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Mahatma Gandhi - Father of The Nation

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By Ritu Johari (The Post Graduate Category)

The period from 1920 to 1947 had been described as the Gandhian Era in Indian Politics. During the period, Gandhi spoke the final word on behalf of the Indian National Congress in negotiating with the British Government for constitutional reforms, and for chalking out a programme for the national movement. Mahatma Gandhi led the national freedom struggle against the British rule. The most unique thing about this struggle was that it was completely nonviolent. Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2nd October, 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. After finishing his early education in India, he sailed to England in 1891 and qualified as Barrister. In 1894, Gandhi went to South Africa in connection with a law suit. The political career of Gandhi started in South Africa where he launched a Civil Disobedience Movement against the maltreatment meted out to Asian settlers. In 1916, he returned to India and took up the leadership of National Freedom Struggle. After the death of freedom fighter and congress leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak on August, 1920, Gandhi became virtually the sole navigator of the ship of the congress. Gandhi had whole heartedly supported the British during the 1st World War (1914-1919). The end of war, however, did not bring the promised freedom for India. So Gandhiji launched many movements to force the British to concede India its Independence. The well known being: Non Co-operation Movement (1920), Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) and Quit India Movement (1942). The British passed the Rowlett Act in 1919 to deal with the revolutionaries. Gandhi made the Rowlett Act an issue and appealed to the people to observe peaceful demonstration on April 6, 1919. Gandhi's call for peaceful demonstration met with tremendous response. It led to mass demonstrations in Punjab and Delhi. The Jallianwala Massacre (1919) was a sequel of this agitation. The Indian people were shocked by the way the British conducted themselves. Gandhi them launched a non-co-operation in 1920 against the British rule. On 12th March 1930, Gandhi started his Civil Disobedience with his famous 'Dandi March' to break the salt laws. Many leaders and persons courted arrest. Then followed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact for the participation of the congress in the Second Round Table Conference in 1931. On March 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps came to India with his proposals which were rejected by all political parties. The failure of the Cripps Mission led to unprecedented disturbances. Disillusioned and disappointed, the congress passed at Bombay the Quit India Resolution (August 8, 1942). The British were asked to leave India forthwith. The moving spirit behind the resolution was Gandhiji. The Quit India Movement was the greatest challenge to the British empire. Gandhi was a great leader, a saint and a great social reformer. He was pious, truthful and religious. He believed in simple living and high thinking. Every body who came in contact with him were so deeply influenced by his personality. He was a Champion of democracy and was deadly opposed to dictatorial rule. Gandhi showed India and the World the path of truth and non-violence. He believed that it was truth alone that prevailed in the end. Gandhi believed that real India lived in more than five lakhs villages uplift. According to him India's real emancipation depended on Swadeshi i.e. boycott of foreign goods, use of khadi encouragement to village and cottage industries. Gandhi began to work day and night for the freedom of his country. He and his brave followers went to jail again and again, and suffered terrible hardships. Thousands of them were starved, beaten, ill treated and killed, but they remained true to their master. At last his noble efforts bore fruit and on August 15,1947, India became free and independent. Gandhi defeated the mighty British empire not with swords or guns , but by means of strange and utterly new weapons of truth and Ahimsa. He worked all through his life for Hindu- Muslim Unity and the abolition of untouchability. Gandhi worked hard for the upliftment of the Harijans, the name given by him to the untouchables. Gandhi declared untouchability a sin against God and Man. Gandhi wrote his famous autobiography under the title 'My Experiments with Truth'. Gandhi always stood for communal harmony, but he himself was shot dead by a religious fanatic Nathuram Godse on 30th January, 1948. The whole World mourned his death. Concluding Remarks: Some one had quipped: "If they had not thrown Gandhi out of the train in South Africa, the English would not have too much trouble from him." Gandhi, the young Attorney, vowed to oppose such unfair treatment- through non-co-operation and other nonviolent means. Gandhi's ultimate search was for righteous conduct. The means are more important than the end, he maintained; with the right means, desired ends will follow. In time, he was proven right- almost always. His struggles and actions were but external manifestations of his struggle to evolve his own value system. Mahatma Gandhi better known as the father of Nation because it was he who got freedom for us. He was the maker of Modern India.

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Mahatma Gandhi: The Father of the Nation

Last updated on October 2, 2022 by ClearIAS Team

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi.

Gandhi was a lawyer, nationalist, and anti-colonial activist. He led a non-violent mass movement against the British rule of India which ultimately resulted in Indian independence .

Mahatma Gandhi is revered in India as the Father of the Nation.

Table of Contents

The early life of Mahatma Gandhi: Birth and Family

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 nd October 1869, in Porbandar in the princely state of Kathiawar in Gujarat.

His father was Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi who served as a dewan of Porbandar state. His mother was Putlibai who came from Junagadh. Mohandas was the youngest of four children. He had two brothers and a sister.

At age of 13, Mohandas was married to 14-year-old Kastubai Makhanji Kapadia as was the custom at that time.

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His father passed away in 1885, and the same year he and his wife lost their first child. The Gandhi couple later had four sons over the years.

Education of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi Ji received his primary education in Rajkot where his father had relocated as dewan to the ruler Thakur Sahib. He went to Alfred high school in Rajkot at the age of 11.

In 1887, at the age of 18, Gandhi Ji graduated from a high school in Ahmedabad. He later enrolled at a college in Bhavnagar but dropped out later. He had also joined and eventually dropped out of a college in Bombay.

He then went to London in 1888 to pursue law at the university college. After completing his studies, he was invited to be enrolled at Inner temple to become a barrister.

He returned to India in 1891 at the age of 22 after his mother passed away.

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He failed to establish a successful law career both in Rajkot and Bombay.

In 1893, he moved to Durban, South Africa, on a one-year contract to sort out the legal problems of Abdullah, a Gujarati merchant.

South Africa during the 1800s

The British had colonized and settled in the Natal and Cape provinces of South Africa during the 1840s and 50s. Transvaal and Orange Free State were independent Boer (British and Dutch settlers) ruled states. Boer means farmer settler in Dutch and Afrikaans. The governance of colonial regions (Natal and Cape) was controlled by the minority white population which enforced segregation between government-defined races in all spheres.

This created three societies- whites (British and Dutch or Boer ancestry), Blacks and Coloureds (mixed race) which included ethnic Asians (Indians, Malayans, Filipinos, and Chinese).

Indian immigration to South Africa began in the 1860s, when whites recruited indentured Indian labour (Girmityas), especially from south India, to work on sugar plantations. Later many Indian merchants, mostly meman Muslims also migrated. By the 1890s, the children of the ex-indentured labourers had settled down in South Africa making up the third group.

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Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa

1893 : Mohandas Gandhi witnessed extreme apartheid or racial discrimination against Asians in South Africa. His journey from Durban to Pretoria witnessed the famous incident when he was thrown out of a first-class compartment by a white man at Pietermaritzburg station. Upon arriving at Johanessburg, he was refused rooms in the hotels.

These experiences motivated him to stay in South Africa for a longer period to organize the Indian workers to enable them to fight for their rights. He started teaching English to the Asian population there and tried to organize them to protest against the oppression.

1894: After the culmination of his Abdullah case in 1894, he stayed on there and planned to assist Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote. He founded the Natal Indian Congress and moulded the Indian community into a unified political force.

1899-1902: The Boer War

The Boer War extended Britain’s control from Natal and Cape Province to include Transvaal and Orange Free State.

During this time, Gandhi volunteered to form a group of stretcher-bearers as the Natal Indian ambulance corps. It consisted of indentured labourers and was funded by the Indian community and helped treatment and evacuation of wounded British soldiers.

Gandhi Ji thought that helping the British war efforts would win over the British imperial government and earn sympathy for the plight of Indians there. He was also awarded the Queen’s South Africa Medal for serving the British empire.

Till 1906, it was the moderate phase of the struggle for the Indians in South Africa. During this time, Gandhi concentrated on petitioning and sending memorials to the legislatures, the colonial secretary in London, and the British parliament.

1906: The Civil Disobedience in South Africa

The failure of moderate methods led to the second phase of the struggle, civil disobedience or the Satyagraha.

He started two settlements- the Phoenix settlement in Durban and the Tolstoy farm in Johanessburg for helping the needy and initiate a communal living tradition.

His first notable resistance was against the law passed by the government, making it compulsory for Indians to take out certifications of registrations that held their fingerprints and was compulsory to carry it on the person at all times. Gandhi formed a Passive Resistance Association against this.

Gandhi and his followers were jailed. Later the government agreed to withdraw the law if Indians voluntarily registered. They were tricked into the registrations and they protested again by publicly burning their certificates.

1908: The existing campaign expanded to protest against the new law to restrict migrations of Indians between provinces. Gandhi and others were jailed and sentenced to hard physical labour.

1910: Gandhi Ji set up the Tolstoy farm in Johannesburg to ready the satyagrahis to the harsh conditions of the prison hence helping to keep the resistance moving forward.

1911: Gopal Krishna Gokhale visited South Africa as a state guest on the occasion of the coronation of King George V. Gokhale and Gandhi met at Durban and established a good relationship.

1913: The satyagraha continued against varied oppressive laws brought by the government. The movement against the law invalidating marriages not conducted according to Christian rites brought out many Indian women onto the movement.

Gandhi launched a final mass movement of over 2000 men, women, and children. They were jailed and forced into miserable conditions and hard labour. This caused the whole Indian community in South Africa to rise on strike.

In India, Gokhale worked to make the public aware of the situation in South Africa which led the then Viceroy Hardinge to call for an inquiry into the atrocities.

A series of negotiations took place between Gandhiji, Viceroy Hardinge, CR Andrews (Christian missionary and Indian Independence activist), and General Smuts of South Africa. This led to the government conceding to most of the Indians’ demands.

Gandhiji’s return to India: 1915

1915: On the request of Gokhale, conveyed by CF Andrews (Deenbandhu), Gandhi Ji returned to India to help with the Indian struggle for independence .

The last phase of the Indian National movement is known as the Gandhian era.

Mahatma Gandhi became the undisputed leader of the National Movement. His principles of nonviolence and Satyagraha were employed against the British government. Gandhi made the nationalist movement a mass movement.

On returning to India in 1915, Gandhi toured the country for one year on Gokhale’s insistence. He then established an ashram in Ahmedabad to settle his phoenix family.

He first took up the cause of indentured labour in India thus continuing his fight in South Africa to abolish it.

Gandhiji joined the Indian National Congress and was introduced to Indian issues and politics and Gokhale became his political Guru.

1917: At this point, World war I was going on, and Britain and France were in a difficult position. Germany had inflicted a crushing defeat on both the British and French troops in France.

Russia’s war effort had broken down and the revolution was threatening its government.

America had entered the war but no American troops had yet reached the war front.

The British army required reinforcements urgently and they looked to India for participation. Viceroy Chelmsford had invited various Indian leaders to attend a war conference. Gandhi was also invited and he went to Delhi to attend the conference.

After attending the viceroy’s war conference Gandhiji agreed to support the recruitment of Indians in the British war effort. He undertook a recruitment campaign in Kaira district, Gujarat.

He again believed that support from Indians will make the British government look at their plight sympathetically after the war.

Early movements by Gandhiji

Champaran Satyagraha, Kheda Satyagraha, and Ahmedabad Mill Strike were the early movements of Gandhi before he was elevated into the role of a national mass leader.

1917: Champaran Satyagraha

Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first civil disobedience movement organized by Gandhiji. Rajkumar Shukla asked Gandhi to look into the problems of the Indigo planters.

The European planters had been forcing passengers to grow Indigo on a 3/20 of the total land called the tinkatiya system.

Gandhi organized passive resistance or civil disobedience against the tinkatiya system. Finally, the authorities relented and permitted Gandhi to make inquiries among the peasants. The government appointed a committee to look into the matter and nominated Gandhi as a member.

Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, and other eminent lawyers became inspired by Gandhi and volunteered to fight for the Indigo farmers in court for free.

Gandhi was able to convince the authorities to abolish the system and the peasants were compensated for the illegal dues extracted from them.

1918: Kheda satyagraha

The Kheda Satyagraha was the first noncooperation movement organized by Gandhi.

Because of the drought in 1918 crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat. According to the revenue code if the yield was less than one-fourth of the normal produced the farmers for entitled to remission. Gujarat sabha sent a petition requesting revenue assessment for the year 1919 but the authorities refused to grant permission.

