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Indian Freedom Fighters Speech in English for Students

August 2, 2021 by Sandeep

Speech on Freedom Fighters: Indian freedom fighters have laid down their lives selflessly during the war of independence. They have fought against British injustice and inspired others with their words and actions. People became aware of their rights and duties, thanks to the efforts of freedom fighters. Due to the long freedom struggle by these valiant persons, India achieved independence on 15th August 1947. India is famous for Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru, Sardar Patel, Subhash Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh and others.

Speech on Freedom Fighters 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Freedom Fighters Speech in English, written in easy and simple words for class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 school students.

“ Freedom is never dear at any price. It is the breath of life”. With this beautiful quote by Mahatma Gandhi , I welcome you all to the session. Today I am here to deliver a speech on freedom fighters. Today we all have the freedom to walk, speak & do whatever we want. However, the situation was not the same when India was ruled by Britishers.

Seventy years back situations were so different; people were not allowed to do anything according to their wish. Those were the days of struggle, hardship & suffering. The freedom fighters had the courage, the love for motherland to fight against the Britishers to bring back freedom. We cannot even imagine what freedom is if freedom fighters would not have done their part back then. Freedom fighters were the people who selflessly sacrificed their lives for the freedom of our country. Few chose the path of nonviolence while others chose violence to bring to an end of the British emperor in India.

Every freedom fighters have contributed in their way in their area to end dominance & slavery. They are the symbols of patriotism & bravery. They are people who did not care about their family but thought about the country & fought for the more significant cause. They are the ones who ignited the people, who motivated the citizens of India to fight back for all the oppression’s. They made the common people aware of their rights & privileges. Many freedom fighters even went on war with the British government. Freedom fighters were the strong pillars of the freedom movement throughout the country.

The voice they raised against all the violence & injustice done to the Indians has gifted us with freedom today. For this, they have faced a lot of hardship, pain, the sacrifice which cannot be compared with anything else. Many of them even lost their lives in this war against the foreigners. Every small & big effort made by them has resulted in the life we are living today. Non-cooperation movement by Mahatma Gandhi, Indian National Army by Subash Chandra Bose, inspiration to youths by Chandrasekhar Azad & many more created a wave to unite the whole nation against the Britishers.

Tantia Tope, Bhagat Singh , Lal Bahadur Shastri, Maulana Abdul Kalam, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel & many more will always be remembered for their contribution to their motherland. It is all of our responsibility to pay tribute to our freedom fighters every day who has gifted us with freedom. We all must remember their sacrifice & pain for our nation. As Indian, we all are very proud of them & we also must do everything possible which will make our nation great.

Short Speech on Freedom Fighters

Below we have provided 2 minutes speech on freedom fighters for class 2, 3, and 4 students.

Good morning to everyone present here. Today I ……. Is going to deliver a speech on Freedom Fighters. Freedom fighters are the people who fought against the Britishers to free our country from them. They are the ones because of whom we celebrate Independence Day 15th of August every year. They are ones who have sacrificed for their nation selflessly.

It does not matter how small their contribution was, but everything was significant for the revolt against the foreigners. India has seen many freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi, Netaji Subash Chandra Bose, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , Tantia Tope, Nana Sahib, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Bhagat Singh & many more.

Out of all the freedom fighters, one of my personal favourite is Mahatma Gandhi. He is also popularly known as the father of the nation. He chose a different path to revolt against the Britishers. He was a person who followed the path of nonviolence, truth & peace to unite the whole country against the superior power ruling us. Starting from Dandi March to promoting Khadi, he kept inspiring people by his every movement. He started boycotting their products & services with the support of the whole country. Finally, he won the battle against the Britishers without any weapons.

Every freedom fighter chooses their way to protest & inspired many people & made them aware of their rights. They are the ones who stood against the colonial rule. They made our country whatever it is today. We all can never forget their contribution to our motherland. They will always be remembered for their sacrifice. They taught us that we Indians could find the solution to all the problems when we unite & fight back. So let us walk on their footprints & bring glory to the country.

Thank You. Jai Hind.

Essay on Freedom Fighters for Students and Children

500+ words essay on freedom fighters.

Freedom fighters were people who sacrificed their lives selflessly for the freedom of their country. Every country has its fair share of freedom fighters . People look up to them in terms of patriotism and love for one’s country. They are considered the epitome of patriotic people.

Freedom fighters made sacrifices which one cannot even imagine of doing for their loved ones, leave alone the country. The amount of pain, hardships, and opposite they have endured cannot be put into words. The generations after them will always be indebted to them for their selfless sacrifices and hard work .

Importance of Freedom Fighters

One cannot emphasize enough on the importance of freedom fighters. After all, they are the ones because of whom we celebrate Independence Day . No matter how small a role they played, they are very much significant today as they were in those times. Moreover, they revolted against the colonizers so as to stand up for the country and its people.

Furthermore, most of the freedom fighters even went to war to safeguard the freedom of their people. It did not matter that they had no training; they did it for the pure intention of making their country free. Most of the freedom fighters sacrificed their lives in the war for independence.

Most importantly, freedom fighters inspired and motivated others to fight injustice. They are the pillars behind the freedom movement. They made people aware of their rights and their power. It is all because of the freedom fighters that we prospered into a free country free from any kind of colonizers or injustice.

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My Favourite Freedom Fighters

Secondly, Rani Lakshmi Bai was a great freedom fighter. I have learned so many things from this empowering woman. She fought for the country despite so many hardships. A mother never gave up her country because of her child, instead took him to the battlefield to fight against injustice. Moreover, she was so inspiring in numerous ways.

Next, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose comes in my list. He led the Indian National Army to show the power of India to the British. His famous line remains to be ‘give me your blood and I will give you freedom.’

Finally, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was also one of the greatest leaders. Despite being from a rich family, he gave up the easy life and fought for India’s freedom. He was imprisoned a number of times but that did not stop him from fighting against injustice. He was a great inspiration to many.

In short, freedom fighters are what made our country what it is today. However, we see nowadays people are fighting for everything they stood against. We must come together to not let communal hatred come between and live up to the Indian dream of these freedom fighters. Only then will we honor their sacrifices and memory.

FAQ on Freedom Fighters

Q.1 Why were freedom fighters important?

A.1 Freedom fighters made our country independent. They gave up their lives so we could have a bright future free from colonization.

Q.2 Name some of the Indian freedom fighters.

A.2 Some of the famous India freedom fighters were Mahatma Gandhi, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, and Jawaharlal Nehru.

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Speech on Freedom Fighters of India

Ladies and Gentlemen, Esteemed Guests, and Distinguished Attendees,

Today, I stand before you to delve into a chapter of history that resonates with valor, sacrifice, and an unyielding quest for freedom. We gather here to honor and remember the freedom fighters of India, the brave hearts who wrote the story of India’s independence through their blood, sweat, and indomitable spirit.

The Dawn of the Freedom Struggle

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, India was a nation under colonial rule. It was a period marked by oppression and subjugation. But in the hearts of its people burned a flame of freedom, a desire to reclaim their land from foreign dominion. This flame was fanned by the courage and determination of our freedom fighters.

The Guiding Lights

We must begin with Mahatma Gandhi , the epitome of non-violence and civil disobedience. His Satyagraha movement taught the world the power of truth and peaceful resistance. His famous Salt March, a 240-mile walk to Dandi, was not just a protest against the salt tax but a symbol of defiance against the British Empire.

Following in his footsteps were leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel . Nehru’s impassioned speeches and writings inspired millions, while Patel’s tenacity in unifying the princely states laid the foundation of the Indian Republic.

The Unsung Heroes

Let us also remember the unsung heroes: Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, who fought valiantly in the First War of Indian Independence in 1857; Bhagat Singh , whose youthful zeal and sacrifice at the age of 23 became a beacon of inspiration for generations; and Subhas Chandra Bose , whose call for ‘Total Mobilization’ galvanized many to take up arms for the cause.

Women in the Struggle

Our tribute would be incomplete without acknowledging the role of women. Figures like Sarojini Naidu , Kasturba Gandhi , and Sucheta Kriplani were not just participants but leaders who shaped the course of our freedom struggle.

The Legacy and Lessons

The legacy of our freedom fighters is not confined to history books; it lives in the democratic values we cherish today. They taught us the power of unity in diversity, the strength of non-violent protest, and the importance of a relentless pursuit of justice.

A Call to the Future Generations

As we honor these great personalities, let us also remind ourselves of the responsibilities that come with the freedom they fought for. It is up to us, the future generations, to uphold these values and work towards a nation that they envisioned – a nation where every citizen has the opportunity to thrive, where equality and justice are not just ideals but realities.

In conclusion, the freedom fighters of India, with their diverse approaches and singular goal, have left us an indelible legacy. Their sacrifices paved the way for the freedom and democracy we enjoy today. As we remember them, let us commit ourselves to be worthy of that legacy.

Thank you for giving me the honor to speak today. Jai Hind!

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Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In English 500+ Words

Hello Friend, In this post “ Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In English “, We will read about the Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle as an Essay in detail. So…

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Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In English

“ Let’s salute the unsung heroes who give us beautiful today.”

“Freedom fighters gave us their today for our golden tomorrow.”

Introduction:

The freedom of a country depends on its citizens. Every country has a few brave hearts who willingly give up their lives for their countrymen.

Freedom fighters play a very important role in making any country independent. India is a land of endless freedom fighters.

Many are known and many are unsung. All of them have their way to fight for freedom like some have chosen the path of Non-violence. While some show their bravery with pistols in their hands and swords.

Our Independence was hard fought the British ruled over our leads for a long time. But then, there are heroes, aren’t there? There are always heroes.

The ones who stand up and fight. some get the spotlight while the same stay in the dark and contribute just as much as others.

The bodies are true for India’s freedom fighters as well. For those who fought equally hard but never got any share of the limelight, because they simply never cared.

There are so many freedom fighters of India who contributed to the Independence movement but their names faded into the darkness.

Our country, India was colonized by the British. Our freedom fighters fought against the British for our independence.

Some Important freedom fighters of India are Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Jawaharlal Nehru, and many more.

But there are many freedom fighters who we probably haven’t heard. Most of them sacrificed their lives in getting independence for India. we call them the “Unsung Heroes of India”.

Their only focus was seeing an independent India. But as citizens of this country, we should know about some of them.

Here are some freedom fighters you probably haven’t heard of. These unsung heroes are also the reason we live in a free country.

We must honor their sacrifices and aim to live together in harmony and peace ensuring social justice. In the freedom struggle, India has many unsung heroes, who devoted his life.

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Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In Hindi

They were Matangini Hazra, Hazrat Mahal, Senapati Bapat, Aruna Asaf Ali, Bhikaji Cama, Tara rani, Peer Ali Khan, Kamala Devi, Garimella, Tiruppur Kumaran, Birsa Munda, Durgabai etc.

Let’s read in detail about Unsung Heroes of Freedom Struggle .

Matangini Hazra : Hazra was part of the Quit India movement and Non-co-operation movement during one procession, she continued to advance With the Indian flag even after even being short trice. she kept shouting “Vande Mataram”.

Peer Ali Khan : He was one of the initial rebels of India. he was part of the 1857 freedom struggle and among the 14 people who were given capital punishment due to their role in the freedom movement . Even still, his work inspired many who followed but generations later, his name just faded away.

Garimella Satyanarayana : He was an inspiration for the people of Andhra, As a writer, he used his skill to write influential poems and songs to motivate the people of Andhra to join the movement against the British.

Begum Hazrat Mahal : She was a vital part of the 1857 Indian Rebellion. After her husband was exiled, she took charge of Awadh and even seized control of Lucknow during the rebellion. Later, Begam Hazrat had to retreat to Nepal, where she died.

Conclusion:

This August 15, India will celebrate 74 years of Independence from the British Raj and also remember the 200- year old struggle for freedom of our countrymen.

The most famous freedom fighters are undoubtedly Mahatma Gandhi , Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, Mangal Pandey, and so on, but there are also others who contributed to the independence movement but their names faded into the darkness.

There were many freedom fighters who looked into the eye of the tyrannical British rulers and dared to raise the slogan of an independent India.

Some are celebrated all across the world among the Indian community while there is, remain anonymous to the masses today.

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Essay on Freedom Fighters

Students are often asked to write an essay on Freedom Fighters in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Freedom Fighters

Introduction.

Freedom fighters are brave individuals who fought for the independence of their nations. They sacrificed their lives to ensure that future generations could live in freedom.

Role of Freedom Fighters

Freedom fighters played a crucial role in liberating their countries from oppressive rulers. They led movements, protests and even wars to achieve independence.

Significance

The significance of freedom fighters is immense. Their courage and determination serve as an inspiration for us. They remind us of the value of freedom and the importance of standing up for our rights.

In conclusion, freedom fighters are the pillars of our free nations. Their sacrifices and struggles have shaped the world we live in today.

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Paragraph on Freedom Fighters
Speech on Freedom Fighters

250 Words Essay on Freedom Fighters

Freedom fighters are the torchbearers of liberty, justice, and democracy. They are the valiant individuals who risk their lives for the emancipation of their nation and its people from oppression and tyranny. The essence of their struggle transcends borders, influencing and inspiring millions worldwide.

The Role of Freedom Fighters

Freedom fighters play a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of history. They challenge the status quo, disrupt oppressive regimes, and catalyze social and political change. They are often the catalysts for revolutions, sparking mass movements that usher in new eras of governance and societal norms. Their courage and conviction galvanize the masses, turning the tide against oppressors.

Freedom Fighters and National Identity

The sacrifices made by freedom fighters often form the bedrock of a nation’s identity. Their struggle for liberty and justice becomes a part of the national ethos, shaping the collective consciousness of the people. They become symbols of resilience and resistance, their stories passed down through generations, inspiring future movements for justice and equality.

In conclusion, freedom fighters are the harbingers of change, embodying the spirit of resistance against oppression. Their indomitable courage and unwavering commitment to their cause serve as a beacon of hope for oppressed people worldwide. They are the epitome of sacrifice and dedication, their stories serving as timeless reminders of the price of freedom.

500 Words Essay on Freedom Fighters

Freedom fighters, often hailed as the architects of liberty, have played a pivotal role in shaping the history of nations across the globe. They are the brave individuals who have sacrificed their lives and personal comforts to ensure the freedom and rights of their fellow citizens. Their indomitable spirit and unwavering dedication have become the cornerstone of our understanding of patriotism and national identity.

