examied. This study aimed to eval...

Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of Emustil drops for ocular discomfort and tear film osmolarity using different treatment management modes under dry environmental conditions

We aimed to check the efficacy of Emustil (oil in water emulsion) drops on tear film index and ocular surface dynamics in dry environments through protection and relief treatment modalities.

Incidence rates of retinal vascular occlusive diseases from 2011 to 2020 in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study

Retinal vascular occlusions, including retinal vein occlusion and retinal artery occlusion, are common causes of visual impairment. In order to evaluate the national medical burden and help improve ophthalmic ...

Dynamic stability evaluation of trunk accelerations during walking in blind and sighted individuals

Dynamic stability is a fundamental goal in standing activities. In this regard, monitoring, analysis, and interventions made to improve stability is a research topic investigated in the biomechanics of human m...

The effect of corneal power on the accuracy of 14 IOL power formulas

This study evaluates the impact of corneal power on the accuracy of 14 newer intraocular lens (IOL) calculation formulas in cataract surgery. The aim is to assess how these formulas perform across different co...

Characteristics of ocular injuries associated with mortality in patients admitted with major trauma

Few ocular trauma studies have addressed mortality outcomes. We sought to determine characteristics of mortality-related ocular trauma admissions and compared them with non-fatal injuries.

Clinicopathological study of ophthalmic cutaneous and mucocutaneous non-langerhans cell histiocytic lesions

The “C group” of the histiocytic disorders is characterized by non-Langerhans-cell histiocytic lesions in the skin, mucosal surfaces, or both, out of which Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is the most common typ...

Preserving visual acuity: a compelling 12-year case study of controlling neovascular age-related macular degeneration

In neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) trials, anti-VEGF injection frequency decreases after the first year, while outcomes remain primarily related to the number of injections. To the best of ...

Minimally invasive micro sclerostomy (MIMS) procedure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Minimally Invasive Micro Sclerotomy (MIMS) procedure in the management of uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma.

Artificial intelligence in age-related macular degeneration: state of the art and recent updates

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) represents a leading cause of vision loss and it is expected to affect 288 million people by 2040. During the last decade, machine learning technologies have shown great ...

Effect of topical bromfenac on intraretinal cystoid lesion in simultaneous cataract and idiopathic epiretinal membrane surgery

To investigate the effect of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs,) bromfenac on the intraretinal cystic lesions (IRC) when performing simultaneous cataract and idiopathic epiretinal membrane (...

Effect of silicone oil versus gas tamponade on macular layer microstructure after pars plana vitrectomy for macula on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

To analyze structural changes in the macular retinal layers and sub-foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in eyes after macula-on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair by pars plana vitrectomy with either...

Long-term outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with and without posterior scleral reinforcement on myopic maculopathy in myopic choroidal neovascularization eyes

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy is used for myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV). Patchy chorioretinal atrophy (pCRA) enlargement has been reported in mCNV cases associated wi...

Interface fluid syndrome caused by the corneal perforation injury after small incision lenticule extraction: a case report

To report a case of interface fluid syndrome (IFS) following traumatic corneal perforation repair after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).

Prevalence and risk factors for astigmatism in 7 to 19-year-old students in Xinjiang, China: a cross-sectional study

To investigate the prevalence and risk factors for astigmatism in 7-19-year-old students in Xinjiang, China.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease developed during chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report

Ocular manifestations are known for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but are rare for Hodgkin lymphoma. We report a case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease presenting as serous retinal detachment and uveitis in both e...

Strabismus management in retinoblastoma survivors

To report the result of strabismus surgery in eye-salvaged retinoblastoma (Rb) patients.

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ISSN: 1471-2415

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Research Topics

The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences offers medical students and residents a variety of research opportunities. Please browse the basic science, translational and clinical research projects currently underway below.

Research Topic: Corneal endothelial health judged by endothelial image analysis

Description.

Endothelium is critical for dehydrating the cornea and keeping it clear. With loss of its barrier and pump function, the cornea swells and corneal transplantation may be needed.

Changes in the number, shape and size of the cells may predict loss of function.

Key Research Question/Hypothesis 

Effect of drugs, surgery, devices, and preservation media on the endothelium.

Images of the endothelium captured with either a specular or confocal microscope that can take repeated pictures of the endothelial cells non-invasively in patients. Once images are captured, they can be analyzed with special software in the Cornea Image Analysis Reading Center (CIARC) of the Department.

Student learn these techniques working with both patients and technicians, depending on the project.

Ongoing projects.

Status of IRB/IACUC approval

Image analysis studies in CIARC approved; ongoing projects have IRB approval. If launching a new project, IRB approval will need to be obtained.

Prospects for Publishing and Presenting

Excellent; we have a long track record of publications in major journals and presentations at national and international conferences.

Contact Information

Tanisha Rankins

Secretary to Dr. Jonathan Lass

• Email:  [email protected]  
• Phone: 216.983.5164

Research Topic: Retinopathy of Prematurity and other Pediatric Studies

Effect of low birth weight on the eye’s development.

Data analysis, chart review.

Several ongoing projects—long-term data collection.

Current study has IRB approval. Any new studies will need IRB approval.

Excellent; the data base study has been presented at ARVO and is in preparation for publication in a major pediatric journal.

Dr. Faruk Orge

• Email:  [email protected]
• Phone: 440.684.1743

Research Topic: Cholesterol and function of the retina

Cholesterol is essential for life in mammal. Yet, if it is chronically in excess, it is a risk factor for cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease and likely age-related macular degeneration.

To delineate the putative link between cholesterol and age-related macular degeneration.

Characterization of retinal function of mice deficient in different enzymes involved in cholesterol elimination. Animals are assessed by optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, fluorescein angiography and optomotor response.

Students learn these techniques working with post-doctoral researchers responsible for these projects.

All studies are approved by the IACUC.

Dr. Irina Pikuleva

• Email:  [email protected]
• Phone: 216.368.3823

Research Topic: Contact Lens Related Complications

Ongoing clinical trials related to corneal infiltrative events associated with daily or extended wear of soft contact lenses. Fungal and bacterial biofilm-contact lens models and susceptibility to contact lens care products.

Assessment of sub-clinical corneal inflammation with confocal microscopy. Assessment of bacterial endotoxin and relationship to infiltrative events with soft lenses.

• Ocular and lens cultures for assessment of bioburden
• Reading/Assessment of stored confocal images
• Collection of worn lenses for biofilm formation
• Lab Assays (in conjunction with Dr. Pearlman’s lab) for endotoxin on lens surfaces or within solution

Active approved IRB protocols exist for current clinical trials on infiltrative events, biofilm studies, and assays of previously collected lenses, tears and images.