Gandhi supported the peasants’ cause and asked them to withhold revenue. During the Satyagraha, many young nationalists such as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Indulal Yagnik became Gandhi’s followers.

Sardar Patel led a group of eminent people who went around villages and gave them political advisors and instructions.

The government finally agreed to form an agreement with the farmers and hence the taxes were suspended for the years 1919 and 1920 and all confiscated properties were returned.

1918: Ahmedabad mill strike

This was Gandhi’s first hunger strike. He intervened in a dispute between Mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus.

The workers were demanding a rise of 50% in their wages while the employees were willing to concede only a 20% bonus.

The striking workers turned to Anusuiya Sarabai in quest of justice and she contacted Gandhi for help. He asked the workers to go on a strike and to remain non-violent and undertook a fast unto death to strengthen the workers’ resolve.

The mill owners finally agreed to submit the issue to a tribunal and the strike was withdrawn in the end the workers receive a 35% increase in their wages.

Gandhiji’s active involvement in the Indian National Movement

Gandhi’s active involvement in the Indian Freedom Struggle was marked by many mass movements like the Khilafat Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement.

1919: Khilafat movement

During World War I Gandhi sought cooperation from the Muslims in his fight against the British by supporting the Ottoman Empire that had been defeated in the world war.

The British passed the Rowlatt act to block the movement. Gandhi called for a nationwide Satyagraha against the act.

It was Rowlatt Satyagraha that elevated Gandhi into a national leader. Rowlatt Satyagraha was against the unjust Rowlatt Act passed by the British.

On April 13th, 1919 the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. Seeing the violence spread Mahatma Gandhi called off the civil disobedience movement on the 18th of April.

1920: Non-Cooperation Movement

Gandhi convinced the congress leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as Swaraj. At the congress session of Nagpur in 1920, the non-cooperation program was adopted.

1922 : Chauri chaura incident took place, which caused Gandhi to withdraw from the non-cooperation movement.

After the non-cooperation movement ended, Gandhi withdrew from the political platform and focused on his social reform work.

1930: The Salt March and The Civil Disobedience Movement

Gandhi declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law as the law gave the state the Monopoly on the manufacturer and the sale of salt.

Gandhi along with his followers marched from his ashram in Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat where they broke the government law by gathering natural salt and boiling seawater to produce salt.

This also marked the beginning of the civil disobedience movement.

1931 : The Gandhi Irwin pact

Gandhi accepted the truce offered by Irwin and called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to attend the second round table conference in London as the representative of the Indian National Congress.

But when he returned from London he relaunched the civil disobedience movement but by 1934 it had lost its momentum.

1932 : Poona pact

This was a pact reached between B.R Ambedkar and Gandhi concerning the communal awards but in the end, strived to achieve a common goal for the upliftment of the marginalized communities of the Indian society.

1934 : Gandhi resigned from the Congress party membership as he did not agree with the party’s position on varied issues.

Gandhi returned to active politics in 1936 with the Lucknow session of Congress where Jawaharlal Nehru was the president.

1938 : Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose’s principles clashed during the Tripuri session which led to the Tripuri crisis in the Indian National Congress.

1942: Quit India movement

The outbreak of World war II and the last and crucial phase of national struggle in India came together.

The failure of the Cripps mission in 1942 gave rise to the Quit India movement.

Gandhi was arrested and held at Aga Khan Palace in Pune. During this time his wife Kasturba died after 18 months of imprisonment and in 1944 Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack.

He was released before the end of the war on 6th May 1944. World war II was nearing an end and the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indians hence Gandhi called off the struggle and all the political prisoners were released including the leaders of Congress.

Partition and independence

Gandhiji opposed the partition of India along religious lines.

While he and Congress demanded the British quit India the Muslim league demanded to divide and quit India.

All of Gandhi’s efforts to help Congress and the Muslim league reach an agreement to corporate and attain independence failed.

Gandhiji did not celebrate the independence and end of British rule but appealed for peace among his countrymen. He was never in agreement for the country to be partitioned.

His demeanour played a key role in pacifying the people and avoiding a Hindu-Muslim riot during the partition of the rest of India.

Death of Mahatma Gandhi

30th January 1948

Gandhiji was on his way to address a prayer meeting in the Birla House in New Delhi when Nathuram Godse fired three bullets into his chest from close range killing him instantly.

Mahatma Gandhi’s legacy

Throughout his life, in his principles practices, and beliefs, he always held on to non-violence and simple living. He influenced many great leaders and the nation respectfully addresses him as the father of the nation or Bapu.

He worked for the upliftment of untouchables and called them Harijan meaning the children of God.

Rabindranath Tagore is said to have accorded the title of Mahatma to Gandhi.

It was Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose who first addressed him as the Father of the Nation.

Gandhian Philosophy inspired millions of people across the world.

Many great world leaders like Nelson Mandela followed Gandhiji’s teachings and way of life. Hence, his impact on the global stage is still very profound.

Literary works of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhiji was a prolific writer and he has written many articles throughout his life. He edited several newspapers including Harijan in Gujarati, Indian opinion in South Africa, and Young India in English.

He also wrote several books including his autobiography “The Story Of My Experiments with Truth”.

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Reader Interactions

January 31, 2022 at 6:36 pm

Gandhi the greatest freedom fighter? It is an irony that Gandhi was a British stooge, he partitioned India and was responsible for death of millions of Hindus and Sikhs during partition. How he and Nehru got Bose eliminated is another story. He slept with many women by his own confession. He never went to kala Pani and enjoyed luxury of British even in jails in India.

January 31, 2022 at 7:14 pm

How is he ‘Father of nation’ ?? He is not even close to be a father of post-1947 India(It would be Bose anyday).And he is the one who did all kinds of absurd fantasies(mentioned in his own autobiography).His role in independence was MINIMAL ! His non-violence theory was hypocritic and foolish(teaching oppressed instead of oppressor!) And as AMBEDKAR rightly said ‘sometimes good cometh out of evil'(on jan 30th 1948)

March 26, 2024 at 11:47 am

So true …

Bro I literally agree with all of this…

May 20, 2022 at 1:37 pm

It is Bose who first gave the title of “Father of the Nation” to Gandhi.

Please try to look at things with an open mind.

May 26, 2022 at 11:15 am

Ck is wrong I think Mahatma Gandhi Is a TRUE LEADER.

November 26, 2023 at 8:36 pm

Gandhi the greatest freedom fighter

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Essay on Mahatma Gandhi In English for Students and Children

Key Points To Remember When Writing An Essay On Mahatma Gandhi

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Mahatma Gandhi is a popular historical figure. He is known as the father of our nation and is well-regarded by all the citizens of the country and people worldwide. Most Indian children are familiar with Gandhiji and learn about his contribution to the Indian freedom struggle in school. Students may be asked to write an essay on Gandhiji as a class exercise or for a test or competition. For this assignment, they will need to learn and remember facts about his life and how he fought for India’s independence. This may sound challenging for some children, but with guidance, they will be able to write this essay on their own. Here is an essay on Mahatma Gandhi for classes 1, 2 and 3 that will help school children with their assignments.

Writing an essay includes preparation and strategies. To begin with an essay, we need to understand the topic of the essay. When we are aware of the topic of the essay, we can write the essay easily. Whether you are planning to write a small essay, a long essay, or just a few lines about Mahatma Gandhi, gathering information firsthand will help you a lot. You begin your essay by giving an introduction of Mahatma Gandhi, his place of birth, his life and about his personal life. Next, you can talk about his professional life, his studies and achievements, and what contributions he made to the nation’s independence. Finally, you can conclude the essay with how his life teachings inspire today’s generations and how you can still use those teachings in today’s life and influence others.

The essay about Mahatma Gandhi is slightly different from essays on general topics. For these kinds of topics, children need to remember accurate facts and weave a good narrative. If you are looking for good facts and figures in the form of some lines on Mahatma Gandhi, then the following is for you. Here are some important points to remember:

Before starting the essay, it is important to remember facts such as names, places, events and dates accurately.

For short essays, stick to facts about Gandhi and do not dive deep into any specific topics.

For longer essays, start the introduction about the importance of the man in Indian history.

Talk about his early life and work and transition to the ideology of Gandhiji.

Finally, end the essay with his impact on the nation and how he inspired people.

Children of lower primary classes may be asked to write a short essay on Mahatma Gandhi. They can start by jotting down the facts they remember about him and writing them in simple sentences. Students will have to memorise a few dates and facts to be able to write this essay. Below are the top ten factual lines about Mahatma Gandhi that will help you write a perfect essay on Gandhiji, the national personality:

Mahatma Gandhi is well-known as a freedom fighter and the father of our nation. He is popularly called Bapu.

He was born in Porbandar, Gujarat on October 2, 1869.

His father’s name was Karamchand Gandhi, and his mother’s name was Putlibai Gandhi.

Gandhiji was married to Kasturba Kapadia.

He went to London to pursue his higher education.

He worked in South Africa as a civil rights activist and fought against racial discrimination.

In 1915 he started the Indian National Congress party.

Gandhiji was a firm believer in ahimsa , which means non-violence, and followed the path of satya vachan, which means being truthful.

As a leader of the freedom struggle, he began his first anti-British movement in 1917.

He was shot to death on January 30, 1948.

Before we begin with an essay in 100 or 200 words, we should first practice with paragraph writing. This is why we bring you a short paragraph on Mahatma Gandhi. Let’s look at the paragraph on this national personality.

Mahatma Gandhi, born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India, is one of India’s most iconic historical figures. He has several monikers, such as ‘the Father of the Nation’, ‘Bapu’ , ‘Mahatma’, ‘Rashtrapita’ , and many more. Gandhiji is popular for his non-violence (Ahimsa) and civil disobedience philosophy. He is also known for his simplicity, truthfulness, and dedication to social justice. Lakhs of people joined Mahatma Gandhi in his journey to free India from the colonial rule. He and his supporters organised movements like the Dandi March (Salt March) and the Quit India Movement, which eventually led to India’s independence in 1947. He was assassinated on January 30, 1948, but his principles and message endure as a beacon of hope and unity.

When asked to write a short essay on Mahatma Gandhi, students can list the highlights they remember about Gandhiji’s life and weave them into a paragraph. Here is a sample essay on Mahatma Gandhi in 200 words:

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi is the most popular historical figure in the nation. He was born in Porbandar, Gujarat, on October 2, 1869. His family was affluent, and he had a good reputation as a quiet-natured boy. He went to London for his higher education, where he studied law and became a Barrister. He practised law at the Bombay High Court upon his return to India.

Gandhiji later moved to South Africa to work but soon lost interest in law. Instead, he joined hands with the natives there to start satyagraha – a non-violent protest against the oppression of the Europeans. He soon returned to India and joined the struggle for independence from British rule.

He was a simple man who taught simplicity and self-reliance to the people in India. He encouraged them to boycott foreign goods and make their own swadeshi goods. He was loved and respected by people of all communities.

As a freedom fighter, Gandhi was a man of firm conviction. During his freedom struggle, the British had put him in jail several times, where he endured extreme hardships. To honour his role in the freedom struggle, his birthday is observed as a national holiday to pay homage to him and all others who stood with him.

A long essay on Gandhi requires students to know and remember several details on his life and write them with a good narrative. Writing a Mahatma Gandhi essay in English in 500 words and more is not a difficult task. Here is a sample essay for class 3 students on Mahatma Gandhi:

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also called Mahatma Gandhi, is the father of our nation. He was a freedom fighter, national leader, and social reformer who worked tirelessly to make India independent. Famous poet Rabindranath Tagore gave him the title of Mahatma. In Sanskrit, ‘Mahatma’ means ‘Great Soul’. He was given this name for his non-violent approach to the freedom movement, contributions to social reform, and convictions to lead a simple life. Since his time, Gandhiji and his philosophy have inspired all social reform movements.

Birth And Childhood

Mahatma Gandhi, aka Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was born on 2 October 1869 in the small town of Porbandar, Gujarat. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, was the Diwan of Porbandar and Rajkot and also a court official in Porbandar. Born to a religious woman, Putlibai Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi became one of the top representatives in India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule, known for his philosophy of non-violence (Ahimsa) and civil disobedience.

Marriage And Education

Gandhiji was raised with simplicity, although he was from an affluent family. He was a firm believer in non-violence, which was reflected in his approach to anything he did. Gandhiji went to England in 1888 to study law and become a barrister. After Gandhiji moved to Africa as a lawyer, he soon quit his profession to join the local people in their struggle against European oppression. He spent 20 years fighting discrimination in South Africa before returning to India.