The Essence of Freedom Fighters

Freedom fighters embody the essence of resistance against oppressive regimes. Their struggle is not merely a fight against an external entity but also a battle against the internal chains of fear and submission. They stand as symbols of courage, resilience, and an unyielding commitment to the ideals of justice, equality, and freedom. Their actions, often under the most challenging circumstances, have demonstrated that freedom is not a gift to be received but a right to be fought for.

Roles and Contributions

The roles and contributions of freedom fighters extend beyond the battlefield. They have been instrumental in shaping the political, social, and cultural landscapes of their nations. Their ideologies have influenced constitutions, laws, and societal norms, ensuring the propagation of democratic values and human rights. Figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, and Martin Luther King Jr. have not only led their nations to freedom but have also left a lasting impact on global thought and policy.

Lessons from Freedom Fighters

The lives of freedom fighters are replete with lessons of perseverance, sacrifice, and moral courage. They teach us that freedom is not just about the absence of external control but also about the presence of internal liberty – the freedom of thought, speech, and conscience. They remind us that true freedom comes with responsibility – the responsibility to respect and uphold the rights of others and to contribute to the betterment of society.

Freedom Fighters in the Modern Context

In the modern context, the concept of a freedom fighter has evolved to encompass those fighting against various forms of oppression and injustice, including economic disparity, racial discrimination, and gender inequality. Activists, whistleblowers, and advocates who strive to bring about social change in their communities are the freedom fighters of today. They continue the legacy of their historical counterparts, amplifying the voices of the marginalized and challenging the status quo.

In conclusion, freedom fighters, with their unwavering commitment to liberty and justice, have shaped the course of history and continue to inspire generations. Their stories serve as a reminder of the price of freedom and the enduring human spirit that relentlessly pursues it. As we navigate the complexities of our modern world, their legacy prompts us to question, to resist, and to strive for a world where freedom is not a privilege but a fundamental right for all.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Speech on Freedom Fighters

Category: Speech (English) On January 23, 2019 By Ananda

Dear students and respected teachers today I’m going to give a speech on a much-respected topic: Freedom Fighters. As you all know India is a very big country. Many freedom fighters were born in this great Nation. To liberate India every Indian participated in the freedom movement. Only because of them we are living a free life.

Freedom Fighters can be of many different forms. Some revolutionize the world with their words other took the sword and found the truth. Chains of slavery are broke by these freedom fighters. We should be thankful to them throughout our life. Some fighters sacrificed their bodies in the way of their countries. Independence lied in their hands. Today I will be telling you about a number of strong and bold freedom fighters, who sacrificed their lives for the Motherland of India,

Netaji Subash Chandra Bose was a very famous freedom fighter of India. Basically, the Indian National Army was formed by them. He was the creator of it. He discussed the issues related to the independence with the labour party. It all happened before the independence. London was the venue. Chandra was born in September 1897 and died on August 1945 . Chandra redeveloped the Indian National Army with the support of the Japanese army. He hired new soldiers after the Singapore event. He was a great human being. Indians are still proud of this great man.

Mahatma Gandh i was born in 1869 and died on 30 January 1948 . He went to school when he was seven years old. Bapu was an average student in his school. He was a barrister and study law after college. He had a deep insight regarding the law and its jurisdiction. He went to South Africa for one of his cases. There he saw the bad condition of Indians very closely. In 1915 Gandhi Joined Congress in India . Non cooperation movement was one of his famous national movements. It was against the atrocities faced by Indians due to British rule. Quit India Movement was also leaded by him in 1942. Dandi march and salt law are also some of his special works for the Indian people.

It was all because of his tiring efforts that India was born. At the time of sands, Gandhi’s name is still roared. Gopal Krishna is also one of the main founding leaders of Indian National Congress. He was a very senior leader of Indian National Congress. He was good in his morals and education. He was one of the earliest people who spoke about India’s Independence. This idea was also created by him. Next hero is Chandrasekhar Azad. He is like Baghat Singh . He was born on 23 July 1903 and died on 27 February 1931. This poor and strong freedom fighter only lived a short life. Azad was a born freedom fighter. He won a heroic battle against the British army.

So I would like to finish my speech with some special words. Always respect and love these freedom Fighters . As they are the reason you are still alive and are surviving. The basic thing is a homeland. It is not possible without these strong men.

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Freedom Fighters Essay

Introduction

The freedom of a country depends on its citizens. Individuals who selflessly sacrifice their lives so that their country and countrymen can be free are identified as freedom fighters. Every country has a few brave hearts who willingly give up their lives for their countrymen. Freedom fighters did not only fight for their country but for everyone who suffered in silence, lost their family and freedom, and even their rights to live for themselves. People of the country look up to the freedom fighters with respect for their patriotism and the love they had for their motherland. These people provide examples by which other citizens aim to live by.

For ordinary people, sacrificing their lives is a big deal but freedom fighters selflessly make this unimaginable sacrifice for their country without thinking of any repercussion. The amount of pain and hardships that they have to endure to achieve their goal cannot be described in mere words. The entire country remains forever indebted to them for their struggles.

The Influence Left by the Freedom Fighters

One can't stress enough the importance of the deeds of the freedom fighters. On every Independence Day, the country remembers the thousands who once struggled so that their countrymen could be free. Their sacrifices are never forgotten by their countrymen.

If we delve into history, we see most freedom fighters joined the freedom struggle without prior formal training in war or related fields. They went to wars and protests knowing very well that they may get killed by the opposite power. The freedom fighters were not just people who fought with arms against the tyrants but they were people who joined protests through literature, legal advocates, people who contributed money to the freedom struggle, and so on. Most of the brave hearts led the fight against foreign powers. They made their fellow people realize their rights and pointed out all the existing social injustice and crimes committed by the ones in power.

The most important effect that the freedom fighters left on the people of the society are that they inspired others to understand their rights and stand up against the people in power. They inspired others to join their struggle. It was because of the freedom fighters that the countrymen united with a bond of Nationalism and patriotic feelings.

Freedom fighters are considered to be the propelling force behind the success of the freedom struggle. They are the reason why we can now prosper in a free country.

Some Noteworthy Indian Freedom Fighters

India had been under British rule for 200 years approximately. There were a lot of brave hearts who laid down their lives for the freedom of India. Within the limited scope of this essay, we will discuss the contributions made by only a few freedom fighters.

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi is known as the father of the nation. Mahatma Gandhi, the reason behind the Dandi march, led the path to freedom following the principles of ahimsa or non-violence. He prioritised ‘ swadeshi ’ and ‘non-cooperation’ to expedite the freedom movement.

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was an excellent leader. He travelled to other countries to form alliances and formed Indian National Army (INA) or Azad Hind Fauj which eventually helped our nation prosper. He was successful in freeing a portion of the Indian Territory from British rule.

Bhagat Singh

The fearless patriot was hanged to death at a very young age after being convicted in several cases of dissent against the then British empire. He was indeed a true patriot and we still remember him as Shaheed Bhagat Sing.

Conclusion

Freedom fighters are the reason we live in a free country. We must honour their sacrifices and aim to live together in harmony and peace ensuring social justice.

The motivation for today’s youth is alive in the stories of freedom fighters. The struggles of their lives show the difference in life and the dept of the value they believe in and fought for. We as a citizen of India should respect and honor the sacrifice by creating a peaceful environment in the country.

FAQs on Freedom Fighters Essay

1. What is freedom means to the people living in a country?

Freedom means to live freely without any restrictions to their values. Freedom means people can live according to their opinions, people can work according to their capabilities, there won’t be any discrimination against them by any third party. Freedom means that no one is heading any individual, or controlling them according to their needs. It also means that people can freely live their lives in their own country without any disturbance from any third party.

2. How do freedom fighters affect the independence of our country?

Our country had a huge population at the time of British rule. But then also our country was under British rule for many years. The people of our country are huge in numbers so they need leaders who lead them. These leaders of that time are the freedom fighters, who lead people to come in the majority and revolt against the British empire. Freedom fighters played the most important role to give our people the causes for the revolt.

3. How freedom fighters were brought up to become leaders at that time?

Freedom fighters had their will and the passion to fight for the country. Looking back to the days when our country was under British rule, everybody who fought for the country was not trained professionally to be a freedom fighter. They fought and made us and our country the proudest country of all. Only freedom fighters are the reason behind the freedom struggle that our ancestors faced.

4. Describe the role of Mahatma Gandhi as a freedom fighter.

Mahatma Gandhi was the backbone of the freedom fighters. He was the leader who fought on his will without any hand war. His principle of non-violence helped this country from scratch.

He believed in himself and fought against the British empire. He also owned the honor of The Father of the Nation. The father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was the reason behind the Dandi march and other struggles.

5. What was the agenda of being independent at the time of British rule?

The agenda of becoming independent at the time of British rule was to live freely in our country without any discrimination. Our people were tortured by the British empire to the max. Our children were not allowed to attain an education. Even we in our own country were not able to live the way we want.

Speech on freedom fighters of India [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Minutes]

1, 2, 3 Minutes Speech on freedom fighters of India

My dear teachers and students!

Today, I’d like to tell you about some of India’s freedom warriors who were instrumental in the country’s campaign for independence from British domination.

Mahatma Gandhi is one of India’s most well-known liberation fighters. In India, Gandhi is recognised as the “Father of the Nation” and for his concept of nonviolent resistance, which he dubbed satyagraha. He spearheaded various nonviolent movements, including the Salt Satyagraha, which protested the British government’s salt levy. Gandhi’s nonviolent philosophy influenced civil rights and independence movements all across the world.

Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister after independence, is another renowned freedom warrior. Nehru was a significant figure in the Indian independence movement and a key figure in the negotiations for India’s independence from British rule.

Bhagat Singh was another Indian freedom fighter who was a revolutionary socialist and was instrumental in the Indian independence movement. He was hanged at the age of 23 by the British government, but his sacrifice and bravery inspired many others to join the fight for independence.

Rani Lakshmi Bai was another renowned Indian freedom warrior. She was the Maratha-ruled state of Jhansi’s Queen, and she is famous for her bravery and leadership during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Finally, India’s freedom fighters played a critical part in the country’s war for independence from British domination. People all throughout the world are inspired by their bravery, sacrifice, and leadership.

5 Minutes Speech on freedom fighters of India

Today, I’d like to share with you some information about some of the Indian freedom warriors who were instrumental in the country’s fight for independence from British rule.

Mahatma Gandhi is one of the most well-known Indian liberation fighters. In India, Gandhi is frequently referred to as the “Father of the Nation” and is renowned for his nonviolent opposition doctrine known as satyagraha. He oversaw a number of nonviolent campaigns, such as the Salt Satyagraha to oppose the British government’s salt tax. Global civil rights and freedom movements, such as the American civil rights movement led by Martin Luther King Jr., were inspired by Gandhi’s nonviolent approach to living.

Jawaharlal Nehru, who became India’s first Prime Minister after independence, is another illustrious freedom warrior from India. Nehru was a significant figure in the Indian independence movement and an important player in the talks that led to India’s separation from British rule. The Non-Allied Movement, which aimed to encourage collaboration and understanding between nations that were not aligned with any major world power, was also founded in large part because to him.

Bhagat Singh, a revolutionary socialist who was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement, is another well-known Indian freedom fighter. At the young age of 23, he was hung by the British government, but his bravery and sacrifice motivated many others to take up the fight for independence.

Rani Lakshmi Bai, who served as queen of the Maratha-ruled state of Jhansi and is renowned for her bravery and leadership during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was another Indian freedom fighter. She was also one of the few women who had a significant impact on the campaign for Indian independence.

In conclusion, the Indian freedom fighters were essential in the country’s fight for independence from British domination. They continue to inspire people all throughout the world with their courage, selflessness, and leadership.

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Speech on Freedom Fighters of India

Dear friends,

Today, I am feeling immensely honoured to speak to you about the brave freedom fighters of India who fought for the independence of our great nation. These selfless individuals dedicated their lives to the cause of freedom and made countless sacrifices to ensure that future generations could live in a free and independent India.

Mahatma Gandhi is one of India’s most famous freedom fighters. Gandhi is often called the “Father of the Nation” because he used nonviolent civil disobedience to lead India to independence. He believed in the power of nonviolent resistance and used it to challenge British rule in India.

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Jawaharlal Nehru , who was close to Gandhi and played a key role in India’s independence movement, was another important freedom fighter. He was the first Prime Minister of India after the country got its independence, and he is credited with making India what it is today.

B. R. Ambedkar was another important freedom fighter who helped India get its independence. He was an economist, a lawyer, and a political leader in India who fought for the rights of the Dalit community. He was very important in writing the Indian Constitution and is remembered as a strong supporter of civil rights and social justice.

Subhas Chandra Bose was a leader of the Indian independence movement. He thought that force was the only way to get freedom, so he created the Indian National Army to fight the British. Rani Lakshmi Bai, Queen of the Maratha-ruled state of Jhansi, is also remembered for her bravery and heroism during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Here are some more famous Indian freedom fighters:

Chandra Shekhar Azad : Chandra Shekhar Azad was a revolutionary leader who was very important to the movement for Indian independence. People will always remember how brave and determined he was to fight for India’s freedom, even when he was in a very dangerous situation.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a well-known leader of the Indian independence movement. He is known as one of the “Fathers of the Indian Independence Movement.” He was a strong supporter of civil disobedience and one of the first leaders to call for full independence from British rule.

Rani Gaidinliu: Rani Gaidinlu was a spiritual leader and freedom fighter for the Naga people in India who fought against British rule. She was only 13 when she started leading the fight against British rule. Eventually, she was caught and put in jail for her actions.

Birsa Munda : Birsa Munda was an indigenous freedom fighter who led a rebellion against British rule in the late 1800s. He is remembered as a hero in many parts of India because he fought for the rights of indigenous people.

Bagha Jatin : Bagha Jatin was a leader of the Indian revolution who fought against British rule. People remember him for being brave and determined when he was in charge of the armed resistance against the British.

Khudiram Bose : Khudiram Bose was a young freedom fighter who was only 18 years old when he was hanged by the British for his part in a plan to kill a British official. People remember him as a symbol of the sacrifice and bravery of the people who fought for India’s freedom.

Ashfaqulla Khan: Ashfaqulla Khan was a freedom fighter and a member of the Hindustan Republican Association, a group that fought against British rule in India. He was put to death by the British because he was part of a plot to kill a British official.

