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Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations

Regional autonomy and patterns of democracy in indonesia.

Anies Rasyid Baswedan

Publication Date

Document type.

Dissertation/Thesis

First Advisor

King, Dwight Y.

Degree Name

Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy)

Legacy Department

Department of Political Science

Indonesia--Politics and government; Local government--Indonesia; Political participation--Indonesia

Literature on democracy frequently found that there is a strong relationship between decentralized government and democracy. Increased in political participation, government transparency, government responsiveness, and the dynamic in regional politics were found to take place as a result of a decentralized government. This research departs from one overarching question: does decentralization of political and administrative power promote democracy? Using the case of Indonesia, this study observed the effect of decentralizing policy to learn about the relationships between regional autonomy and democracy. It investigates how a uniform design of regional autonomy is being implemented in a unitary state that comprises more than 5,000 islands and whose population is one of the most diverse in the world. This research looked closely at the patterns and variations of democracy that emerged across 177 sample districts (39.5% of all districts) in Indonesia. This research, using the framework of institutionalism, reviews the effects of institutional design on the behavior of political actors at the regional level. It contributes to the literature by developing and testing a model on the relationship between decentralized government and democracy. The model was developed through previous work done by others regarding the effect of decentralized government on political participation, regional government responsiveness and transparency. This study finds that the implementation of regional autonomy does not directly increase local political participation. Regional autonomy shifted the focus of attention from national to regional political issues. It also finds that the degree of government responsiveness is influenced by the size of population. The larger the district's population, the government tends to be more responsive. Regarding transparency, this study finds that the degree of government transparency is correlated with the degree of public awareness of local politics. Specific to the case of Indonesia, the decentralized government does not influence electoral behavior at the regional level. This finding indicates that non-policy related variables have a stronger effect on the behavior of the electorates.

Includes bibliographical references (pages [210]-216).

Recommended Citation

Baswedan, Anies Rasyid, "Regional autonomy and patterns of democracy in Indonesia" (2007). Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations . 4679. https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/allgraduate-thesesdissertations/4679

x, 221 pages

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Complete Dissertation on Policy Development for the Energy Mix in Indonesia Using System Dynamics Sani, K.

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UC Riverside

Desire and Dangdut Koplo: Women’s Aspirations and Mobility in Indonesia’s Most Popular Music

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)'

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Suratno, Antonius. "Metadiscursive interaction in research articles : a case of Indonesian scholars writing in Bahasa Indonesia and English." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608353.

Suwono, S. "Tense, aspect and time concepts in English and Bahasa Indonesia: Pedagogical implications." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1993. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1151.

Jubhari, Ria Rosdiana. "Cultural influences on the rhetorical structure of undergraduate thesis introductions in Bahasa Indonesia and English." Monash University, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9373.

Arnez, Monika. "Politische Gewalt und Macht in indonesischer Literatur von 1945 bis zur Gegenwart." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965528235.

Sugirin, (Sugirin), and sugirin@uny ac id. "The comprehension strategies of above average English as a foreign language (EFL) readers." Deakin University. School of Social and Cultural Studies in Education, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20080828.092848.

Thimm, Ulrike. "Frauen in Literatur und Gesellschaft ein Vergleich zwischen Vietnam und Indonesien." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2996493&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

Siahaan, Poppy. "Metaphorische Konzepte im Deutschen und im Indonesischen Herz, Leber, Kopf, Auge und Hand." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/985926902/04.

Verdizade, Allahverdi. "Selected topics in the phonology and morphosyntaxof Laboya : A field study." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-174177.

Carstens, Renate [Verfasser], Harry Akademischer Betreuer] Spitzbardt, Gertrud [Akademischer Betreuer] [Pätsch, and Kurt [Akademischer Betreuer] Huber. "Die Funktionen des 'ter'-Formativs in der Bahasa Indonesia / Renate Eisengarten. Gutachter: Harry Spitzbardt ; Gertrud Pätsch ; Kurt Huber." Jena : Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024489981/34.

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From desperation to determination: Indonesian trafficking survivors demand justice

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Working abroad can be a way for Indonesians to earn much more than they could at home, and provide for their families. However, for some the journey can turn into a nightmare, with long hours, wages withheld, and abuse. The UN is working closely with the government to help bring trafficked workers home.

Rokaya needed time to recover after illness forced her to quit as a live-in maid in Malaysia and return home to Indramayu, West Java. However, under pressure from her agent who claimed two million Rupiah for her initial placement, she accepted an offer of work in Erbil, Iraq.

