an essay on substance abuse

Substance Abuse - List of Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

Substance abuse and homelessness.

Homelessness is becoming a more and more prevalent issue in America as years progress. Drive through any city's downtown area and you're bound to see at least one, if not many more, homeless individuals or families residing along the streets or in homeless camps. In many cases, these people have been suffering from homelessness for years and this has simply become their norm; this is known as chronic homelessness. Although this has become a way of life for many, homelessness […]

Substance Abuse and Development

Substance abuse can be defined as the overindulgence in addictive substance or the reliance on an addictive substance, especially illicit drugs like crystal methamphetamine and others. Methamphetamine, or meth, as it is popularly called is a highly addictive stimulant that creates a feeling of energy, heightened alertness and euphoria. It is synthetically prepared, using toxic and flammable chemicals and side effects include irregular and rapid heartbeat, hyperthermia, convulsions, stroke, insomnia, high blood pressure, restlessness, and tremors . Meth can be […]

Drug Addictions

Drug addictions are something that many people in America face. A lot of families today face a person who is a drug addict or an alcoholic and this is breaking up families. People can help people addicted to drugs by providing community support, education,and teaching drug addicts how to deal with stress after overcoming addiction. Community and support groups are a great ways and opportunities for recovering addicts to be able to meet and befriend people who are also going […]

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NIH Principles of Substance Abuse Prevention for Early Childhood

Lifespan development focuses on changes that occur within a person from the beginning of their conception until their death. Lifespan development incorporates not only the physical changes one acquires throughout time, but also the cognitive, emotional, and social changes. Humans have the capability of constant change, especially when exposed to different incidents or environments that can influence their choices, but as time goes on this change can become harder to achieve. At least four stages of lifespan development are observed, […]

The Role of Social Workers: Counselors in Substance Abuse

Drug and substance abuse has skyrocketed in the last ten years. In the United States sixteen percent of kids over the age of 12 are addicted to alcohol, illegal drugs, or nicotine. Nearly seventeen percent of adults age sixty or older are also abusing substances. It's estimated that about five percent of the population around the globe is addicted to an illicit drug or mind altering substance. According to a Robert Johnson Foundation report, the abuse of substance and tobacco […]

What are some Solutions to Drug Abuse?

Nowadays, many people have thought that drugs are viable solution for personal problems or any other situations that affect the life of a person, but eventually, if a person reads the words drugs, it becomes a real problem in the current society. Therefore, there are factors that expose the drugs as an issue in the society. How can we understand this point? First, the abuse of different substances and drugs are one of the most common situations that teenagers and […]

Prenatal Substance Abuse

Substance abuse has been an issue for society throughout the history. No one race, gender, or people of a socioeconomic status has been exempted from this epidemic. However, prenatal substance abuse has continued to be major issue in America because we believe no other population to be vulnerable than those of developing fetuses and children who are unable to protect themselves. A fetus health and development will directly be impacted by a mother who abuses substances. Whatever the mother eats, […]

Substance Abuse and Addiction: Choice or Disease

Substance abuse and addiction will always be a hot topic, especially in the world we live. Drugs and alcohol are everywhere no matter where you live. There are those who are the occasional users and those who use all the time. Within the last year we have seen neighbors stick themselves with a needle and get high as well as receive Narcan in order to revive them. Scary to think it can be so close to home. You will find […]

Teenage Drug Abuse

There is a major concern about the teenage drug use today. Within the ages 15 through 24, fifty percent of deaths (from homicides, accidents, suicides) involve drugs. The two common reasons why teens use drugs are anxiety and depression. Factors like peer pressure, desire to escape, curiosity, emotional struggles, and stress may also lead to the consumption of drugs or alcohol. Teens are more likely to abuse drugs than adults because the part of their brain used for judgment and […]

Substance Abuse and Mental Illnesses

One of the world’s largest and most dangerous epidemics is the raging addiction to illegal drugs and substance abuse. A 2014 study showed that more than 21 million American citizens 12 years of age and older struggle with a substance use disorder. There are many different conceptions of what it means to have an addiction, and while everyone has the right to their own opinion, the true scientific definition of addiction is: “Addiction is a complex disease of the brain […]

Substance Abuse and Family Struggles

People that suffer from substance abuse have a hard time going through rehab therapy due to the lack of support from family members. I believe that family members should join family therapy because there is always something new that a person can learn about themselves. Also, families can also learn something new about other family members. What are some of the issues surrounding substance abuse? Substance abuse affects the lively hood of a person, it also can affect a person's […]

Poverty and Drug Abuse Addiction

One popular stereotype associated with drug use is that it is rampant among the poor. However, this is not entirely true since insufficient money linked with the poor cannot probably sustain drug use. The link between the two factors is multifaceted, and the connectedness of poverty is complex. Poverty entails unstable family and interpersonal associations, low-skilled jobs and low status, high arrest degrees, illegitimacy, school dropping out, deprived physical health, high mental conditions, and high mortality rates. Such factors resemble […]

Alcohol and Substance Abuse

When adolescents begin experimenting with drugs and alcohol many parents believe their children are just going through a rebellious stage, but that is not always the case (11 Reasons Why Teenagers Experiment with Drugs, 2016). There are many reasons why adolescents begin experimenting with drugs and it may lead to a serious addiction. Boredom is the most common reason why adolescents begin experiment with drugs and alcohol. They have too much time on their hand, so they experiment as a […]

Depression and Substance Abuse

Depression is a very serious mood disorder that can affect and influence your mood, how you might feel and engage in certain activities that you may have once enjoyed before having some negative feelings and emotions that are significant factors when we think about depression. Depression and the co-morbidity of substance abuse is a rising epidemic that is becoming a more prevalent diagnosis in our society through the means of self-medication or abusing substances to cope with the anxiety or […]

Substance Abuse in American Culture

Substance abuse has always had a constant presence in American culture but was never seen in the limelight. The society has always talked down on its victims and tried to shield the youth away. According to research, throughout the past four generations, every generation had addiction problems and this shielding process hasn't helped. The youth and parents should be informed about the risks of substance abuse and schools should be taking on a larger role, instead of shying away from […]

Substance Abuse in Different Races

Have you ever wondered what types of drugs are common between races? Sociologist Collect data through surveys and test to figure out what type of drugs are used among different races and ethnicities. Substance abuse causes millions of illnesses and injuries among people who decide to use drugs. According to data collected African American teens are arrested at a rate 10 times more than of Caucasian teens. Research has also found that caucasians are more likely to develop substance abuse […]

Cause and Effect of Child Abuse

Cause and Effect of Child Abuse Abuse impacts an individual negatively and follows them the rest of their life. Child abuse is horrific as the abuse is often from the very person that is supposed to protect the child. The abuse isn't always physical but can be mental, sexual, and neglectful. Many factors can influence a child's reaction to the traumas that they experience such as age, how far developmentally they are, the type of abuse, how long the abuse […]

The Effects of Parental Substance Abuse on the Development of Children

Substance abuse has been a recurring theme of concern when considering the impact it can have on children in the environment in which they grow up in. When individuals become addicted, it can lead to neglect in childcare with the focus remaining on feeling the highs from the substance of choice. It also becomes difficult to prevent relapse if an individual is able to obtain sobriety. To begin, information will be reviewed on the effects of prenatal drug exposure and […]

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse

Up to 60 percent of chronic schizophrenic patients have been reported to be substance abusers (Hambrecht 1). The comorbidity of drugs and alcohol asks the question if one disorder causes another disorder. From a collected sample of 232 schizophrenic patients, alcohol abuse prior to admission was found in 24 percent (Hambrecht 2). Whereas, drug abuse was found in 14 percent. These rates are two times higher than the rates in the general population (Hambrecht 2). Both alcohol and drug abused […]

Substance Abuse Related to Depression

Depression is a mental health disorder that affects the mental state wellbeing of a person. It is a mental illness very commonly found in an adult age groups. Whereas, excessive use or depending on addictive substances such as alcohol and drugs refers to Substance abuse (web). The statistics of people diagnosed with depression and substance abuse can be seen as a growing problem in the society. According to the government estimate, 20% of the American adult is diagnosed with a […]

Drug and Substance Abuse

One common disease that is prevalent throughout the country is drug and substance abuse. This particular impediment remains as difficult an issue to tackle as ever before with drug abuse statistics in Georgia increasing at a shocking rate. While these numbers alone are staggering, the issues that stem from drug abuse bring forward an increase in addiction to low-income communities making this an even more pressing issue to overcome. Drug abuse has unfortunately become normalized in today's society, and the […]

Background on Drug Abuse

Drug abuse has been around for as long as the world has been created. Drug abuse dates back to the early 5000 B.C. when the Sumerians used opium, suggested by the fact that they have an ideogram for it which has been translated as HUL, meaning joy or rejoicing (Lindesmith, 2008). It then occurred often later on because indigenous South Americans chewed on coca leaves in the rainforest as a type of ritual, giving them stimulation and energy. Since then, […]

“Teenage Substance Abuse and Impacts on Academic Performance and Relationships”

Introduction The unobserved complexity of an adolescent and his or her potential severity of substance abuse results in negative consequences. Substance abuse represents a dependence on addictive substances such as alcohol or drugs. The use of tobacco, nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs during adolescent years can interfere with the brain development, reduce academic performance and increases the risk of health complications and increase family issues (NIDA, 2014). In America today, family structures have become more complex than ever. They range […]

Reviewing the Impact of Informatics on Substance Abuse Disorders and the Opioid Epidemic

Objective Drug overdoses are now the top reason for unintentional mortality in the United States, and prescription opioid abuse is a major contributor to the public health crisis (Sun et al., 2018). This review explores the contributions of informatics in combating substance abuse disorders and the opioid epidemic. Substance abuse informatics incorporates the availability and implementation of educational and preventative resources, analyzes associations and trends, identifies predictors and treatment outcomes, and establishes prescription drug monitoring programs. Methods The review was […]

Substance Abuse Among Soldiers

Substance abuse among soldiers has increased drastically due to uninformed medical personnel on base, alcohol sales outlets are more prevalent, and soldiers are resorting to alcohol to deal with PTSD instead of seeking counseling. Individuals from the military are not invulnerable to the substance utilize issues that influence whatever remains of society. Albeit illegal medication utilize is bring down among U.S. military faculty than among regular citizens, overwhelming liquor and tobacco utilize, and particularly physician endorsed sedate manhandle, are substantially […]