These are just a few of the many people who fought for India’s independence and were very important in that fight. In the history of India, their contributions and sacrifices will always be remembered and respected. Let’s always remember what these brave men and women gave up for us and work to make the world a better and more fair place in their honour.

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On Terrorists and Freedom Fighters

Khaled A. Beydoun

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in late March of 2022 ushered in a new chapter of war on the European continent. For a Russian regime intent on actualizing its imperial vision and an accosted Ukrainian community fighting in the name of self-determination, this war is far more than a theater of war. Ukraine evolved into real-time drama for racial understandings of “terrorism” and “freedom fighter,” and their political ascription in Muslim-majority nations where parallel struggles either continue to rage or are violently crushed .

By interrogating the centrality of race within the dialectic of “freedom” and “terrorism,” this Essay examines how realpolitik driving law and its accompanying discourses is powerfully abetted by racial difference and charged by the indelible resonance of whiteness when it concerns the role of freedom fighter. The War in Ukraine, distinctly unfolding alongside similar campaigns in the “Middle East” and Muslim-majority contexts, is a powerful case study illustrating this dissonance. This dissonance colors the framing of nonwhite Muslims vying for self-determination as terrorists and white Ukrainians, engaged in the same exact acts of resistance, as freedom fighters. This racial interplay saturates media discourses and scholarly literatures, across screens on walls to the smaller ones in our palms as new wars converge with preexisting crusades .

One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter, the slogan holds; a credo that rings a broad truth, yet falls short of qualifying how race and racism dictate how these labels are politically imagined, then practically and legally assigned .

Introduction

My only consolation is that periods of colonization pass, that nations sleep only for a time, and that peoples remain .

— Aimé Césaire 1

Journalist: The law’s often inconvenient, Colonel .

Colonel Mathieu: And those who explode bombs in public places, do they respect the law perhaps?

— The Battle of Algiers 2

The landmark film, The Battle of Algiers , brought the stunning drama of the Algerian Revolution to screens everywhere. 3 From the winding walkways of the Casbah to the legions of foreign soldiers whirling through them, the film captured the color of imperial horror marked by 132 years of French occupation. 4

On the silver screen, the world finally saw and understood the Algerians for who they were: a people fighting for their independence with everything they had. Through the director’s subaltern lens, the film exposed the unhinged “barbarism” that loomed underneath the pristine uniform of “civilization” adorned and advanced by the colonial French. 5 The roles of the “terrorist” and “freedom fighter” were cinematically retold, reversing the weight of law and its imprint on colonial history. As the director Gillo Pontecorvo showed and Jean-Paul Sartre wrote: “When despair drove [the Algerians] to revolt, these subhumans either had to perish or assert their humanity against us: they rejected all our values, our culture, our supposed superiority.” 6

The film, nearly six decades beyond its making, remains revolutionary theatre. It masterfully recreates the asymmetrical battle between the indigenous Algerians, most powerfully the women, who rooted anything and everything from the loins of the land they loved so much to survive the French. 7 Only that brand of love, indigenous love, could scale odds stacked so heavily against them. They faced the limitless legions of colonial soldiers brandishing the most modern weaponry, and the blow of imperial laws crafted to steal rightful claim of soil that sheltered their ancestors and nourished their fight. 8

As The Battle of Algiers made naked, the law is often the colonizer’s first front. Through word, law strips the natural claim of self-governance deriving from indigeneity, then swiftly unravels the humanity of those resisting with their bodies and being. 9 Law enables the colonial power and his foot soldiers to carry the fight within the most intimate quarters of the natives’ homes. And then, law labels the righteous resistance against it as “terrorism.” 10 The charge of terrorism, per its modern “War on Terror” 11 deployment and earlier use, is crafted powerfully along racial lines, as illustrated by the kindred realities unfolding in the Casbah then, and in accosted squares of Kyiv today.

Law converts that very absurdity — that a foreign force holds possessory rights over a native’s home — into the manmade fiat of manifest destiny. 12 Brutal soldiers invoked this legal authority crafted by foreign men in distant capitals and cruelly imposed it on natives as their new fate. This is the law’s cardinal function in settler colonial states like America and imperial experiments such as Algeria — to delegitimize self-determination and dehumanize those who resist.

“ The rule of law ?” Aimé Césaire asks rhetorically: “I look around and wherever there are colonizers and colonized face to face, I see force, brutality, cruelty, sadism, conflict . . . .” 13 Law, in this sense, is an imperial instrument, molded and maneuvered to advance the interests of those that hold power over it and power over the machinery that translates authoritative law into ominous violence. Law is most lethal when it envisions its targets as objects of conquest rather than subjects of patronage. 14

The discourse between the journalist in The Battle of Algiers and Lieutenant Colonel Philippe Mathieu brings this imperial expedience of law, or convenience, to vivid display. Mathieu is the cinematic embodiment of the steely French entitlement driving its colonial obsession of Algeria. 15 With regard to Ukraine, the French stand as a telling archetype for the arrogant authoritarianism of President Vladimir Putin, whose obsession with power is wed to a kindred nostalgia of Soviet regional and global hegemony. 16 This discourse about law and power, imperialism and indigeneity is built upon an undergirding epistemic about freedom fighters and terrorists — a timeless dialectic that screams from the screens as if from The Battle of Algiers .

Political reality, after all, inspires the best cinema. In a world marred by two decades of a global War on Terror, racial reckoning, 17 and cold wars of the past thawing to restore bygone geopolitical rivalries, modern reality is as gripping as fiction. Terrorism has taken on a pointed racial and religious form. 18 Muslims, transnationally, have been “raced” as terrorists as a consequence of this American-led crusade. 19 Their faith is conflated with extremism and their portrayal in American media is constructed based on that conflation. 20 More than legitimizing this indictment, global War on Terror law and propaganda have spearheaded its construction. 21 In turn, they unravel the humanity of Muslims in favor of a political visage that enables policing and prosecution in America and military persecution and mass punishment abroad. 22 This occurs even in lands where Muslims — like the Algerian women and men in Gilo Pontecorvo’s classic film — are striving for self-determination against modern imperial actors. Seeing them as terrorists facilitates the unseeing of them for what they rightfully are: freedom fighters struggling for the very dignity that Ukrainians, taking arms in the midst of impending conquest, clench onto in the face of imposing Russian aggression.

The force of the imperial law, that simultaneously strips the land from its rightful holders and constructs them as inferior or inhuman, is most potent when driven by a “racialized” frame. 23 Postcolonial thinkers of eras past, most trenchantly Césaire, Frantz Fanon, and Edward Said, revealed how the accompanying hand of racism expedited the plunder of nonwhite peoples. 24 Today, critical race theorists emphatically and incessantly affirm racism’s centrality to law, 25 against the political and legal tidal wave that seeks to disfigure and discredit it. 26 There is perhaps no theatre of law where the centrality of race is on fuller display than the War on Terror, where the unabashed demonization of Muslims remains politically palatable and culturally pervasive. Islamophobia stands, almost singularly, as a final bastion of acceptable bigotry. 27 This is especially apparent in the United States, and a globalized world remade through a War on Terror lens over the last twenty-one years.

The color of freedom and terror is intimately tethered to the world order remade by the War on Terror. Muslims are “presumptive terrorists,” 28 a charge levied on account of race, religion, and realpolitik , even when acting as freedom fighters. A distant, yet kindred campaign for self-determination reinforced the power of this indictment, with a racial design as its marrow. It took form in Europe, beginning on February 24, 2022, when Russian missiles “rained down on the Ukraine,” foreshadowing the thunderous military storm seeking to restore reign over the former Soviet colony. 29 The formidable Russian army rushing in from the east was rightfully and universally branded “imperialist[],” while Ukrainians, from the highest rungs of political office to the deepest roots of lay society, were globally celebrated as “freedom fighters.” 30 Ukrainians embodied the indigenous fight of Algerians then, or Yemenis and Kashmiris today, against a global military power intent on crushing their hearts, homes, and everything they love beyond and in between. 31

Unlike the accusations leveled at Ukrainians’ Muslim counterparts striving for self-determination, the Russian indictments of “terror” lacked the dehumanizing hand of race and racism. Rather, the indictments were countered and quelled by their targets’ lurid whiteness, and Ukrainians were celebrated as freedom fighters on the basis of their whiteness coupled with Western opposition to the Russian invasion. It took little for Ukrainians, whose faces monopolized the news headlines and timeline feeds, to become universal darlings and irrefutable victims. The Western world flanked alongside President Volodymyr Zelensky and the Ukrainians’ archetypal whiteness twice mooted Putin’s levied charges of terrorism from Moscow. 32 Ukraine is ninety-nine percent white, and politicians and media outlets all over the world hailed its people fighting for resistance and pushed from Ukraine as refugees. 33 As Césaire wrote during the thick of the postcolonial era of the 1950s: “Europe has this capacity for raising up heroic saviors at the most critical moments.” 34 This heroism is monopolized by whiteness, embodied decades later by blonde-haired and blue-eyed Ukrainians at the “critical moment[]” 35 of NATO expansionism clashing with Russian imperialism.

Race, far from a fringe actor, is central to the dramatic play unfolding within Ukraine and beyond it. By interrogating the centrality of race in the dialectic of freedom and terrorists, this Essay examines how the realpolitik driving imperial law and its accompanying discourses is powerfully abetted by racial difference, and the indelible resonance of whiteness when it occupies the role of freedom fighter. The War in Ukraine, distinctly unfolding alongside similar campaigns in the “Middle East” and Muslim-majority contexts, is a powerful theatre illustrating this dissonance; such dissonance colors the framing of “nonwhite” Muslims vying for self-determination as terrorists and white Ukrainians, engaged in the very acts of resistance, as freedom fighters. 36 This racial interplay saturates media discourses, scholarly literatures, and as new wars converge with preexisting crusades, across screens drilled to walls and smaller ones held in our palms.

Through its examination of new war, this Essay builds on foundational literatures interrogating the construction of racialized threat and colonial victimhood. In doing so, it interrogates how the War on Terror creations of terror threaten to extend beyond American borders geographic and political, converging with a globalized formation of whiteness that extends presumptions of innocence and valor to those who hold it. Echoing the formative critical race baseline that racial construction is not separate from political interest, this Essay stands as the first to examine this very discourse within one of the most consequential wars of this era — centered as such because the white identities of its lead actors align with the geopolitical stakes of the conflict.

This Essay will proceed in three Parts. Part I analyzes the racial construction of the terrorist and the freedom fighter, examining scholarly texts and the reifying echo of mainstream news media.

Part II will interrogate the racial juxtaposition at the root of their contemporary sites — Ukraine and Muslim-majority societies — where quests for self-determination against occupying powers are conceived and covered, in dramatically opposable ways.

Part III examines the racialization of freedom fighter and terrorist from within the frame of refugee resettlement outside of Ukraine, affirming how the racial construction of both terms follows individuals from the field of battle to their search for a safe haven.

I. Reimagining Freedom, Remaking Terror

“[Ukraine] isn’t a place, with all due respect, like Iraq or Afghanistan, that has seen conflict raging for decades. This is a relatively civilized, relatively European — I have to choose these words carefully, too — city, one where you wouldn’t expect that, or hope that it’s going to happen.” 37

These are the words of CBS News foreign correspondent Charlie D’Agata. He was reporting from the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv days after the Russian siege commenced, 38 startled by the fact that another war — on the very continent that spurred and staged two world wars — was underway in Europe. Despite the memory of World Wars I and II remaining fresh in the minds of elders and history books, a genocidal campaign unleashed on Bosnian Muslims in the nearby Balkans in the 1990s, 39 and the Russian takeover of nearby Crimea, the CBS News journalist viewed war as wholly foreign to Europe.

“[C]hoos[ing] [his] words carefully,” the CBS News reporter did not mince them. 40 Against the force of facts and the stark shadow of recent history, war was a foreign phenomenon to Europe, the bastion of “civiliz[ation]” for D’Agata. 41 Ukraine, standing on the margins of Western Europe and claiming to join its ranks, was, in line with geographic location, “relatively civilized.” 42 His words and face screamed that what unfolded around him was natural to Iraq or Afghanistan, “uncivilized” lands where war is the natural state of being, order, and disorder. These wars, beyond what Americans only “hope[d] [were] going to happen,” were actually waged in the name of counterterrorism for over two decades. 43

This Part investigates the racial construction of “freedom fighting” and “terrorism.” It examines how law forms their conceptions, driving their political and discursive imaginings along pointedly racial lines. Section I.A surveys how terrorism has been systematically ascribed to Muslim identity, while section I.B analyzes the construction of whiteness alongside virtues such as innocence and rectitude that give rise to the attendant archetype of freedom fighter.