Excellent chance for authorship on investigator initiated studies of biofilm and endotoxin assays. Listing of authors will follow standard publishing guidelines. 

Other corporate-funded work may or may not allow authorship.

Dr. Loretta Szcztoka-Flynn

• Email:  [email protected]

Research Topic: Mechanisms of retinal degenerations

How do mutations in the light receptor rhodopsin cause retinal degenerations like retinitis pigmentosa? How does the retina protect against oxidative stresses that can lead to retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration?

A multi-disciplinary approach is employed that includes biochemistry, molecular biology, animal models and biophysics.

All animal studies have approved IACUC protocols.

Excellent with track record of publications in major journals and presentations at national and international conferences.

Information about the laboratory can be found by browsing the Park Lab webpage.

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Eye diseases articles from across Nature Portfolio

Related subjects.

• Conjunctival diseases
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Quantitative evaluation of OCT angiography images in healthy and glaucomatous subjects through a novel approach: exploring inter-image variability

• Paola Cassottana
• Costanza Iester
• Michele Iester

Long-term results of accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking in paediatric patients with progressive keratoconus: 10-year follow-up

• Sibel Ahmet
• Gizem Yayla Akincilar
• Gunes Gumus Kasapoglu

Dropless After Cataract Surgery (DACS) for patients with difficulties using eye drops

• Johannes Birtel
• Peter Charbel Issa

Cataract-1K Dataset for Deep-Learning-Assisted Analysis of Cataract Surgery Videos

• Negin Ghamsarian
• Yosuf El-Shabrawi
• Raphael Sznitman

The potential effects of newer groups of glucose lowering drugs on age-related macular degeneration

• Moein Ebrahimi
• Sobha Sivaprasad

Factors influencing treatment and time spent with physicians in patients with uveitis compared to other ophthalmology subspecialties in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey

• Rayna F. Marshall
• Meghan Berkenstock

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Comment on: surgical technique, perioperative management and early outcome data of the paul glaucoma drainage device, dated september 2021.

• Michelle Dinsdale

Disease latency bias and the protective effect of metformin against age-related macular degeneration

• Jennifer Y. M. Ling
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• Mahyar Etminan

Retinal non-perfusion: recognizing and defining what is important

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Comment on: ‘Prevalence of co-existent neoplasia in clinically diagnosed pterygia in a UK population’

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Comment on: ‘Silicone oil residual after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment’

• Pradeep Kumar Panigrahi

Response to ‘Comment on: ‘Silicone oil residual after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment”

• Chunhui Jiang
• Hongmei Zhao
• Tongjie Cheng

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Hotspots and trends in ophthalmology in recent 5 years: Bibliometric analysis in 2017–2021

1 State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China

3 Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China

Weining Zhu

4 Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

Yingshi Zou

Bowen zhang, guangming jin, zhenzhen liu, associated data.

Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: https://www.webofscience.com/wos/alldb/basic-search .

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hotspots and research trends of ophthalmology research.

Ophthalmology research literature published between 2017 and 2021 was obtained in the Web of Science Core Collection database. The bibliometric analysis and network visualization were performed with the VOSviewer and CiteSpace. Publication-related information, including publication volume, citation counts, countries, journals, keywords, subject categories, and publication time, was analyzed.

A total of 10,469 included ophthalmology publications had been cited a total of 7,995 times during the past 5 years. The top countries and journals for the number of publications were the United States and the Ophthalmology. The top 25 global high-impact documents had been identified using the citation ranking. Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that the hotspots in ophthalmology research were epidemiological characteristics and treatment modalities of ocular diseases, artificial intelligence and fundus imaging technology, COVID-19-related telemedicine, and screening and prevention of ocular diseases. Keyword burst analysis revealed that “neural network,” “pharmacokinetics,” “geographic atrophy,” “implementation,” “variability,” “adverse events,” “automated detection,” and “retinal images” were the research trends of research in the field of ophthalmology through 2021. The analysis of the subject categories demonstrated the close cooperation relationships that existed between different subject categories, and collaborations with non-ophthalmology-related subject categories were increasing over time in the field of ophthalmology research.

Conclusions

The hotspots in ophthalmology research were epidemiology, prevention, screening, and treatment of ocular diseases, as well as artificial intelligence and fundus imaging technology and telemedicine. Research trends in ophthalmology research were artificial intelligence, drug development, and fundus diseases. Knowledge from non-ophthalmology fields is likely to be more involved in ophthalmology research.

Introduction

More than 2.2 billion people worldwide were visually impaired or blind to date, with an annual economic burden of more than $269.4 billion ( 1 ). Development in ophthalmology is essential for the prevention and treatment of eye diseases, and relevant research is growing rapidly in breadth and depth and forming complex knowledge networks. Glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and some hereditary eye diseases were previously considered irreversible blindness-causing diseases, and progress had been made to cure or alleviate them by modulating new targets or using new technologies ( 2 – 4 ). Cataracts and posterior capsular opacification were previously thought to be treated only with surgery, but in the recent years, there had been new developments in research into drugs that inhibit cataract formation ( 5 , 6 ). With the advances in the field of ophthalmology, new hope has emerged in areas previously considered untreatable or treatable only through non-pharmaceutical interventions ( 7 – 10 ). However, it is not feasible to analyze the overall overview of the field of ophthalmology and to explore its research hotspots and trends with a traditional systematic review, which is not conducive to the development of the field.

Bibliometric analysis is the quantitative analysis of the universal scientific production data in a specific field ( 11 ). Bibliometric method obtains the history and current status of the research field development by analyzing the scientific research results and can make predictions of the research field ( 12 ). Previous studies have conducted bibliometric analysis on individual country contributions or focused only on randomized controlled studies in ophthalmology and citation patterns in ophthalmology journals ( 13 – 19 ). Unsolved questions still remain as to how to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of different global research forces (countries, journals) in ophthalmology and identify hotspots and future research trends in ophthalmology based on a wide range of research results in different subfields of ophthalmology.

This study was intended to quantitatively analyze and visualize the global ophthalmology publication from 2017 to 2021 using bibliometric methods to explore the global research forces (countries, journals), possible hotspots, and future trends of ophthalmology research and to provide insight for research development and public health policy formulation in the field of ophthalmology.

Data sources

All the data used in this study were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA). The search was conducted by searching the Topic Subject retrieval field using “ophthalmology” as the subject word. Articles published between 2017 and 2021 were included, with no restrictions on the language type or document type of the articles. Data were collected on 28 January 2022.