Childhood Maltreatment and Substance Abuse

Including in the article of the topic and discerning the studies to steer readers to be educated on the broad input of childhood maltreatment possibly going hand and hand with abuse of substances. In surrounding this topic, you can pull out the gist of all the studies and background information to bring a responsible observation that is proven. That which is humans who are brought into or raised into a childhood maltreatment experience such as, emotional or physical neglect along […]

Homelessness Problem in LA

Homelessness in LA is not an isolated case in U.S but rather public issue from 1980s since represents a huge problem for several cities as well as for largely populated states. People are facing this problem in daily basis; every time we are waiting by the traffic lights on the street, homeless people approaches to us and ask us either for a food or a change. Homeless people are people who are without a home and therefore living on the […]

The Effect of Substance Abuse on the Family System

When someone decides to start a family, they have a certain picture in their head for how the future will plan out. Mom and dad will love their child and have their best interest at heart throughout their whole life. Most parents go into it, thinking nothing will break up their bond or make them less close to their son/daughter. They believe their child is to love, cherish, and respect their grandparents and elders. They will spend quality time with […]

Sexual Re-victimization and Increase in the Chance of Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Sexual re-victimization refers to a form of sexual abuse which is insensitive and causes fear for the victims of violence. Currently, there are many kinds of research concerning the female re-victimization of few sexual assaults, child sexual abuse, and adult sexual abuse survivors. Despite this, there is little research concerning male victimization and any form of service is available to them, this is because most attention has been shifted to females leaving men behind. Also, there is variance on the […]

The Effect of Substance Abuse on Depression

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2016) state, "the consequences of undiagnosed, untreated, or undertreated co-occurring disorders can lead to a higher likelihood of experiencing homelessness, incarceration, medical illnesses, suicide, or even early death (para. 2). One strategy to support the treatment of Rhonda is to provide help with regulating her emotions rather than how to cope with alcohol and nicotine cravings. In the study from Holzhauer & Gamble (2017), it was found that women with depression and […]

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Substance Use Disorders and Addiction: Mechanisms, Trends, and Treatment Implications

• Ned H. Kalin , M.D.

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The numbers for substance use disorders are large, and we need to pay attention to them. Data from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health ( 1 ) suggest that, over the preceding year, 20.3 million people age 12 or older had substance use disorders, and 14.8 million of these cases were attributed to alcohol. When considering other substances, the report estimated that 4.4 million individuals had a marijuana use disorder and that 2 million people suffered from an opiate use disorder. It is well known that stress is associated with an increase in the use of alcohol and other substances, and this is particularly relevant today in relation to the chronic uncertainty and distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic along with the traumatic effects of racism and social injustice. In part related to stress, substance use disorders are highly comorbid with other psychiatric illnesses: 9.2 million adults were estimated to have a 1-year prevalence of both a mental illness and at least one substance use disorder. Although they may not necessarily meet criteria for a substance use disorder, it is well known that psychiatric patients have increased usage of alcohol, cigarettes, and other illicit substances. As an example, the survey estimated that over the preceding month, 37.2% of individuals with serious mental illnesses were cigarette smokers, compared with 16.3% of individuals without mental illnesses. Substance use frequently accompanies suicide and suicide attempts, and substance use disorders are associated with a long-term increased risk of suicide.

Addiction is the key process that underlies substance use disorders, and research using animal models and humans has revealed important insights into the neural circuits and molecules that mediate addiction. More specifically, research has shed light onto mechanisms underlying the critical components of addiction and relapse: reinforcement and reward, tolerance, withdrawal, negative affect, craving, and stress sensitization. In addition, clinical research has been instrumental in developing an evidence base for the use of pharmacological agents in the treatment of substance use disorders, which, in combination with psychosocial approaches, can provide effective treatments. However, despite the existence of therapeutic tools, relapse is common, and substance use disorders remain grossly undertreated. For example, whether at an inpatient hospital treatment facility or at a drug or alcohol rehabilitation program, it was estimated that only 11% of individuals needing treatment for substance use received appropriate care in 2018. Additionally, it is worth emphasizing that current practice frequently does not effectively integrate dual diagnosis treatment approaches, which is important because psychiatric and substance use disorders are highly comorbid. The barriers to receiving treatment are numerous and directly interact with existing health care inequities. It is imperative that as a field we overcome the obstacles to treatment, including the lack of resources at the individual level, a dearth of trained providers and appropriate treatment facilities, racial biases, and the marked stigmatization that is focused on individuals with addictions.

This issue of the Journal is focused on understanding factors contributing to substance use disorders and their comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, the effects of prenatal alcohol use on preadolescents, and brain mechanisms that are associated with addiction and relapse. An important theme that emerges from this issue is the necessity for understanding maladaptive substance use and its treatment in relation to health care inequities. This highlights the imperative to focus resources and treatment efforts on underprivileged and marginalized populations. The centerpiece of this issue is an overview on addiction written by Dr. George Koob, the director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and coauthors Drs. Patricia Powell (NIAAA deputy director) and Aaron White ( 2 ). This outstanding article will serve as a foundational knowledge base for those interested in understanding the complex factors that mediate drug addiction. Of particular interest to the practice of psychiatry is the emphasis on the negative affect state “hyperkatifeia” as a major driver of addictive behavior and relapse. This places the dysphoria and psychological distress that are associated with prolonged withdrawal at the heart of treatment and underscores the importance of treating not only maladaptive drug-related behaviors but also the prolonged dysphoria and negative affect associated with addiction. It also speaks to why it is crucial to concurrently treat psychiatric comorbidities that commonly accompany substance use disorders.

Insights Into Mechanisms Related to Cocaine Addiction Using a Novel Imaging Method for Dopamine Neurons

Cassidy et al. ( 3 ) introduce a relatively new imaging technique that allows for an estimation of dopamine integrity and function in the substantia nigra, the site of origin of dopamine neurons that project to the striatum. Capitalizing on the high levels of neuromelanin that are found in substantia nigra dopamine neurons and the interaction between neuromelanin and intracellular iron, this MRI technique, termed neuromelanin-sensitive MRI (NM-MRI), shows promise in studying the involvement of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric illnesses. The authors used this technique to assess dopamine function in active cocaine users with the aim of exploring the hypothesis that cocaine use disorder is associated with blunted presynaptic striatal dopamine function that would be reflected in decreased “integrity” of the substantia nigra dopamine system. Surprisingly, NM-MRI revealed evidence for increased dopamine in the substantia nigra of individuals using cocaine. The authors suggest that this finding, in conjunction with prior work suggesting a blunted dopamine response, points to the possibility that cocaine use is associated with an altered intracellular distribution of dopamine. Specifically, the idea is that dopamine is shifted from being concentrated in releasable, functional vesicles at the synapse to a nonreleasable cytosolic pool. In addition to providing an intriguing alternative hypothesis underlying the cocaine-related alterations observed in substantia nigra dopamine function, this article highlights an innovative imaging method that can be used in further investigations involving the role of substantia nigra dopamine systems in neuropsychiatric disorders. Dr. Charles Bradberry, chief of the Preclinical Pharmacology Section at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, contributes an editorial that further explains the use of NM-MRI and discusses the theoretical implications of these unexpected findings in relation to cocaine use ( 4 ).

Treatment Implications of Understanding Brain Function During Early Abstinence in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder

Developing a better understanding of the neural processes that are associated with substance use disorders is critical for conceptualizing improved treatment approaches. Blaine et al. ( 5 ) present neuroimaging data collected during early abstinence in patients with alcohol use disorder and link these data to relapses occurring during treatment. Of note, the findings from this study dovetail with the neural circuit schema Koob et al. provide in this issue’s overview on addiction ( 2 ). The first study in the Blaine et al. article uses 44 patients and 43 control subjects to demonstrate that patients with alcohol use disorder have a blunted neural response to the presentation of stress- and alcohol-related cues. This blunting was observed mainly in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a key prefrontal regulatory region, as well as in subcortical regions associated with reward processing, specifically the ventral striatum. Importantly, this finding was replicated in a second study in which 69 patients were studied in relation to their length of abstinence prior to treatment and treatment outcomes. The results demonstrated that individuals with the shortest abstinence times had greater alterations in neural responses to stress and alcohol cues. The authors also found that an individual’s length of abstinence prior to treatment, independent of the number of days of abstinence, was a predictor of relapse and that the magnitude of an individual’s neural alterations predicted the amount of heavy drinking occurring early in treatment. Although relapse is an all too common outcome in patients with substance use disorders, this study highlights an approach that has the potential to refine and develop new treatments that are based on addiction- and abstinence-related brain changes. In her thoughtful editorial, Dr. Edith Sullivan from Stanford University comments on the details of the study, the value of studying patients during early abstinence, and the implications of these findings for new treatment development ( 6 ).

Relatively Low Amounts of Alcohol Intake During Pregnancy Are Associated With Subtle Neurodevelopmental Effects in Preadolescent Offspring

Excessive substance use not only affects the user and their immediate family but also has transgenerational effects that can be mediated in utero. Lees et al. ( 7 ) present data suggesting that even the consumption of relatively low amounts of alcohol by expectant mothers can affect brain development, cognition, and emotion in their offspring. The researchers used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, a large national community-based study, which allowed them to assess brain structure and function as well as behavioral, cognitive, and psychological outcomes in 9,719 preadolescents. The mothers of 2,518 of the subjects in this study reported some alcohol use during pregnancy, albeit at relatively low levels (0 to 80 drinks throughout pregnancy). Interestingly, and opposite of that expected in relation to data from individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, increases in brain volume and surface area were found in offspring of mothers who consumed the relatively low amounts of alcohol. Notably, any prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with small but significant increases in psychological problems that included increases in separation anxiety disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Additionally, a dose-response effect was found for internalizing psychopathology, somatic complaints, and attentional deficits. While subtle, these findings point to neurodevelopmental alterations that may be mediated by even small amounts of prenatal alcohol consumption. Drs. Clare McCormack and Catherine Monk from Columbia University contribute an editorial that provides an in-depth assessment of these findings in relation to other studies, including those assessing severe deficits in individuals with fetal alcohol syndrome ( 8 ). McCormack and Monk emphasize that the behavioral and psychological effects reported in the Lees et al. article would not be clinically meaningful. However, it is feasible that the influences of these low amounts of alcohol could interact with other predisposing factors that might lead to more substantial negative outcomes.