A. Islam and Terror

Before one can speak about Islam as a bona fide religion, one must peel off the mass misrepresentations leeching onto it. 44 This is the unnatural state of affairs pronounced by the War on Terror, which — by law and its accompanying discourses — intentionally disfigured a faith followed by nearly two billion people around the world. 45 This framing was leveraged as propaganda to expand and deepen America’s footprint atop and across it. As Professor Sahar Aziz writes: “The September 11 terrorist attacks finalized a transformation of Muslim identity that had been in the making for decades and was grounded in European Orientalism.” 46

As Aziz explicates, the law and discourse of Islamophobia is by no means unfamiliar or novel. 47 In fact, the War on Terror machine revised, readapted, then “redeployed” longstanding European and American Orientalist tropes. 48 It spurred ideas that Islam, more racial civilization than religion, inspired unhinged violence through an innate, insatiable appetite for conquest. 49 It pervaded historic laws, texts and literatures, and emergent discourses that warned about a “clash of civilization” between the “west” and “Islam.” 50 This was a masculine manifestation of violence that, after the 9/11 terror attacks and following turbulent era, took on the visible and ominous form of the Muslim male terrorist. 51

Islamophobia was and remains a deeply gendered discourse. The framing of Muslim masculinity made modern terrorism, positioning the Muslim male as a figure that simultaneously menaced Muslim women on the home front and Western civilizations afar. 52 As Muslim feminist Fatima Mernissi writes, “The so-called modesty of [Muslim] women is in fact a war tactic.” 53 The strategically constructed feminine tropes of “submissiveness” and “passivity” were devised as a Trojan horse for the imperial objective of “saving Muslim women,” for colonization, for conquest and the spoils that come from it. 54 This metanarrative was extended into the modern context by Professors Saba Mahmood and Lila Abu-Lughod, anthropologists who jab at the Western feminist imperialist impulse by asking, “ Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? ” 55 The very gendered binary that orients Muslim women as subjects in need of saving and men as tyrants on the home front and terrorists everywhere else is itself a colonial import and an imperial instrument, which erases the myriad of gendered identities within and across Muslim societies. 56

Furthermore, Islam, despite being the world’s second-largest faith practiced across every country and continent, still takes on a pointedly racialized form. 57 Despite its limitless heterogeneity, the contours of Arab or Middle Eastern, brown, and immigrant identity controlled the popular imagining and presentation of Islam. 58 Muslims became terrorists, and the enterprise of terrorism remains incessantly viewed through the linear form of Muslim men. 59 To be brown, Muslim, and male meant that the specter of terror suspicion always followed Muslim men, and those non-Muslims with the misfortune of being profiled as such. 60

As a result, the lens of terrorism and counterterrorism colored virtually everything Muslims said or did. This included religious expression, political activity, and even benign behavior. “Acting Muslim” functioned as a proxy for terror activity; it invited state suspicion or surveillance, and new regimes of self-policing among Muslim populations in the United States and wherever the War on Terror gaze persisted. 61 Muslims were incentivized, if not pushed by War on Terror policy and the societal climate, to behave in line with the political strictures and “moderate” sensibilities. 62 More often than not, “good” behavior that concealed Muslim religious expression or conformed to patriotic sensibilities was still not enough to stave off the stigma of terror suspicion. 63

Most pronouncedly, and ominously, the lens of terrorism invari-ably painted perceptions of acts of aggression. In Europe, modern Islamophobia is strongly tinged with the ever-present narrative of the Crusades, which deepens the caricaturing of Muslims as longtime rivals and violent actors. 64

The West’s denigration of Islam dates as far back as the Middle Ages and the Christian Crusades — a series of bloody, violent, and ruthless religious wars started by Pope Urban II to recapture the Holy Land from Muslims and distract from the problems of the Church. The Crusades promoted religious intolerance and violence, resulting in the widespread massacre of Muslims, Jews, and other non-Christians; the lumping together of diverse peoples from the Arabian Peninsula; and categorizing them as inferior. It also helped establish a worldview in which Christianity and Islam, Christians and Muslims, and Europeans and “Saracens” were viewed as natural enemies, with Muslims being portrayed as dark and evil “others.”

Erika Lee, America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States 295 (2019). The link between Islam and violence is rooted in European colonial epistemology, seeding it deeper and bolstering its prominence in contemporary policy. 65 This, many contend, makes European forms of Islamophobia more intimate, and consequently more complex than their American analogs. 66 However, intimacy breeds a distinct mode of violence, oftentimes in more piercing and disabling policies as evidenced by France’s 2004 “Headscarf Ban” legislation. 67

Furthermore, even righteous acts of resistance made in the name of self-determination are stained with suspicion when performed by Muslims. The very quest for self-determination, and the heroism it demands, clashed with prevailing political constructions and popular conceptions of Muslims. This held particularly true for Muslims on the opposite side of American interests and the wrong side of its military prowess — in places such as Yemen or Iraq, Pakistan or the West Bank, and Gaza. 68 For Arabs and Muslims, flatly clothed with the uniform of terrorism, their acts have been stripped of the value of their intent or objective; and consistently assessed, and indicted, on the mere basis of the actus reus and the contours of their identity. 69 Terrorism was imputed even when Muslims were engaged in righteous resistance.

The campaign that ascribed terror to Muslim bodies was not merely epistemological. More pointedly, the law spearheaded it. In fact, every war, executive order, piece of legislation, and policy that dealt with terrorism — or counterterrorism — was built upon the Islamophobic baseline that expressions of Muslim identity were tied to a propensity for terrorism. 70 This baseline sits at the center of federal policies, like the “Muslim Ban” 71 and the PATRIOT Act. 72 It sits at municipal- and state-level state action, such as Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) 73 and anti-Sharia bans. 74 Even the newly established Department of Homeland Security reflected the anti-Muslim fixation of the federal government, dissolving the borders between immigration regulation and surveillance. 75

Beyond law, policing “Muslim terrorism” drove the reformation of executive-branch institutions. “Structural Islamophobia” legitimized the conflation of terrorism with Muslim identity, functioning both as legal authority and a profound message to citizens to partake in the national project of policing and punishing Muslims. 76 In that vein, the War on Terror was as much a societal crusade as it was a state-sponsored campaign. As law scholar Professor Naomi Mezey theorizes, “law’s power is discursive and productive as well as coercive. Law participates in the production of meanings within the shared semiotic system of a culture, but is also a product of that culture and the practices that reproduce it.” 77 The “shared rage” of legal dictate and vigilante violence in the United States and beyond curated a unified front against Muslim communities, categorically profiled as presumptive terrorists. 78

“September 11, 2001 was a world event but it was also a globalized event,” observed surveillance scholar David Lyon, pointing to how the ensuing War on Terror was also transnational. 79 In the words of the President leading the charge, the War on Terror was not America’s fight alone. In the immediate wake of the 9/11 terror attacks, President George W. Bush lobbied the world’s nations to join in on the “civilization[al]” war against Islamic terrorism. 80 In praxis, this encompassed Muslim-majority societies and communities across the globe.

By rhetoric and legal fiat, the Bush Administration — and the several that followed — legitimized a globalized effort cracking down on Muslim communities. Domestic counterterror laws were fused together with global policing and war, creating a landscape where “Muslimness” 81 was suspicious transnationally and vulnerable to an expanding network of anti-terror policy. Instead of “sell[ing] democracy to the third world” and the broader community of nations, 82 the United States peddled the War on Terror and its bellicose charge of standing “with us or against us” in regard to Islam and its followers. Michael Flynn, former Army lieutenant general who served as the National Security Adviser under President Trump, called the War on Terror a “world war,” 83 which oriented the might of America and the nations flanked alongside it against an amorphous target that took the form of any, and all, Muslims.

Through the law of counterterrorism, governments bent on persecuting their Muslim populations were granted unequivocal decree, from the world’s principal superpower, to do so with renewed impunity. The War on Terror, in short, extended carte blanche to governments across the world to crack down on their Muslim populations with enhanced vigor and American support. 84 This was particularly true for governments bent on crushing self-determination movements from Muslim populations. This included the disputed territory of Kashmir, which maintains a position of legal limbo while interlocked between Pakistan and India, 85 and the Uyghur in northwest China, whose quest for independence since the creation of the modern Chinese state in 1949 has been suffocated by a total surveillance state. 86

Being labeled a “terrorist” before and especially during the War on Terror was a death blow. This held particularly true for Muslims who already carried the stain of suspicion with them as a consequence of their faith, physical complexion, lands of origin, and a matrix of these factors and more. 87 Islamophobia, adapted from its imperial roots to serve modern political aims, became the new instrument for political control and imperial domination. 88 Fighting for freedom, for Muslim communities during the global War on Terror, would garner no sympathy.

Rather, it invited scrutiny, surveillance, and the swinging sword of the state. American law, accompanied by propaganda that conflated Muslim identity and the embodiment of terrorism into an unbreakable monolith, sharpened the sword.

B. Freedom in Whiteness

Whiteness is a wand that, at once, inspires reverence and affirms innocence. Like magic, those who behold it stare in awe, while those who hold it carry enviable power. Outsiders are seduced by its pull and climb against the push of reality to reach it. 89

Beyond its magic, whiteness is synonymous with first-class citizenship. 90 It “remains a deeply entrenched property interest” that confers a range of substantive rights and societal benefits to those who possess it. 91 In the United States, and settler-colonial states around the globe, displaced and relegated people are conditioned to achieve whiteness, incentivized by the formal rewards and the psychological legitimacy that come with it. 92 In many cases, whiteness was fully conflated with formal citizenship. 93 Being white, particularly in nations where it is the standard, enables the existential expanse to “ be ” without being judged; to belong without the burden of explanation.

Whiteness, in these contexts, is freedom — or, at minimum, the optimal pathway toward attaining it and evading the indictments that curb it. Whiteness, in its American form and European analogs, is synonymous with both, without the necessity of hyphens. It is a unitary identity denied, if not impossible, to Afro-Britons or Muslim-Americans, among others. That extension of freedom, and its accompanying virtues, is perhaps the greatest privilege emanating from whiteness — making it as valuable a commodity as any.

As Césaire theorizes within the dialectic of colonialism and civilization, whiteness is also heroism — and that very enterprise of struggling for freedom. 94 This motif of heroism is built upon the premise that only specific peoples, white populations, are deserving of freedom and the panoply of virtues that precede and emanate from it. 95 This presumption, explicitly revealed by postcolonial thinkers, has been made clear all over again today by mainstream media narratives aligning heroism with white Ukrainians, then juxtaposing it with Muslim actors.

In his landmark text The Fire Next Time , James Baldwin examines the racial composition of heroism vis-à-vis the Black experience during the Civil Rights Era. Through one of the most notable Civil Rights figures, Malcolm X, Baldwin interrogates the racial anatomy of heroism in America:

The conquests of England, every single one of them bloody, are part of what Americans have in mind when they speak of England’s glory. In the United States, violence and heroism have been made synonymous except when it comes to blacks, and the only way to defeat Malcolm’s point is to concede it and then ask oneself why this is so. 96

Malcolm’s point, relayed by Baldwin and echoed in this Essay, is that violence is justified as heroic when administered by white bodies. More so, it carries with it the presumption of righteousness and “glory” regardless of whether the aim is illicit or unjust, such as the English colonization of African nations or the French experiment in Algeria. 97 Presumed heroism is built into the construction of whiteness; it is not only denied to Black people and Muslims on account of their racialization as irredeemably violent but also foreclosed to them despite pursuing just ends. Within a “racialized imperial context,” heroism is less defined by the act and more defined by the subject. 98 If the latter is white, then the title will be doled out.

Let me be emphatically clear — conceptions of whiteness are by no means uniform across global societies. When examining foreign contexts, one must be careful not to impose American understandings of race, racism, and in particular, whiteness into foreign contexts. 99 This not only disfigures or hides the distinct experiences of nonwhite and non-Black peoples, but it also forces American racial constructs into countries or case studies where they do not fit or make sense. 100 However, in a world inflected by the War on Terror and infected by the “barbarism” of European and American imperialisms, 101 the conceptions of “whiteness” and “terrorism” have become more globalized than ever before. 102 This simultaneously reflects American intellectual exceptionalism’s extensive reach and the global resonance of the hard and soft power of America’s War on Terror.

The racialized discourse around terrorism further illustrates how freedom and innocence are inscribed into whiteness and made inimical to Muslimness. Professor Caroline Mala Corbin writes:

It is not difficult to uncover two coexisting narratives about terrorism occurring in the United States. The first is the idea that “all terrorists are Muslim,” which sometimes even morphs into “all Muslims are terrorists.” The second is that “white people are never terrorists.” Neither are true. Despite the starkness of these summaries, they capture the general tenor of these widespread narratives. 103

The coexisting narratives Corbin interrogates transcend American borders, given their global legs and resonance from the War’s legal propaganda machine. Whiteness disables the envisioning of those who are held to be terrorists, and its very construction is inimical to the racial formation of terrorism. 104

Terrorism, in the modern imagination, is more racial identity than political act. Echoing the formative observations of Professors Leti Volpp, Natsu Taylor Saito, and Erik Love, Corbin observes how terrorism is conflated with “Muslimness,” how whiteness sources exemption from terrorism. 105 Furthermore, the charge of terror is naturally linked to Muslim bodies, alongside the collective guilt all observers of the religion bear when a culprit of terror is a Muslim. It disentangles the individual actor from the enterprise of terror even when engaged in its furtherance. 106

In short, whiteness confirms innocence even when the subject’s action states and shows otherwise. 107 This innocence frames those who possess it, particularly when engaged in rightful resistance, as freedom fighters. On the other side of Corbin’s binary, Muslim actors struggling for self-determination — already perceived through the prism of terrorism — can hardly be viewed as freedom fighters because their very being, particularly during the War, is wed to anti-Western violence.

Being white is no fault of Ukrainians. It does not curb the righteousness of their struggle, nor should it lessen the sympathy or support given to the millions of refugees pushed out of their homeland. 108 However, racial privilege is not a matter of placing blame or measuring sympathy. It just is . It provides clarity to the myth that every refugee is equal, and that her upward mobility in a foreign land will be determined by her “work,” “luck,” or “drive.” 109 It provides crucial color and context to the global canvas of struggles that cast some as freedom fighters and others as terrorists.

The world has been conditioned to stomach Muslim death, while white suffering is pointedly aberrant and unacceptable. Governments’ rushing aid and the global media’s sympathetic lens confirm this through the scale and tenor of support. The words of a former deputy prosecutor general of Ukraine, interviewed by the BBC, articulated the global sympathy for whiteness unfolding during the Russian invasion: “It’s very emotional for me because I see European people with blue eyes and blond hair . . . being killed everyday.” 110

This admission was unfiltered and honest. It spoke of the empathy extended because of shared race and shared appearance. 111 Even more, it is a statement that could be elevated into some grand score, spoken on behalf of a world cheering the Ukrainian fight for freedom. They cheer for a people brandishing Molotov cocktails and makeshift guns, just like Kashmiris or Palestinians bearing similar arms but bereft of the limitless prowess of whiteness.

II. In Living Color: Clashing Theaters of Struggle

The reports from Ukraine in the wake of the Russian invasion were startling. Thousands of internally displaced people were pushed into makeshift bomb shelters, towns and cities were pummeled by ongoing Russian airstrikes, and refugees crowded train stations and border crossings. Most moving among the stories were those of everyday Ukrainians taking arms against one of the world’s strongest military forces to protect their loved ones and to defend their land. 112 The images of resistance were similar to those memorialized in The Battle of Algiers , and live battles for survival across the Middle East and Muslim societies unfolded in real time, in the same hemisphere.

Unlike for peoples from non-European nations, the public lauded Ukrainians’ pelting stones and whatever else they could grab hold of to defend themselves. 113 Scenes of elders taking arms, 114 millionaire athletes leaving luxury for love of land, 115 and a president refusing evacuation invitations and declaring that “this might be the last time you see me alive” 116 “powered a global narrative of good against evil, imperialism against sovereignty, of David vs. Goliath.” 117 This positive coverage was nonexistent for kindred struggles for self-determination in Muslim-majority societies, and more often than not, reversed to dub the colonized as the wrongdoer and the colonizer as the victim.