Data collection and processing

To describe the number of articles published per year, the number of annual citations of the articles, the number of country publications, and the number of journal publications in the field of ophthalmology, relevant data were downloaded in the Web of Science Core Collection. All ophthalmology-related articles with their corresponding references and all publication-related information were exported as plain text for country collaboration analysis, keyword co-occurrence analysis, keyword burst analysis, and subject category co-occurrence analysis. To make the results more informative, keywords that were not relevant or meaningful to the analysis were filtered and removed during the data processing.

Statistical and bibliometric analysis

Statistical descriptions of the number of annual publications, the number of annual citations, the number of country publications, and the number of journal publications were performed using Microsoft Excel 2019 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) and GraphPad Prism version 8.4.2 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA).

Bibliometric analysis was carried out using VOSviewer (Leiden University's Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden, the Netherlands) to obtain country collaborations and research hotspots. Several clusters were formed based on the country cooperation analysis, with countries of the same color belonging to the same cluster. Countries within clusters cooperated relatively closely, whereas cooperation among countries between clusters was relatively weak. The research hotspots were obtained from the clusters formed by the co-occurrence analysis of high-frequency keywords. The common characteristics of high-frequency keywords within the same cluster revealed the research hotspots. The frequency of keyword occurrences was used to weight the size of the keywords. The larger the keyword, the higher the frequency of occurrence.

Furthermore, CiteSpace V version 5.8.R3 (Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA) was used for bibliometric analysis to obtain the burst keywords and subject category cooperation. The keyword burst analysis was performed to obtain temporal trends in keywords in the field of ophthalmology. The most recent burst keywords were defined as research frontier topics, indicating the potential for continued research breakthroughs in these topics. The co-occurrence of subject categories was analyzed to obtain the collaboration of subject categories. The number of occurrences of a subject category was used to weight the subject category. The more occurrences a subject category had, the larger it was. Temporal trends in subject category occurrences were represented by temporal rings of subject categories, the thickness of which represented the number of subject category occurrences in the corresponding year. Interdisciplinary cooperation was represented by the connecting line between subject categories. The thicker the connecting line, the closer the collaboration.

Global research output distribution

A total of 139 countries contributed to the publications related to ophthalmology research, with a total of 10,469 articles, which were cited 7,995 times. The number of publications had increased year by year, but there was an inflection point in citation counts. Citation counts increased year by year from 2017, reaching 2,650 citations in 2020, whereas citations in 2021 decreased compared to 2020 ( Figure 1A ). The analysis of countries showed that the United States had the highest number of publications, more than three to four times the number of other countries, followed by the United Kingdom, India, Germany, and China ( Figure 1B ). Country collaboration analysis yielded four clusters, with close cooperation between countries within each cluster ( Figure 1C ). Publications related to ophthalmology research were distributed in 1,876 journals, and the top 10 journals in terms of the number of articles published were the Ophthalmology ( n = 1,263, 12.06%), the Ophthalmology. Retina ( n = 580, 5.54%), the BMJ Case Reports ( n = 270, 2.58%), the Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology: the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society ( n = 260, 2.48%), the Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science ( n = 214, 2.04%), the Ophthalmology, Glaucoma ( n = 204, 1.95%), the Journal of Current Ophthalmology ( n = 200, 1.91%), the European Journal of Ophthalmology ( n = 191, 1.82%), the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology ( n = 173, 1.65%), and Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery ( n = 171, 1.63%) ( Figure 1D ).

Global distribution of research output. (A) Annual publications and citations of ophthalmology research from 2017 to 2021. (B) Top 10 countries in terms of total publications. (C) Country cooperation networks. (D) Top 10 journals by total publication volume of ophthalmology research in a 5-year period.

Global high-impact documents

The top 25 high-impact articles in ophthalmology published between 2017 and 2021, ranked by total citations, are shown in Table 1 . All the articles had been cited more than 150 times, with the highest number of citations being 419. Of these articles, 10 were published in 2017, 12 in 2018, one in 2019, and two in 2020. In total, 12 of these articles were published in the Ophthalmology and three in the Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. According to the type of publication, there were 16 original research articles and 9 review articles. The keywords involved in the articles are listed in Table 1 , including 5 articles each on OCT and deep learning, 4 articles each on diabetes and macular degeneration, and other related research topics such as glaucoma, artificial intelligence, and drugs.

Top 25 most cited documents published between 2017 and 2021.

Research hotspots

Keyword co-occurrence analysis demonstrated that the three most frequent of all keywords were “glaucoma” ( n = 395), “retina” ( n = 321), and “optical coherence tomography” ( n = 230). In the past 5 years, 157 high-frequency keywords in the field of ophthalmology were identified by setting the minimum frequency of keyword occurrence at 20 times. These keywords formed four clusters: the “glaucoma” cluster (red; 86 items), the “retina” cluster (green; 47 items), the “COVID-19” cluster (blue; 13 items), and the “screening” cluster (yellow; 8 items) ( Figure 2 ). After summarizing the keyword clusters, four research hotspots were identified: epidemiological characteristics and treatment modalities of diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, artificial intelligence and fundus imaging technology, COVID-19-related telemedicine, and screening and prevention of eye diseases.

Ophthalmology research hotspots analysis. The keywords formed four clusters, which were differentiated by color in the diagram, with the same color being the same cluster. The keyword size indicated the number of occurrences of the keyword, whereas the thickness and distance of the connecting lines between the keywords indicated the frequency of co-occurrence between the two keywords.

Research trends

Keyword burst analysis showed that “neural network,” “pharmacokinetics,” “geographic atrophy,” “implementation,” “variability,” “adverse events,” “automated detection,” and “retinal images” were the hot topics of research in the field of ophthalmology through 2021 and displayed the potential to become the research frontiers to achieve breakthroughs shortly ( Figure 3A ).

Ophthalmology research trends analysis. (A) Keyword burst analysis. The red line indicates the year in which the burst of the corresponding keyword began and ended. (B) Subject category analysis. The larger subject categories indicate their greater frequency and importance, and the distance between subject categories indicates how closely they collaborate. The lines between subject categories indicate the collaboration between the subject categories at either end, with the color of the different lines representing the collaboration time in the different subject categories and the thickness representing the degree of collaboration closeness. The color of the temporal rings represents the occurrence of that subject category in different years, the thicker the corresponding temporal rings, the more frequently it occurs, with the time scale at the bottom right.

In terms of subject categories, the top three subject categories with the highest volume of ophthalmology-related research publications were medicine general internal ( n = 1,138, 10.87%), clinical neurology ( n = 482, 4.604%), and surgery ( n = 368, 3.515%) ( Table 2 ). The subject categories of ophthalmology research were divided into two types: one was the traditional ophthalmology-related subject categories, such as medicine general internal, clinical neurology, and surgery, and the other one was the non-ophthalmology-related subject categories, such as engineering, computer science, and chemistry. The analysis of subject category collaboration relationships indicated that over time more collaborative relationships had emerged between non-ophthalmology-related subject categories ( Figure 3B ).