Contribution To India’s Independence

The people who followed him loved his ideology of ‘ Ahimsa ‘ or non-violence. He realised early on that there was a great force in the philosophy of non-violence at a mass level for the freedom movement. He believed in self-reliance and made his own clothes, which started the ‘ Khadi movement’. He urged Indians to boycott foreign products and make their own instead to increase self-reliance. The British put him in jail many times because of his strong stand.

His efforts, combined with the sacrifices of all freedom fighters, were successful, and India gained independence. Mahatma Gandhi and his non-violent approach have been appreciated throughout history, and he became a global role model. His legacy extends beyond India’s borders, inspiring movements for civil rights, freedom, and social change worldwide. Bapu’s teachings and practices continue to be a model of inspiration for those advocating peace, justice, and human rights. He will continue to inspire people everywhere to build a better and more just world for generations to come.

Mahatma Gandhi led several successful campaigns and movements in his time to achieve independence from the colonial government, Let’s talk about some of the major movements of Gandhiji in detail:

1. Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha (1917 – 1918)

Gandhi’s early Satyagrahas (non-violent resistance) in Champaran and Kheda addressed issues faced by indigo and cotton farmers, respectively. Due to meagre agriculture production and crop failure due to unfavourable weather along with high taxation, the situation of farmers deteriorated drastically. Along with farmers and several supporters, Mahatma Gandhi started protests and strikes that eventually led to the British noting the farmers’ demands and doing what was needful for them.

2. Khilafat Movement (1919)

Mahatma Gandhi supported the Khilafat Movement, started by Ali brothers in Turkey against the unfair treatment of Turkey after the First World War, which aimed to protect the Ottoman Empire’s caliphate. He presided over the All India Conference in Delhi and even returned the awards he achieved in the British Empire’s South Africa. He came to the limelight of many Indians for his doings against the British empire, which eventually strengthened his position as a national leader.

3. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

The Civil Disobedience Movement aimed to fight unjust laws peacefully with the assistance from the Congress. Under the leadership of Gandhiji, several Indians refused to obey certain British laws and pay taxes. People began boycotting British goods and services, which resulted in mass arrests and heightened global awareness. However, after the Chauri Chaura incident with the killing of 23 police officers, Gandhiji put a stop to the movement.

4. Civil-Disobedience Movement (1930)

The Non-Cooperation Movement aimed at the boycotting of British institutions, schools, and goods by Indians. Several students dropped out of college, and many government employees quit their British jobs. People also boycotted imported clothing, refused to pay taxes, held protests, etc. Millions of people supported and participated in this movement, and it marked a turning point in India’s fight for independence.

5. Quit India Movement (1942)

The Quit India Movement in 1942 finally demanded to put an immediate end to British rule in India. Gandhiji started this movement on August 8, 1942, during World War II, calling it “Quit India”. Because of this movement, several representatives of the Indian National Congress were arrested by the British government, eventually leading to widespread protests and strikes. In the end, the British government decided to surrender control to India and exit from India.

Writing about Mahatma Gandhi in a school essay is an important assignment for children. Being one of India’s most regarded historical personalities, it is beneficial for them to learn about his life and role in India’s freedom struggle for academics and as a proud citizen of the country. This topic is more factual, so students will have to write based on their knowledge rather than their feelings or imagination. In this essay, children will learn how to memorise facts and write a composition on them for exams and assignments. They will learn how to weave a good story about a person in history and explain the relevance to the present.

Here are some facts about Mahatma Gandhi that will surely help your kids:

Although Mahatma Gandhiji’s real name is Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, people across the nation address him as ‘Bapu’ in Gujarati, as it is entitled as the ‘Father of the Nation.’

Before fighting for India’s independence, Mahatma Gandhi worked as a barrister.

Albert Einstein admired Gandhiji very much. After Bapu’s death, the scientist quotes, ‘Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth.’

Gandhiji followed a simplistic life and wore hand-spun khadi cloth.

Mahatma Gandhi had four children – Manilal, Harilal, Devdas, and Ramdas.

There are several roads and streets named in honour of Gandhiji.

In 1930, Bapu was accredited with the Time Magazine Man of the Year.

To date, Indian currency notes bear the photo monogram of Mahatma Gandhi.

Inspired by Gandhiji’s non-violence philosophy, Martin Luther fought for civil rights peacefully in the United States.

On January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was tragically assassinated by a man named Nathuram Godse.

1. How did Gandhi’s Philosophy Influence Other Leaders?

Gandhiji’s philosophy of non-violence (Ahimsa) and peaceful protests have a profound influence on leaders across the world. Martin Luther King Jr. Adopted Gandhiji’s principles to fight against racial segregation and discrimination peacefully in the United States. Similarly, Nelson Mandela from South Africa took inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi’s principles to seek justice against apartheid and racial oppression. Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi took Gandhi’s non-violence philosophy as a role model for her campaign for democratic reforms and human rights. Other world leaders who took inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi include Desmond Tutu (South Africa), Lech Wałęsa (Poland), Cesar Chavez (USA), and more.

2. How can Gandhi’s Ideals be Applied in Today’s World?

Children can adopt the philosophies of non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), self-discipline (tapasya), and service to others (seva) from Gandhiji. Children can learn to always speak the truth, be kind to people, and always lend a helping hand to people in need.

3. What are Some Famous Books Written by Mahatma Gandhi?

‘ My Experiments With Truth’ is a renowned autobiography penned by Mahatma Gandhi. Other popular books written by him include ‘The Young India’, ‘Hind Swaraj’, and India of My Dreams.’

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Mahatma Gandhi Essay in English

Mahatma Gandhi is popularly known as 'Father of Nation', was a great Indian freedom warrior. He played a major role in uprooting British rule from Indian soil and followed 'Ahimsa', the non-violence.

Table of Contents

Mahatma Gandhi Essay in English: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi who is known by the name, Mahatma Gandhi is popularly called as Father of Nation. His contributions towards the freedom struggle and to making India free from the rule of the British Raj are immense and could not be put into simple words. To pay tribute to his efforts in the freedom struggle and to his ideologies we celebrate Gandhi Jayanti on the 2nd of October every year. Schools and colleges celebrate and commemorate this special day by conducting competitions on writing Gandhi Jayanti Essay and arranging a patriotic Gandhi Jayanti speech . This day is declared to be a Public and Bank Holiday across the Nation. In this essay, you can find information on his contribution and legacy.

In this essay, we have provided insights into Gandhiji’s birth, movements and campaigns led by him, his contributions to the freedom struggle, ideologies and principles followed by him and much more. He has great thoughts, ideologies and principles and so people called him Mahatma which means ‘great soul’ in Sanskrit. He always followed the principle of ‘Ahimsa’ which is non-violence in attaining freedom from British reign. Read ahead to this essay on Mahatma Gandhi to gather more information on our father of the nation.

Gandhiji’s Childhood

Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat, and played a pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence through nonviolent civil disobedience. He was raised in an affluent Hindu Family. He was interested in pursuing law and therefore he went to England to study the same and soon became a Barrister. He was born to Karamchand Gandhi (Father of Mahatma Gandhi), the dewan of Porbandar. Growing up with principles of dharma and ahimsa (non-violence) helped Gandhi to walk on the emergence of freedom. To practice the law, he went to South Africa where he was deeply annoyed by the Europeans’ rule against South Africans where there were racial and color discrimination issues.

Campaigns and Movements led by Gandhiji

Gandhiji developed a concept of a Non-violent Movement called ‘Satyagraha’ and he united Indians who had settled in South Africa from different religions, communities or languages. When he returned to India, he saw British people dominating Indians, cruelly. But Gandhiji followed a non-violent method in uprooting Britishers from Indian soil. His concept of ‘Ahimsa’, not to injure anyone is highly appreciable.

Therefore he started several movements such as the Khadi movement to make use of fibres such as Jute or Khadi and weaved the same using a chakra. He started with the Non-Co-operation movement to make use of Indian Swadeshi goods and stopped the use of foreign goods. A major breakthrough movement is the ‘Quit India Movement’ to put an end to the British Colonial rule in India.

Central to Gandhi’s ideology was the concept of ahinsa, or nonviolence, which he believed could transform society. His campaigns, such as the Salt Satyagraha and Dandi March, were iconic examples of peaceful resistance. Mahatma Gandhi’s ability to mobilize the masses without resorting to violence showcased the potency of his principles.

Dandi March or Salt Satyagraha: This is a non-violent civil disobedience campaign led by Gandhiji in the year 1930 to resist the payment of taxes levied on salt which was available free of cost to the common people. He led a campaign starting from Sabarmati Ashram along with his followers to reach Dandi and there at a seashore he took a lump of salty mud and boiled it, thereby, producing illegal salt.

Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle

Mahatma Gandhi Ji played a major and very important role in the freedom struggle of India. He was imprisoned several times but he didn’t give up the efforts and pace of freedom fighting. He had driven off the ‘Untouchability’ issue while he got imprisoned in Yerwada Jail and went on fast for several days. He also stressed the need and importance of education, cleanliness, health, and equality in society.

In the year 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned back to India and joined the Indian National Congress Party and demanded ‘Purn Swaraj’, which means complete independence from British rule. Satyagraha was announced by him, which created a major revolt which was the massacre of Amritsar. He also started the Civil disobedience Movement which involved the oppression of British rule by strictly not adhering to the laws and orders imposed by the Britishers. Then Martial law was imposed, which was an important aspect of the Indian Independence movement.

Gandhi’s impact reverberated globally, influencing civil rights movements and inspiring leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela. Despite criticism and challenges, he remained steadfast in his convictions, leaving an indelible mark on the world as a symbol of peace, justice, and the enduring power of nonviolence.

Principles of Gandhiji

Mahatma Gandhi, a key figure in India’s struggle for independence, advocated principles of non-violence, truth, and self-discipline. He believed in Ahinsa, the idea that one should avoid causing harm to others, both physically and verbally. Truthfulness, or Satya, was another core principle, emphasizing the importance of honesty in all aspects of life. Gandhi also promoted self-discipline, encouraging individuals to control their desires and lead a simple life. His physiology extended to the concept of Sarvodaya, meaning the welfare of all. Gandhi’s teachings emphasized the power of love, compassion, and tolerance, fostering unity among diverse communities. Through these principles, he aimed to create a society where individuals worked collectively for the common good, breaking free from the shackles of oppression and injustice.

On the whole, Mahatma Gandhi ji was a man of simplicity but his ideologies had no boundaries. He is highly revered and respected even now after a number of decades because of his fame, ethics, and values. As Indians, let us all try to follow the principle of Mahatma Gandhi and enlighten our lives to achieve bigger goals.

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Mahatma Gandhi Essay: FAQ's

Q1. who is called as 'mahatma'.

Ans. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was known in the name of 'Mahatma' by Rabindranath Tagore which means great soul in sanskrit.

Q2. Where was Gandhiji born?

Ans. Gandhiji was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat.

Q3. What are the famous movements initiated by Gandhiji?

Ans. Gandhiji had started various movements for freedom struggle in a non-violent manner, which are satyagraha, khadi movement, non-cooperative movement, Quit India movement, Civil disobedience movement .

Q4. When is Gandhi Jayanti celebrated?

Ans. Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated on 2nd of October every year, as a remembrance of Gandhiji's birthdate.

As Team Lead- Content Writer, I take on leadership within our content creation team, overseeing the development of error-free educational content. My primary responsibility is to produce and analyse high-quality content educating and informing the aspirants about upcoming government exams published on our website. I have more than 6 years experience in content writing wherein 3.5 years of experience in ed-tech content writing.

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Essay on Mahatma Gandhi: The Nation’s Founding Father

Posted by wisemindsphere.com | Jul 28, 2023 | Founding Fathers | 0 |

Essa y on Mahatma Gandhi: The Nation’s Founding Father

Mahatma Gandhi , affectionately called the nation’s founding father, was a well regarded leader and an icon of nonviolent protest. His birth occurred on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, a coastal town in present-day Gujarat, India. Gandhi’s life journey was marked by extraordinary humility, compassion, and a deep commitment to social justice. Growing up in a devout Hindu family, Gandhi imbibed the values of truth, nonviolence, and simplicity from an early age. He completed his early education in Porbandar and later moved to London to study law. His stay in England exposed him to diverse ideas and cultures, influencing his worldview and philosophical beliefs.