This Part investigates these double standards, rooted in race and realpolitik , that drive the framing of Ukrainians as freedom fighters and Muslims, similarly campaigning for dignity, as terrorists. Section II.A analyzes the demonization of Muslims striving for self-determination and the lack of media coverage on them in comparison with coverage of their Ukrainian counterparts.

Section II.B investigates the role of race in realpolitik and how the alignment of the two uplifts struggles as worthy quests for independence while their misalignment renders such struggles as terroristic.

A. When Muslims Fight Back

Nations that came together to stand against the Russian invasion and isolate Putin were on the right side of history and the human rights divide — this time. Yet similar struggles taking place in Yemen, Palestine, Kashmir, and other countries for years in different theaters, with distinct contexts but similar dynamics, have been ignored or demonized. Yet the essence of these quests for self-determination against military actions has produced dramatically different treatments from Western governments and radically contrasting coverage from media outlets of record. 118

As I note in the Washington Post :

Regular Palestinians resisting state seizure of their homes in Sheikh Jarrah and other occupied territories are conflated with armed militants, rendering them “terrorists.” The reoccurring killing of civilians in Gaza by Israeli airstrikes is defended with the same excuses Putin’s propaganda has adapted for Ukraine’s invasion — that women and children are being used as “human shields,” and that justifies striking civilian targets. 119

However, Palestinian lives are met with dismissal, both in life and in death, and judged through the lens of terrorism. 120

Yemen, the poorest country in the Arab world, provides a lucid case study of this double standard. For roughly seven years, a Saudi regime, flanked by the United Arab Emirates and backed by the United States, has relentlessly pummeled Yemen in its quest to broaden its regional influence against Iran. 121 Moreover, as I write:

The grossly asymmetrical “war” the Houthi rebels — who are linked to the Zaydi branch of Shiite Islam, which dominated Yemen for centuries but was repressed by the Yemeni government — has sunk Yemen into widespread famine and on the cusp of collapse. Instead of global condemnation, Yemenis struggling for their very survival have been met with silence, American-supplied weapons [for the Saudis], and the incessant indictment of terrorism. The war has caused an estimated 233,000 deaths, including 131,000 from indirect causes such as lack of food, health services, and infrastructure due to a Saudi-led blockade. 122

The double standards are not isolated to the Middle East or the Arabic-speaking world. In January 2019, the Indian military moved into Kashmir and fully claimed the disputed territory. 123 Powered by an imperial mission fueled by Hindutva goals, or Hindu supremacy, Prime Minister Narendra Modi led the legal revocation of Kashmir’s autonomy and then claimed the land between India and Kashmir by military annexation. 124 In swift action, Indian police arrested and imprisoned Kashmiri governmental leaders, jailed notable societal figures en masse, arrested activists and journalists, and classified Kashmiri Muslims as presumptive “terrorists” on account of just being Muslim — let alone for speaking up for their claims of independence from Indian military occupation. 125

These Muslim-majority and nonwhite populations face the very struggle advanced by the Ukrainian people: “They, too, put their very lives on the line against global (and regional) superpowers, some wielding rocks and other makeshift weapons to protect their land, loved ones, and way of life — a trilogy of motivations that world leaders have invoked as part of their solidarity to Ukrainian resistance.” 126 The similarities are stunning, and too stark to ignore. Yet, the universal solidarity extended to Ukrainians — by international media channels, politicians and pundits, and governments across the world — is juxtaposed with the opposition and demonization for Palestinians, Yemenis, and Kashmiris by these very same actors. Such responses contribute to the continued dehumanization of these peoples and derail their struggles for dignity.

A handful of voices, during the thick of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, make sense of the stark double standards. Writing for Brookings , sociology Professor Rashawn Ray observes what so many have been afraid to voice:

“European” has become a code word for white and a justification of the primary reason that people should care about the conflict, displacement, and killing. Bloody conflicts in Syria, Somalia, and other places have not received the wide-reaching international media coverage — or urgent international government action — that the invasion of Ukraine has inspired. 127

As Professor Cornel West unequivocally states, “race matters” on domestic and international issues. 128 But more than just “mattering,” race often determines which struggles are worth covering and uncovering, and dictates which peoples are worth humanizing and which people are to remain invisible. The force of race, through its humanizing and demonizing effect, functions alongside political interests — interests that determine whether a group fighting for its independence will be lionized or vindicated, demonized or ignored.

B. Race and Realpolitik

In the immediate aftermath of the Russian invasion, I wrote in the Washington Post :

[W]hat explains the world of difference between the Ukrainian struggle and the ongoing quests for self-determination in Muslim-majority lands? Within the realm of geopolitics, race, religion, and interests still matter. The three are deeply entwined, particularly in relation to the Middle East and the Muslim world, where a protracted war on terror renders anybody Arab, Brown, or Muslim as a putative terrorist — notwithstanding the righteousness of their struggle or the unhinged imperialism of their opponents. 129

That question, months later, remains as stark as when it was when initially conceived.

Political interests, combined with the enduring effects of Islamophobia and racism, provide a guide toward sobering answers. In an illustration of the raw pull of American interests, the Biden Administration tightened its relations with Saudi Arabia and Prince Mohammed bin Salman in March 2022 to increase oil production — the very regime relentlessly pummeling Yemen. 130 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the state that actively exports Wahhabism — the interpretation of Sunni Islam adopt-ed by transnational terror networks like the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and Al-Qaeda — continues to be the strongest American ally in the region. 131 The Saudi-American bond is still strong, despite the Kingdom’s leader being Prince bin Salman, a person widely regarded as the culprit behind the murder of Jamal Khashoggi, a Washington Post journalist living in the United States. 132

Race, racism, or Islamophobia alone do not dictate which groups are excused from demonization and which are met with its judgment. States are rational actors, and the salience of race is shaped alongside the shape and scale of those interests. What formative critical race theorist and Professor Derrick Bell dubbed “self-interest leverage” 133 characterizes American foreign policy not only at large but also with the Middle East in particular, where the policy double standards are fully exposed. Beyond casting nations, transnational groups, and political parties that conflict with its regional interests as terrorists, the United States has pounced on ethnic and sectarian rivalries to carry forward its objectives in the Middle East. 134 Racialization, thus, is central to American regional policy, is deeply abetted by exploitation of other constructions, and divides to expand its influence.

The humanitarian plight of Yemenis, for instance, does not fall in the calculus of American interests because Yemen stands as the poorest nation in the region and is Saudi Arabia’s target. 135 This very assessment holds true for Palestinians, vying for some semblance of statehood. The State of Israel, alongside Saudi Arabia, is a staunch ally of the United States and the majority of European states. 136 In turn, it curates a reality on the ground where Palestinians are extended little support from international state solidarity and media coverage from mainstream media outlets — which, instead, often conflate their struggle for self-determination with terrorism. 137 The current media imbalance dedicated to Palestine and Israel transcends that of legacy media, with social media platforms, dubbed “surveillance intermediaries” by law Professor Alan Rozenshtein, 138 censoring Palestinian voices from their digital pages and timelines. 139 Mainstream media outlets erasing Muslim voices from their coverage and governments conspiring with Big Tech to censor, or shadow ban, dissidents from virtual platforms also unfold in India, Kashmir, and Myanmar 140 — places, amongst others, where Muslim factions struggle to make their voices heard and push forward independence movements. 141

Within the matrix of political and economic interests driving state and corporate media actors, race must be figured into — not outside — its algorithm. The zeal of support for Ukrainians is a product of the alignment of whiteness with American and European opposition to Russian imperial interests. The two, combined, amplify the degree of rhetorical and symbolic support from governments and private actors, and accordingly, the degree of political support for Ukrainian soldiers fighting Russia and practical aid to refugees. Race and realpolitik , in this regard, are baked into one another.

The Syrian Revolution of 2011 — which emerged during the wave of Arab Spring movements — serves as a telling counterexample. Though the conflict had its own distinctions and complexities, the Syrian people fended against an authoritarian government backed by the very Russian regime that besieged Ukraine in March 2022. 142 Sympathy for the Syrian people within the United States and Europe was fractured at best. The debate over whether to support the Syrian people was a deeply contested wedge issue among politicians and the people, riddled by the very War on Terror racialization that colored freedom-fighting Syrians as presumptive terrorists. 143 This racialization was put into sharp relief when the regime of President Bashar al-Assad and its backers in Moscow violently crushed the Syrian Revolution, after which millions of Syrian refugees poured into Europe and the United States. 144 Upon arrival, they were profiled as putative terrorists due to their nationality, and most fiercely, their Muslim faith. 145

Unlike Ukrainian refugees, displaced Syrians were not welcomed as (defeated) freedom fighters. Rather, they met the scrutiny of counter-terror suspicion instantly upon arrival, and when admitted into the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, or Italy, their faith and phenotype carried that indelible marker of threat and looming fear of terrorism wherever they went. 146 American and European interests were invariably aligned with the Syrian Revolution. Yet the racial and religious identity of those fighting for it were misaligned with and bereft of the resonance of whiteness that Ukrainians carry.

The public’s imagination of the freedom fighter and the terrorist is intensely shaped by race and racism. There is a certain envisioning, one of “lay Ukrainians taking arms and throwing molotov cocktails as heroes and Muslims engaged in the very same acts, in pursuit of the same self-determination, as extremists.” 147 While state heads and governmental leaders demonstrate solidarity with Ukrainian people fighting for independence, Yemenis, Kashmiris, Palestinians, and other besieged peoples linger on the “uncivilized” side of the racial and geopolitical divide, “for a world of support that may never come.” 148 Césaire rightfully observes: “Between colonizer and colonized there is room only for forced labor, intimidation, pressure, the police, taxation, theft, rape, compulsory crops, contempt, mistrust, arrogance, self-complacency, swinishness, brainless elites, degraded masses.” 149

The praxis of this observation is accurate yet powerfully reshaped by race in two fundamental ways. First, the racial dissonance of a white imperial actor and nonwhite colonized subjects intensifies the scale of these effects. Second, if the subjects of imperialism are white, like the Ukrainians, then the world — principally the Western world — will not tolerate their subjugation. This is particularly the case for the brutal subjugation of war, where the horror of white bodies slain and spread across newsreels and virtual timelines will spur explosions of emotion seldom assigned to nonwhite victims, particularly Muslims during the War on Terror.

Finally, one cannot overlook the underbelly of anti-Soviet sentiment undergirding popular discourses around Ukraine. Russia, particularly for older generation Americans, is invariably viewed from the prism of the Cold War. 150 Vladimir Putin, the Russian President driving the siege, is himself a holdover of the former Soviet Union — which tightens the conflation between modern Russia and the old Soviet regime. 151 While the shadow of Cold War tension colors the political and popular perception of Russia and its invasion of Ukraine, the conflict remains a pointedly ideological clash. It is, unlike conflicts with Arab nations or crusades against Muslim actors, bereft of the racial and racist narratives that drive state-sponsored and societal responses.

Ukrainians are viewed as unequivocally white, which is also the case for their Russian foes, which begs the question: How much more intense would global support, and racialized sympathy, be for the Ukrainians if their adversaries were nonwhite?

III. Refuge from War and Racism

‘ You either open the door or we die . . . .’ He finally opened the door. We were the only three Africans in that particular train. And the train was not full .

— Orah, an African student fleeing besieged Ukraine 152

It should be no surprise that nations are willing to open the door to refugees they laud as freedom fighters. Conversely, it is no surprise when they close and lock the door to those branded as undesirables or, worse, those suspected as terrorists. Security is a fundamental raison d’être of the state and taking in actors that jeopardize it would undermine this state interest. Freedom fighters enrich the nation, while terrorists threaten it.

The racial formulation of “freedom fighter” has implications beyond the theater of battle. The legal and media framing follows the subject wherever she goes and, most powerfully, when the fighter becomes the refugee seeking safe haven beyond her homeland. This Part examines this existential shift from fighter to refugee and the impact of the battlefield racialization that stays with the white freedom fighter and stains the identity of the nonwhite terrorist in search of refuge. Section III.A examines the practical effects of refugee resettlement, while section III.B investigates the role of media coverage in this process.

A. The Wedge Between Nonwhiteness and Refugee Resettlement

Security, as scholars within and beyond the law have observed for decades, is intimately enmeshed with race and the intrusion of racism. 153 This is also the case with the converging questions around immigration and refugee resettlement, where in the United States and Europe, the standing authority of whiteness filters the desirable from the undesir-able, the future patriot from the imminent pariah. 154 Indeed, racialized notions of “superiority and inferiority at the same time drove the new settler states toward racially exclusive immigration policies” and refugee resettlement policies. 155 White immigrants are seldom viewed as inferior aliens in these contexts, where their whiteness renders their status invisible and blends them into the majority.