Increased Comorbidity Between Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders in Sexual Identity Minorities

There is no question that victims of societal marginalization experience disproportionate adversity and stress. Evans-Polce et al. ( 9 ) focus on this concern in relation to individuals who identify as sexual minorities by comparing their incidence of comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders with that of individuals who identify as heterosexual. By using 2012−2013 data from 36,309 participants in the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III, the authors examine the incidence of comorbid alcohol and tobacco use disorders with anxiety, mood disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The findings demonstrate increased incidences of substance use and psychiatric disorders in individuals who identified as bisexual or as gay or lesbian compared with those who identified as heterosexual. For example, a fourfold increase in the prevalence of PTSD was found in bisexual individuals compared with heterosexual individuals. In addition, the authors found an increased prevalence of substance use and psychiatric comorbidities in individuals who identified as bisexual and as gay or lesbian compared with individuals who identified as heterosexual. This was most prominent in women who identified as bisexual. For example, of the bisexual women who had an alcohol use disorder, 60.5% also had a psychiatric comorbidity, compared with 44.6% of heterosexual women. Additionally, the amount of reported sexual orientation discrimination and number of lifetime stressful events were associated with a greater likelihood of having comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders. These findings are important but not surprising, as sexual minority individuals have a history of increased early-life trauma and throughout their lives may experience the painful and unwarranted consequences of bias and denigration. Nonetheless, these findings underscore the strong negative societal impacts experienced by minority groups and should sensitize providers to the additional needs of these individuals.

Trends in Nicotine Use and Dependence From 2001–2002 to 2012–2013

Although considerable efforts over earlier years have curbed the use of tobacco and nicotine, the use of these substances continues to be a significant public health problem. As noted above, individuals with psychiatric disorders are particularly vulnerable. Grant et al. ( 10 ) use data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions collected from a very large cohort to characterize trends in nicotine use and dependence over time. Results from their analysis support the so-called hardening hypothesis, which posits that although intervention-related reductions in nicotine use may have occurred over time, the impact of these interventions is less potent in individuals with more severe addictive behavior (i.e., nicotine dependence). When adjusted for sociodemographic factors, the results demonstrated a small but significant increase in nicotine use from 2001–2002 to 2012–2013. However, a much greater increase in nicotine dependence (46.1% to 52%) was observed over this time frame in individuals who had used nicotine during the preceding 12 months. The increases in nicotine use and dependence were associated with factors related to socioeconomic status, such as lower income and lower educational attainment. The authors interpret these findings as evidence for the hardening hypothesis, suggesting that despite the impression that nicotine use has plateaued, there is a growing number of highly dependent nicotine users who would benefit from nicotine dependence intervention programs. Dr. Kathleen Brady, from the Medical University of South Carolina, provides an editorial ( 11 ) that reviews the consequences of tobacco use and the history of the public measures that were initially taken to combat its use. Importantly, her editorial emphasizes the need to address health care inequity issues that affect individuals of lower socioeconomic status by devoting resources to develop and deploy effective smoking cessation interventions for at-risk and underresourced populations.

Conclusions

Maladaptive substance use and substance use disorders are highly prevalent and are among the most significant public health problems. Substance use is commonly comorbid with psychiatric disorders, and treatment efforts need to concurrently address both. The papers in this issue highlight new findings that are directly relevant to understanding, treating, and developing policies to better serve those afflicted with addictions. While treatments exist, the need for more effective treatments is clear, especially those focused on decreasing relapse rates. The negative affective state, hyperkatifeia, that accompanies longer-term abstinence is an important treatment target that should be emphasized in current practice as well as in new treatment development. In addition to developing a better understanding of the neurobiology of addictions and abstinence, it is necessary to ensure that there is equitable access to currently available treatments and treatment programs. Additional resources must be allocated to this cause. This depends on the recognition that health care inequities and societal barriers are major contributors to the continued high prevalence of substance use disorders, the individual suffering they inflict, and the huge toll that they incur at a societal level.

Disclosures of Editors’ financial relationships appear in the April 2020 issue of the Journal .

1 US Department of Health and Human Services: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality: National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2018. Rockville, Md, SAMHSA, 2019 ( https://www.samhsa.gov/data/nsduh/reports-detailed-tables-2018-NSDUH ) Google Scholar

2 Koob GF, Powell P, White A : Addiction as a coping response: hyperkatifeia, deaths of despair, and COVID-19 . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1031–1037 Link ,  Google Scholar

3 Cassidy CM, Carpenter KM, Konova AB, et al. : Evidence for dopamine abnormalities in the substantia nigra in cocaine addiction revealed by neuromelanin-sensitive MRI . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1038–1047 Link ,  Google Scholar

4 Bradberry CW : Neuromelanin MRI: dark substance shines a light on dopamine dysfunction and cocaine use (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1019–1021 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

5 Blaine SK, Wemm S, Fogelman N, et al. : Association of prefrontal-striatal functional pathology with alcohol abstinence days at treatment initiation and heavy drinking after treatment initiation . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1048–1059 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

6 Sullivan EV : Why timing matters in alcohol use disorder recovery (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1022–1024 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

7 Lees B, Mewton L, Jacobus J, et al. : Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with psychological, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1060–1072 Link ,  Google Scholar

8 McCormack C, Monk C : Considering prenatal alcohol exposure in a developmental origins of health and disease framework (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1025–1028 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

9 Evans-Polce RJ, Kcomt L, Veliz PT, et al. : Alcohol, tobacco, and comorbid psychiatric disorders and associations with sexual identity and stress-related correlates . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1073–1081 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

10 Grant BF, Shmulewitz D, Compton WM : Nicotine use and DSM-IV nicotine dependence in the United States, 2001–2002 and 2012–2013 . Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1082–1090 Link ,  Google Scholar

11 Brady KT : Social determinants of health and smoking cessation: a challenge (editorial). Am J Psychiatry 2020 ; 177:1029–1030 Abstract ,  Google Scholar

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• v.14(11); 2022 Nov

Substance Abuse Amongst Adolescents: An Issue of Public Health Significance

1 School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND

Sonali G Choudhari

2 School of Epidemiology and Public Health; Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND

Sarika U Dakhode

3 Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Amravati, IND

Asmita Rannaware

Abhay m gaidhane.

Adolescence is a crucial time for biological, psychological, and social development. It is also a time when substance addiction and its adverse effects are more likely to occur. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to the negative long-term effects of substance use, including mental health illnesses, sub-par academic performance, substance use disorders, and higher chances of getting addicted to alcohol and marijuana. Over the past few decades, there have been substantial changes in the types of illegal narcotics people consume. The present article deals with the review of substance abuse as a public health problem, its determinants, and implications seen among adolescents. A systematic literature search using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar was undertaken to search all relevant literature on teenage stimulant use. The findings have been organized into categories to cover essential aspects like epidemiology, neurobiology, prevention, and treatment. The review showed that substance addiction among adolescents between 12 to 19 years is widespread, though national initiatives exist to support young employment and their development. Research on psychological risk factors for teenage substance abuse is vast, wherein conduct disorders, including aggression, impulsivity, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, have been mentioned as risk factors for substance use. Parents' attitudes toward drugs, alcohol, academic and peer pressure, stress, and physical outlook are key determinants. Teenage drug usage has a significant negative impact on users, families, and society as a whole. It was found that a lot has been done to provide correct intervention to those in need with the constant development of programs and rehabilitative centers to safeguard the delicate minds of youths and prevent them from using intoxicants. Still, there is much need for stringent policy and program guidelines to curb this societal menace. 

Introduction and background

Drug misuse is a widespread issue; in 2016, 5.6% of people aged 15 to 26 reported using drugs at least once [ 1 ]. Because alcohol and illegal drugs represent significant issues for public health and urgent care, children and adolescents frequently visit emergency rooms [ 2 ]. It is well known that younger people take drugs more often than older adults for most drugs. Drug usage is on the rise in many Association of Southeast Asian Nations, particularly among young males between the ages of 15 and 30 years [ 3 ]. According to the 2013 Global Burden of Disease report, drug addiction is a growing problem among teenagers and young people. Early substance use increases the likelihood of future physical, behavioral, social, and health issues [ 4 ]. Furthermore, recreational drug use is a neglected contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality [ 5 ]. One of the adverse outcomes of adolescent substance use is the increased risk of addiction in those who start smoking, drinking, and taking drugs before they are of 18 years. Moreover, most individuals with Substance Use Disorders begin using substances when they are young [ 6 ]. Substance use disorders amongst adolescents have long-term adverse health effects but can be mitigated with efficient treatment [ 7 ].

Childhood abuse is linked to suicidal thoughts and attempts. The particular mental behavior that mediates the link between childhood trauma and adult suicidal ideation and attempts is yet unknown. Recent studies show teens experiencing suicidal thoughts, psychiatric illness symptoms like anxiety, mood, and conduct disorders, and various types of child maltreatment like sexual abuse, corporal punishment, and emotional neglect that further leads to children inclining toward intoxicants [ 8 ]. Although teen substance use has generally decreased over the past five years, prolonged opioid, marijuana, and binge drinking use are still common among adolescents and young adults [ 9 ]. Drug-using students are more prone to commit crimes, including bullying and violent behavior. It has also been connected to various mental conditions, depending on the substance used. On the other hand, it has been linked to social disorder, abnormal behavior, and association with hostile groups [ 10 ]. Adolescent substance users suffer risks and consequences on the psychological, sociocultural, or behavioral levels that may manifest physiologically [ 11 ]. About 3 million deaths worldwide were caused by alcohol consumption alone. The majority of the 273,000 preventable fatalities linked to alcohol consumption are in India [ 12 ], which is the leading contributor. The United Nations Office on Drug and Crime conducted a national survey on the extent, patterns, and trends of drug abuse in India in 2003, which found that there were 2 million opiate users, 8.7 million cannabis users, and 62.5 million alcohol users in India, of whom 17% to 20% are dependent [ 13 ]. According to prevalence studies, 13.1% of drug users in India are under the age of 20 [ 14 ].

In India, alcohol and tobacco are legal drugs frequently abused and pose significant health risks, mainly when the general populace consumes them. States like Punjab and Uttar Pradesh have the highest rates of drug abuse, and the Indian government works hard to provide them with helpful services that educate and mentor them. This increases the burden of non-communicable illnesses too [ 15 ]. In addition, several substances/drugs are Narcotic and Psychotropic and used despite the act named ‘Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. 