Subject categories in ophthalmology from 2017 to 2021.

Research in the field of ophthalmology showed a year-on-year increase in the number of articles published in the last 5 years, with the most published country being the United States and the most prolific journal being the Ophthalmology. The top 25 high-impact articles worldwide were cited more than 150 times per article. A total of four research hotspots were identified: epidemiological characteristics and treatment modalities of diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, artificial intelligence and fundus imaging technology, COVID-19-related telemedicine, and screening and prevention of eye diseases. Cross-talk between different non-ophthalmology subject categories was also an important trend in ophthalmology.

The annual publication volume, country distribution, and journal distribution of the ophthalmology research articles revealed a global overview of research output in the field of ophthalmology. The output of ophthalmology research showed an increasing trend in the last 5 years, suggesting that the socioeconomic input and scientific output of the subject area were also developing ( 20 ). The individual contributions of some countries to ophthalmology research were previously reported, but there were limitations on the overall evaluation of all countries' contributions to ophthalmology research and of country collaboration ( 13 – 17 ). This study showed that the predominant countries in ophthalmology research included the United States, the United Kingdom, and India, and countries such as Germany, China, and Australia also played an important role in the contribution. Several stable collaborative networks have been formed between countries, which can facilitate cross-border research data sharing and the globalization of scientific research. The top five most published journals showed that ophthalmology research was mainly focused on clinical ophthalmology (Ophthalmology, BMJ Case Reports), basic ophthalmology research (Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science) and neuro-ophthalmology (Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Retina).

The high-impact articles in ophthalmology indicated that researchers in the field of ophthalmology were primarily concerned with ophthalmological health or disease states, as well as ophthalmological technologies and applications. In terms of health or disease conditions, age-related macular degeneration ( 21 – 24 ), glaucomatous optic neuropathy ( 25 , 26 ), corneal blindness ( 27 ), and other blinding eye diseases occupied important research positions. Research directions such as screening for diabetic retinopathy ( 28 , 29 ), preventing myopia ( 30 ), optimizing visual outcomes, and controlling complications after IOL implantation following cataract surgery were dedicated to the active identification, management, and control of disease risk factors, making the eye disease controllable and manageable ( 31 , 32 ). In addition, researchers were also concerned with the management of Behcet's syndrome ( 33 ) and COVID-19 infection prevention in ophthalmology ( 34 ). In ophthalmology-related technologies, the frontiers were artificial intelligence algorithms ( 23 , 25 , 26 , 35 – 38 ), new pathways for drug delivery ( 39 , 40 ), and new materials for therapy ( 41 ). In ophthalmology-related applications, the pioneering applications were optical coherence tomography ( 23 , 24 , 35 , 42 – 44 ), stem cell therapy, and tissue repair ( 45 ).

After clustering the high-frequency keywords in the past 5 years, four research hotspots in the field of ophthalmology were obtained. First, the epidemiological characteristics and treatment modalities of diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy were the hot topics of ophthalmology research. The emergence of these hot topics was consistent with the increasing prevalence of systemic chronic diseases such as diabetes in the last 5 years, and several studies have revealed associations and common biomarkers of ophthalmology and systemic diseases ( 46 – 49 ). More future work needs to further focus on the diagnosis and optimal treatment strategies for blinding diseases associated with systemic conditions ( 50 ). Moreover, deep learning algorithms that could rapidly and non-invasively identify pathological features of eye diseases joined ophthalmology research ( 23 ). Deep learning algorithms could classify age-related cataract types based on slit-lamp photographs, and fully automated AI-based screening systems had been approved for the use in diabetic retinopathy ( 37 , 51 ). Furthermore, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic brought about an increase in the length of patient visits due to disease control and health-related problems associated with COVID-19 infections, which had a dramatic impact on ophthalmology health care. On the one hand, the close contacts physicians need when attending to patients could increase the risk of cross-infection between patients or between health care workers and patients, resulting in infection control to be optimized in ophthalmology practice. On the other hand, the need for timely intervention for patients was driving the development of telemedicine during the pandemic ( 34 , 52 ). Finally, the development of diagnostic technology has driven ophthalmology research toward early screening and disease prevention.

The keywords that were still bursting until 2021 were research trends. The keywords “neural networks,” “pharmacokinetics,” “automated detection,” and “retinal images” in this part of the keyword list were consistent with the hot research directions obtained by keyword clustering. Other keywords that had burst to 2021 could be newly emerging keywords that had not yet had time to be highly cited, were hotspots for research in ophthalmology, and were likely to continue to be of interest for some times to come. Concerning the disciplinary analysis, the analysis of this study revealed that there was extensive cross-collaboration in various basic areas of non-ophthalmology-related research. Knowledge from non-ophthalmology fields is likely to be more involved in ophthalmology research.

Strengths of the study include a global view of research forces in ophthalmology from a wide range of the literature. Additional study strengths include the revealing of highly cited documents in ophthalmology that provide useful information for researchers. Outcome measures addressed the global research force contributions, research hotspots, and research trends of ophthalmology research, providing an in-depth study of the field of ophthalmology.

Only data from the Web of Science Core Collection database were included in this study, but the Web of Science Core Collection database, as a citation database, already contained comprehensive data on the articles and corresponding citations, which was sufficient for capturing the overall development of the scientific field. In addition, the results of the analysis by the visualization software may include some repetitive and meaningless information. We tried to identify some of the hot topics that were influencing ophthalmology research, so the raw data had been further filtered to remove irrelevant or meaningless words.

In conclusion, this study provided a comprehensive analysis of ophthalmology-related research based on the Web of Science Core Collection database. The hotspots in ophthalmology research were epidemiology, prevention, screening, and treatment of ocular diseases, as well as artificial intelligence and fundus imaging technology and telemedicine. Research trends in ophthalmology research were artificial intelligence, drug development, and fundus diseases. There was an extensive cross-talk of ophthalmology-related research in various basic areas. Knowledge from non-ophthalmology fields is likely to be more involved in ophthalmology research.

Data availability statement

Author contributions.

ZL and GJ designed the study and provided a critical review for the manuscript. YT and WZ wrote the manuscript. YT, WZ, YZ, BZ, YY, and WL collected and analyzed the data. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873675), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022A1515011181), the Teaching Reform Research Program of Sun Yat-sen University (JX3030604024), and the Youth Project of State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology (2021QN02).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Current Topics in Eye Research

This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.