In Black Skin, White Masks , the postcolonial thinker Frantz Fanon observes that the “European has a fixed concept of the Negro.” 156 This static understanding of Blackness, and in particular Black masculinity in Fanon’s case, is wed to tropes like violence and threat. 157 As he experienced as a native of Martinique in France, this understanding is also wed to lack of civility and education. 158 Critical scholars label this permanent frame of understanding another racial or ethnic group as “essentialism,” whereby magnificently diverse peoples are reduced to a flat and intractable essence. 159 As feminist scholar Professor Diana Fuss claims, “essentialism is classically defined as a belief in a true essence — that which is most irreducible, unchanging, and therefore constitutive of a given person or thing.” 160

This “fixed” essence of nonwhite refugee was on full display following the Russian invasion, offering yet another window into the racial double and triple standards emanating from Ukraine. As documented firsthand through social media, Black refugees endured horrific racism from Ukrainian officials during the evacuation process. 161 Black people were removed from evacuation trains to make room for white Ukranians and subjected to arbitrary drug tests. 162 This maltreatment unfolded again when Black Ukrainians and nationals from other countries reached the borders of other nations and faced being denied accommodation at shelter centers or excluded from entry altogether — “we are only taking in Ukranians.” 163 The latter meant, in practice, that we are only taking in white people . The anti-Black racism saturating the evacuation echoed, during a wartime moment no less, that the “undesirable” essence ascribed to Black people often superseded the humanitarian imperative to aid a people fleeing war and fending for their very survival. 164 As Black Twitter echoed over and again during the Russian invasion, “even in imminent danger, racism does not rest.” 165

This very principle applies to Muslim refugees fleeing war-torn Ukraine and, even more so, in the waves of accosted people fleeing their native lands in the Middle East. Refugees from the Ukraine, specifically white refugees, were met with welcoming zeal and open arms from nations throughout and beyond Europe. 166 White Ukrainians fleeing their homeland were less so “immigrants,” rather “accosted neighbors” in immediate need of rescue. If they chose to stay within the nations that absorbed them, they were presumptive citizens, or “noncitizen citizens” — evading the stigma of perpetual foreignness that is tattooed on Muslim immigrants. 167 This stigma persists beyond the bounds of formal citizenship for Muslim citizens of France or the United States, where “substantive citizenship” remains defined along racial lines; 168 and terror suspicion “undoes” the perceived citizenship of Muslims who hold its formal status. 169

Muslims, in places where the War on Terror rages forward, are often cast as “alien citizens.” 170 As a consequence of state and societal suspicion, they possess a legal status of citizenship eroded by the societal hostility and state-sponsored suspicion converging upon their bodies and communities. 171 For them, formal status is contrary to the psychological stigmas spurred on by racism and Islamophobia, which hold their faith and phenotype at odds with prevailing conceptions of racialized citizenships. 172 European nations rushing to absorb Ukrainian refugees offer immediate “psychological membership” on account of racial concor-dance. 173 The process engages in what German immigration scholar Professor Christian Joppke calls the “problem of ethnic selectivity,” wherein states formally prefer and proactively resettle individuals that look like, and share traditions and values with, most of their citizens. 174

On the other hand, European nations closed their borders to the waves of refugee populations escaping war from Afghanistan, Syria, Yemen, and more. The “Fortress Europe,” the staunch continental opposition to refugees, was a clearly racial and racist movement building impregnable walls that deflected Muslim immigrants and refugees. 175 People oftentimes sought to penetrate the “Fortress” through extralegal means, only to be denied upon arrival or found dead miles from the seashore. 176 These are risks that Ukrainian refugees did not have to face.

Muslim immigration is not only a wedge issue in Europe but also a matter that has revised and currently defines the political landscape across the continent. Staunch opposition to new Muslim entrants has given rise to and emboldened preexisting populist movements and parties. Through the lenses of terrorism and “civilization,” former fringe parties have stormed the mainstream with their anti-Muslim rhetoric and policy proposals. 177 These same voices rose to welcome (white) Ukrainian refugees in the days following the Russian invasion, which not only illustrates the salience of race with regard to European immigration but also admits the supremacy of race — and indeed whiteness — within that political realm.

European nations were ready to admit Ukrainian refugees while maintaining steadfast opposition to absorbing Muslim entrants. Spain’s far-right politician Santiago Abascal revealed this, in spades, when he announced in Parliament that anyone can see the “difference” between Ukrainian refugees “and the young men of Muslim origin and military age trying to ‘colonize’ Europe.” 178 Abascal’s statement spewed racism. While many would condemn the explicit nature of his remarks, “[t]he world has rushed to welcome White Ukranian refugees, yet has brutally tried to stop the waves of refugees coming from Africa, Central America, Yemen, Syria, Afghanistan[,] and Myanmar.” 179

A rightful tragedy and contradiction riddled the mise-en-scéne across Europe in the midst of a new continental war. Nations, like Ireland, absorbed 100,000 Ukrainian refugees in rapid order while millions of Syrians lingered between the status of statelessness and despair, still searching for somewhere to land. 180 Even France, the center of anti-Muslim xenophobia and state-sponsored Islamophobia in Europe, pivoted to admit more than 10,000 Ukrainian refugees 181 and sent a clear message to Muslims — even those from Francophone African nations — that Islam stands as the fundamental barrier to entry. The most hostile anti-Muslim populists in France, including a right-wing presidential hopeful, lent support for the Ukrainian refugees piling into France. 182 However, that candidate explicitly qualified that Arab refugees are to be denied — without exception. 183 In political parlance, Arab was an umbrella term that encompassed Muslim immigrants.

The freedom fighter, even after they flee, will be lauded. When they reach domestic shores, they will be let in with a hero’s standing ovation and welcome. They will then be celebrated with the measure of care, the compassion, and the resources needed to start anew. Even when they are not a citizen, they will be treated as such and will be adorned with many of the benefits and privileges longtime residents of the nation have enjoyed 184 — benefits nonwhite citizens still have yet to receive.

The terrorist, however, is castigated wherever they stand. They become more of a threat when absorbed into the nation. They are to be barred, at all costs, from coming in and becoming part of the nation. Their customs, faith, and very being are emblematic of disorder and disaster, which the state and its polity must keep tabs on, keep their gaze squarely upon, and keep at a safe distance from.

B. Media Double Standards

For Western journalists and global audiences conditioned by wartime reporting during the past twenty years, the images of war were wed to the Middle East and not “us.” 185 The very people that inhabited these lands embodied the menace of war and terror. 186 War and terror , outside of this context and specifically within Europe, were absurd and out of place. It did not belong in Ukraine but rather belonged in Syria, Afghanistan, and Muslim-majority societies oriented around the Western imagination of forever war and the fixed state of disorder. 187 Since war was alien to Europe and indigenous to the Middle East, the immigrants spilling out of the latter were alien too, Western media seemed to say.

The deeply racial labels of “terrorist” or “freedom fighter,” and their loaded proxies, riddled the early coverage of war in Ukraine and the refugee crisis that followed. It stained a righteous stand for self-determination with the familiar taint of whiteness and the forceful tenor of Islamophobia gripping the continent — while the world watching this pattern plummeted toward yet another war. The clasped hands of whiteness and Islamophobia also steered media coverage of the refugee crisis, which relayed rich and layered stories of Ukrainian refugees while, conversely, sidelining coverage of Afghans and Syrians who have long suffered from statelessness and media silence. 188 Or, they seemed to refer to Muslim or Middle Eastern refugees only as a counterpoint to the ample coverage extended to Ukrainians, a counterpoint often doused in the images from the War on Terror plaguing media representations and misrepresentations of Muslim refugees. 189

The recent trend to address and cover the racial double standards is an incremental step forward. However, this exposure is seldom followed with substantive analysis, and it relegates immigrants of color into mere reference points for racism. It often ceases at that point for Arab and African, Black and Muslim subjects fleeing crisis. On the other hand, “[t]here has been no shortage of stories comparing the rush of love directed at Ukrainian refugees to the xenophobia unleashed against nonwhite immigrants, by European and American media outlets.” 190 Furthermore, this coverage is not accompanied or met with what Afghan, Syrian, and Rohingya refugees require — humanizing and dedicated reporting, sustained attention, and the layered storytelling dedicated, in seemingly endless order, to Ukrainians.

The mere mention of nonwhite subjects of war as reference points perpetuates their objectification and essentialization as nameless victims of forever wars. What may seem a progressive step for media outlets identifying this racism is undergirded by an orientation that prioritizes white victims of war. As I write in Anadolu :

Non-white refugees do not simply exist to evidence racism in refugee resettlement and immigration. Nor are they a homogenous bloc that only warrants reference to gratify the liberal sensibilities of journalists, or entire media outlets, keen on representing themselves as non-racists. Particularly when their media coverage, or lack thereof, shows otherwise. 191

For decades, yellow journalism has dominated Western media coverage. Yet even more indelible is the color of whiteness, which often taints journalistic ethics and prioritizes the struggles “of those that look like the people who hold power, believe like them, and share kindred traditions.” 192 Among the first to identity this was the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association in Washington, D.C., which called out the racism that saturated the media coverage of Ukraine in the wake of the Russian invasion. 193 The organization stated that “[n]ewsrooms must not make comparisons that weigh the significance or imply justification of one conflict over another — civilian casualties and displacement in other countries are equally as abhorrent as they are in Ukraine.” 194

Journalistic ethics are founded upon a commitment to fair, balanced, and objective coverage. However, the weight of whiteness and the imprint of political interests on newsrooms have undermined this mission and exposed double standards that call their integrity into question.

[D]o not make me into that man of hatred for whom I feel only hatred . . . .

— Aimé Césaire 195

If you live, live free .

Or die like the trees, standing up .

— Mahmoud Darwish 196

The pursuit of freedom is a universal one. It transcends faith and race and races through the veins of every human. The world sees this, unfolding in real time, in nations where peoples of all shades root their boots to the soil against the march of foreign empire and the reign of foreign order. Like oaks in Europe and olive trees in the Levant, they stand, resolute, prepared to sacrifice themselves for a natural love that precedes colonial law imposed by man.

Yet man has enmeshed racism into law. Law is manipulated, over and again, to cast nonwhites as terrorists, while those claiming the pinnacle of the racial caste often evade that indictment. This dialectic was firmly in place before the siege of Ukraine in late March 2022. However, the latest chapter of European war, which could ignite a third world war, illustrates how race, steered by realpolitik , drives the making of terrorists and freedom fighters and the unmaking of people clinging on to their dignity in the face of formidable military and media erasure. 197

In the weeks and months after the invasion, and during the thick of the protracted siege, Ukrainian flags were ubiquitous throughout the United States. The show of solidarity was sublime, and perhaps even surprising, during a moment when rights-based internationalism has plummeted within the American consciousness. 198 The blue and yellow flags were hung up on restaurant windows, while Americans wore them as pins and waved them in front of schools and state buildings alongside the red, white, and blue. These were not Ukrainians expressing their patriotism but rather everyday Americans demonstrating solidarity with a foreign people, a besieged people, who fell victim to an imperial power. The scale of the solidarity was staggering particularly because this was a war that did not directly involve the United States. The American government was a bystander, for once, that pulled out of a twenty-year war and occupation with Afghanistan only months before — the first global theater of its War on Terror. 199

After a lecture in March at the University of San Diego School of Law, I counted twelve Ukrainian flags on my fifteen-minute Uber ride from the campus to San Diego. I counted zero for the unfolding struggles for survival in Kashmir, East Turkestan, Yemen, or Palestine. 200 These flags, draped atop businesses or hanging from residential poles, would invite suspicion, scorn, or both. Their connection to Islam, regardless of the symbols they stood for or their patent secularity, would pause even natives of those lands from waving them during a War on Terror, let alone everyday Americans — who rushed to place Ukrainian flags front and center on their homes, automobiles, and lapels in the days after Russia’s invasion.

Flags are symbols, and they represent far more than national allegiance. In this instance, the display of Ukrainian flags represents solidarity and support, compassion and concern. Few hardly squint or hesitate when a Yemeni village is leveled by American drones or when French airstrikes rain down and “rock the Casbah.” 201 The world is desensitized to imperial violence inflicted on Muslims, who are still branded terrorists, while state-sponsored terror is relentlessly unleashed against them.

As I have written before, Muslims are only newsworthy when they are villains, not victims. 202 The world stands idle as Muslim bodies, fighting for freedom or buried under colonial rule, are gunned down in the name of counterterrorism. Their bodies, dehumanized in life and in death, stand as relics of a colonial past that many across Europe still doggedly cling on to with fists of rage. For the French, colonial Algeria is inextricably tied to their heritage, and for Americans, wars in Afghanistan and Iraq are core threads of their cultural conditioning. 203 Instead of undoing these psychoses, the law has reproduced them. Instead of disentangling racism from humanity, the media confirms it.

For Muslims, who have endured these colonial and postcolonial wars and the tragedy of forced displacement that follows, Ukraine is a painful blow. It is another reminder that their bodies, their beings, are worth less — and too often, are worthless . It is difficult for them, and those cognizant of the lurid and lucid double standards emanating from Ukraine, to dream of a uniform standard applied across race, religion, and the realpolitik in between. It is difficult to imagine a world where the theaters of resistance in the Algerian Casbah or Kashmir receive the same light as the struggles in Ukraine. These dreams, instead, are incessantly interrupted by crashing reality. A reality delivered in songs of silence, and scores of violence, that whisper: “ Drop your bombs between the Minarets, Down the Casbah way.” 204

*Harvard University, Scholar in Residence, Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, Initiative for a Representative First Amendment (IfRFA); Associate Professor of Law, Wayne State Univ. School of Law; Co-Director, Damon J. Keith Center for Civil Rights. Author of the critically acclaimed book, American Islamophobia: Understanding the Roots and Rise of Fear (2018), and the upcoming book The New Crusades: Islamophobia and the Global War on Muslims (forthcoming 2023)

^ Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism 44 (Joan Pinkham trans., 2001).

^ The Battle of Algiers (Igor Film & Casbah Film 1966).

^ For a subaltern exposé of the French occupation of Algeria from one of its fiercest French critics, see Albert Camus, Algerian Chronicles ( Alice Kaplan ed., Arthur Goldhammer trans., Belknap Press 2014) (1958).

^ Aimé Césaire theorizes how colonialism degrades the colonizer and its “soul” and, through its pillaging and plundering of colonized peoples, reduces it to barbarism. Césaire, supra note , at 47–48.

^ Jean-Paul Sartre, Colonialism and Neocolonialism 75 (Azzedine Haddour et al. trans., Routledge 2001) (1964). “The entire project of European overseas expansion and settlement had been driven by a sense of superiority over other cultures, religions, and races.” Christian Joppke, Selecting by Origin: Ethnic Migration in the Liberal State 35 (2005).

^ Depicting how Algerian women toppled prevailing stereotypes of “passivity” and “submissiveness” by weaponizing these qualities against the disarmed French soldiers who did not consider them threats, the film’s representation of the Muslim woman freedom fighter was particularly transformative and unprecedented in cinema. For a scholarly critique of these tropes, and the gendered Islamophobia they still give rise to, see Khaled A. Beydoun & Nura A. Sediqe, Unveiling , 111 Calif. L. Rev . (forthcoming 2023), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4054865 [ https://perma.cc/R95P-L4AL ].

^ See James McDougall, A History of Algeria 86–129 (2017) for an analysis of the colonial laws enforced by the French to seize Algerian lands and strip the rights of the natives, from 1830 through 1944.

^ See generally Césaire, supra note . “A civilization that uses its principles [laws] for trickery and deceit is a dying civilization.” Id . at 31.

^ The term “terrorist,” perhaps more than any other political or criminal indictment, is strategically ambiguous — enabling state actors to deploy it in ways that advance their specific political interest, or mandate. American law, for example, has several definitions of the term across its network of federal laws. For an analysis of these legal definitions, and what “terrorism” means according to American interests, see Keiran Hardy & George Williams, What is “Terrorism”?: Assessing Domestic Legal Definitions , 16 UCLA J. Int’l L. & Foreign Affs . 77, 154–59 (2011).