This review article sheds light on ‘substance abuse’ amongst adolescents as an issue of public health significance, its determinants, and its implications on the health and well-being of adolescents.

Methodology

The present article deals with the narrative review of substance abuse as a public health problem, its determinants, and implications seen among adolescents. A systematic literature search using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar was undertaken to search all relevant literature on teenage stimulant use. The findings have been organized into categories to cover essential aspects like epidemiology, neurobiology, prevention, and treatment. Various keywords used under TiAb of PubMed advanced search were Stimulants, "Drug abuse", "Psychotropic substance", "Substance abuse", addiction, and Adolescents, teenage, children, students, youth, etc., including MeSH terms. Figure ​ Figure1 1 shows the key substances used by youth.

Reasons for abuse

People may initially choose to take drugs for psychological and physical reasons. Psychological issues, including mental illness, traumatic experiences, or even general attitudes and ideas, might contribute to drug usage. Several factors can contribute to emotional and psychosocial stress, compelling one to practice drug abuse. It can be brought on by a loss of a job because of certain reasons, the death of a loved one, a parent's divorce, or financial problems. Even medical diseases and health problems can have a devastating emotional impact. Many take medicines to increase their physical stamina, sharpen their focus, or improve their looks.

Students are particularly prone to get indulged in substance abuse due to various reasons, like academic and peer pressure, the appeal of popularity and identification, readily available pocket money, and relatively easy accessibility of several substances, especially in industrial, urban elite areas, including nicotine (cigarettes) [ 16 , 17 ]. In addition, a relationship breakup, mental illness, environmental factors, self-medication, financial concerns, downtime, constraints of work and school, family obligations, societal pressure, abuse, trauma, boredom, curiosity, experimentation, rebellion, to be in control, enhanced performance, isolation, misinformation, ignorance, instant gratification, wide availability can be one of the reasons why one chooses this path [ 18 ].

The brain grows rapidly during adolescence and continues to do so until early adulthood, as is well documented. According to studies using structural magnetic resonance imaging, changes in cortical grey matter volume and thickness during development include linear and nonlinear transformations and increases in white matter volume and integrity. This delays the maturation of grey and white matter, resulting in poorer sustained attention [ 19 ]. Alcohol drinking excessively increases the likelihood of accidents and other harmful effects by impairing cognitive functions like impulse control and decision-making and motor functions like balance and hand-eye coordination [ 20 ]. Lower-order sensory motor regions of the brain mature first, followed by limbic areas crucial for processing rewards. The development of different brain regions follows different time-varying trajectories. Alcohol exposure has adversely affected various emotional, mental, and social functions in the frontal areas linked to higher-order cognitive functioning that emerge later in adolescence and young adulthood [ 21 ].

Smoking/e-cigarettes

The use of tobacco frequently begins before adulthood. A worryingly high percentage of schoolchildren between 13 and 15 have tried or are currently using tobacco, according to the global youth tobacco survey [ 22 ]. It is more likely that early adolescent cigarette usage will lead to nicotine dependence and adult cigarette use. Teenage smoking has been associated with traumatic stress, anxiety, and mood problems [ 23 ]. Nicotine usage has been associated with a variety of adolescent problems, including sexual risk behaviors, aggressiveness, and the use of alcohol and illegal drugs. High levels of impulsivity have been identified in adolescent smokers.

Additionally, compared to non-smokers, smoking is associated with a higher prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders in teenagers. Smoking is positively associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts [ 24 ]. Peer pressure, attempting something new, and stress management ranked top for current and former smokers [ 25 ]. Most teenagers say that when they start to feel down, they smoke to make themselves feel better and return to their usual, upbeat selves. Smoking may have varying effects on people's moods [ 26 ]. Teenagers who smoke seem more reckless, less able to control their impulses, and less attentive than non-smokers [ 27 ].

Cannabis/Marijuana

Marijuana is among the most often used illegal psychotropic substances in India and internationally. The prevalence of marijuana usage and hospitalizations related to marijuana are rising, especially among young people, according to current trends. Cannabis usage has been connected to learning, working memory, and attention problems. Cannabis has been shown to alleviate stress in small doses, but more significant amounts can cause anxiety, emotional symptoms, and dependence [ 28 ]. Myelination and synaptic pruning are two maturational brain processes that take place during adolescence and the early stages of adulthood. According to reports, these remodeling mechanisms are linked to efficient neural processing. They are assumed to provide the specialized cognitive processing needed for the highest neurocognitive performance. On a prolonged attentional processing test, marijuana usage before age 16 was linked to a shorter reaction time [ 29 ]. Cannabis use alters the endocannabinoid system, impacting executive function, reward function, and affective functions. It is believed that these disturbances are what lead to mental health problems [ 30 ].

MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) was a synthetic drug used legally in psychotherapy treatment throughout the 1970s, despite the lack of data demonstrating its efficacy. Molly, or the phrase "molecular," is typically utilized in powder form. Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine are produced more significantly when MDMA is used. In the brain, these neurotransmitters affect mood, sleep, and appetite. Serotonin also causes the release of other hormones that may cause emotions of intimacy and attraction. Because of this, users might be more affectionate than usual and possibly develop ties with total strangers. The effects wear off three to six hours later, while a moderate dose may cause withdrawal symptoms to continue for a week. These symptoms include a decline in sex interest, a drop in appetite, problems sleeping, confusion, impatience, anxiety, sorrow, Impulsivity and violence, issues with memory and concentration, and insomnia are a few of them. Unsettlingly, it is rising in popularity in India, particularly among teenagers [ 31 ].

Opium 

In addition to being a top producer of illicit opium, India is a significant drug consumer. In India, opium has a long history. The most common behavioral changes are a lack of motivation, depression, hyperactivity, a lack of interest or concentration, mood swings or abrupt behavior changes, confusion or disorientation, depression, anxiety, distortion of reality perception, social isolation, slurred or slow-moving speech, reduced coordination, a loss of interest in once-enjoyed activities, taking from family members or engaging in other illegal activity [ 32 ]. Except for the chemical produced for medicinal purposes, it is imperative to prohibit both production and usage since if a relatively well-governed nation like India cannot stop the drug from leaking, the problem must be huge in scope [ 33 ].

Cocaine is a highly addictive drug that causes various psychiatric syndromes, illnesses, and symptoms. Some symptoms include agitation, paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, violence, and thoughts of suicide and murder. They may be caused by the substance directly or indirectly through the aggravation of co-occurring psychiatric conditions. More frequent and severe symptoms are frequently linked to the usage of cocaine in "crack" form. Cocaine can potentially worsen numerous mental diseases and cause various psychiatric symptoms.

Table ​ Table1 1 discusses the short- and long-term effects of substance abuse.

Other cheap substances ( sasta nasha ) used in India

India is notorious for phenomena that defy comprehension. People in need may turn to readily available items like Iodex sandwiches, fevibond, sanitizer, whitener, etc., for comfort due to poverty and other circumstances to stop additional behavioral and other changes in youth discouragement is necessary [ 42 - 44 ]. 

Curbing drug abuse amongst youth

Seventy-five percent of Indian households contain at least one addict. The majority of them are fathers who act in this way due to boredom, stress from their jobs, emotional discomfort, problems with their families, or problems with their spouses. Due to exposure to such risky behaviors, children may try such intoxicants [ 45 ]. These behaviors need to be discouraged because they may affect the child's academic performance, physical growth, etc. The youngster starts to feel depressed, lonely, agitated and disturbed. Because they primarily revolve around educating students about the dangers and long-term impacts of substance abuse, previous attempts at prevention have all been ineffective. To highlight the risks of drug use and scare viewers into abstaining, some programs stoked terror. The theoretical underpinning of these early attempts was lacking, and they failed to consider the understanding of the developmental, social, and other etiologic factors that affect teenage substance use. These tactics are based on a simple cognitive conceptual paradigm that says that people's decisions to use or abuse substances depend on how well they are aware of the risks involved. More effective contemporary techniques are used over time [ 46 ]. School-based substance abuse prevention is a recent innovation utilized to execute changes, including social resistance skills training, normative education, and competence enhancement skills training.

Peer pressure makes a teenager vulnerable to such intoxicants. Teenagers are often exposed to alcohol, drugs, and smoking either because of pressure from their friends or because of being lonely. Social resistance training skills are used to achieve this. The pupils are instructed in the best ways to steer clear of or manage these harmful situations. The best method to respond to direct pressure to take drugs or alcohol is to know what to say (i.e., the specific content of a refusal message) and how to say it. These skills must be taught as a separate curriculum in every school to lower risk. Standard instructional methods include lessons and exercises to dispel misconceptions regarding drug usage's widespread use. 

Teenagers typically exaggerate how common it is to smoke, drink, and use particular substances, which could give off the impression that substance usage is acceptable. We can lessen young people's perceptions of the social acceptability of drug use by educating them that actual rates of drug usage are almost always lower than perceived rates of use. Data from surveys that were conducted in the classroom, school, or local community that demonstrate the prevalence of substance use in the immediate social setting may be used to support this information. If not, this can be taught using statistics from national surveys, which usually show prevalence rates that are far lower than what kids describe.

The role social learning processes have in teen drug use is recognized by competency-improvement programs, and there is awareness about how adolescents who lack interpersonal and social skills are more likely to succumb to peer pressure to use drugs. These young people might also be more inclined to turn to drug usage instead of healthier coping mechanisms. Most competency enhancement strategies include instruction in many of the following life skills: general problem-solving and decision-making skills, general cognitive abilities for fending off peer or media pressure, skills for enhancing self-control, adaptive coping mechanisms for reducing stress and anxiety through the use of cognitive coping mechanisms or be behavioral relaxation techniques, and general social and assertive skills [ 46 ].

Programs formulated to combat the growing risk of substance abuse

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare developed Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram for teenagers aged 10 to 19, with a focus on improving nutrition, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, preventing injuries and violence, and preventing substance abuse. By enabling them to make informed and responsible decisions about their health and well-being and ensuring that they have access to the tools and assistance they need, the program seeks to enable all adolescents in India in realizing their full potential [ 47 ].