Mahatma Gandhi: The Perfect Example of Truth, Simplicity, and Nonviolent Leadership

Gandhi’s personality was a blend of remarkable qualities. He was a staunch advocate of truth and believed in living a life of simplicity and self-discipline. His ascetic lifestyle resonated with his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, known as Satyagraha. His willingness to lead by example, coupled with his unwavering commitment to his principles, earned him the title “Mahatma” meaning “Great Soul.” After returning to India, Gandhi embarked on a legal career but soon felt a calling to serve the Indian community. He actively campaigned for civil rights, particularly for Indians living in South Africa. Gandhi’s experience in South Africa strengthened his belief in nonviolent protest as a potent tool for social and political change.

Architect of India’s Nonviolent Struggle for Independence

Gandhi’s pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence cannot be overstated. He advocated for swaraj, or self-rule, inspiring millions to rise against British colonial rule. His campaigns, including the nonviolent Salt March and civil disobedience movements, galvanized the nation. Gandhi’s philosophy of Ahimsa (nonviolence) and his emphasis on truth and love as powerful forces for social transformation inspired people of all ages and backgrounds. His unwavering commitment to nonviolent resistance, even in the face of adversity, earned him respect and admiration worldwide. “An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind,” he famously said, highlighting the futility of violence.

A Source of Optimism in Gandhi’s History

Gandhi’s influence transcends time and borders. His principles have guided leaders, activists, and movements worldwide, from Martin Luther King Jr. to Nelson Mandela. His philosophy serves as a compass for peaceful conflict resolution and addressing social inequities. In a world often dominated by materialism, Gandhi’s teachings on self-discipline, self-reliance, and sustainable living retain their significance. Gandhi’s legacy extended beyond India’s independence struggle. He was an ardent advocate of communal harmony and religious tolerance, emphasizing the need for unity among diverse communities. His teachings on economic self-reliance, environmental conservation, and equality continue to resonate with people across the globe.

Leaving a Lasting Trace of Justice, Peace, and Unity

Mahatma Gandhi was an extraordinary leader whose life and principles have left an indelible impact on humanity. His philosophy of nonviolence, truth, and selflessness guided India towards independence and continues to be a beacon of hope for people striving for justice and equality worldwide. Mahatma Gandhi’s ideals of peace and compassion remain a timeless legacy, reminding us of the power of love and unity in shaping a better world. Mahatma Gandhi’s life and teachings echo through generations. His profound impact on India’s struggle for independence, his advocacy for nonviolent resistance, and his unwavering dedication to truth and justice make him an iconic figure in history. Gandhi’s legacy is a testament that an individual’s determination, rooted in principles of peace and justice, can reshape a nation’s trajectory and inspire the entire world. Mahatma Gandhi’s enduring legacy serves as a constant reminder that the pursuit of noble ideals can transcend time, inspiring future generations to embrace compassion, uphold truth, and foster a world where lasting change is driven by unity and shared humanity.

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August 8, 2023

Essay on Mahatma Gandhi: The Father of the Nation

Learn about Mahatma Gandhi, India’s nonviolent freedom fighter, and write an inspiring essay on his life and legacy.

Mahatma Gandhi, also known as the Father of the Nation, was a prominent leader and a freedom fighter of India. He dedicated his life to fighting for India’s independence from the British, using non-violent civil disobedience as a weapon. His philosophy of truth and non-violence, as well as his advocacy for the underprivileged and marginalized sections of society, continue to inspire people around the world to this day. In this essay, we will delve into the life, teachings, and legacy of this great leader.

Essay on Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi, also known as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was a great leader and a freedom fighter of India. He was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat. He is also known as the Father of the Nation, as he played a crucial role in India’s struggle for independence from the British.

Gandhi was a lawyer by profession but gave up his law practice to fight for the rights of Indians. He used non-violent civil disobedience as a weapon to fight against the British rule in India. He led many movements such as the Salt March, the Quit India Movement, and the Non-Cooperation Movement to fight for India’s freedom.

Gandhi was a great inspiration to millions of people, not only in India but across the world. He believed in the power of truth, non-violence, and the welfare of the people. He fought for the rights of the underprivileged and the marginalized sections of society, including women and Dalits.

Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence, also known as Ahimsa, was his greatest weapon in the fight for India’s freedom. He believed that violence only begets violence, and that it is better to fight for one’s rights through peaceful means. He also believed in the power of Satyagraha, which is the force of truth and soul force.

Apart from being a great leader and a freedom fighter, Gandhi was also a prolific writer and a thinker. He wrote extensively on various topics such as politics, religion, and social issues. His most famous works include ‘Hind Swaraj’ and ‘My Experiments with Truth’.

Gandhi’s life and teachings have inspired many people across the world, including great leaders such as Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr. His ideas of non-violence, truth, and social justice are still relevant today and continue to inspire people to fight for their rights and for the welfare of others.

In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi was a great leader, a freedom fighter, a prolific writer, and a thinker. His philosophy of non-violence and Satyagraha played a crucial role in India’s struggle for independence. His teachings and ideas continue to inspire people across the world to fight for their rights and for the welfare of others. He will always be remembered as one of the greatest leaders in the world.

Q: When was Mahatma Gandhi born?

A: Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869.

Q: Where was Mahatma Gandhi born?

A: Mahatma Gandhi was born in Porbandar, a coastal town in present-day Gujarat, India.

Q: How did Mahatma Gandhi die?

A: Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on January 30, 1948, by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist who opposed Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence.

Father of the Nation

Leadership Legacies: Insights from the Fathers of Nations.

1.1 Principles of Nonviolence
1.2 Application in the Independence Movement
1.3 Impact on Leadership Philosophy
2.1 Transformational Leadership Principles
2.2 Leading through Adversity
2.3 Legacy of Reconciliation
3.1 Visionary Leadership Traits
3.2 Role in the Creation of a nation
3.3 Educational Philosophy in Nation-Building
4.1 Charismatic Leadership Characteristics
4.2 Achieving Sovereignty
4.3 Educational Initiatives for National Unity
5.1 Identifying Common Leadership Principles
5.2 Divergence in Philosophies and Approaches
5.3 Lessons from Varied Leadership Styles
6.1 Adapting Leadership Styles to Modern Challenges
6.2 Relevance of Philosophies in Global Context
6.3 Enduring Legacy of Fathers of Nations

The Pioneer of Nonviolent Leadership [ edit | edit source ]

Principles of nonviolence [ edit | edit source ], application in the independence movement [ edit | edit source ], impact on leadership philosophy [ edit | edit source ], transformational leadership in apartheid era [ edit | edit source ], transformational leadership principles [ edit | edit source ], leading through adversity [ edit | edit source ], legacy of reconciliation [ edit | edit source ], visionary leadership [ edit | edit source ], visionary leadership traits [ edit | edit source ], role in the creation of a nation [ edit | edit source ], educational philosophy in nation-building [ edit | edit source ], charismatic leadership and sovereignty [ edit | edit source ], charismatic leadership characteristics [ edit | edit source ], achieving sovereignty [ edit | edit source ], educational initiatives for national unity [ edit | edit source ], common threads and divergent paths [ edit | edit source ], identifying common leadership principles [ edit | edit source ], divergence in philosophies and approaches [ edit | edit source ], lessons from varied leadership styles [ edit | edit source ], contemporary relevance [ edit | edit source ], adapting leadership styles to modern challenges [ edit | edit source ], relevance of philosophies in global context [ edit | edit source ], enduring legacy of fathers of nations [ edit | edit source ].

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As mentioned before, Fathers of Nations is a novel written by Paul B.Vitta and published by Oxford University Press.

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Before even getting to Fathers of Nations chapter 1 you need to read the foreword. Very interesting and it communicates something fundamental that will be seen throughout the novel: corruption, poverty and poor leadership .

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Why is the book called Fathers of Nations? / What is the meaning of Fathers of Nations?

Because essentially, a president is the Father of nation he leads.

And in the novel Fathers of Nations we have many presidents congregating in the Gambia for the summit hence, Fathers of Nations :).

What is the relevance of the title Fathers of nation?

Universally, the title "Fathers of the Nation" highlights influential figures who play key roles in the establishment, liberation, or unification of a country.

These fathers of nations are highly regarded for their contributions to the nation's history and identity.

Most fathers of nations recognized currently in the world include famous figures like Nelson Mandela in South Africa and Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya.

Most fathers of nations are presidents.

Taking that into account, we can see that the fathers being referred to in the novel, Fathers of Nations , are the presidents of the various countries that attend the summit in the Gambia.

They intend to play a pivotal role in the shaping of Africa by ratifying the document titled Way Omega , whose main ideas are listed here .

What is the summary of Fathers of Nations?

Find the complete summary to all the chapters in Fathers of Nations here .

What is the theme of the Father of Nations?

Fathers of Nations is a somewhat long novel.

As such, it has many themes which you can find on EasyElimu - Themes in Fathers of the Nations

What is the plot of Fathers of Nations set book

(foreword all through to chapter 14).

The general premise of the novel is about a summit meeting that will be held at the Pinnacle Hotel in Banjul, The Gambia.

All African heads of states (fathers of nations) will be in attendance at the meeting to discuss a a document titled ‘ Way Omega .’

However, others (AGDA) have come to disrupt the meeting and introduce their own document ( Path Alpha ) that they believe is way better than Way Omega.

The other document is called ‘Path Alpha’.

What does Way Omega Entail in Fathers of Nations?

Way Omega is a document containing a way to develop Africa.

Way omega was developed and published by twenty Nobel laureates.

A laureate is a person who is honoured with an award for outstanding creative or intellectual achievement.

Africa’s ministers of planning had a look at Way Omega and liked it and now the Summit meeting is being held so that all countries can adopt it as a common development strategy.

It is a common development strategy for Africa whose main ideas are:

Change African politics

One major idea of Way omega is changing the way politics are handled/conducted in Africa (pg.7).

Historically, African presidency have been won through military coups and rigged election.

These are illegal ways that presidents use to gain and keep power.

They are bad because they lead to the disenfranchisement of the people that they want to govern.

Disenfranchisement is taking away a people's right to vote. In essence, way Omega proposes that there be no more foul play when it comes to politics in Africa.

End Africa’s misery

Way Omega is also a development strategy crafted to end Africa’s misery.

Africa has many problems including poverty, disease, ignorance, corruption and impunity (see page 40-41).

The first three according to Mr. Longway were the original problems that the elect leaders after gaining independence promised to eradicate.

The last two are problems created by the breed of leaders that we keep electing into office whereby the politicians are the ones who are the main beneficiaries of the two latter problems that have wrecked and keep wrecking the lives of the normal African.

However, politicians are not the only ones who are corrupt as we have police officers in The Gambia as illustrated in the incident of the Taxi Driver (see page).

Moreover, other problems afflicting Africa include insecurity, apathy and unemployment.

What does Path Alpha Entail in Fathers of Nations?

Path Alpha is a development strategy that AGDA believes is a superior alternative to Way Omega (pg.16).

They hope to slip it in to replace Way Omega with it during the summit.

Many students may find the set book difficult. However, this EasyElimu Guide to Fathers of Nations will help simplify the book and makes it easier for students to understand it so that they can pass their exams.

Sections of the Fathers of Nations Guide by EasyElimu

Foreword and chapter summaries in fathers of nations.

The novel Fathers of nations has 15 chapters in total including the foreword.

This EasyElimu guide offers a summary of all the chapters in the novel Fathers of Nations .

Summary of Fathers of Nations chapter 1 to 14

Characters and characterization in Fathers of Nations

This guide provides an in-depth analysis of all the characters in the novel Fathers of Nations .

If you do not know the characters in the novel or their characterization, you will not be able to get a good grade on any question regarding this book.

This EasyElimu study guide contains character traits in Fathers of Nations

All the characters in Fathers of Nations are:

Note: The ones that are in bold are the main characters in this story by Paul B.Vitta

Themes in Fathers of Nations

Themes are issues that are consistent in a creative work.

They are sub categories or sub topics of the subject matter or the main idea in a work of art.

They constitute the entire message the writer wishes to put across to his or her readers.

Therefore, themes are the messages put across by a writer in a work of art.

There are major and minor themes. Major themes cut across the text and are the main ideas the writer intends to pass to the readers. Minor themes are minor ideas which are still important in the text.

The novel addresses a number of issues including;

Language and style in Fathers of Nations

The language used in literature is different from that used in other disciplines.

Language in literature goes a notch higher because it is not only used originally but also innovatively.

This contributes to aesthetics or beauty in literary texts hence appealing to the readers.