There, Ms. Rokaya found herself responsible for taking care of a family’s sprawling compound—working from 6 a.m. until after midnight, seven days per week.

As exhaustion worsened the headaches and vision problems that had originally forced her to leave Malaysia, Ms. Rokaya’s host family refused to take her to a doctor and confiscated her mobile phone. “I was not given any day off. I barely had time for a break,” she said. “It felt like a prison.” 

Physical and sexual abuse

The hardships Ms. Rokaya endured will be familiar to the 544 Indonesian migrant workers the UN migration agency ( IOM ) assisted between 2019 and 2022, in association with the Indonesian Migrant Workers’ Union (SBMI). Many of them experienced physical, psychological and sexual abuse overseas. That caseload comes despite a moratorium Jakarta imposed on work in 21 countries in the Middle East and North Africa in 2015, following Saudi Arabia’s execution of two Indonesian maids. 

To mitigate the humanitarian impact of trafficking in person, IOM works with Indonesia’s Government to shore up the regulatory environment on labour migration; trains law enforcement to better respond to trafficking cases; and works with partners like SBMI to protect migrant workers from exploitation – and, if necessary, repatriate them.

“Cases like Ms. Rokaya’s underscore the need for victim-centric approaches and for strengthening the protection system to prevent migrant workers from falling prey to trafficking in persons,” says Jeffrey Labovitz, IOM’s Chief of Mission for Indonesia.

After a clandestinely recorded video of Ms. Rokaya went viral and reached SBMI, the government intervened to get her released. However, she says her agency illegally extracted the cost of her return airfare from her wages and—with a hand around her throat—forced her to sign a document absolving them of responsibility. She now knows better: “We need to really be careful about the information that is given to us, because when we miss key details, we pay the price.”

Ms. Rokaya is relieved to be back home, she adds, but has no recourse to claim the money extorted from her.

A fear of failure

It is an all-too-common situation, says SBMI’s chairman Hariyono Surwano, because victims are often reluctant to share details of their experience overseas: “They fear being seen as a failure because they went overseas to improve their financial situation but returned with money problems.”

It is not only victims’ shame that affects the slow progress of trafficking case prosecutions. Legal ambiguity and the difficulties authorities face prosecuting cases also pose obstacles, compounded by the police sometimes blaming victims for their situation. SBMI data shows around 3,335 Indonesian victims of trafficking in the Middle East between 2015 and the middle of 2023. While most have returned to Indonesia, only two per cent have been able to access justice. 

Around 3.3 million Indonesians were employed abroad in 2021, according to Bank Indonesia, on top of more than five million undocumented migrant workers the Indonesian agency for the protection of migrant workers (BP2MI) estimates are overseas. More than three quarters of Indonesian migrant labourers work low-skill jobs that can pay up to six times more than the rate at home, with some 70 per cent of returnees reporting that employment abroad was a positive experience that improved their welfare, according to the World Bank. 

Unpaid 20-hour days

For those who become victims of trafficking, the experience is rarely positive. At SBMI’s Jakarta headquarters, fisherman Saenudin, from Java’s Thousand Islands, explained how in 2011 he signed a contract to work on a foreign fishing vessel, hoping to give his family a better life. Once at sea, he was forced to work 20-hour days hauling in nets and dividing catch and was only paid for the first three of his 24 months of gruelling labour.

In December 2013, South African authorities detained the vessel off Cape Town, where it had been fishing illegally, and held Mr. Saenudin for three months before IOM and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs helped him and 73 other Indonesian seafarers to repatriate. 

In the nine years since, Mr. Saenudin has been fighting to recover 21 months of missing pay, a legal battle that forced him to sell everything he owns except his house. “The struggle tore me from my family,” he says.

An IOM survey of more than 200 prospective Indonesian fishers provided actionable insights to the government for enhancing recruitment processes, associated fees, pre-departure training, and migration management. In 2022, IOM trained 89 judges, legal practitioners, and paralegals on adjudicating trafficking in persons cases, including the application of child victim and gender-sensitive approaches, as well as 162 members of anti-trafficking task forces in East Nusa Tenggara and North Kalimantan provinces. 

For Mr. Saenudin, improvements in case handling can’t come soon enough. Still, the resolve of the fisherman shows no cracks. “I’m willing to keep going, even if it takes forever,” he said.

• human trafficking

In Indonesia, deforestation is intensifying disasters from severe weather and climate change

Since 1950, more than 74 million hectares of indonesian rainforest have been logged, burned or degraded for development of palm oil, paper and rubber plantations, mining and other commodities.