For the past six years, ‘Nasha Mukti Kendra’ in India and rehabilitation have worked to improve lives and provide treatment for those who abuse alcohol and other drugs. They provide cost-effective and dedicated therapy programs for all parts of society. Patients come to them from all around the nation. Despite having appropriate programs and therapies that can effectively treat the disorder, they do not employ medication to treat addiction.

Conclusions

Around the world, adolescent drug and alcohol addiction has significantly increased morbidity and mortality. The menace of drugs and alcohol has been woven deep into the fabric of society. As its effects reach our youth, India's current generation is at high stake for the risk associated with the abuse of drugs like cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco. Even though the issue of substance abuse is complicated and pervasive, various stakeholders like healthcare professionals, community leaders, and educational institutions have access to a wealth of evidence-based research that can assist them to adopt interventions that can lower rates of teenage substance misuse. It is realized that while this problem is not specific to any one country or culture, individual remedies might not always be beneficial. Due to the unacceptably high rate of drug abuse that is wreaking havoc on humanity, a strategy for addressing modifiable risk factors is crucial. Because human psychology and mental health influence the choices the youth make related to their indulgence in drug misuse, it is the need of the hour to give serious consideration to measures like generating awareness, counseling, student guidance cells, positive parenting, etc., across the world. It will take time to change this substance misuse behavior, but the more effort we put into it, the greater the reward we will reap.

The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Essay on Drug/ Substance Abuse

Drug and substance abuse remains one of the most challenging and destructive problems facing societies worldwide. It refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. This essay aims to delve into the complexities of drug and substance abuse, examining its causes, effects, and the crucial steps needed to address this epidemic.

Drug and Substance Abuse

Drug and Substance Abuse involves the recurrent use of drugs or substances leading to significant impairment, including health problems, disability, and failure to meet responsibilities at work, school, or home. This includes the misuse of legal substances like alcohol and prescription medications, as well as illegal substances like heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamines.

Causes of Drug and Substance Abuse

The reasons behind drug and substance abuse are multifaceted and can vary from individual to individual:

• Genetic Predisposition : Research indicates a genetic component to the susceptibility to substance abuse.
• Mental Health Disorders : Many individuals with mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, or PTSD turn to substances as a form of self-medication.
• Peer Pressure : Particularly among adolescents and young adults, peer pressure can significantly influence substance use.
• Stressful Life Events : Traumatic experiences, chronic stress, or life-changing events can lead to substance abuse as a coping mechanism.
• Curiosity and Experimentation : Often, particularly in young individuals, there’s a desire to experiment, which can lead to misuse and addiction.

Effects of Drug and Substance Abuse

Drug and substance abuse, a major public health challenge, affects individuals, families, and communities across the globe. This essay explores the multifaceted effects of drug and substance abuse, including physical health, mental well-being, social relationships, and broader societal impacts.

Physical Health Effects

Immediate physical effects.

• Altered State of Consciousness : Substances like alcohol, marijuana, and hallucinogens alter perception, mood, and consciousness.
• Overdose Risk : Excessive consumption of drugs can lead to overdose, potentially resulting in coma or death.
• Infectious Diseases : Intravenous drug use increases the risk of diseases like HIV and Hepatitis B and C due to needle sharing.

Long-Term Health Effects

• Organ Damage : Chronic substance abuse can lead to severe damage to vital organs like the liver (cirrhosis), heart, and brain.
• Neurological Impact : Long-term effects on the brain can include memory loss, cognitive decline, and mental health disorders.
• Physical Dependency : Prolonged use leads to dependency, where the body requires the substance to function normally.

Mental Health and Psychological Effects

• Mental Health Disorders : Substance abuse can trigger or exacerbate mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and psychosis.
• Behavioral Changes : Changes in behavior, such as increased aggression or impulsivity, are common.
• Cognitive Impairments : Drugs can impair decision-making abilities, judgment, and other cognitive functions.

Social and Relationship Impacts

• Family Dynamics : Drug abuse can strain family relationships, leading to conflict, mistrust, and breakdown of family structures.
• Workplace Issues : It affects job performance, leading to decreased productivity, absenteeism, and higher risk of accidents.
• Legal Problems : Substance abuse can result in legal issues, including arrests for possession, driving under the influence, or engaging in illegal activities to support the addiction.

Societal and Economic Impacts

• Healthcare Costs : Treating drug-related health complications burdens healthcare systems.
• Crime and Safety : There’s a correlation between substance abuse and increased crime rates, impacting community safety.
• Economic Burden : The economic impact includes loss of productivity, healthcare expenses, and law enforcement costs.

Prevention and Treatment

• Education and Awareness : Programs aimed at educating individuals about the risks of drug use are crucial.
• Rehabilitation Programs : Effective treatment programs, including therapy and medication-assisted treatment, help individuals recover.
• Support Systems : Family, community, and peer support are vital in the recovery process.

Addressing Drug and Substance Abuse

• Prevention Programs : Education and awareness programs, particularly targeting young people, are crucial in preventing substance abuse.
• Treatment and Rehabilitation : Access to effective treatment, including counseling, medication, and support groups, is vital for recovery.
• Policy and Regulation : Government policies to regulate the availability of substances, and laws to address drug trafficking and misuse, play a critical role.
• Community Support : Community-based efforts, including support from families, schools, and religious organizations, are essential in supporting those affected.

The Role of Society and Individuals

• Destigmatization : Removing the stigma around substance abuse and addiction encourages individuals to seek help.
• Educational Initiatives : Schools and universities should have programs to educate students about the dangers of substance abuse.
• Role Models : Influential figures and celebrities should promote healthy lifestyles and speak out against substance abuse.
• Supportive Environment : Creating an environment that fosters open discussion and support for those struggling with substance abuse.

In conclusion, Drug and substance abuse is a complex issue requiring a multifaceted approach. It is not just a personal problem but a societal challenge that calls for comprehensive prevention strategies, effective treatment programs, supportive policies, and community involvement. Understanding and addressing the root causes, along with providing support and care for those affected, is crucial in mitigating the impact of this global issue. For students participating in essay competitions, exploring this topic provides an opportunity to contribute to a critical dialogue, advocating for change and supporting those in need.

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Essay on Drug Abuse

Students are often asked to write an essay on Drug Abuse in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Drug Abuse

Introduction to drug abuse.

Drug abuse refers to the harmful or unhealthy use of substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. It’s a serious issue affecting people worldwide.

Effects of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse can lead to physical and psychological damage. It can cause diseases, impair judgement, and lead to criminal behavior.

Prevention of Drug Abuse

Prevention involves education about the dangers of drugs. Schools and communities play key roles in this. Support from family and friends is also crucial.

In conclusion, drug abuse is a grave problem. However, through education and support, it can be prevented.

250 Words Essay on Drug Abuse

Introduction.

Drug abuse, a global issue, is a pattern of excessive or compulsive use of psychoactive substances, leading to significant harm or distress. The phenomenon is not confined to illegal drugs, but also includes prescription medications and alcohol.

Causes of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse often originates from a complex interplay of factors. Biological predispositions, such as genetics, can make individuals more susceptible to drug addiction. Environmental factors like peer pressure, family dynamics, and socioeconomic status also contribute significantly.

Consequences of Drug Abuse

The implications of drug abuse are far-reaching and devastating. Physically, it can lead to severe health issues, including heart disease, liver damage, and neurological complications. Psychologically, it can result in mental health disorders like depression and anxiety. Socially, drug abuse can lead to broken relationships, unemployment, and criminal activities.

Prevention and Treatment

Preventing drug abuse requires a multipronged approach. Education and awareness programs can help individuals understand the risks associated with drug use. Early intervention programs can identify at-risk individuals and provide them with the necessary support. Treatment for drug abuse typically involves a combination of medication and therapy to help individuals overcome their addiction.

In conclusion, drug abuse is a multifaceted issue requiring comprehensive solutions. By understanding the causes and consequences, and implementing effective prevention and treatment strategies, we can make strides towards mitigating this global problem.

500 Words Essay on Drug Abuse

Drug abuse, also known as substance abuse, is a critical issue that has plagued societies around the world. It is characterized by the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, such as illicit drugs or alcohol, leading to addiction, health problems, social issues, and even death.

The Nature and Extent of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse is not limited to any specific demographic or geographic boundary. It affects individuals across all ages, races, and socioeconomic backgrounds. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 275 million people, or 5.6% of the global population aged 15-64 years, used drugs at least once in 2016.

There are numerous causes of drug abuse, often complex and intertwined. Biological factors, such as genetics and mental health conditions, can predispose an individual to substance abuse. Environmental factors, including family dynamics, peer influence, and socioeconomic status, also play a significant role. Additionally, psychological elements, such as stress, trauma, and low self-esteem, can trigger drug abuse.

Impacts of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse has far-reaching consequences. Health-wise, it can lead to both physical and mental health problems, including heart disease, liver damage, and mental disorders like depression and anxiety. Socially, drug abuse can result in broken relationships, job loss, and criminal activities. Economically, it imposes a significant burden on healthcare systems and reduces productivity.

Prevention and Treatment of Drug Abuse

Preventing and treating drug abuse requires a multi-faceted approach. Education and awareness programs can help individuals understand the risks associated with drug use. Policies that address social determinants, such as poverty and lack of education, can also be effective. Treatment for drug abuse often involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapies. Support from family and community is crucial for recovery and preventing relapse.

Drug abuse is a pressing global issue that demands urgent attention. While it is a complex problem with numerous causes and impacts, it is not insurmountable. Through a comprehensive approach that includes education, policy changes, and effective treatment, societies can combat drug abuse and its devastating effects. The fight against drug abuse is not just the responsibility of the individual, but of the entire community.

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Essay on Drug Abuse

Here we have shared the Essay on Drug Abuse in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Drug Abuse in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams. 

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on Drug Abuse in 150 words

Essay on drug abuse in 250-300 words, essay on drug abuse in 500-1000 words.

Drug abuse is a global issue that poses serious risks to individuals and society. It involves the harmful and excessive use of drugs, leading to physical and mental health problems. Drug abuse can result in addiction, organ damage, cognitive impairment, and social and economic difficulties. Prevention efforts should focus on education, raising awareness about the dangers of drug abuse, and promoting healthy lifestyles. Access to quality healthcare and addiction treatment services is crucial for recovery. Strengthening law enforcement measures against drug trafficking is necessary to address the supply side of the problem. Creating supportive environments and opportunities for positive engagement can help prevent drug abuse. By taking collective action, we can combat drug abuse and build healthier communities.