Style on the other hand can simply be defined as the unique manner of doing something.

Just like everybody has a walking style and hair cutting style, playwrights have unique ways which they use to pass their messages to the audience.

There are a number of stylistic devices in the novel Fathers of Nations . This guidebook will enumerate some of these devices inclusing;

Excerpts and extracts with answers in Fathers of Nations

With 15 chapters, Fathers of Nations could have very many excerpts.

Note: 15 includes the foreword section.

With this guide, you can get Fathers of Nations excerpts and answers in pdf format.

Essays in Fathers of Nations

This section contains general Q&As for Fathers of Nations , which you can use to test yourself or get ideas for an essay.

Conclusion

This guide provides a comprehensive analysis of the novel Fathers of Nations which will surely help students get a good grade when it comes to exam questions related to the novel.

Additionally, this guide provides essay questions and answers about all aspects of the novel as shown above and can be downloaded in PDF format from our website .

Moreover, you can access it for free on the EasyElimu Study App .

Get it now!

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Foreword and Chapters Summaries - Fathers of Nations

Characters and characterization - fathers of nations, themes - fathers of nations, styles and stylistic devices - fathers of nations.

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Essay on mahatma gandhi - father of the nation.

If you have come this far, it means that you liked what you are reading. Why not reach little more and connect with me directly on Facebook or Twitter . I would love to hear your thoughts and opinions on my articles directly.

Essay on Mahatma Gandhi in English | [Father of Nation]

Mahatma Gandhi is the Father of our Nation and today we have come up with an essay on Mahatma Gandhi. In this essay, we have told about his life and work. So let's get started with the essay.

Mahatma Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar a city of Gujarat state. The real name of Mahatma Gandhi is Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhiji completed his primary education in Rajkot and Porbandar. From childhood itself, Gandhiji was very much influenced by his mother's religious thoughts. At the age of thirteen, Mahatma Gandhi got married to Kasturba Gandhi.

Gandhiji was a barrister his has completed his education as a barrister in London. After completing his education in the field of a barrister he returned back to India in 1891. After returning back to India he started his work as a barrister in Rajkot. When Gandhiji was doing his work he came across the difficulties Indians were facing, and it hurt him a lot and so he decided to make India an independent nation so that Indians can get their freedom.

As Mahatma Gandhi had great leadership qualities on his word thousand and thousands of Indians joined him and started cooperating with him. It was because of Mahatma Gandhiji's leadership that Indians won against British violence using non-violence ways. And using Mahatma Gandhiji's non-violence ways India got independence from British rule.

Mahatma Gandhiji was a true social worker and it was because of the social work that he was so much popular leader. Mahatma Gandhi wanted be make every India happy by giving them freedom from British rule and he cared for every single person of India, and because of his caring nature he was called a "Father of Nation" and he was also called by the name of "Bapu" which means father.

Father of Nation Mahatma Gandhi was a very kind person and when he saw the poverty of India he gave up his lavish life and started living like a normal person and spend his whole life wearing a traditional Indian dhoti. Gandhiji went village by village to tell people the importance of girl's education and asked people to stop the sale of illegal liquor. He promoted local goods and gave importance to the indigenous products, he used charkha and gave employment to many people.

Gandhiji dedicated his whole life to make India an independent nation. Non-violence (Ahinsa) and Satyagraha were the main weapons of Mahatma Gandhi, using this weapon Gandhiji made India an independent nation. Because of this great work, Gandhiji was called as "Mahatma". Even today Mahatma Gandhi is respected and loved all our the world. In India every year 2nd October is celebrated as a Gandhi Jayanti. Gandhiji was a true patriot and a great person who will never be forgotten and will remain alive in the hearts of every Indian.

Jay Hind Jay Bharat.

Friends, what do you think about Mahatma Gandhiji, and what qualities of his do you like? do tell us in the comment section below.

This essay on Gandhiji can be used by students of class 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th for their educational purpose. This essay can also be used on the topics given below.

My favorite leader Mahatma Gandhi.
Essay on Father of Nation.
Essay on Gandhi Bapu.

Friends did you liked this essay and if you want an essay on any topic in English do tell us in the comment section below.

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Fathers of Nations summary, analysis, theme, and characters

Fathers of Nations (2013) is a satirical novel set in Africa. The author brings to date all that has gone wrong in Africa. He explores the frustrations that African experience under corrupt leadership. Fathers of Nations summary explains what the novel is about and points at the key themes.

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Fathers of nations setbook characters, fathers of nations novel summary, leadership crisis, about paul b vitta.

Fathers of Nations was written by Paul B. Vitta and printed in 2013 by Oxford University Press East Africa . The highlight of this book is a summit attended at the Gambia by African Heads of State. Its subject is the awakening of Africans to come out from their status quo. Here is the synopsis of Fathers of Nations, theme analysis, and characters.

Here are some of the main characters in the book.

Karanja Kimani : Kimani is a Kenyan, 60 years old is a professor at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Nairobi.
Comrade Ngobile Melusi : Ngobile is from Zimbabwe and is aged 70 years old.
Pastor Chineke Chiamaka : He is a male Nigerian clergyman based at the Lagos branch of the Church Inside Africa.
Dr. Abiola Afolabi : He is a Nigerian academician and has an American wife.
Engineer Seif Tahir : He is a Libyan formerly employed by Tripoli's Ministry of Defense.

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Fathers of Nations is a satirical novel, and it is set in contemporary Africa. It is a story that brings to the readers all that has gone wrong in Africa, but in a humorous way. The continent is depicted as a valuable place that lacks a sense of direction. The majority of the leaders have made their people voices, rendering them silent as these leaders continuously destroy their livelihoods.

The plot revolves around the lives of four men from different parts of Africa. Amid their various misfortunes, the men get together to try and make a change. They want African heads of state to ratify a document that could transform the continent's economic fortunes.

These four men have suffered under unwieldy political systems in their respective countries. Each bears a grudge against the system and has a reason for wanting it to change. They represent the values of humanity, empathy, and vulnerability.

10 best books by African authors you should read right now

Prof Karanja Kimani has lost his wife to a former university colleague and now turned politician. His only daughter dies in a fatal accident in Nairobi. Pastor Chineke, on his part, is a fierce man. His insistence on government accountability earns him days in jail. He is also prohibited from preaching.

Dr. Abiola Afolabi is ditched by his American wife. He advises African heads of state but detests offering theoretical solutions. The last character, Ngobile Melusi, is projected as a failed politician. He finds himself on the wrong side of the political divide after independence. He goes through affliction for being Ndebele when the Shona president undertook to suppress his community.

Analysis of the themes in Fathers of Nations

The symbolism in this book is enough to make you sit back and marvel at how Africans have accepted the status quo. It's an enjoyable read, and above all, it speaks to the frustrations we still experience in Africa under corrupt leadership. Below are the themes in Fathers of Nations.

15 greatest African warriors who changed the continent's history

Poor leadership is one of the main themes in the novel. African leaders are portrayed as people who cannot give a sense of direction to their countries. Instead, they are shown as flawed human beings who cannot rise to the challenges of their times.

They are people experimenting with various ideological positions originating from different places. In the book, two groups develop two development agendas referred to as Path Alpha and Way Omega.

The book goes ahead to portray how dysfunctional most African countries are. They are readily buy anything from anywhere. Unfortunately, in their hopelessness, the citizens continue to entertain a leadership that is blind to their plights.

The novel also paints a devastating picture of people on a knifes' edge of daily survival. International imperialistic networks of control have captured and imprisoned the continent. African countries are sucked into meaningless loans with international financial institutions.

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These development loans, though luring, have unrealistic demands. As a result, the continent continues to sink into the abyss of poverty.

Paul B Vitta also shares that corruption is endemic in Africa. The vice has disastrous effects on the continent's economies. It also affects the cohesion of communities and social contracts, which are vital pillars of building nations.

Wars and organised criminal networks distract the developments of some countries. The networks control all the political powers and economic opportunities.

The image readers also get of African leaders is that of a coalition of confused and manipulated people. They have suppressed the voices of the civilians, who are mere spectators as leaders destroy their sources of livelihood. The book is a bold portrayal of post-colonial African countries.

It is a continent where the most learned are impoverished because society doesn't value knowledge. Instead, it cherishes ignorance.

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Who is Paul B Vitta? He is the author of Fathers of Nations. Vitta was born in Tanzania and received his Ph.D. in physics from Emory University of Dar es Salaam. He worked briefly for the African Regional Center for Technology in Senegal.

Later, he moved to the International Development Research Center in Canada. He also served as a Director of UNESCO'S Regional Office for Science and Technology in Africa before retiring.

Fathers of Nations summary and analysis above will undoubtedly give you a reason to read the book. As an African living in the continent, you will notice that the book captures everything you have seen. The book reminds you that some of the plights are of your own making because of the kind of leaders you elect.

Are you a young woman who needs inspiration? Tuko.co.ke published a list of the 15 empowering books for young Black women. Something supernatural can happen if you read a book. Therefore, the right books for young women go a long way in creating empowered, purposeful, and assertive ladies.

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In a society full of gender, sexual, and religious discrimination are a reality, women need something to keep them focused. Appropriate books inspire young black women to work towards their goals. It will highlight that colour or gender has nothing to do with their potential.

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Quaid-e-Azam: The Father of the Nation

Updated 06 April 2023

Downloads 62

Category Law

Topic Quaid E Azam

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah: The Father of the Nation

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, also known as the Father of the Nation, is one of the most prominent figures in the history of Pakistan. He was born on December 25, 1876, in Karachi, and went on to become a lawyer, politician, and leader of the Muslim League. In this essay, we will explore the life and legacy of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

Jinnah was the eldest of seven children and grew up in a wealthy family. He received his early education in Karachi and later went to London to study law. He was called to the Bar in 1896 and returned to India to practice law. He quickly became involved in politics, joining the Indian National Congress in 1906. However, he soon became disillusioned with the Congress and its leadership, which he felt did not adequately represent the interests of Muslims in India.

Leadership of the Muslim League

In 1913, Jinnah joined the All India Muslim League and became its leader in 1916. He saw the Muslim League as a vehicle for promoting the interests of Muslims in India and advocating for a separate Muslim state. Jinnah became known for his passionate speeches and tireless advocacy on behalf of Muslims in India.

Jinnah's leadership of the Muslim League culminated in the creation of Pakistan in 1947. He played a central role in negotiations with the British government and other political parties, working tirelessly to secure the creation of a separate Muslim state. On August 14, 1947, Pakistan was born, with Jinnah serving as its first Governor-General.

Jinnah's Legacy

Jinnah's legacy as the Father of the Nation has been significant. He is widely revered in Pakistan for his role in the creation of the country and his vision for a secular, democratic, and modern state. He believed that Pakistan should be a nation where all citizens, regardless of their religion or background, had equal rights and opportunities.

Jinnah's vision for Pakistan was rooted in his belief in democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. He famously said, "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion, caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State."

Jinnah was also a champion of women's rights and believed in their full participation in all aspects of society. He famously said, "No nation can rise to the height of glory unless your women are side by side with you. We are victims of evil customs. It is a crime against humanity that our women are shut up within the four walls of the houses as prisoners. There is no sanction anywhere for the deplorable condition in which our women have to live."

Jinnah's leadership and vision for Pakistan continue to inspire people in Pakistan and around the world. His commitment to democracy, human rights, and the rule of law remains as relevant today as it was in his time. However, Pakistan has faced many challenges since its creation, including political instability, economic struggles, and ongoing conflicts with India.

Despite these challenges, the people of Pakistan continue to look to Jinnah as a symbol of hope and inspiration. His legacy reminds us of the importance of leadership, vision, and courage in the face of adversity. As Pakistan continues to navigate the challenges of the 21st century, it is essential to remember the words of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who said, "With faith, discipline, and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve."

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Fathers of Nation Possible KCSE Excerpts Questions and Answers-Excerpts 1-5

Get Excerpts 6-10 Here

Compilation of Possible Excerpts Based Questions Likely to be Examined in English Paper 2.

Possible kcse excerpt 1, read the excerpt below and answer the questions that follow. (25 marks).