This series continues to present basic research topics to the ophthalmic community. Some of the chapters are difficult reading for anyone not well grounded in biochemistry or molecular biology. The article most pertinent to clinical ophthalmology is by Ronald A. Laing of Boston University on specular microscopy of the cornea. The chapter by Eugene Copeland of Woods Hole, Mass, on the eyes of fish is also fascinating reading. Who would have thought only ten years ago that the oxygen tension in the retinal area of fish is ten times that of the blood in other organs (the swim bladder excepted). The chapter on accommodation in vertebrates by J. G. Sivak of Waterloo, Ontario, is as complete a survey as you can hope for.

Blodi FC. Current Topics in Eye Research. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98(12):2248. doi:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020041100038

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50 Thesis Topics in Ophthalmology to Know What to Write About

Table of Contents

Ophthalmology Thesis Topics: What Should They Be?

Thesis topics in ophthalmology should represent solid research in the sphere on the basis of strong evidence. While writing a thesis, one should pay attention to the statistical measures in the field to address the methods and techniques of solving difficult medical tasks. Thesis topics in ophthalmology are significant for the examination of the urgent topics on eye diseases and the discovery of the means of treating the eye conditions.

Ophthalmologists have long been engaged in eye treatment, the study of physiology, but in recent years, science has made a huge leap forward. Today, these doctors create new methods of treatment, conduct scientific activities, trying to find the causes of the development of various diseases, work with congenital and acquired pathologies.

Ophthalmology Research Data to Think Over

If we talk only about statistics in America , then 24, 4 million Americans suffer from cataracts. By the age of 75, this figure reaches half the total population of America of this age. Glaucoma, in turn, affects 2.7 million Americans over 40 years of age.

These figures determine the demand for ophthalmologists in the labor market and the popularity of training in the specialty “Ophthalmology”. Innovative techniques, modern scientific knowledge, and equipment today make it possible to cure eye diseases, which 10 or 15 years ago deprived patients of sight forever.

That is why medical students are involved in scientific activities starting from college, and the successful writing of a dissertation is almost a guarantee of high professionalism of the graduate and his readiness to help people maintain the ability to see the world. Below we have collected 50 topics of dissertations in ophthalmology. Choose the most interesting to prove that you have the right to call yourself a doctor and treat people.

To begin with, due to the negative impact of computers and laptops, the majority of individuals experience eye pain and dry eye condition. This might be an important topic for discussion since it is estimated that millions of adults suffer from the dry eye. The controversies in ophthalmology have arisen over a long time concerning the etiology of dry eye and experience of pain. The evidence from other fields shows that alterations in the central nervous system exacerbate the irritative symptoms and eye pain. Sometimes, the patient can complain about chronic pain syndrome that is characterized by systemic pain.

Dry eye disease occurs in 5% to 35% of the world population and is more present in females. The condition has severe consequences for life quality negatively influencing visual activity, productivity at work, social interaction, and physical functioning. The sources reveal that individuals with dry eyes of the moderate and severe degree have similar either social or psychological life as people experiencing angina of the same degree or those who made hospital dialysis. The dry eye condition is connected with the disorder of the tear film, meibomian glands, violation of normal ocular surface, and inflammation of the eye surface. The disease is accompanied by the huge discomfort, disturbance of tear film, and visual difficulties that might lead to the damage of the ocular surface. Patients suffering from dry eye disease have problems with focus because of the tear film osmolarity and ocular surface inflammation.

Corneal sensation remaining intact is essential to keep the healthy ocular surface as well as quality and quantity of tears because corneal nerves have the direct trophic impact on maintaining the corneal epithelium. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) might be used to reflect the cornea involving the sub-basal nerve layer in people with dry eye disease. As a matter of fact, the condition can be triggered by the majority of mechanisms that result in the ocular irritation; however, it is still not understood what is the cause of dry eyes when the tears are normally produced and the ocular surface is moist enough.

To conclude, the discordant dry eye appears because of the tear production discordance and ocular surface staining. The processes in the central nervous system are interchangeably connected with the severe symptoms of eye strain and ocular surface damage. Further research should be done to relieve the symptoms and find the adequate treatment of the disease.

50 Ophthalmology Dissertation Topics to Choose From

Feel free to check the following list of topics.

• Surgical Treatment of Exophoria Complicated by Horizontal V-Syndrome;
• Possibilities of Detecting Early Disturbances in Eye Hydrodynamics in Patients with Cataracts and Ocular Manifestations of Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome;
• Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in the Diagnosis of Pathology of the Extreme Periphery of the Fundus;
• Experimental Clinical Rationale for the Use of Nd: Yag Laser with a Wavelength of 1.44 Microns in the Technology of Anterior Capsulorhexis and Remote Hemostasis;
• Medico-Technological System of Surgical Treatment of Progressive Keratectasia of Various Origins;
• Subthreshold Micropulse Laser Treatment with a Wavelength of 577 Nm in the Treatment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy;
• The Clinical and Experimental Rationale for the Combined Use of Neodymium Ion 1.44 Microns and Helium-Neon 0.63 Microns Lasers in Cataract Surgery;
• Yag-Laser Activation of Trabeculae in the Treatment of Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma;
• The Study of the Effectiveness of Micropulse Laser Irradiation with a Wavelength of 577 Nm in Macular Edema After Surgical Removal of Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane;
• The Clinical and Experimental Rationale for Optimized Uv-Crosslinking Technology in the Treatment of Keratoconus;
• Clinical And Laboratory Substantiation of the Use of Orthokeratology Lenses in Progressive Myopia in Children;
• Optimization of Surgical Treatment of Retinal Vein Thrombosis Outcomes;
• The Results of Surgical Correction of High Myopia with Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses;
• The System of Treatment and Rehabilitation Activities in Patients with Paralytic (Paretic) Strabismus;
• Surgical Treatment of Keratectasia of Various Origins by the Intrastromal Keratoplasty Method with Polymeric Corneal Segments;
• Comparison of Spectral Optical Coherence Tomography and Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy in the Diagnosis of Primary Glaucoma;
• Clinical and Functional Results of Surgical Treatment of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments Using the Method of Peri-Basal Vitrectomy;
• The Modern System of Diagnostics, Treatment, and Organization of High-Tech Ophthalmic Care for Children with Active Stages of Retinopathy of Prematurity;
• Limbal Co-Transplantation in the Prevention of Rejection of Donor Corneas in High-Risk Keratoplasty;
• Vascular Disorders in the Anterior Part of the Eye at Different Stages of Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome;
• Induction of Posterior Vitreous Detachment in the Surgical Treatment of Retinal Detachment;
• Combined Phacoemulsification Method in Patients with Operated Glaucoma;
• Features of the Quality of Life of Patients with Cataract and Glaucoma Before and After Surgical Treatment;
• Ophthalmologic Diagnostics and Tactics of Treatment of Cranio-Orbital Injuries in the Acute Period of Traumatic Brain Injury;
• Features of Pupillary Reactions and Regional Hemodynamics of the Eye in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus with Different Levels of Glycemia;
• Prevention and Treatment of Corneal Lesions in Endocrine Ophthalmopathy;
• Antibacterial Drugs in the Prevention of Complications of Cataract Phacoemulsification;
• Possibilities for Stimulating the Secretion of Tears in Patients with Hypolacrimia in the “Dry” Eye Syndrome;
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Actinomycotic and Mycotic Diseases of the Lacrimal Ducts;
• Study of the Clinical Efficacy of Diaphragm Glasses;
• The Study of Sclera Rigidity In Healthy and Glaucomatous Eyes;
• Clinical and Instrumental Diagnosis of Malignant Tumors of the Orbit;
• Ophthalmotonus Biorhythms in Health and Glaucoma;
• Clinical And Laboratory Diagnosis of Early Stages of Keratoconus;
• The Clinical and Functional Rationale for the Tactics of Surgical Treatment with a Combination of Retinal Detachment with Lens Opacities;
• Combined Surgical Treatment of Retinal Detachment in the Advanced Stage of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy;
• Mathematical, Experimental and Clinical Rationale for the Prevention and Correction of Corneal Astigmatism and Capsular Bag Pathology in Cataract Surgery;
• The Method of Combined Treatment of Progressive Myopia;
• Modification of Sinusotomy in the Treatment of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma;
• Optimization of Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Involutional Entropion of the Lower Eyelid;
• Peripheral Vortical Dystrophies and Retinal Detachment in Pregnant Women: Diagnosis, Treatment, Choice of Method of Childbirth;
• Indices of Intraocular Pressure of a Newborn Child Due to the Morphological Features of the Drainage System of the Eye at Different Periods of Gestation;
• The Use of Silicone-Hydrogel Contact Lenses in the Treatment of Ulcerative Keratitis;
• Prolonged Pharmacotherapy of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy;
• Modern Aspects of Viscosurgery in Ophthalmology;
• Current Possibilities for the Prevention and Treatment of a Blepharo Conjunctival Form of Dry Eye Syndrome of Demodectic Etiology;
• An Experimental Study of the Effectiveness of Cell Transplantation in Post-Traumatic Pathology of the Retina;
• Vitreoretinal Changes in Case of Eye Injury by Splintering;
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Optic Nerve Hypoplasia in Children;
• Ocular Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome.