Drug abuse is a growing global concern that poses significant risks to individuals, families, and communities. It refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs, both legal and illegal, that have negative effects on physical and mental health.

Drug abuse has severe consequences for individuals and society. Physically, drug abuse can lead to addiction, damage vital organs, and increase the risk of overdose. Mentally, it can cause cognitive impairment, and psychological disorders, and deteriorate overall well-being. Additionally, drug abuse often leads to social and economic problems, such as strained relationships, loss of employment, and criminal activities.

Preventing drug abuse requires a multi-faceted approach. Education and awareness programs play a crucial role in informing individuals about the dangers of drug abuse and promoting healthy lifestyle choices. Access to quality healthcare and addiction treatment services is vital to help individuals recover from substance abuse. Strengthening law enforcement efforts to curb drug trafficking and promoting international cooperation is also essential to address the supply side of the issue.

Community support and a nurturing environment are critical in preventing drug abuse. Creating opportunities for individuals, especially young people, to engage in positive activities and providing social support systems can serve as protective factors against drug abuse.

In conclusion, drug abuse is a significant societal problem with detrimental effects on individuals and communities. It requires a comprehensive approach involving education, prevention, treatment, and enforcement. By addressing the root causes, raising awareness, and providing support to those affected, we can combat drug abuse and create a healthier and safer society for all.

Title: Drug Abuse – A Global Crisis Demanding Urgent Action

Introduction :

Drug abuse is a pressing global issue that poses significant risks to individuals, families, and communities. It refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs, both legal and illegal, that have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. This essay explores the causes and consequences of drug abuse, the social and economic impact, prevention and treatment strategies, and the importance of raising awareness and fostering supportive communities in addressing this crisis.

Causes and Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse

Several factors contribute to drug abuse. Genetic predisposition, peer pressure, stress, trauma, and environmental influences play a role in initiating substance use. The availability and accessibility of drugs, as well as societal norms and cultural acceptance, also influence drug abuse patterns. Additionally, underlying mental health issues and co-occurring disorders can drive individuals to self-medicate with drugs.

Consequences of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse has devastating consequences on individuals and society. Physically, drug abuse can lead to addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Substance abuse affects vital organs, impairs cognitive function, and increases the risk of accidents and injuries. Mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis, are often associated with drug abuse. Substance abuse also takes a toll on relationships, leading to strained family dynamics, social isolation, and financial instability. The social and economic costs of drug abuse include increased healthcare expenses, decreased productivity, and the burden on criminal justice systems.

Prevention and Education

Preventing drug abuse requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach. Education and awareness programs are essential in schools, communities, and the media to inform individuals about the risks and consequences of drug abuse. Promoting healthy coping mechanisms, stress management skills, and decision-making abilities can empower individuals to resist peer pressure and make informed choices. Early intervention programs that identify at-risk individuals and provide support and resources are crucial in preventing substance abuse.

Treatment and Recovery

Access to quality healthcare and evidence-based addiction treatment is vital in addressing drug abuse. Treatment options include detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and medication-assisted treatments. Rehabilitation centers, support groups, and outpatient programs provide a continuum of care for individuals seeking recovery. Holistic approaches, such as addressing co-occurring mental health disorders and promoting healthy lifestyles, contribute to successful long-term recovery. Support from family, friends, and communities plays a significant role in sustaining recovery and preventing relapse.

Law Enforcement and Drug Policies

Effective law enforcement efforts are necessary to disrupt drug trafficking and dismantle illicit drug networks. International cooperation and collaboration are crucial in combating the global drug trade. Additionally, drug policies should focus on a balanced approach that combines law enforcement with prevention, treatment, and harm reduction strategies. Shifting the emphasis from punitive measures toward prevention and rehabilitation can lead to more effective outcomes.

Creating Supportive Communities:

Fostering supportive communities is vital in addressing drug abuse. Communities should provide resources, social support networks, and opportunities for positive engagement. This includes promoting healthy recreational activities, providing vocational training, and creating safe spaces for individuals in recovery. Reducing the stigma associated with drug abuse and encouraging empathy and understanding are crucial to building a compassionate and supportive environment.

Conclusion :

Drug abuse remains a complex and multifaceted issue with far-reaching consequences. By addressing the causes, raising awareness, implementing preventive measures, providing quality treatment and support services, and fostering supportive communities, we can combat drug abuse and alleviate its impact. It requires collaboration and a collective effort from individuals, communities, governments, and organizations to build a society that is resilient against the scourge of drug abuse. Through education, prevention, treatment, and compassion, we can pave the way toward a healthier and drug-free future.

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Essay On Substance Abuse

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Drugs , Abuse , Bullying , Violence , Addiction , Substance , Drug Abuse , Alcohol

Words: 1650

Published: 2020/12/01

Substance abuse has become a major problem for society. Substance abuse crosses over ethnic, economic and cultural lines. Addiction to legal drugs, illegal drugs and alcohol affects millions of people in the United States. The costs of addiction are economic, psychological and physical, not only to the individual but to society as a whole. Substance abuse destroys individuals and their familial relationships. The dynamics of addiction on the individual are varied and complex. Many do recover from addiction with intense interventions and go on to live a normal life. Substance abuse is a set of behaviors that involve the use of drugs (legal and illegal) and/or alcohol. Substance abuse affects people of all ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Substances that are abused include but are not limited to: alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, prescription drugs, crack and heroin. The signs of substance abuse include: Addiction affects people of all ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. The signs of a substance abuse problem include both physical, mental and emotional problems. Daily use of the substance and strong cravings for the substance occur. An abuser will spend all of their money on their drug of choice and will have an inability to meet work and personal obligations. An abuser will participate in behaviors that they normally would not participate in such as stealing and risky sexual behaviors. A person with a substance abuse problem will go to any lengths to obtain the drug they crave. Attempts to stop using the substance can result in physical withdrawal from the substance (Mayo Clinic). According to the National Institute for Drug Abuse, in 2012, 9.2% of Americans abuse an illegal drug. This is up from 8.3% in 2002. Marijuana has seen a steady increase in the number of users, cocaine use has dropped and methamphetamine has remained steady over this time period. Drug abuse is most popular in young adults ages 18-25. In an interesting statistic people in their fifties are abusing drugs at higher rates than ever. Approximately 19% of the population is considered alcoholic. Statistics demonstrate minor fluctuations in drug and alcohol abuse across races and ethnicities. Professionals in the medical, psychological and law enforcement communities argue on what constitutes a “substance abuser”. Research in the last twenty years has grown exponentially to study the causes of addiction. Attempts to define terms such as “addiction” and “substance abuse” are cause for argument and disagreement among professionals. It is generally agreed that if a substance interferes with one’s ability to live a healthy life, physically, mentally and emotionally, then there is a substance abuse problem. Generally statistics are very difficult to read when it comes to addiction. Many people in the general public simply don’t understand what addiction and abuse are. In general people perceive alcoholics as Skid Row bums and drug addicts as homeless people or criminals that live in the ghettos. Many people have multiple addictions or their habits may vary. Many people with an addiction or abuse problem simply are in denial or do not recognize their use as a problem. The definition “addiction” is still debated among doctors, psychologists and addiction counselors. Many who may have had an addiction at one time have recovered and are now living free from the addiction after intervention and treatment. The financial burden of substance abuse is great. It is estimated that substance abuse costs the government $484 billion dollars each year. Diabetes costs society only $131 billion and cancer, $171 billion. These figures include health care costs, accidents, crime and courts (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Financial costs to both employers and employees with a substance abuse problem are also great. People with addictions often call in sick to work because they are high or hung-over. If they do show up for work they are not as productive or effective as they would be if they were sober. On the job accidents from substance abuse cost employers millions every year through workers’ compensation claims. Health insurance rates are on the rise since most companies now offer coverage for the treatment of substance abuse. For those without health insurance coverage, the government also offers assistance to get treatment which costs taxpayers more money. The mortality rate of those with an addiction is astonishing. The rates for alcoholics who die from liver disease and related alcoholic diseases was 88,000 people in 2012. The number of alcohol related accidents that took a life was 31% of all fatalities. The hidden cause of death from alcoholism is harder to determine: heart attacks, murders and accidents in the home. Deaths from drug overdoses numbers over 40,000, this includes both prescription and illegal drugs. Again, deaths that occurred due to intoxication on drugs but not directly attributed, such as car accidents, murder and suicides is unaccounted (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Many addicts are abusing prescription drugs which are much easier to obtain than illegal drugs. Doctors are generally unaware of their patients who may have a prescription drug abuse problem and will continue to prescribe pain killers and benzodiazepines. Often prescription drugs are taken for bona fide reasons at first but for those with a predisposition to addiction abuse can occur quickly and unnoticed. Many with a prescription abuse problem rationalize the addiction because the drugs are legal and were prescribed for a physical ailment, so taking them, even excessively is alright. Prescription drug abuse is the fastest growing type of substance abuse in the United States (Simoni-Wastila & Strickler). Alcohol is a leading choice of addicts. Alcohol is socially accepted and completely legal. It is generally the first substance teenagers abuse when they embark on a career of substance abuse. Millions of adults who begin as social drinkers eventually begin to abuse alcohol and become full blown alcoholics (Moos, Finney & Cronkite). Much research has been done on this topic over the years. According to Alcoholics Anonymous, alcoholism is both a disease of the mind and body. They describe the alcoholic as suffering from a physical “allergy” to alcohol. Many researcher describe a similar phenomenon in that alcoholics simply cannot stop drinking once they begin. In recent years, the use of cocaine and crack are on the decline. The new drug of choice for many addicts is heroin and methamphetamine. Both have been on the rise over the last ten years. Heroin no longer has to be injected which is appealing to many drug abusers who refuse to use a needle. Meth can be smoked, sniffed or injected and provides an “up” for addicts. Addicts on meth could stay awake for days at a time (National Institute on Drug Abuse). According to the Justice Department, 18% of prisoners have been incarcerated because they committed crimes to obtain money for drugs. 5% of homicides were directly related to drugs. A survey of inmates found that 30% of them admitted to being under the influence of alcohol or drugs when they committed their crime. Sixty percent of children who experience abuse were victims of someone under the influence of drugs or alcohol. In domestic violence cases nearly 80% were preceded by alcohol or drug abuse. The war on drugs that the United States began in the 1980’s has been ineffective. Drugs are still coming across our borders, many are now produced within this country. Marijuana is now being grown internally and drugs such as methamphetamine is created within our borders. The $15 billion that has been spent in combatting the drug problem has not worked. There are many reasons for addiction. Many drug addicts and alcoholics have at least one person in their family that has also faced addiction Addiction occurs with any substance because of the way alcohol and drugs affect the production of dopamine in the brain. Drugs increase the production of this natural chemical. This is what produces the high effect of drugs. In order to achieve this high, an addict must consume more and more of their substance. Addiction is also coupled with mental disorders. Most abusers suffer from depression, bipolar disorder or anxiety. Addicts are generally devoted to a particular drug that seems to work best for them. Different people due to their personality and physical chemistry tend to prefer one type of drug over another. Once they have found their drug of choice, most addict remain faithful to that one. Addicts also tend to engage in specific behaviors or rituals when using their drug of choice, thus cementing the addiction (Sandra D., personal communication, 10 January 2015). Substance abuse in teenagers is at a record high. Causes for the use of alcohol and drugs are often identified as physical, emotional or sexual abuse and bullying. Teenagers use drugs and alcohol as a way to escape from the painful traumas. They often observe family members or friends that seem to successfully use substances to alter their moods. Peer pressure also ranks as a leading cause for substance abuse. Many adult addicts claim that their addictions began as teenagers and once they started abusing substances they simply could not stop (Whitesell, Bachand, Peel and Brown, 2-4). Substance abusers use complex psychological mechanisms to justify and defend their use of drugs or alcohol. They may deny that they have a problem altogether (denial). Often the abuser uses drugs and alcohol as an escape from life’s pressures and burdens and they give themselves permission to do so (rationalization). The prescription drug abuser may intellectualize the abuse by claiming that the drug is a legal prescription for a real medical problem. Family members may also be unaware of the severity of a substance abuse problem. Often spouses or other family members unwittingly cover up the problems of substance abuse by making excuses or covering up for the abuser. There is hope for those that are suffering with a substance abuse problem. Rehabilitation centers for those that suffer from addiction have sprung up all over the country in the last thirty years. Addicts and alcoholics have the options of admitting themselves into residential or outpatient facilities for treatment. Many companies offer employee assistance programs that can guide an employee to the right place for treatment. Alcoholics Anonymous has been instrumental in helping alcoholics to achieve recovery. This 12 step program has also given rise to similar programs such as Narcotics Anonymous that help those with drug problems. These programs have met tremendous success with long term sobriety for alcoholics and drug addicts alike. Substance abuse is a serious problem that was once hidden in the closet. It takes on many forms and levels of severity. In the last thirty years new light has been shed upon the subject. Research in the field to understand the physical, mental and emotional aspects of the disease has opened doors of opportunity for understanding and successful treatment of people who suffer from addiction. Substance abuse affects not only the individual, but their family and friends as well. There are financial implications for businesses who employ people with a substance abuse problem. The judicial system is overwhelmed with criminals who committed crimes to obtain money for drugs or directly acquiring the drugs. Domestic abuse and child abuse and neglect cases are often rooted in substance abuse problems. The important thing to understand that there is now hope for a person who suffers a substance abuse problem. Treatment centers and a better understanding by the public through education is slowly removing the stigma attached to addiction which can lead to treatment.