When all four were back at their seats, the Chair began to wrap up.”Excellencies, we’ve come to the end of our summit.” He smiled, and why not? Had The Trick not saved the day? Had it not eliminated the need for the consensus he could not achieve? “Go back home safely, Excellencies. As we say in my country, travel like lions, without fear of attack or worry about supper. And, speaking about supper, the Pinnacle informs me that, to cap our summit, it has organised a closing ceremony on the mezzanine floor. Things will start sizzling in thirty minutes. So we’ll meet there soon.” Gavel hit wood.Bang. “I now declare the summit itself formally closed.” Bang. Bang. President Dibonso sprang to hit feet at once. “Mr Chairman, don’t insult our intelligence withthat rubbish.” His voice was grating on all ears with tones of rage. “What rubbish are you referring to? President Dibonso?” asked the Chair. He was rising tothe challenge. “The Choice Matrix indeed! Do you really expect us to buy into that madness? Can’t you seethat some of us are not senile? We reject the matrix, lock, stock and barrel.” “I said the summit stands closed,” insisted the Chair. Bang. Bang.”And I say it is open again,” retorted President Dibonso.

“But, President Dibonso, you do not have the power to do so.” “Who says I do not have the power to do so? See this?” He pulled out a pistol, pocket-size.The other heads of state scrambled to hide under their desks. “President Dibonso, put that thing away!” demanded the Chair.”Make me!” retorted President Dibonso, The pistol clicked, It was ready to start spitting fire at the Chaire.

Briefly explain what happens just before the excerpt. (4 marks)
Identify and illustrate two-character traits of the Summit Chair and one of PresidentDibonso.
What two themes come out in the excerpt? (4 marks)
(i) We reject the matrix, lock, stock and barrel. (Write beginning with “Lock “) (1mark)
Discuss two stylistic devices used in the excerpt. (4 marks)
I said the summit is closed. ( Rewrite using a question tag) (1 mark)

POSSIBLE KCSE EXCERPT 2

Professor Kimani joined the University of Nairobi directly as a senior lecturer. Even before taking off, he was already flying. There was a reason. Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda had justdismantled théir University of East Africa. Kenya’s part of the university, now renamed the University of Nairobi, found itself with a vacancy it had to fill immediately in its Institute of Development Studies.

Professor Kimani, who had just completed his studies at the University of Oxford, wrote from there to say he wanted to fill it. To ensure he came and filled it for sure, the University of Nairobi raised his entry point from that of a lecturer to that of a senior lecturer.

He came. Only a month after his arrival, he launched a noisy debate in which he demanded that the University of Nairobi henceforth strive for relevance to the society rather than simplyexcellence of its work. It was not clear exactly what he meant by relevance to the society rather than simply excellence of its work. It was not clear exactly what he meant by relevanceto the society. However, a short six months later, he prevailed. The university’s official mottobecame, ‘Relevance to the society’.

After winning this war, he started another war which was even noisier. Now he wanted the university to be an agent of change, not a mere spectator of it. This was when people still thought this view was too radical and ridiculed it as simple- minded. So, not surprising, someof his colleagues, puzzled by his refusal to see that it was simple-minded, did or said little, convinced that he would fall on his face before long and self-destruct on his own

without their help.

He did not care. After all, his antics in wars that he had started, and won, had also won him the heart of a campus beauty queen. Her name was Asiya Omondi. He married her on a rainy but approving Saturday, to claps of thunder and flashes of lightning. How marriage then accelerated academic success! A professorship soon followed. After that achievement, he feltfulfilled. His persona now was complete. Had anyone told him this happiness would one dayend as it did, he would have laughed himself upside down.

After Kimani fills a vacancy in University of Nairobi’s Institute of Development Studies,he demands for two changes at the university in quick succession. What are these changes?
Identify and illustrate three characters traits of Kimani brought out in this excerpt. (6marks)
Discuss three themes raised in the excerpt. (6 marks)
(i) To ensure he came and filled it for sure, the University of Nairobi raised his entry point from that of a lecturer to that of a senior lecturer. (Write beginning with the mainclause). (1 mark)

ii) His persona now was complete . (1 mark)

Identify one stylistic device used in the excerpt. (4 marks)
Explain the meaning of the following words used in the excerpt. (4 marks)
The writer says, ‘Had anyone told him this happiness would one day end as it did, hewould have laughed himself upside down.” What later happened to Professor Kimaniin the text? (2 marks)

POSSIBLE KCSE EXCERPT 3

Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that follow (25 marks)

“Tad,” said the cranky passenger as he was settling down in economy class, in a seat next toDr Afolabi’s. “Tad Longway,” he added. His voice, deep, lingered on like the boom of a bigdrum. He held up a card. Dr Afolabi took it. It said the man was a Director of Special Projects at the Agency for Governance and Development in Africa. “Pleased to meet you, Mr Longway,” Dr Afolabisaid. “My name is Abiola Afolabi. I teach at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. “

“You gave an excellent keynote the other day, Dr Afolabi,” said the cranky passenger. Sparksof earnestness were crossing his eyes, both crystal-green like toy marbles, confirming the compliment was sincere. “Your keynote address at the Foundation for Democratic Rule, I mean. It was brilliant.” “I’m glad you liked it, Mr Longway,” Dr Afolabi said. His voice had become warm. “Youwere there, then, Mr Longway?”

“Yes, but back in the last row. As a mere spectator, I did not want to be obtrusive. Anyway, you were superb, Dr Afolabi. If you don’t mind my adding this, I was more impressed by thepoints that the audience raised afterwards, during the question-and-answer period. “

Dr Afolabi felt the praise he had just heard turn into reproach. “So what were those points,Mr Longway?” he asked. His voice was less warm. “Remember the guy from Grassroots International: short fellow, round of body andoutspoken of manner? What was his name? It’s on the tip of my tongue.”

You must mean the fire-eater who kept accusing me of looking for answers where I shouldnot even look,” Dr Afolabi said. “Exactly, that’s our man. Yes, I thought he was right on point, Dr Afolabi. He too wasunhappy with the present state.”

“Wait, the present state of what?” “Africa.””I don ‘t understand. ” “No problem. I’ll spell it out for you. You see, Dr Afolabi, Africa, in its present state, has twonew arrivals: corruption and impunity. The first is a crime the Second protects from punishment, the second is another crime the first rewards with kickbacks. That is Africa in its presept state. Now can it change?”

“Tell me. Can it?””Well, let’s ask the Law of Will.” ‘”‘ What?” “Unless there is will to change, there will be no change.”

Briefly explain what happens before the excerpt. (3 marks)
Discuss one-character traits of Dr Afolabi and two of Mr Longway. (6 marks)
Highlight two themes evident in the excerpt. (4 marks)
(i) It’s on the tip of my tongue. (Add a question tag) (1 mark)

iii) Unless there is will to change, there will be no change. (Rewrite using “if “) (1mark)

Identify two stylistic devices used in the excerpt. (4 marks)
(F) Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions used in the excerpt. (4 marks)

POSSIBLE KCSE EXCERPT 4

Cute as a button and sharp as a needle, he thought. Her eyes were wide and white like a pairof moons. She continued. “My natural parents were Gambian, but I will never see them. aredead. Oh, well.” She wriggled in her chair. “Goodness me, what am I doing? Dictating my autobiography?” She waved that idea away. “Let’s talk business now, shall we?” She pulledout of her handbag a small device then switched it on. “Mind if I start recording?”

“You’re a reporter?” He had not thought she was.”Yes, for the Gambian News.”

“I see. Now, how can I help you, Ms Mckenzie?””I’d like to ask you a few questions, if I may.” “Yes, you may. In fact, why don’t I start you off? My name is Abiola Afolabi, which you seem to

know already. But you can just call me Abiola, my first name. Take it from there.”

“I will: you studied at Harvard University in the USA. Now you teach at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria.” She smiled. “I got that from the cover of your book: Failure of States.” Heaverted his eyes to enjoy this fame in the correct manner— with humility, he hoped she would easily see through. This black Scotswoman surely knew her tread, he thought.

“when I heard you were heard at The Seamount Hotel, Dr Afolabi, I decided to come and seeyou. So

here I am. This is also funny.” “Funny?”

“Yes. I expected to see an academic scarecrow dressed in jeans. Instead, I see a well- dressedman who might well be a business person…”

Explain what happens immediately g) Explain the meaning of the following before thisexcerpt.
Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. (4 marks)
Discuss one theme evident in this excerpt. (2 marks)
Discuss two-character traits of Fiona in the excerpt. (4 marks)
Briefly explain what happens what happens after this excerpt. (2 marks)
How are Afolabi’s thoughts in his book fulfilled later in the book? Briefly explain
Autobiography

POSSIBLE KCSE EXCERPT 5

“Why do you want to steal my wife?””The word I used is ‘marry’. You prefer ‘steal’?””What good is she to you?” Kimani cursed himself for that wording: he had degraded notonly his wife but also himself, and in the same breath, upgraded his foe.”What good is she to me? Because she is much older than I am? — is that what you mean?Then hear my answer. Old is gold.”Mr Walomu’s opponents had a different answer: ‘ ‘When a cat gets into a pigeon coop,” theysaid, “it kills all the pigeons it finds there, not just those it will eat”.

Mr Walomu had already eaten three pigeons and now had in his paws a fourth: Asiya. Strewnalong his path, lay many others he had killed but not eaten. So who could say for sure that,months hence, Asiya would not become one of these?Mr Walomu’s opponents continued. “As for what you call ‘stealing’, a professor in Texassaysthat lots of people do it. He threw in a Swahili to support his claim.

“Na hivyo ndivyo ilivyo.” To help it along, he gave an appropriate English equivalent. “Andthat’s how the cookie crumbles.”That was mockery Professor Kimani felt had to reject. “You have three beautiful wives,” hebegan. This was a silly start, as even he realised. Had he not sounded like an envious loser?Nonetheless, he went on. “All of them are young.””And young they’ll still be the day I die,” Walomu added.”Karanja, you know the saying: ‘A real bull dies with green grass in its mouth’ .”

Identify and illustrate two-character traits of Walomu in the excerpt . (4 marks)
Then hear my answer. (Add a question tag ) (1 mark).
Discuss two themes raised in the excerpt. (4 marks)
Identify and illustrate three stylistic devices used in the excerpt. (6 marks)
To help it along, he gave an approximate English equivalent. (Rewrite beginning withthe main clause) (1 mark).

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Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Father of Nation

Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s achievement as the founder of Pakistan, dominates everything else he did in his long and crowded public life spanning some 42 years. Yet, by any standard, his was an eventful life, his personality multidimensional and his achievements in other fields were many, if not equally great.

Indeed, several were the roles he had played with distinction: at one time or another, he was one of the greatest legal luminaries India had produced during the first half of the century, an `ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity, a great onstitutionalist, a distinguished parliamentarian, a top-notch politician, an indefatigable freedom-fighter, a dynamic Muslim leader, a political strategist and, above all one of the great nation-builders of modern times.

What, however, makes him so remarkable is the fact that while similar other leaders assumed the leadership of traditionally well-defined nations and espoused their cause, or led them to freedom, he created a nation out of an inchoate and down-trodeen minority and established a cultural and national home for it. And all that within a decase. For over three decades before he successful culmination in 1947, of the Muslim struggle for freedom in the South-Asian subcontinent, Jinnah had provided political leadership to the Indian Muslims: initially as one of the leaders, but later, since 1947, as the only prominent leader- the Quaid-i-Azam.

For over thirty years, he had guided their affairs; he had given expression, coherence and direction to their ligitimate aspirations and cherished dreams; he had formulated these into concerete demands; and, above all, he had striven all the while to get them conceded by both the ruling British and the numerous Hindus the ominant segment of India’s population. And for over thirty years he had fought, relentlessly and inexorably, for the inherent rights of the Muslims for an honourable existence in the subcontinent.

Indeed, his life story constitutes, as it were, the story of the rebirth of the Muslims of the subcontinent and their spectacular rise to nationhood, phoenixlike. Early Life Born on December 25, 1876, in a prominent mercantile family in Karachi and educated at the Sindh Madrassat-ul-Islam and the Christian Mission School at his birth place,Jinnah joined the Lincoln’s Inn in 1893 to become the oungest Indian to be called to the Bar, three years later.

Starting out in the legal profession withknothing to fall back upon except his native ability and determination, young Jinnah rose to prominence and became Bombay’s most successful lawyer, as few did, within a few years. Once he was firmly established in the legal profession, Jinnah formally entered politics in 1905 from the platform of the Indian National Congress. He went to England in that year alongwith Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915), as a member of a Congress delegation to plead the cause of Indian self- overnemnt during the British elections.