10 Resources to Find More Information on Ophthalmology Topics

Here are some scientific journals websites you may look through.

• American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports
• Clinical Ophthalmology
• Current Trends in Ophthalmology
• Digital Journal of Ophthalmology
• International Journal of Keratoconus and Ectatic Corneal Diseases
• International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
• IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty
• Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice
• Medical Hypothesis, Discovery, and Innovation in Ophthalmology
• Neuro-Ophthalmology & Visual Neuroscience

5 References to Write an Ophthalmology Thesis

• Bron, A. J., Tomlinson, A., Foulks, G. N., Pepose, J. S., Baudouin, C., Geerling, G., … & Lemp, M. A. (2014). Rethinking dry eye disease: a perspective on clinical implications. The ocular surface, 12(2), S1-S31.
• Dry eye disease: risk factors and selecting treatment. (2015). The Pharmaceutical Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/pj.2015.20069420
• Shtein, R. M., Harper, D. E., Pallazola, V., Harte, S. E., Hussain, M., Sugar, A & Clauw, D. J. (2016). Discordant dry eye disease (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 114.
• Sullivan, B. D., Crews, L. A., Messmer, E. M., Foulks, G. N., Nichols, K. K., Baenninger, P., … & Lemp, M. A. (2014). Correlations between commonly used objective signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of dry eye disease: clinical implications. Acta ophthalmologica, 92(2), 161-166.
• Yun, C., Kang, S., Kim, H., & Song, J. (2012). Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease among University Students. Journal Of The Korean Ophthalmological Society, 53(4), 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2012.53.4.505

Hopefully, you will find our article useful and be able to write the best ophthalmology dissertation ever! Despite choosing a topic, the thesis writing process takes a lot of time to take the other steps – brainstorming, research, note-taking, outlining, structuring, drafting, writing itself, formatting, proofreading, etc. If you want to save you time or nerves, you know what to do. Right? DoMyPapers.com is 24/7 open to you.

Too busy to write your paper by yourself?

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NEARLY 2.2 BILLION people worldwide live with severe vision impairment or blindness, and with an aging population, these numbers continue to escalate steeply. Further, many people living with vision loss do not have access to even basic eye care. These factors contribute to a serious unmet need globally in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and corneal degeneration, as well as in rare but debilitating eye diseases caused by genetics, inflammation, tumors, or other conditions.

Our vision at the Byers Eye Institute at Stanford is to address this urgent problem head-on, with the goal to eliminate blindness and ocular disease in our community and abroad. To achieve that, we have assembled a comprehensive multidisciplinary research endeavor with the support of our generous community.

Recent breakthroughs in neuroscience, genetics, imaging, stem cell medicine, and technology have given us real opportunity to cure these as-yet incurable diseases and to reverse the vision loss they cause.

Stanford’s unmatched depth and breadth of expertise in each of these fields and our unique ability to leverage these breakthroughs makes us optimistic that cures are on the horizon. But finding cures isn’t enough. We must get them to patients faster, so at the Byers Eye Institute we are focused on accelerating the development of therapies and expediting clinical trials.

From discovery to delivery, we have brought together the best minds and the best technologies and are determined to combat blindness and vision loss. If you believe in our vision and want to support our research efforts, please contact:

'Why do my eyes hurt?' Searches about eye injuries see massive spike amid solar eclipse

For some, special glasses to safely take in Monday's solar eclipse were a hot commodity.

The glasses let you see more detail as the moon passed in front of the sun in the solar eclipse that won't pass through the contiguous U.S. again until 2044. They also protected your eyes from the damaging effects of the sun's rays.

But as far as Google searches go, it appears not everyone dutifully wore their glasses as they tried to take in the solar eclipse, which stretched across the U.S. Monday in a northeast path from Texas to Maine.

According to Google Trends , which analyzes queries made across Google, there was a significant spike in searches for terms relating to the eclipse and eyes health on Monday, including the terms " why do my eyes hurt " and " my eyes hurt ."

If you delve further into the Google Trends data, and sort the "Interest by Subregion" tab by metro , searches for "my eyes hurt" almost follow the eclipse's direct path.

Related searches include "eyes hurt after looking at the eclipse" and "can the eclipse hurt your eyes."