Anonymous. Alcoholics Anonymous. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services Inc. 2001. Print “Drug Crimes and Facts”. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/contents.cfm Fleury, M, Grenier, G, Bamvita, J, Perrault, M & CarAn, J. (2014). Predictors of alcohol and drug dependence. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 59(4), 203-212. Grohol, J. (2007). 15 Common defense mechanisms. Psych Central. Retrieved on January 13, 2015, from http://psychcentral.com/lib/15-common-defense-mechanisms/0001251 Kreek, M.J., Nielsen, D., Butleman, E., Laforfge, K.S. (2005). Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nature Neuroscience 8,1450-1457. doi:10.1038/nn1583 Mackenzie Whitesell, Annette Bachand, Jennifer Peel, and Mark Brown (2013). Familial, social, and individual factors contributing to risk for adolescent substance use. doi:10.1155/2013/579310 Mayo Clinic. Drug addiction: Symptoms. Retrieved 28, Feb 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/basics/symptoms/con- 20020790. Moos, R., Finney, J., Cronkite, R. (1990). Alcohol Treatment: Context, Process and Outcome. New York: Oxford University Press, (1990). Print. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from: http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/magnitude/ Publication No. (SMA) 14-4863. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Simoni-Wastila, L. and Strickler, G. (2004). Risk factors associated with the use of prescription drugs. American Journal of Public Health 94(2), 266-268. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.94.2.266 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-48, HHS

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Drugs — The Effects of Drugs on Our Society

The Effects of Drugs on Society: Health Problems

• Categories: Drugs Society

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Words: 1471 |

Published: Dec 3, 2020

Words: 1471 | Pages: 3 | 8 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, drugs in history, effects of drugs on society: health issues.

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Writing An Effective Drug Abuse Essay Introduction

Table of Contents

Drug abuse is the obsessive, compulsive, and excessive use of drugs over time. Regular use of drugs within a specific time frame results in addiction. A drug abuse essay discusses the concept of drug abuse, its effects, and ways to get rid of drug addiction. The  introduction to drug abuse essay  sets the tone for the rest of the paper. 

The introduction is the first thing a reader sees, so it should be gripping. Your introduction should be compelling; it needs to give the reader an overview of the topic and present the argument or thesis.

The introduction should immediately grab the reader’s attention so that he or she will want to read the rest of the piece.

What Is A Drug Abuse Essay?

Drug addiction is a huge problem all over the world. It is the continuous use of certain substances to excite the brain and derive pleasure. Drugs are self-destructive and lead to significant changes in one’s behavior, activities, brain functioning, and health. 

It is now more important than ever to educate others about the effects of drugs and their several harmful effects. Drug abuse essays aim to present an argumentative view on the problem of drug abuse. They also highlight possible solutions that may help eliminate drug addiction. 

Common drug abuse essays are as follows:

• Poverty and Drug Abuse Addiction
• Drug Abuse in the Community
• Teenage Drug Abuse
• Drugs – Escape from Reality
• The Truth About Drugs – Illegal Drugs
• Drug Abuse Among Students.
• Substance Abuse and Development.
• The Destructive Pattern of Drug Abuse
• Drug Testing
• Prescription Drug Abuse
• Background on Drug Abuse
• Effects of Parental Drug Abuse on Teens
• The Relationship Between Adult Drug Abusers and Children.
• Effects of Drug Abuse on Families
• Drug Abuse Prevention and Control.
• The Truth of Drug Abuse.
• Drug Abuse in Athletes

How To Write A Compelling Introduction to Drug Abuse Essay

The introduction sets up the main issue you want to address within the main body of the paper. It gives an overview of the topic , provides background information, and states the thesis.

The introduction must grab the reader’s attention instantly and keep them engaged. It should be clear, concise, and relevant to the topic. 

A good introduction consists of the following:

1.  The Hook. The opening paragraph should intensely appeal to the reader’s immediate attention. Begin with a bold statement, a shocking fact/statistic, an anecdote, or a thoughtful question that tells the reader what the paper is about.

2.  Background Information. Your introductory paragraph should provide the reader with background information about your topic, so they can grasp the significance of what you’re writing about. 

3.  The Thesis : Your paper’s thesis is what you will try to prove. It should be interesting enough to draw the reader’s immediate attention and let them know the main point you’re going to be arguing. 

Introduction to Drug Abuse Essay Example

Drug addiction has become a serious problem today. More than 19.7 million adults (aged 12 or older) were reported to use illicit drugs in America in 2015. And, the rate has been steady. America spent over 740 billion dollars on drug and alcohol problems. Drug use has crucial psychological, social, and health effects. There is a need to understand the ill effects of drug abuse and what can be done to curb the rising cases. 

The introduction to drug abuse essay sets the tone of the paper. Your introduction should grab the readers’ attention and help them decide whether or not to continue reading the piece.

Begin with an exciting opening statement; it could be a shocking fact or an interesting anecdote. Give the readers an overview of the topic and provide background information.

End the introduction with the thesis statement, a summary of the main points the body of the essay will focus on. 

Abir Ghenaiet

Abir is a data analyst and researcher. Among her interests are artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing. As a humanitarian and educator, she actively supports women in tech and promotes diversity.

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When Substance Abuse and Psychiatric Issues Collide

Co-occurring disorders have taken a toll on celebrities and regular folk alike..

Updated April 5, 2024 | Reviewed by Hara Estroff Marano

• What Is Psychiatry?
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• Many people have a substance use disorder (SUD) and serious psychiatric issue at the same time.
• Experts and the public have struggled with whether drugs caused psychiatric illness or vice versa.
• Carrie Fisher and Matthew Perry may have self-medicated over distress, or SUDs triggered psychiatric ills.
• Sexual, physical, or emotional traumatic events in childhood increase risks for co-occurring disorders.

Often starting in adolescence or young adulthood, many individuals have both a substance abuse disorder and at least one psychiatric disorder, although which diagnosis came first is frequently unclear. This “double trouble” problem is also called “co-occurring disorders (CODS),” as well as “concurrent disorders” and “dual diagnosis.”

The combination of disorders has been discussed in speculative articles about celebrities like Charlie Sheen, Demi Lovato, Justin Bieber, Jhene Aiko, Britney Spears, and Russell Brand. More in-depth scientific and biographic articles about Ernest Hemingway, Carrie Fisher, and Kurt Cobain have helped explain the complexity of CODs. Some of us were mesmerized and sad watching their struggles. Kurt Cobain’s lyrics, performance, and even some of his songs (like “Lithium” and “All Apologies” ) come to my mind as both a fan and a psychiatrist.

But it’s not just celebrities who are suffering from both substance abuse and mental health issues. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2022 , 21.5 million people in the United States had both a substance abuse disorder and a mental illness.

In the past, experts believed it was best to treat one disorder (usually the substance issue) and assumed any psychiatric issues would sort themselves out. However, if the psychiatric issue persisted, it was eventually treated.