A year later, he served as Secretary to Dadabhai Noaroji(1825-1917), the then Indian National Congress President, which was considered a great honour for a budding politician. Here, at the Calcutta Congress session (December 1906), he also made his first political speech in support of the resolution on self-government. Political Career Three years later, in January 1910, Jinnah was elected to the newly- constituted Imperial Legislative Council. All through his parliamentary career, which spanned some four decades, he was probably the most powerful oice in the cause of Indian freedom and Indian rights.

Jinnah, who was also the first Indian to pilot a private member’s Bill through the Council, soon became a leader of a group inside the legislature. Mr. Montagu (1879- 1924), Secretary of State for India, at the close of the First World War, considered Jinnah “perfect mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with dialecties… “Jinnah, he felt, “is a very clever man, and it is, of course, an outrage that such a man should have no chance of running the affairs of his own country. ” For about three decades since his entry into politics in 1906, Jinnah assionately believed in and assiduously worked for Hindu-Muslim unity.

Gokhale, the foremost Hindu leader before Gandhi, had once said of him, “He has the true stuff in him and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity: And, to be sure, he did become the architect of Hindu-Muslim Unity: he was responsible for the Congress-League Pact of 1916, known popularly as Lucknow Pact- the only pact ever signed between the two political organisations, the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, representing, as they did, the two major ommunities in the subcontinent.

The Congress-League scheme embodied in this pact was to become the basis for the Montagu-Chemlsford Reforms, also known as the Act of 1919. In retrospect, the Lucknow Pact represented a milestone in the evolution of Indian politics. For one thing, it conceded Muslims the right to separate electorate, reservation of seats in the legislatures and weightage in representation both at the Centre and the minority provinces. Thus, their retention was ensured in the next phase of reforms.

For another, it represented a tacit recognition of the All-India Muslim League as the epresentative organisation of the Muslims, thus strengthening the trend towards Muslim individuality in Indian politics. And to Jinnah goes the credit for all this. Thus, by 1917, Jinnah came to be recognised among both Hindus and Muslims as one of India’s most outstanding political leaders. Not only was he prominent in the Congress and the Imperial Legislative Council, he was also the President of the All-India Muslim and that of lthe Bombay Branch of the Home Rule League.

More important, because of his key- role in the Congress-League entente at Lucknow, he was hailed as the mbassador, as well as the embodiment, of Hindu-Muslim unity. Constitutional Struggle In subsequent years, however, he felt dismayed at the injection of violence into politics. Since Jinnah stood for “ordered progress”, moderation, gradualism and constitutionalism, he felt that political terrorism was not the pathway to national liberation but, the dark alley to disaster and destruction.

Hence, the constitutionalist Jinnah could not possibly, countenance Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi’s novel methods of Satyagrah (civil disobedience) and the triple boycott of government-aided schools and olleges, courts and councils and British textiles. Earlier, in October 1920, when Gandhi, having been elected President of the Home Rule League, sought to change its constitution as well as its nomenclature, Jinnah had resigned from the Home Rule League, saying: “Your extreme programme has for the moment struck the imagination mostly of the inexperienced youth and the ignorant and the illiterate.

All this means disorganisation and choas”. Jinnah did not believe that ends justified the means. In the ever-growing frustration among the masses caused by colonial rule, there was ample cause for extremism. But, Gandhi’s doctrine of non- cooperation, Jinnah felt, even as Rabindranath Tagore(1861-1941) did also feel, was at best one of negation and despair: it might lead to the building up of resentment, but nothing constructive. Hence, he opposed tooth and nail the tactics adopted by Gandhi to exploit the Khilafat and wrongful tactics in the Punjab in the early twenties.

On the eve of its adoption of the Gandhian programme, Jinnah warned the Nagpur Congress Session (1920): “you are making a declaration (of Swaraj within a year) and committing the Indian National Congress to a programme, which you will not e able to carry out”. He felt that there was no short-cut to independence and that Gandhi’s extra-constitutional methods could only lead to political terrorism, lawlessness and chaos, without bringing India nearer to the threshold of freedom. The future course of events was not only to confirm Jinnah’s worst fears, but also to prove him right.

Although Jinnah left the Congress soon thereafter, he continued his efforts towards bringing about a Hindu-Muslim entente, which he rightly considered “the most vital condition of Swaraj”. However, because of the deep distrust between the two communities as videnced by the country-wide communal riots, and because the Hindus failed to meet the genuine demands of the Muslims, his efforts came to naught. One such effort was the formulation of the Delhi Muslim Proposals in March, 1927.

In order to bridge Hindu-Muslim differences on the constitutional plan, these proposals even waived the Muslim right to separate electorate, the most basic Muslim demand since 1906, which though recognised by the congress in the Lucknow Pact, had again become a source of friction between the two communities. surprisingly though, the Nehru Report (1928), which epresented the Congress-sponsored proposals for the future constitution of India, negated the minimum Muslim demands embodied in the Delhi Muslim Proposals.

In vain did Jinnah argue at the National convention (1928): “What we want is that Hindus and Mussalmans should march together until our object is achieved… These two communities have got to be reconciled and united and made to feel that their interests are common”. The Convention’s blank refusal to accept Muslim demands represented the most devastating setback to Jinnah’s life-long efforts to bring about Hindu-Muslim unity, it meant the last straw” for the Muslims, and “the parting of the ways” for him, as he confessed to a Parsee friend at that time.

Jinnah’s disillusionment at the course of politics in the subcontinent prompted him to migrate and settle down in London in the early thirties. He was, however, to return to India in 1934, at the pleadings of his co-religionists, and assume their leadership. But, the Muslims presented a sad spectacle at that time. They were a mass of disgruntled and demoralised men and women, politically disorganised and destitute of a clear-cut political programme.

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Fathers of Nations Sample Essay Questions and Answers

1. write an essay using examples from paul b. vitta's fathers of nations to demonstrate how revenge only makes things worse..

We occasionally suffer at the hands of others. We usually feel compelled to avenge or retaliate. Seeking vengeance, on the other hand, causes additional suffering or anguish, as in the example of Professor Kimani and Engineer Tahir in Paul B. Vitta's Fathers of Nations .

To begin with, when Professor Kimani's wife abandons him for a rogue member of parliament, he pursues vengeance but ends up in even more anguish. Professor Kimani's career as a revolutionary educator begins when he accepts a position as a high-flying senior lecturer at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Nairobi. In addition, he marries Asiya Omondi, a campus beauty. This was before he became a professor. When Walomu steals his wife, his problems begin. When Asiya informs him that she is leaving him for Walomu, he wonders if it is for financial reasons. Professors used to earn more than MPs. MPs now earn hundreds of times more and are not required to pay taxes, a legal coup. As a result of the recession, Professor Kimani is cash-strapped. He eats at a low-end restaurant, and his car breaks down once again and he plans fix it when he earns his next paycheck an indication of hard financial times he is facing. Asiya humiliates him by urging him to leave teaching to pursue politics like Newton Walomu, who now owns four cars in comparison to Kimani, who only has a dying old Toyota. It breaks the professor's heart that he lost his wife to a loud fellow and former junior colleague. After his daughter Tuni's death, Asiya despises Professor Kimani, and her resentment and depression lead to her choice to break their thirty-year marriage. She mocks him by suggesting that Tuni would still be alive if Professor Kimani possessed a real car. He merely defends himself, stating Tuni did not perish in their car. Asiya Omondi is sixty years old when she decides to leave him after thirty years in marriage with professor Kimani. Pushed by a desire to revenge Kimani visits Walomu's office. He insults the MP and even attempts to physically assault him. Kimani is in even more pain as a result of the lack of closure. Walomu humiliates him by providing "wife-stealing" figures from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Greece. He also boasts about his three beautiful wives, making Kimani appear to be a green-eyed sore loser.Professor Kimani desire to seek revenge leads to beening imprisoned for six months for assaulting a member of parliament, in addition to this humiliation. For tarnishing the university's image, he is also demoted from professor to senior lecturer which are all as a result of trying to seek revenge. Tuni's death, Asiya's abandonment, and the institution's abuse all put him to the test. These three setbacks harden into resentment. He is exhausted from not getting enough sleep following his prison sentence. He even decides to leave his job as a teacher, which he had planned to do for the rest of his life. Seeking vengeance will almost certainly cause more harm than good and add salt to the wound.

In addition, in an attempt to revenge his wife Ziliza, Comrade Melusi Ngobile attempts to assassinate Zimbabwe's president but is humiliated and carried away by security personnel. Zimbabwe's ruler conducts numerous atrocities against Melusi and his Ndebele tribesmen, but the loss of his beloved wife is the most painful. First, the incoming ruler refuses to appoint comrade Melusi as minister merely on the basis of ethnicity. He is Shona, but Melusi is Ndebele, and hence a potential adversary. In addition, he fires the leader of Melusi's gang for allegedly crafting a coup. The government responds harshly to anti-government protests that arise in the aftermath of this dismissal. The 5th brigade "Gukurahundi" unleashes unimaginable terror on the Ndebele insurgents, killing a large number of civilians, including Ziliza, Melusi's wife. They strangled her and sprawled her on the kitchen floor as if in mockery, her eyes staring deathly. The new ruler's hatred towards the Ndebele is a story of treachery, as both tribes fought as partners against Smith, the colonial master. On top of that, the ruler employs "Murambatsvina" to force the urban poor to leave the slums without warning or alternate accommodation. They spit Comrade Melusi out after chewing him up. He fantasises about his wife, who has been dead for 20 years, yet his hatred remains. In a photograph, she beseeches him to revenge her murder. He executes a weak salute while standing at attention and swears that he will avenge her murder. When he tries to carry out his plan of vengeance the next day, the hawk-eyed security officers at the summit seize him by the collar before he can strike the offending president - his arch nemesis. Then he is brazenly whisked away. He does not reappear when the gathering reconvenes. Revenge can be a futile endeavour that aggravates rather than alleviates the victim's grief.

Thirdly, when Engineer Seif Tahir is rejected by a junior female coworker, he becomes enraged and decides to avenge. This vengeance does not bring him peace rather he becomes much more agitated. It is only causing him misery. Tahir falls in love with Rahma, an Arabic word that means "very kind." She has huge eyes and a beautiful smile. She is stunning. Rahma is a million miles younger than Tahir. Tahir is at a disadvantage because of the rank differential. This is because he cannot bear the humiliation of being rejected by a junior colleague. Tahir regrets obsequiously saying “Sabah Kher” and quickly invites Rahma for tomato soup assertively. Being a Wednesday he proposes a tomato soup date over the weekend and gives the lady four days notice. She doesn't say anything, yet her large eyes gleam brightly. She also gives him a huge smile that shows off her beautiful white teeth and enormous purple gums. Tahir detects a dimple on her left cheek as well. In accordance with Libyan tradition, she wears a head veil. Tahir recommends they get together on Saturday. She says no. A sweet not to conceal her eagerness to accept the tomato soup offer. A Libyan woman's eagerness to say yes would be inappropriate. Tahir misidentifies the sweet deceitful no as a nasty no. He can't take the rude rejection any longer. In a rage, he storms back to his office, vowing to pay back. And he exacts his retribution. He slaps Rahma during "Heritage Week" when she removes her head cover, which interferes with her laboratory job. He does it ostensibly to punish a female coworker who has violated the culture, but in reality he does it out of anger and humiliation at rejection. Rahma responds without thinking by striking back with a letter opener making Tahir loses his left eye. He spends a month in the hospital and is bitter and resentful when he is released. Pursuant to the "an eye for an eye" Hammurabic ruling, he wins the lawsuit and Rahma loses her eye. Instead of delight, Tahir is filled with persistent sadness and self-hatred as a result of his vengeful win. The agony is made worse by the fake eye that conceals the hole in his face. He descends into profound depression and flees Tripoli for Benghazi in order to escape nagging friends who try to talk him out of his sorrow. Indeed, vengeance only adds to the suffering rather than alleviating it.