How can the solar eclipse hurt eyes?

Staring directly at the sun without safety eyewear can cause irreversible eye damage within seconds , according to the  Adler Planetarium . Eclipse observers will likely not register pain as there are no nerve endings inside the eye.

If your eyes or vision feel off after doing this it could be a sign of solar retinopathy, when light damages the retina.

The pain of looking at the sun is not instant and the same goes for symptoms of damage.

Someone may not know they experienced solar retinopathy until hours after exposure, according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Symptoms of eye damage after the solar eclipse

The American Academy of Opthamology (or AAO) said visual symptoms typically begin within few to six hours but some can experience them after 12 hours.

According to the AAO, these are the following symptoms of eye damage people can notice after starring at the sun:

• Blurry vision
• A blind spot in your central vision in one or both eyes
• Increased sensitivity to light
• Distorted vision such as a straight line appearing bent or a door jamb looking curvy
• Changes in the way you see color or dyschromatopsia

Contributing: Anthony Robledo, USA TODAY.

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How can I plan what to eat or drink when I have diabetes?

How can physical activity help manage my diabetes, what can i do to reach or maintain a healthy weight, should i quit smoking, how can i take care of my mental health, clinical trials for healthy living with diabetes.

Healthy living is a way to manage diabetes . To have a healthy lifestyle, take steps now to plan healthy meals and snacks, do physical activities, get enough sleep, and quit smoking or using tobacco products.

Healthy living may help keep your body’s blood pressure , cholesterol , and blood glucose level, also called blood sugar level, in the range your primary health care professional recommends. Your primary health care professional may be a doctor, a physician assistant, or a nurse practitioner. Healthy living may also help prevent or delay health problems  from diabetes that can affect your heart, kidneys, eyes, brain, and other parts of your body.

Making lifestyle changes can be hard, but starting with small changes and building from there may benefit your health. You may want to get help from family, loved ones, friends, and other trusted people in your community. You can also get information from your health care professionals.

What you choose to eat, how much you eat, and when you eat are parts of a meal plan. Having healthy foods and drinks can help keep your blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels in the ranges your health care professional recommends. If you have overweight or obesity, a healthy meal plan—along with regular physical activity, getting enough sleep, and other healthy behaviors—may help you reach and maintain a healthy weight. In some cases, health care professionals may also recommend diabetes medicines that may help you lose weight, or weight-loss surgery, also called metabolic and bariatric surgery.

Choose healthy foods and drinks

There is no right or wrong way to choose healthy foods and drinks that may help manage your diabetes. Healthy meal plans for people who have diabetes may include

• dairy or plant-based dairy products
• nonstarchy vegetables
• protein foods
• whole grains

Try to choose foods that include nutrients such as vitamins, calcium , fiber , and healthy fats . Also try to choose drinks with little or no added sugar , such as tap or bottled water, low-fat or non-fat milk, and unsweetened tea, coffee, or sparkling water.

Try to plan meals and snacks that have fewer

• foods high in saturated fat
• foods high in sodium, a mineral found in salt
• sugary foods , such as cookies and cakes, and sweet drinks, such as soda, juice, flavored coffee, and sports drinks

Your body turns carbohydrates , or carbs, from food into glucose, which can raise your blood glucose level. Some fruits, beans, and starchy vegetables—such as potatoes and corn—have more carbs than other foods. Keep carbs in mind when planning your meals.

You should also limit how much alcohol you drink. If you take insulin  or certain diabetes medicines , drinking alcohol can make your blood glucose level drop too low, which is called hypoglycemia . If you do drink alcohol, be sure to eat food when you drink and remember to check your blood glucose level after drinking. Talk with your health care team about your alcohol-drinking habits.

Find the best times to eat or drink

Talk with your health care professional or health care team about when you should eat or drink. The best time to have meals and snacks may depend on

• what medicines you take for diabetes
• what your level of physical activity or your work schedule is
• whether you have other health conditions or diseases

Ask your health care team if you should eat before, during, or after physical activity. Some diabetes medicines, such as sulfonylureas  or insulin, may make your blood glucose level drop too low during exercise or if you skip or delay a meal.

Plan how much to eat or drink

You may worry that having diabetes means giving up foods and drinks you enjoy. The good news is you can still have your favorite foods and drinks, but you might need to have them in smaller portions  or enjoy them less often.

For people who have diabetes, carb counting and the plate method are two common ways to plan how much to eat or drink. Talk with your health care professional or health care team to find a method that works for you.

Carb counting

Carbohydrate counting , or carb counting, means planning and keeping track of the amount of carbs you eat and drink in each meal or snack. Not all people with diabetes need to count carbs. However, if you take insulin, counting carbs can help you know how much insulin to take.

Plate method

The plate method helps you control portion sizes  without counting and measuring. This method divides a 9-inch plate into the following three sections to help you choose the types and amounts of foods to eat for each meal.

• Nonstarchy vegetables—such as leafy greens, peppers, carrots, or green beans—should make up half of your plate.
• Carb foods that are high in fiber—such as brown rice, whole grains, beans, or fruits—should make up one-quarter of your plate.
• Protein foods—such as lean meats, fish, dairy, or tofu or other soy products—should make up one quarter of your plate.

If you are not taking insulin, you may not need to count carbs when using the plate method.

Work with your health care team to create a meal plan that works for you. You may want to have a diabetes educator  or a registered dietitian  on your team. A registered dietitian can provide medical nutrition therapy , which includes counseling to help you create and follow a meal plan. Your health care team may be able to recommend other resources, such as a healthy lifestyle coach, to help you with making changes. Ask your health care team or your insurance company if your benefits include medical nutrition therapy or other diabetes care resources.

Talk with your health care professional before taking dietary supplements

There is no clear proof that specific foods, herbs, spices, or dietary supplements —such as vitamins or minerals—can help manage diabetes. Your health care professional may ask you to take vitamins or minerals if you can’t get enough from foods. Talk with your health care professional before you take any supplements, because some may cause side effects or affect how well your diabetes medicines work.

Research shows that regular physical activity helps people manage their diabetes and stay healthy. Benefits of physical activity may include

• lower blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels
• better heart health
• healthier weight
• better mood and sleep
• better balance and memory

Talk with your health care professional before starting a new physical activity or changing how much physical activity you do. They may suggest types of activities based on your ability, schedule, meal plan, interests, and diabetes medicines. Your health care professional may also tell you the best times of day to be active or what to do if your blood glucose level goes out of the range recommended for you.

Do different types of physical activity

People with diabetes can be active, even if they take insulin or use technology such as insulin pumps .

Try to do different kinds of activities . While being more active may have more health benefits, any physical activity is better than none. Start slowly with activities you enjoy. You may be able to change your level of effort and try other activities over time. Having a friend or family member join you may help you stick to your routine.