Roads turned to murky brown rivers, homes were swept away by strong currents and bodies were pulled from mud during deadly flash floods and landslides after torrential rains hit West Sumatra in early March, marking one of the latest deadly natural disasters in Indonesia .

Government officials blamed the floods on heavy rainfall, but environmental groups have cited the disaster as the latest example of deforestation and environmental degradation intensifying the effects of severe weather across Indonesia.

“This disaster occurred not only because of extreme weather factors, but because of the ecological crisis,” Indonesian environmental rights group Indonesian Forum for the Environment wrote in a statement. “If the environment continues to be ignored, then we will continue to reap ecological disasters.”

A vast tropical archipelago stretching across the equator, Indonesia is home to the world’s third-largest rainforest, with a variety of endangered wildlife and plants, including orangutans, elephants, giant and blooming forest flowers. Some live nowhere else.

For generations the forests have also provided livelihoods, food, and medicine while playing a central role in cultural practices for millions of Indigenous residents in Indonesia.

Since 1950, more than 74 million hectares (285,715 square miles) of Indonesian rainforest — an area twice the size of Germany — have been logged, burned or degraded for development of palm oil, paper and rubber plantations, mining and other commodities according to Global Forest Watch.

Indonesia is the biggest producer of palm oil, one of the largest exporters of coal and a top producer of pulp for paper. It also exports oil and gas, rubber, tin and other resources. And it also has the world’s largest reserves of nickel — a critical material for electric vehicles, solar panels and other goods needed for the green energy transition.

Indonesia has consistently ranked as one of the largest global emitters of plant-warming greenhouse gases, with its emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and peatland fires, according to the Global Carbon Project.

It’s also highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, including extreme events such as floods and droughts, long-term changes from sea level rise, shifts in rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures, according to the World Bank. In recent decades the country has already seen the effects of climate change: More intense rains, landslides and floods during the rainy season , and more fires during a longer dry season.

But forests can help play a vital role in reducing the impact of some extreme weather events, said Aida Greenbury, a sustainability expert focusing on Indonesia.

Flooding can be slowed by trees and vegetation soaking up rainwater and reducing erosion. In dry season, forests release moisture that helps mitigate the effects of droughts, including fires.

But when forests diminish, those benefits do as well.

A 2017 study reported that forest conversion and deforestation expose bare soil to rainfall, causing soil erosion. Frequent harvesting activities — such as done on palm oil plantations — and the removal of ground vegetation leads to further soil compaction, causing rain to run off the surface instead of entering groundwater reservoirs. Downstream erosion also increases sediment in rivers, making rivers shallower and increasing flood risks, according to the research.

After the deadly floods in Sumatra in early March, West Sumatra Gov. Mahyeldi Ansharullah said there were strong indications of illegal logging around locations affected by floods and landslides. That, coupled with extreme rainfall, inadequate drainage systems and improper housing development, contributed to the disaster, he said.

Experts and environmental activists have pointed to deforestation worsening disasters in other regions of Indonesia as well: In 2021 environmental activists partially blamed deadly floods in Kalimantan on environmental degradation caused by large-scale mining and palm oil operations. In Papua, deforestation was partially blamed for floods and landslides that killed over a hundred people in 2019.

There have been some signs of progress: In 2018 Indonesian President Joko Widodo put a three-year freeze on new permits for palm oil plantations. And the rate of deforestation slowed between 2021-2022, according to government data.

But experts warn that it’s unlikely deforestation in Indonesia will stop anytime soon as the government continues to move forward with new mining and infrastructure projects such as new nickel smelters and cement factories.

“A lot of land use and land-based investment permits have already been given to businesses, and a lot of these areas are already prone to disasters,” said Arie Rompas, an Indonesia-based forestry expert at Greenpeace.

President-elect Prabowo Subianto, who is scheduled to take office in October, has promised to continue Widodo’s policy of development, to include large-scale food estates, mining and other infrastructure development that are all linked to deforestation.

Environmental watchdogs also warn that environmental protections in Indonesia are weakening, including the passing of the controversial Omnibus Law, which eliminated an article of the Forestry Law regarding the minimum area of forest that must be maintained at development projects.

“The removal of that article makes us very worried (about deforestation) for the years to come,” said Rompas.

While experts and activists recognize that development is essential for Indonesia’s economy to continue to go, they argue that it should be done in a way that considers the environment and incorporates better land planning.

“We can’t continue down the same path we’ve been on,” said sustainability expert Greenbury. “We need to make sure that the soil, the land in the forest doesn’t become extinct.”

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