^ This Essay defines the “War on Terror” as the domestic and global campaign commenced by President George W. Bush on September 20, 2001, nine days after the 9/11 terror attacks. President Bush declared, before Congress: “Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated.” President George W. Bush, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People (Sept. 20, 2001).

^ Manifest destiny is the ideologically driven belief, often steered by religion, that dispossession of another peoples’ land is the intended fate of the colonial power. This belief is, in many cases, “inexorably entwined with race and racism.” Laura E. Gómez, Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race 4 (2007).

^ Césaire , supra note , at 42.

^ See The Battle of Algiers , supra note .

^ See Taras Kuzio, Inside Putin’s Ukraine Obsession , Atl. Council: UkraineAlert (Jan. 27, 2022), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/inside-putins-ukraine-obsession [ https://perma.cc/SR98-JX6Q ].

^ For an intimate analysis of the genesis and impact of Black Lives Matter, see Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation (2016).

^ Leti Volpp, The Citizen and the Terrorist , 49 UCLA L. Rev . 1575, 1575–86 (2002).

^ Natsu Taylor Saito, Symbolism Under Siege: Japanese American Redress and the “Racing” of Arab Americans as “Terrorists ,” 8 Asian L.J. 1 , 12 (2001).

^ See generally Khaled A. Beydoun, Exporting Islamophobia in the Global “War on Terror ,” 95 N.Y.U. L. Rev. Online 82 (2020) (examining how American War on Terror policy and rhetoric facilitated the persecution of Muslim populations in nations across the world, with a specific focus on China and India).

^ Khaled A. Beydoun, Islamophobia: Toward a Legal Definition and Framework , 116 Colum. L. Rev. Online 108, 115 (2016). In my previous work, I define “private Islamophobia” as anti-Muslim animus or violence inflicted by individual bigots or actors not tied to the state, id . at 111, and “structural Islamophobia” as law, policy, and action taken by a state agency or actor, id . at 114.

^ “Racialization” is defined as the process of extending racial meaning — itself “an unstable and ‘decentered’ complex of social meanings constantly being transformed by political struggle” assigned to identities in society. Michael Omi & Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States 110 (3d ed. 2015).

^ See Frantz Fanon, Wretched of the Earth (1961), for a formative analysis of the psychological impact of colonization on peoples dispossessed of their lands and disconnected from their independence. See also Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (1993), a collection of essays examining how modern and postmodern imperial campaigns shaped the making of colonial culture and inspired the intellectual and practical resistance of its colonized subjects.

^ See Devon W. Carbado, Afterword: Critical What What? , 43 Conn. L. Rev. 1593 (2011), for a historical review tracking the intellectual genesis of critical race theory from its formative stages into its fifth decade. “Critical race theory expresses skepticism toward dominant legal claims of neutrality, objectivity, color blindness and meritocracy.” Charles R. Lawrence III et al., Introduction to Words that Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment 1, 6 (Mari J. Matsuda et al. eds., 1993).

^ Rashawn Ray & Alexandra Gibbons, Why Are States Banning Critical Race Theory? , Brookings: FixGov (Nov. 2021), https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2021/07/02/why-are-states-banning-critical-race-theory [ https://perma.cc/W5KD-T6AH ].

^ See Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia: Understanding the Roots and Rise of Fear 28 (2018) (defining Islamophobia “as the presumption that Islam is inherently violent, alien, and unassimilable, a presumption driven by the belief that expressions of Muslim identity correlate with a propensity for terrorism”).

^ Id . at 19.

^ Natalia Zinets & Aleksandar Vasovic, Missiles Rain Down Around Ukraine , Reuters (Feb. 24, 2022, 7:45 PM), https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-orders-military-operations-ukraine-demands-kyiv-forces-surrender-2022-02-24 [ https://perma.cc/4D32-QRXS ].

^ See Khaled A. Beydoun, Opinion, The World of Inconsistencies Between Ukraine, The Middle East and Beyond , Wash. Post . (Mar. 7, 2022, 12:57 PM), https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/03/07/ukraine-palestinians-kashmir-yemen [ https://perma.cc/C94N-QE98 ].

^ For an example of this framing, see Sebastian Junger, Can Ukrainian Freedom Fighters Stand Up to the Russian Military? History Suggests They Can , Vanity Fair (Mar. 7, 2022), https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/03/can-ukrainian-freedom-fighters-stand-up-to-the-russian-military [ https://perma.cc/NXD8-HCNJ ].

^ Another angle that illustrates the resonance, and reception, of Ukrainian whiteness across Europe was the refugee crisis that instantly followed the Russian invasion. For a trenchant analysis of the role of race in this crisis, see Rashawn Ray, The Russian Invasion of Ukraine Shows Racism Has No Boundaries , Brookings: How We Rise (Mar. 3, 2022), https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2022/03/03/the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-shows-racism-has-no-boundaries [ https://perma.cc/925V-STRT ].

^ Char Adams et al., “ Open the Door or We Die”: Africans Report Racism and Hostility Trying to Flee Ukraine , NBC News (Mar. 1, 2022, 5:35 PM), https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/open-door-die-africans-report-racism-hostility-trying-flee-ukraine-rcna17953 [ https://perma.cc/SMP4-7CFJ ].

^ Césaire , supra note , at 68.

^ This Essay recognizes the colonial roots of the descriptor, the “Middle East,” which is rooted in Orientalist imagining. However, I adopt it situationally in this Essay for purposes of brevity and familiarity. Second, it defines “nonwhite” along political discursive lines. This designation is not defined along American formal classifications of whiteness and nonwhiteness, but the political construction of whiteness as applied to Muslim bodies and populations. For example, Arab, Middle Eastern and North African Americans, Muslim and otherwise, are formally classified as white by controlling executive branch agencies. Yet, the political construction of these identities, before and particularly during the War on Terror, has been that of nonwhiteness. See Khaled A. Beydoun, Boxed In: Reclassification of Arab Americans on the U.S. Census as Progress or Peril? , 47 Loy. U. Chi. L.J . 693, 703–16 (2016) (examining how formal whiteness applied to Arab Americans diverges from their lived political experiences).

^ Ben Kesslen, CBS News’ Charlie D’Agata Apologizes for Saying Ukraine More “Civilized” than Iraq, Afghanistan , N.Y. Post (Feb. 26, 2022, 9:21 PM) (quoting D’Agata), https://nypost.com/2022/02/26/cbs-news-charlie-dagata-apologizes-for-saying-ukraine-more-civilized-than-iraq-afghanistan [ https://perma.cc/96D2-6DR8 ]; see also Annabel Nugent, CBS News Foreign Correspondent Apologises for Saying Ukraine is More “Civilized” than Iraq and Afghanista n, The Indep . (Feb. 27, 2022), https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/charlie-dagata-cbs-apology-ukraine-iraq-b2024265.html [ https://perma.cc/Z56C-5NLX ].

^ Kesslen, supra note .

^ See Norman L. Cigar, Genocide in Bosnia (1995), for a historical account of the Serbian war crimes committed against the Muslim people of Bosnia in the 1990s.

^ The work of Edward Said, particularly his book Covering Islam , delved into the misrepresentations of the faith curated by mass media outlets before 9/11 and the ensuing War on Terror. In it, he observed: “Given the present circumstances, with neither ‘Islam’ nor ‘the West’ at peace with each other or with themselves, it may seem exceptionally futile to ask whether, for members of one culture, knowledge of other cultures is even possible.” Edward W. Said, Covering Islam 127 (1981).

^ Michael Lipka & Conrad Hackett, Why Muslims Are the World’s Fastest-Growing Religious Group , Pew Rsch. Ctr . (Apr. 6, 2017), https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group [ https://perma.cc/U4CA-EP2Z ] (stating that Muslims numbered 1.8 billion in 2015).

^ Sahar Aziz, The Racial Muslim: When Racism Quashes Religious Freedom 6 (2022).

^ Id .; see also Robert Allison, The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World 45–46 (1995) (“Americans regarded Muhammad as a dangerous false prophet and as the creator of an evil and religious political system. . . . Islam, as the Americans saw it, was against liberty, and being against liberty, it stopped progress.”). See Khaled A. Beydoun, Between Muslim and White: The Legal Construction of Arab American Identity , 69 N.Y.U. Ann. Surv. Am. L . 29 (2013), for an examination of how American courts denied the naturalized citizenship of Muslim immigrants from 1790 through 1944 on account of caricaturing Islam as inassimilable and uncivilized, and ultimately irreconcilable with whiteness.

^ Volpp, supra note , at 1586.

^ Said theorized this master discourse as a process whereby the West, or the “Occident,” defined itself as the mirror opposite image of the Muslim world, which comprised a segment of the “Orient.” See generally Edward Said, Orientalism (1978). For a critical analysis of Orientalism , focusing on how Said’s theoretical binary essentialized the two spheres he was invested in critiquing and undoing, see generally Daniel Martin Varisco, Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid (2007).

^ The starkest example of this transnational masculine Muslim violence, or impending “clash of civilizations” pitting Islam against the West, is Professor Samuel P. Huntington’s influential book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (1996). Professor Hamid Dabashi, a postcolonial critic, observes: “By 2000, the ideas of [Francis] Fukuyama and Huntington had so utterly stormed Washington that militant Islamism had moved to the center of its short attention span.” Hamid Dabashi, Brown Skin, White Masks 13 (2011).

^ See Beydoun & Sediqe, supra note .

^ Fatima Mernissi, Sheherazade Goes West: Different Cultures, Different Harems 11 (2001).

^ Postcolonial scholar Professor Gayatri Spivak’s characterization of imperial patriarchy captures the gendered and racial essence of the War as “[w]hite men [joined by white women] saving brown women from brown men.” Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Can the Subaltern Speak? , in Can the Subaltern Speak: Reflections on the History of an Idea 22, 50 ( Rosalind Morris ed., 2010).

^ See generally Saba Mahmood, Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (2011); Lila Abu-Lughod, Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others , 104 Am. Anthropologist 783 (2002) (critiquing the War on Terror charge to “liberat[e] Muslim women,” id . at 785).

^ For a rich discussion demystifying this gendered binary and illuminating the rich panoply of gendered expressions in Iran, a Shiite Muslim–majority nation, see generally Afsaneh Najmabadi, Women with Mustaches and Men Without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity (2005).

^ “[A]nyone who racially ‘looks Muslim’ is similarly vulnerable to Islamophobia. Many South Asian Americans are Muslim, but many others are Hindu, Sikh, Christian, Buddhist, or have no religion at all.” Erik Love, Islamophobia and Racism in America 3 (2017).

^ I define “private Islamophobia” as anti-Muslim animus or violence inflicted by individual bigots or actors not tied to the state. Beydoun, supra note , at 111–19.

^ “While violence and terror are the principal makers of Muslim masculinity, the veil and its accompanying dialectic of subordination makes it its feminine analog.” Beydoun & Sedique, supra note , at 20.

^ It is important to note that counterterror and collateral suspicion also implicate non-Muslims discursively profiled as Muslims, including Latino, South Asian, and Sikh Americans. See Vinay Harpalani, DesiCrit: Theorizing the Racial Ambiguity of South Asian Americans , 69 N.Y.U. Ann. Surv. Am. L . 77, 162 (2013).

^ See generally Khaled A. Beydoun, Acting Muslim , 53 Harv. C.R.–C.L. L. Rev . 1 (2018), for a theoretical analysis of how expressions of Muslim identity invite suspicion, and how Muslims negotiate these expressions and behaviors to stave off stigma.

^ See generally Karen Engle, Constructing Good Aliens and Good Citizens: Legitimizing the War on Terror(ism) , 75 U. Colo. L. Rev . 59 (2004). Principal among “good Muslim” expressions are “denouncing terrorism, supporting the war on terror, and waving the American flag.” Id . at 62–63; see also Mahmood Mamdani, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, The Cold War, and the Roots of Terror (2004) (examining the genesis of the good-bad Muslim binary and its global application).

^ Beydoun, supra note , at 50.

^ While memory, and misrepresentation, of the Crusades is also deployed in the United States, it has special force in Europe. This is largely attributed to the Muslim world’s immediate geographic proximity to Europe, and the continent’s longstanding engagement with the Middle East and Muslim-majority countries. Professor Erika Lee, a historian, writes:

^ The French conquest of Algeria, which prefaces this Essay in the Introduction, is replete with examples of the Islamophobic bind between racialized violence and faith. “In Algiers, in the late nineteenth century, an entire school of psychiatry had been established to explain this kind of violence. More specifically, psychiatrists sought to make a link between Islam and what they called the ‘Arab mentality.’” Andrew Hussey, The French Intifada: The Long War Between France and Its Arabs 172–73 (2014).

^ “[T]here developed a certain intimacy between Europe and the Arabs that in another context Germaine Tillon has referred to as complementary antagonism, a sort of hostility that also included a knowing affection, long years of mutually engrossing experience, and grudging acknowledgement of each other’s actuality.” Edward Said, The Politics of Dispossession 162 (1994).

^ Loi 2004-28 du 15 mars 2004, en application du principe de laïcité, le port de signes ou detenues manifestant une appartenance religieuse dans les écoles, collèges et lycées publics [Law 2004-28 of March 15, 2004, on application of the principle of secularism, the wearing of signs or detainees manifesting a religious affiliation in public schools, colleges and high schools]. See generally John R. Bowen, Why the French Don’t Like Headscarves: Islam, The State, and Public Space (2007), for a comprehensive analysis of the historical and sociological factors that gave rise to the 2004 Hijab Ban, and collateral measures restricting other forms of Islamic covering in France.

^ Beydoun, supra note .

^ Political ideology is imputed on account of identity, even when the act is untethered to one.

^ Beydoun, supra note , at 117.

^ Exec. Order No. 13,769, 82 Fed. Reg. 8977 (Jan. 27, 2017), revoked by Exec. Order No. 13,780, 82 Fed. Reg. 13,209 (Mar. 6, 2017). Although the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the ban, Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S. Ct. 2392, 2408 (2018) (holding that “[t]he President lawfully exercised that discretion based on his findings . . . that entry of the covered aliens would be detrimental to the national interest”), President Joe Biden removed it in 2021.