The physical activities you do may need to be different if you are age 65 or older , are pregnant , or have a disability or health condition . Physical activities may also need to be different for children and teens . Ask your health care professional or health care team about activities that are safe for you.

Aerobic activities

Aerobic activities make you breathe harder and make your heart beat faster. You can try walking, dancing, wheelchair rolling, or swimming. Most adults should try to get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each week. Aim to do 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. You don’t have to do all 30 minutes at one time. You can break up physical activity into small amounts during your day and still get the benefit. 1

Strength training or resistance training

Strength training or resistance training may make your muscles and bones stronger. You can try lifting weights or doing other exercises such as wall pushups or arm raises. Try to do this kind of training two times a week. 1

Balance and stretching activities

Balance and stretching activities may help you move better and have stronger muscles and bones. You may want to try standing on one leg or stretching your legs when sitting on the floor. Try to do these kinds of activities two or three times a week. 1

Some activities that need balance may be unsafe for people with nerve damage or vision problems caused by diabetes. Ask your health care professional or health care team about activities that are safe for you.

Stay safe during physical activity

Staying safe during physical activity is important. Here are some tips to keep in mind.

Drink liquids

Drinking liquids helps prevent dehydration , or the loss of too much water in your body. Drinking water is a way to stay hydrated. Sports drinks often have a lot of sugar and calories , and you don’t need them for most moderate physical activities.

Avoid low blood glucose

Check your blood glucose level before, during, and right after physical activity. Physical activity often lowers the level of glucose in your blood. Low blood glucose levels may last for hours or days after physical activity. You are most likely to have low blood glucose if you take insulin or some other diabetes medicines, such as sulfonylureas.

Ask your health care professional if you should take less insulin or eat carbs before, during, or after physical activity. Low blood glucose can be a serious medical emergency that must be treated right away. Take steps to protect yourself. You can learn how to treat low blood glucose , let other people know what to do if you need help, and use a medical alert bracelet.

Avoid high blood glucose and ketoacidosis

Taking less insulin before physical activity may help prevent low blood glucose, but it may also make you more likely to have high blood glucose. If your body does not have enough insulin, it can’t use glucose as a source of energy and will use fat instead. When your body uses fat for energy, your body makes chemicals called ketones .

High levels of ketones in your blood can lead to a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) . DKA is a medical emergency that should be treated right away. DKA is most common in people with type 1 diabetes . Occasionally, DKA may affect people with type 2 diabetes  who have lost their ability to produce insulin. Ask your health care professional how much insulin you should take before physical activity, whether you need to test your urine for ketones, and what level of ketones is dangerous for you.

Take care of your feet

People with diabetes may have problems with their feet because high blood glucose levels can damage blood vessels and nerves. To help prevent foot problems, wear comfortable and supportive shoes and take care of your feet  before, during, and after physical activity.

If you have diabetes, managing your weight  may bring you several health benefits. Ask your health care professional or health care team if you are at a healthy weight  or if you should try to lose weight.

If you are an adult with overweight or obesity, work with your health care team to create a weight-loss plan. Losing 5% to 7% of your current weight may help you prevent or improve some health problems  and manage your blood glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure levels. 2 If you are worried about your child’s weight  and they have diabetes, talk with their health care professional before your child starts a new weight-loss plan.

You may be able to reach and maintain a healthy weight by

• following a healthy meal plan
• consuming fewer calories
• being physically active
• getting 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night 3

If you have type 2 diabetes, your health care professional may recommend diabetes medicines that may help you lose weight.

Online tools such as the Body Weight Planner  may help you create eating and physical activity plans. You may want to talk with your health care professional about other options for managing your weight, including joining a weight-loss program  that can provide helpful information, support, and behavioral or lifestyle counseling. These options may have a cost, so make sure to check the details of the programs.

Your health care professional may recommend weight-loss surgery  if you aren’t able to reach a healthy weight with meal planning, physical activity, and taking diabetes medicines that help with weight loss.

If you are pregnant , trying to lose weight may not be healthy. However, you should ask your health care professional whether it makes sense to monitor or limit your weight gain during pregnancy.

Both diabetes and smoking —including using tobacco products and e-cigarettes—cause your blood vessels to narrow. Both diabetes and smoking increase your risk of having a heart attack or stroke , nerve damage , kidney disease , eye disease , or amputation . Secondhand smoke can also affect the health of your family or others who live with you.

If you smoke or use other tobacco products, stop. Ask for help . You don’t have to do it alone.

Feeling stressed, sad, or angry can be common for people with diabetes. Managing diabetes or learning to cope with new information about your health can be hard. People with chronic illnesses such as diabetes may develop anxiety or other mental health conditions .

Learn healthy ways to lower your stress , and ask for help from your health care team or a mental health professional. While it may be uncomfortable to talk about your feelings, finding a health care professional whom you trust and want to talk with may help you

• lower your feelings of stress, depression, or anxiety
• manage problems sleeping or remembering things
• see how diabetes affects your family, school, work, or financial situation

Ask your health care team for mental health resources for people with diabetes.

Sleeping too much or too little may raise your blood glucose levels. Your sleep habits may also affect your mental health and vice versa. People with diabetes and overweight or obesity can also have other health conditions that affect sleep, such as sleep apnea , which can raise your blood pressure and risk of heart disease.

NIDDK conducts and supports clinical trials in many diseases and conditions, including diabetes. The trials look to find new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease and improve quality of life.

What are clinical trials for healthy living with diabetes?

Clinical trials—and other types of clinical studies —are part of medical research and involve people like you. When you volunteer to take part in a clinical study, you help health care professionals and researchers learn more about disease and improve health care for people in the future.

Researchers are studying many aspects of healthy living for people with diabetes, such as

• how changing when you eat may affect body weight and metabolism
• how less access to healthy foods may affect diabetes management, other health problems, and risk of dying
• whether low-carbohydrate meal plans can help lower blood glucose levels
• which diabetes medicines are more likely to help people lose weight

Find out if clinical trials are right for you .

Watch a video of NIDDK Director Dr. Griffin P. Rodgers explaining the importance of participating in clinical trials.

What clinical trials for healthy living with diabetes are looking for participants?

You can view a filtered list of clinical studies on healthy living with diabetes that are federally funded, open, and recruiting at www.ClinicalTrials.gov . You can expand or narrow the list to include clinical studies from industry, universities, and individuals; however, the National Institutes of Health does not review these studies and cannot ensure they are safe for you. Always talk with your primary health care professional before you participate in a clinical study.

This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.

NIDDK would like to thank: Elizabeth M. Venditti, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.