Lastly, Rahma regrets striking back after Tahir hits her. Her immediate vengeance has far-reaching ramifications, as she discovers when the Hammurabic verdict goes against her. Rahma is Engineer Tahir’s junior colleague. When he approaches her and offers to take her out on a date, she hides her eagerness to say yes beneath layers of coyness. She simply smiles at him, her huge eyes shining brightly, but she says nothing. She answers no when he insists. But she really means it. He was required to fill in the blanks. He takes her sweet no for a nasty no and vows vengeance. He slaps Rahma as she takes her head veil off for work. Rahma does not pause to consider her next course of action. Instead of restraint, she strikes back. In her rage, she is unable to reason sensibly. She reacts instinctively after being struck initially. She fails to contemplate the long-term effects. Turning the other cheek would have been a better response, wouldn’t it? Using a letter opener, she splits engineer Tahir's left eye open. He spends a month in the hospital and returns furious and vengeful, taking her to court the following day. He claims he hit her to prevent her from mimicking Americans and dishonouring Libya. In her defence, she claims that she was temporarily insane due to tremendous provocation. When the court issues a Hammurabi verdict of "an eye for an eye," she regrets her rash deed of retribution. She sobs, but the court is unmoved. She had surgery to remove her left eye. Rahma's thirst for vengeance ultimately brings her greater misery.

In conclusion, getting even with someone else may make a bad situation even worse. Professor Kimani, Engineer Tahir, comrade Melusi, and Rahma go from one extreme to the other as they pursue their quest for vengeance.

2. Despite having gained Independence, Many African nations still grapple with Neo - colonialism which adversely affects lives. Justify this assertion with illustration from Father's of Nations by John Lara ( 20 marks )

Leaving of white man who was a colonialist paved way for Africa to be colonized by its own people who took advantage of their positions of power to mistreat the masses. After Independence , Africans decide to govern themselves putting into leadership the people they trust who can govern them better and bring change after tough times during colonial period. Their dreams do not come true as the very leaders turn their back on them and become " black Europeans" . This is evident in Father's of Nations by John Lara.

Comrade Melusi confesses to Mr Longway that there is no freedom, no work no unity as the new leader applies the tactic of divide and rule. African leaders does not discuss serious issues. They portray as individuals who lack etiquette and turn taking skills, hecklers and uncivilized. Like illiterates they shout at each other instead of breaking grounds on how to understand each other and discuss effectively.

New colonialism has brought with it many other evils, political assassination. The author paints a picture of a continent where leadership is a matter of life and death and no longer a calling. They deep their feet into leadership with hidden motives. They get to power by all means and campaigns and political ventures including killing fellow killing fellow contestants

Mp Newborn Walomu, a former junior lecturer in realizing that ignorance and education is valued and rewarded in Kenya, he dives into politics with his whole body and starts by committing atrocities to ascend to power.During the by election campaigns, Walomu use gunmen who could have been better than him This organized crimes are rampant in most African states as leaders will do anything within their powers to stay in leadership. Neo -colonialism bred rampant coups in various states in

Africa as leaders turned doctors.Only their voices were to be heard. With their insatiable thirst for power, African leaders go to greater heights at the expense of their nations to grasp power. Armies are at their disposal and they use them for their selfish gains.

Indeed, new colonialism comes with many adverse effects in the masses.

Essay on the Father of the Nation Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Essay on Quaid-E-Azam

Muhammad Ali Jinnah established Quaid-i-Azam Muslim Pakistan. Throughout the Subcontinent, he was revered as a strong leader. On December 25 December 25, 1876, he entered the world in Karachi. He was the firstborn of his parents. Mr. Poonja Jinna was a successful businessman, and Jinnah was raised with an expectation that he would one day lead the family business, but God had chosen him for a bigger purpose in life.

Essay Writing Services Pakistan has written an essay for the great hero of our country. Keep reading!

Early Life of Baba e Qom, Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

Quaid got excellent education from prestigious institutions. When he was sixteen, his parents sent him to England to attend law school. Jinnah had already established himself as a hardworking and trustworthy student abroad. He earned his Bar-at-Law degree from Lincoln Inn after studying law abroad. Four years later, he returned to India and began practicing law in Bombay. His career as a lawyer took off quickly. He became a magistrate for Bombay in 1900.

During his time in London, Quaid-e-Azam became interested in politics for the first time. He stopped working as a lawyer and became active in the Indian National Congress. Intending to defeat the British, he sought to rally Hindus and Muslims into a single force. But the Hindu leadership, in his opinion, was looking out for themselves. All India Muslim League was a group he felt compelled to join.

He advocated on behalf of a Muslim country that would be distinct from the rest of the world. With his fourteen-point list, he laid forth his aspirations for the Muslims of India. Congress did not agree with these requests. And yet, he did not give up hope. As a leader, he had a lot of determination. He endured a great deal of suffering yet never wavered from his convictions. The Muslim League voted to approve a resolution calling for a Muslim country. His obstacles were considerable, yet he never let them stop him. He had the same unwavering resolve and firmness as a mountain.

Quaid-e-Azam was an exceptional public speaker. He had to give several public addresses as part of his fight for Pakistan. In his public speaking, he always came across quite well. He spoke extensively about the topic, covering every angle. After much perseverance, he finally achieved his goal. On August 14 August 1947, Pakistan's independence was declared. As Pakistan's first Governor-General, he made history. The nation benefited immensely from his tireless efforts.

The road to success is paved with hard effort. It was common knowledge within the Quaid-i-circle. He was a diligent worker who always got the job done. To help others was second nature to him. His health wasn't great, yet he still spent long hours serving his country. He cared for and contributed to his country. He traveled extensively across India to bring about a change in the Muslim community there. He had to deal with everything, yet he never seemed tired.s Due to such traits of our great leader, Muslims today has a renewed sense of purpose and optimism. Finally, he was able to provide India's Muslim minority a place of their own. As of now, we are living in a completely sovereign country. Efforts made by our great leader, the Quaid-e-Azam, are responsible for this.

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Gender pay gap in U.S. hasn’t changed much in two decades

The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. These results are similar to where the pay gap stood in 2002, when women earned 80% as much as men.

A chart showing that the Gender pay gap in the U.S. has not closed in recent years, but is narrower among young workers

As has long been the case, the wage gap is smaller for workers ages 25 to 34 than for all workers 16 and older. In 2022, women ages 25 to 34 earned an average of 92 cents for every dollar earned by a man in the same age group – an 8-cent gap. By comparison, the gender pay gap among workers of all ages that year was 18 cents.

While the gender pay gap has not changed much in the last two decades, it has narrowed considerably when looking at the longer term, both among all workers ages 16 and older and among those ages 25 to 34. The estimated 18-cent gender pay gap among all workers in 2022 was down from 35 cents in 1982. And the 8-cent gap among workers ages 25 to 34 in 2022 was down from a 26-cent gap four decades earlier.

The gender pay gap measures the difference in median hourly earnings between men and women who work full or part time in the United States. Pew Research Center’s estimate of the pay gap is based on an analysis of Current Population Survey (CPS) monthly outgoing rotation group files ( IPUMS ) from January 1982 to December 2022, combined to create annual files. To understand how we calculate the gender pay gap, read our 2013 post, “How Pew Research Center measured the gender pay gap.”

The COVID-19 outbreak affected data collection efforts by the U.S. government in its surveys, especially in 2020 and 2021, limiting in-person data collection and affecting response rates. It is possible that some measures of economic outcomes and how they vary across demographic groups are affected by these changes in data collection.

In addition to findings about the gender wage gap, this analysis includes information from a Pew Research Center survey about the perceived reasons for the pay gap, as well as the pressures and career goals of U.S. men and women. The survey was conducted among 5,098 adults and includes a subset of questions asked only for 2,048 adults who are employed part time or full time, from Oct. 10-16, 2022. Everyone who took part is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used in this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .

The U.S. Census Bureau has also analyzed the gender pay gap, though its analysis looks only at full-time workers (as opposed to full- and part-time workers). In 2021, full-time, year-round working women earned 84% of what their male counterparts earned, on average, according to the Census Bureau’s most recent analysis.

Much of the gender pay gap has been explained by measurable factors such as educational attainment, occupational segregation and work experience. The narrowing of the gap over the long term is attributable in large part to gains women have made in each of these dimensions.

Related: The Enduring Grip of the Gender Pay Gap

Even though women have increased their presence in higher-paying jobs traditionally dominated by men, such as professional and managerial positions, women as a whole continue to be overrepresented in lower-paying occupations relative to their share of the workforce. This may contribute to gender differences in pay.

Other factors that are difficult to measure, including gender discrimination, may also contribute to the ongoing wage discrepancy.

Perceived reasons for the gender wage gap

A bar chart showing that Half of U.S. adults say women being treated differently by employers is a major reason for the gender wage gap

When asked about the factors that may play a role in the gender wage gap, half of U.S. adults point to women being treated differently by employers as a major reason, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in October 2022. Smaller shares point to women making different choices about how to balance work and family (42%) and working in jobs that pay less (34%).

There are some notable differences between men and women in views of what’s behind the gender wage gap. Women are much more likely than men (61% vs. 37%) to say a major reason for the gap is that employers treat women differently. And while 45% of women say a major factor is that women make different choices about how to balance work and family, men are slightly less likely to hold that view (40% say this).

Parents with children younger than 18 in the household are more likely than those who don’t have young kids at home (48% vs. 40%) to say a major reason for the pay gap is the choices that women make about how to balance family and work. On this question, differences by parental status are evident among both men and women.

Views about reasons for the gender wage gap also differ by party. About two-thirds of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (68%) say a major factor behind wage differences is that employers treat women differently, but far fewer Republicans and Republican leaners (30%) say the same. Conversely, Republicans are more likely than Democrats to say women’s choices about how to balance family and work (50% vs. 36%) and their tendency to work in jobs that pay less (39% vs. 30%) are major reasons why women earn less than men.

Democratic and Republican women are more likely than their male counterparts in the same party to say a major reason for the gender wage gap is that employers treat women differently. About three-quarters of Democratic women (76%) say this, compared with 59% of Democratic men. And while 43% of Republican women say unequal treatment by employers is a major reason for the gender wage gap, just 18% of GOP men share that view.

Pressures facing working women and men

Family caregiving responsibilities bring different pressures for working women and men, and research has shown that being a mother can reduce women’s earnings , while fatherhood can increase men’s earnings .

A chart showing that about two-thirds of U.S. working mothers feel a great deal of pressure to focus on responsibilities at home

Employed women and men are about equally likely to say they feel a great deal of pressure to support their family financially and to be successful in their jobs and careers, according to the Center’s October survey. But women, and particularly working mothers, are more likely than men to say they feel a great deal of pressure to focus on responsibilities at home.

About half of employed women (48%) report feeling a great deal of pressure to focus on their responsibilities at home, compared with 35% of employed men. Among working mothers with children younger than 18 in the household, two-thirds (67%) say the same, compared with 45% of working dads.

When it comes to supporting their family financially, similar shares of working moms and dads (57% vs. 62%) report they feel a great deal of pressure, but this is driven mainly by the large share of unmarried working mothers who say they feel a great deal of pressure in this regard (77%). Among those who are married, working dads are far more likely than working moms (60% vs. 43%) to say they feel a great deal of pressure to support their family financially. (There were not enough unmarried working fathers in the sample to analyze separately.)

About four-in-ten working parents say they feel a great deal of pressure to be successful at their job or career. These findings don’t differ by gender.

Gender differences in job roles, aspirations

A bar chart showing that women in the U.S. are more likely than men to say they're not the boss at their job - and don't want to be in the future

Overall, a quarter of employed U.S. adults say they are currently the boss or one of the top managers where they work, according to the Center’s survey. Another 33% say they are not currently the boss but would like to be in the future, while 41% are not and do not aspire to be the boss or one of the top managers.

Men are more likely than women to be a boss or a top manager where they work (28% vs. 21%). This is especially the case among employed fathers, 35% of whom say they are the boss or one of the top managers where they work. (The varying attitudes between fathers and men without children at least partly reflect differences in marital status and educational attainment between the two groups.)

In addition to being less likely than men to say they are currently the boss or a top manager at work, women are also more likely to say they wouldn’t want to be in this type of position in the future. More than four-in-ten employed women (46%) say this, compared with 37% of men. Similar shares of men (35%) and women (31%) say they are not currently the boss but would like to be one day. These patterns are similar among parents.

Note: This is an update of a post originally published on March 22, 2019. Anna Brown and former Pew Research Center writer/editor Amanda Barroso contributed to an earlier version of this analysis. Here are the questions used in this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .

What is the gender wage gap in your metropolitan area? Find out with our pay gap calculator

Gender & Work
Gender Equality & Discrimination
Gender Pay Gap
Gender Roles

Women have gained ground in the nation’s highest-paying occupations, but still lag behind men

Diversity, equity and inclusion in the workplace, the enduring grip of the gender pay gap, more than twice as many americans support than oppose the #metoo movement, women now outnumber men in the u.s. college-educated labor force, most popular.

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