In contrast, current thinking is both disorders should be treated in about the same time frame, because ignoring either could be problematic for the patient. If someone is severely depressed, anxious, or has another psychiatric disorder, it may be possible for them to detoxify from a substance, but it’s very hard to develop longer-term control over substance dependence and any accompanying mental illnesses when both issues are not addressed.

For adolescents and young adults with underlying psychiatric disorders, abusing substances provides an unfortunate early opportunity for incorporating bad learning. For example, if they struggle with anxiety , teens may discover that alcohol calms their nerves, making them less anxious about meeting new people or engaging in social interactions. Early self- medication of psychiatric symptoms is double trouble, as alcohol causes brain changes and effects that can trigger alcohol use disorder (AUD.) Some people describe the first drink as magical, that first taste feeling like the key to previously locked-out relief.

More Intense Treatment Is Needed with SUDs Combined with Psychiatric Diagnoses

Individuals diagnosed with co-occurring disorders often need more intense treatment than others due to the complexity of their cases. They also may face greater consequences from their substance abuse compared to patients diagnosed with a mental illness only. Examples of such possible consequences may include a greater exacerbation of their psychiatric symptoms, hallucinations and/or suicidal thinking, an increase in aggressive and violent behaviors, concurrent medical, nutritional, and infectious issues, more emergency room visits than other patients, and a greater number of falls and injuries.

Those with CODs are also more likely to experience head injuries and physical fights with others as well as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Some have a greater frequency of involuntary inpatient psychiatric placements. These patients need a psychiatric assessment and treatment from experts in both addictions and psychiatry.

Possible Causes of CODs

One theory to explain CODS, the self-medication theory, was developed by the late Harvard psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Ed Khantzian, M.D. He assumed anhedonia (the inability to experience pleasure) or suffering in general was the driving force behind addiction. This theory hypothesizes that underlying psychological disorders compel individuals to self-medicate their feelings with alcohol and/or drugs. In addition, patients are sometimes distinguished by their drugs of choice. For instance, patients with an alcohol use disorder might have been battling social anxiety and self-medicating with alcohol for performance anxiety, shyness, or nervousness in social settings; stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine often are used by those with depression or untreated attentional disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The self-medication hypothesis was first put forth in a 1985 cover article in the American Journal of Psychiatry. It focused on how and why individuals are drawn to and become dependent on drugs. The self-medication hypothesis was derived from clinical evaluation and treatment of thousands of patients spanning five decades and remains a credible theory.

As I have stated in the American Journal of Psychiatry , it is one of the most “intuitively appealing theories” about addiction. But drugs of abuse and addiction can also cause psychiatric illnesses by targeting the brain’s mood and pleasure systems and inadvertently undermining them.

Neuroscientist Kenneth Blum developed the theory of reward-deficiency syndrome (RDS) as the cause for co-occurring addictive disorders and psychiatric diagnoses. In many ways, RDS is a natural extension of Khantzian’s theory, but it’s an update, attributing the cause to an underlying dopamine deficiency or neurochemical dysfunction that supports drug-seeking/self-medication.

People with RDS, which may be inherited, are miserably unhappy and their lives may be intolerable due to their inability to gain satisfaction from work, relationships, or their accomplishments.

An emerging, newer approach of “preaddiction” as an early or moderate stage of substance abuse is championed by leaders of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Preaddiction is conceptually analogous to prediabetes, a risk factor for type-2 diabetes. Prediabetes has contributed to a quantum leap in early detection of people at risk for type-2 diabetes, shortened delays between symptom onset and treatment entry before the onset of diabetes, and overall been a remarkable success in halting progression to diabetes. Similarly, the earliest possible detection of substance abuse will save more lives as experts develop and focus on the evolving concept of preaddiction.

A Possible Environmental Cause: Adverse Childhood Events (ACEs)

In the late twentieth century, a large insurance provider in California worked with researchers to identify adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that later reverberated in the lives of adults. The researchers found that individuals who reported the greatest numbers of ACEs—such as physical abuse, sexual abuse , loss of a biological parent, witnessing physical violence, and other severely traumatic childhood events—were significantly more likely than those with no ACEs to have psychiatric problems and substance abuse issues in adulthood. They were also at greater risk for suicidal behaviors.

Nirvana's Kurt Cobain was a person with bipolar disorder , substance use and a heroin habit, according to a cousin who described their family history in detail and noted that two uncles had killed themselves with guns. Cobain, who suicided in 1994, purportedly had at least four ACEs, including witnessing domestic violence , experiencing psychological abuse , being neglected, and suffering from his parents’ divorce . Such a score markedly increased Cobain’s risk for suicide as an adult.

Treatment of CODs Should Not Be Delayed

Although an extensive description of how CODs should best be treated is beyond the scope of this article, the key point is to not delay treatment of one disorder in favor of the other. Instead, as much of a simultaneous approach as possible is best. This often means a team of experts is needed, including a psychiatrist, psychologist, therapists, and others to assess the problem, determine whether inpatient, residential, or outpatient treatment is best, and develop a cohesive treatment plan for the patient.

In opioid use disorder treatment, the current standard of care is to focus on prevention of overdose and replacement of opioids with medication-assisted treatments (MATs.) However, detoxification from opioids or maintenance on a MAT would provide little symptomatic relief for a person with opioid use disorder, suicidal ideas, and bipolar illness.

It is also recommended to evaluate individuals for past or recent trauma and co-occurring psychiatric and medical illnesses and treat patients accordingly. Often this means psychotherapy is needed as well as psychiatric treatments. Psychotherapy may include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivation enhancement therapy (MET), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and other forms of therapy. Trained and experienced therapists are crucial. Depending on the substance on which patients depend, medication treatment for their detoxification, relapse prevention, and craving may or may not be available. Currently, medication treatments exist for tobacco use disorder, alcohol use disorder, and opioid use disorder.

Summing It Up

Not only celebrities but many people with a substance use disorder have at least one other psychiatric problem, and when this situation occurs, all disorders need to be identified and treated. I recommend professional help in checking for substance use disorders in psychiatric patients and also looking for psychiatric illness and a history of trauma in people with substance use disorders.

Future breakthroughs in genetic and other scientific research should make clearer why some individuals are more prone to such disorders, as well as lead experts toward the best medications, therapies, and other treatments to alleviate much more of this terrible suffering.

Cross, Charles R. Heavier than Heaven : a Biography of Kurt Cobain. New York :Hyperion, 2001.

Gold MS. Dual disorders: nosology, diagnosis, & treatment confusion--chicken or egg? Introduction. J Addict Dis. 2007;26 Suppl 1:1-3. doi: 10.1300/J069v26S01_01. PMID: 19283969.

Buckley PF, Brown ES. Prevalence and consequences of dual diagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;67(7):e01. doi: 10.4088/jcp.0706e01. PMID: 17107226.

Mark S. Gold, M.D., is a pioneering researcher, professor, and chairman of psychiatry at Yale, the University of Florida, and Washington University in St Louis. His theories have changed the field, stimulated additional research, and led to new understanding and treatments for opioid use disorders, cocaine use disorders, overeating, smoking, and depression.

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Substance Abuse in Teenagers Essay

Introduction, substance abuse issue, causes of substance abuse.

I picked this topic because teenage drug addiction has prevailed in society, making it a growing problem. Teenagers frequently experiment with various activities and substances that often result in abuse and addiction. Brain development in adolescents is more vulnerable to drug deficits, which concerns society. Substance abuse causes injury, sexually transmitted diseases, teenage pregnancies, poor mental health, and suicide. The essay presents the issues and the causes of substance abuse among adolescents.

The prevalence of drug use is higher in boys than in girls. For example, a survey conducted by Molinaro et al. (2011) presents cannabis as five times more prevalent than other drugs. Figure 1 below shows the rate of use of cannabis by male adolescents.

A comparison of the two figures shows more males using cannabis. The prevalence of cannabis in 2009 in females is 24.7, while in males, it is 33.8, which affirms that males are more subject to drug addiction than females (Molinaro et al., 2011). The results show men being the bigger addicts to heroin, cocaine, stimulants, and hallucinogens.

Drug consumption also exhibits a dynamic evolution over time influenced by cultural, political, and economic factors like changing laws and market price volatility (Molinaro et al., 2011). Despite significant legislative and social communication efforts in the field, the prevalence of drug use remained relatively unchanged for the commonly used drugs like cocaine and cannabis, with a decrease in heroin overbalanced by a significant increase in hallucinogen and stimulant use (Molinaro et al., 2011). Between 2005 and 2008, the trend for cannabis use and availability decreased while its price increased, whereas the prevalence of cocaine and stimulant use increased significantly (Molinaro et al., 2011). In spite of the various social communication and legislative initiatives to prevent substance misuse, the situation has not improved considerably.

There are various reasons why teenagers and young adults become involved with drugs. Regrettably, the root of substance abuse often goes deeper than experimentation. The availability of illegal drugs for adolescents predicts increased substance use as an adult. According to a survey conducted between 1999 and 2009, cannabis has been the most widely available illicit substance, with cocaine’s availability rising since 2006, where one out of every five students reported easy access to the drug (Molinaro et al., 2011). Substance availability influences the use of substances by adolescents as they can obtain them easily. Cannabis is a consistently available illicit drug that adolescents abuse.

An increase in the prices of illicit substances affects the rates of abuse. The cheaper the illegal drugs are, the easier it is for adolescents to access them. An example is from the survey conducted by Molinaro et al. (2011) on cannabis.

Cannabis use and availability decreased in 2006, and its price increased, although cocaine and stimulant use prevalence increased significantly from 2005 to 2006, and their price decreased (Molinaro et al., 2011). The prices set for drugs influence their abuse. The higher the set costs, the less their abuse and inversely.

Drug usage is common among high school students, with cannabis being the most common and heroin being the least. Girls are less susceptible to illicit substance use than boys. The root of substance abuse often goes deeper than experimentation. Substance availability influences the use of substances by adolescents as they can obtain them easily. In spite of the various social communication and legislative initiatives to prevent substance misuse, the situation has not improved considerably.

Molinaro, S., Siciliano, V., Curzio, O., Denoth, F., Salvadori, S., & Mariani, F. (2011). Illegal substance use among Italian high school students: Trends over 11 years (1999–2009) . PloS one , 6 (6), e20482. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2023, January 5). Substance Abuse in Teenagers. https://ivypanda.com/essays/substance-abuse-in-teenagers/

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