^ See Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (PATRIOT Act), Pub. L. No. 107-56, 115 Stat. 272 (2001) (codified as amended in scattered sections of the U.S. Code); see also Patriot Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-177, 120 Stat. 192 (2006) (amending the PATRIOT Act).

^ CVE, dubbed the “Mapping Muslims” program, was pioneered in the United States by the New York Police Department, whereby federal law enforcement collaborated closely with local law enforcement to surveil and collect data on Muslim subjects of interests. Beydoun, supra note , at 118–19. CVE was practically steered on a local level, whereby law enforcement issued wires and planted informants within Muslim geographies, such as mosques and community centers. Id . President Barack Obama elevated CVE into his signature counterterror program during his second term, in 2014. Samuel J. Rascoff, Establishing Official Islam? The Law and Strategy of Counter-Radicalization , 64 Stan. L. Rev . 125, 127 (2012).

^ See Yaser Ali, Comment, Shariah and Citizenship — How Islamophobia Is Creating a Second-Class Citizenry in America , 100 Calif. L. Rev . 1027, 1061–66 (2012). For a comprehensive examination of the anti-Sharia movement, see Khaled A. Beydoun, On Sacred Land , 105 Minn. L. Rev . 1803, 1828–36 (2021).

^ See generally Susan M. Akram & Kevin R. Johnson, Race, Civil Rights, and Immigration Law After September 11, 2001: The Targeting of Arabs and Muslims , 58 N.Y.U. Ann. Surv. Am. L . 295 (2002), for an analysis of the strident policies enacted to police Muslims in the immediate wake of the 9/11 terror attacks.

^ Naomi Mezey, Law as Culture , 13 Yale J.L. & Human . 35, 47 (2001).

^ Muneer I. Ahmad, A Rage Shared by Law: Post–September 11 Racial Violence as Crimes of Passion , 92 Calif. L. Rev . 1259, 1318 (2004).

^ David Lyon, Surveillance After September 11 , at 109 (2003).

^ President George W. Bush, Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the Nation (Sep. 20, 2001). President George W. Bush gave the amorphous campaign its formal name nine days after the 9/11 terror attacks, when he lobbied Congress to support full-scale war against the Taliban. Id .

^ The appearance or performance of Muslim identity.

^ Mary L. Dudziak, Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative , 41 Stan. L. Rev . 61, 63 (1988).

^ Michael T. Flynn & Michael Ledeen, The Field of Fight 2 (2016).

^ See generally Beydoun, supra note .

^ For historic background on Kashmir and its precarious positionality, see generally Jasjit Singh, Kashmir, Pakistan, and the War on Terror , 13 Small Wars & Insurgencies 81 (2002).

^ See generally Darren Byler, In the Camps: China’s High-Tech Penal Colony (2021), for a trenchant examination of the cutting-edge technologies the Chinese are currently employing to persecute the Uyghur and other ethnic Muslims in China.

^ Islamophobia is rooted in imperialism, and namely, Orientalism. As media studies Professor Deepa Kumar observes: “[N]otions of race and of Muslims as inferior beings could come to the fore in a context where European nations were in a position to actually challenge and eventually dominate once-powerful Muslim empires .” Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire: 20 Years After 9/11 20 (2021).

^ The French historian Arthur de Gobineau wrote: “The only history is white,” illustrating that beyond formal citizenship and legal status, modern epistemology is built upon histories crafted by white men that center white narratives. Césaire , supra note , at 71.

^ See generally Linda Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership (2006), for an articulation of the informal and formal rights attached to citizenship status, which is reshaped and stratified by race.

^ Khaled A. Beydoun & Erika Wilson, Reverse Passing , 64 UCLA L. Rev . 282, 299 (2017). See generally Cheryl I. Harris, Whiteness as Property , 106 Harv. L. Rev . 1707 (1993) (discussing the property value attached to whiteness, and the legal and de facto incentives attached to passing as white).

^ In the United States, for instance, whiteness was conflated with naturalized citizenship. This prevailed from 1790 until 1952, when racially restrictive legislation prohibited the naturalization of immigrants deemed nonwhite by civil courts. See Ian Haney Lopez, White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race 31 (1996).

^ “The status of intending citizen . . . was only open to whites from 1790 to 1870,” and presiding civil court judges decided who could become white — and thus, a naturalized citizen — until 1952. Hiroshi Motomura, Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States 123 (2006).

^ Césaire , supra note , at 67–68.

^ “No race has a monopoly on beauty, on intelligence, on strength,” and heroism and freedom. Aimé Césaire, Notebook of a Return to the Native Land 44 (Annette Smith ed., Clayton Eshleman trans., Wesleyan U. Press 2013) (1939).

^ James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time 58 (1963).

^ Every imperial project is racialized. Here, I am referring specifically to imperial interplays involving a white colonizer and nonwhite colonized populations, whereby the racial dissonance enables what Césaire calls “thingification,” or the commodification of racialized colonial subjects as tools to serve the interests of the colonizer. Césaire , supra note , at 42.

^ For a framework of race adapted for globalized analysis, see generally Michelle Christian, A Global Critical Race and Racism Framework: Racial Entanglements and Deep and Malleable Whiteness , 5 Socio. Race & Ethnicity 169 (2018).

^ “While the black/white paradigm has played a profound role in our nation’s history, it does not address the myriad issues related to those caught in blurry and gray portions of the divide, both in law and praxis, such as those of Japanese, Chinese, and Indian descent,” and indeed, Arab and (nonwhite and non-Black) Muslim populations. John Tehranian, Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America , 109 Yale L.J . 817, 847 (2000).

^ “To go further, I make no secret of my opinion that at the present time the barbarism of Western Europe has reached an incredibly high level, being only surpassed — far surpassed, it is true — by the barbarism of the United States.” Césaire , supra note , at 47. Césaire drew this conclusion in 1950, a position that would be deepened by modern American War on Terror imperialism.

^ For an analysis of the global impact of the George Floyd murder and the wave of protests it inspired, see Jason Silverstein, The Global Impact of George Floyd: How Black Lives Matter Protests Shaped Movements Around the World , CBS News (June 4, 2021, 7:39 PM), https://www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-black-lives-matter-impact [ https://perma.cc/XC2M-SHCY ].

^ Caroline Mala Corbin, Terrorists Are Always Muslim but Never White: At the Intersection of Critical Race Theory and Propaganda , 86 Fordham L. Rev . 455, 457 (2017).

^ Id . at 458–62.

^ See generally Khaled A. Beydoun, Lone Wolf Terrorism: Types, Stripes and Double Standards , 112 Nw. U. L. Rev . 1213 (2018).

^ The January 6, 2021, insurrections were a stunning demonstration of the presumed innocence of violent white actors, who were permitted to organize and collect despite being armed and openly expressing violent aims. Policing measures applied to Black and Muslim activists would have certainly aborted the insurrection, or violently crushed it. See Chauncey Devega, Imagine Another America: One Where Black or Brown People Had Attacked the Capitol , Salon (Jan. 7, 2022, 6:00 AM), https://www.salon.com/2022/01/07/imagine-another-america-one-where-black-or-brown-people-had-attacked-the-capitol [ https://perma.cc/SH4N-CAM2 ].

^ As of March 19, 2022, the refugee count outside of Ukraine had reached three million. For a data analysis explaining why Ukrainian refugees, on account of race and other factors, have been treated better than other displaced groups in Europe have been, see Youyou Zhou, Nicole Narea & Christina Animashaun, Europe’s Embrace of Ukrainian Refugees, Explained in Six Charts and One Map , Vox (Mar. 19, 2022, 8:00 AM), https://www.vox.com/22983230/europe-ukraine-refugees-charts-map [ https://perma.cc/7RZW-UEBY ].

^ The “bootstraps myth,” which pervades American and European rightwing and centrist narratives, holds that, “[i]n the absence of rigid social hierarchies, one is what one achieves. The horizons are open, the opportunities boundless, and the realization of them depends on an individual’s energy, system, and perseverance, in short, the capability for and willingness to work.” Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity 71 (2004).

^ Arab News, “ European People with Blue Eyes and Blonde Hair Being Killed” What a BBC Interviewee Commented ., YouTube , at 0:01 (Mar. 1, 2022), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pU-8gKaUO_Y [ https://perma.cc/948J-76N3 ]; see also Moustafa Bayoumi, They Are “Civilised” and “Look Like Us”: The Racist Coverage of Ukraine , The Guardian (Mar. 2, 2022, 10:35 AM), https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/02/civilised-european-look-like-us-racist-coverage-ukraine [ https://perma.cc/RN2X-KGHF ].

^ Bayoumi, supra note 110.

^ Beydoun, supra note 30.

^ See Viacheslav Ratynskyi, Photograph of a Ukrainian Civilian Training to Throw Molotov Cocktails, in From Molotov Cocktails to Anti-tank Barricades, Ukraine Residents Prepare to Defend Cities , Reuters (Mar. 6, 2022, 7:29 PM), https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/from-molotov-cocktails-to-anti-tank-barr-idUSRTS62SIY [ https://perma.cc/56AM-G6J2 ].

^ See, e.g ., Aleksandar Vasovic & Polina Nikolskaya, In Ukraine Conflict, Even the Elderly Are Getting Ready to Fight , Reuters (Feb. 20, 2022, 11:40 AM), https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-conflict-even-elderly-are-getting-ready-fight-2022-02-20 [ https://perma.cc/NC5C-3DFM ].

^ Wladimir Klitschko and Oleksandr Usyk Ready to Fight for Ukraine in War with Russia , Sky Sports (Mar. 1, 2022, 12:56 PM), https://www.skysports.com/boxing/news/30778/12554423/wladimir-klitschko-and-oleksandr-usyk-ready-to-fight-for-ukraine-in-war-with-russia [ https://perma.cc/NF78-BMQB ].

^ Barak Ravid, Zelensky to EU Leaders: “ This Might Be the Last Time You See Me Alive ,” Axios (Feb. 25, 2022), https://www.axios.com/2022/02/25/zelensky-eu-leaders-last-time-you-see-me-alive [ https://perma.cc/D5JL-V6TK ].

^ Id .; see also Patrick Kingsley, Evictions in Jerusalem Become Focus of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict , N.Y. Times (Nov. 2, 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/world/middleeast/evictions-jerusalem-israeli-palestinian-conflict-protest.html [ https://perma.cc/K2KA-D5G6 ]. The claim that women and children are being used as “human shields” is a common talking point used by the Israel Defense Forces. See, e.g ., Michael Martinez, Is Hamas Using Human Shields in Gaza? The Answer Is Complicated , CNN (July 23, 2014, 8:23 AM), https://www.cnn.com/2014/07/23/world/meast/human-shields-mideast-controversy/index [ https://perma.cc/VEH6-DYAD ].

^ For a recent story illustrating how labeling Palestinians “terrorists” creates the justification for their extrajudicial killings, see Several Palestinians Killed by Israeli Forces: Ministry , Al Jazeera (Mar. 1, 2022), https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/1/palestinian-killed-by-israeli-forces-in-w-bank-ministry [ https://perma.cc/8CCB-LDW2 ]. See also Noura Erakat, Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine (2009) , for an examination of human rights challenges confronted by the Palestinian people living in the West Bank, Gaza, and within the boundaries of Israel.

^ For a comprehensive analysis of the Saudi war in Yemen and the regional politics that drive it, see May Darwich, The Saudi Intervention in Yemen: Struggling for Status , 20 Insight 125 (2018).

^ Beydoun, supra note 30.; see also Lisa Schlein, Conflict and Economic Collapse in War-Torn Yemen Worsening Hunger Crisis , VOA News (July 28, 2021, 12:32 PM), https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_conflict-and-economic-collapse-war-torn-yemen-worsening-hunger-crisis/6208845.html [ https://perma.cc/66ZX-RX3F ]; UN Humanitarian Office Puts Yemen War Dead at 233,000, Mostly from “Indirect Causes ,” UN News (Dec. 1, 2020), https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/12/1078972 [ https://perma.cc/3UC9-HZHK ].

^ Anchal Vohra, Argument, Modi Took Complete Control of Kashmir Two Years Ago — And Got Away with It , Foreign Pol’y (Aug. 3, 2021, 4:14 PM), https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/03/modi-took-control-of-kashmir-2-years-ago-and-got-away-with-it [ https://perma.cc/D4PF-4QG2 ].

^ See Devjyot Ghoshal & Alasdair Pal, Thousands Detained in Indian Kashmir Crackdown, Official Data Reveals , Reuters (Sept. 12, 2019, 6:57 AM), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions/thousands-detained-in-indian-kashmir-crackdown-official-data-reveals-idUSKCN1VX142 [ https://perma.cc/R8J7-M5ZQ ], for a review of the mass arrests made after India’s military takeover of Kashmir in September 2019.

^ Beydoun, supra note ; see also Ray, supra note .

^ Ray, supra note .

^ Cornel West, Race Matters (1993).

^ Beydoun, supra note 30. There is no monolithic and integrated “Muslim world.” Rather, the global Muslim population is divided along lines of sect and confession, political identity, and nationality. Yet this Essay adopts the term as a shorthand way to describe the disparate population of Muslims across the globe.

^ Id .; see also Hans Nichols, Scoop: Biden Advisers Weigh Saudi Arabia Trip for More Oil , Axios (Mar. 6, 2022), https://www.axios.com/2022/03/06/biden-saudi-trip-oil [ https://perma.cc/RR2B-QLS2 ].

^ See Josh Rogin, America’s Allies Are Funding ISIS , Daily Beast (Apr. 14, 2017, 3:37 PM), https://www.thedailybeast.com/americas-allies-are-funding-isis [ https://perma.cc/7B72-RR9V ]. For an excellent overview of the history, theology, and modern-day relevance of Wahhabism, see generally Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (2002).

^ William Roberts, MBS Approved Operation to Capture or Kill Khashoggi , Al Jazeera (Nov. 16, 2021, 3:14 PM), https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/26/mbs-oversaw-saudi-killers-of-khashoggi-us-intel-report [ https://perma.cc/3JFD-HGGQ ].

^ Derrick A. Bell, Jr., Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma , 93 Harv. L. Rev . 518, 525 (1980). Professor Derrick Bell frames “self-interest leverage” as progressive policy being pushed when it aligns with American geopolitical interests. See id . at 523–25.

^ For an examination of how surveillance during the American War on Terror seizes upon sectarian division to advance its domestic footprint, see Khaled A. Beydoun, Bisecting American Islam? Divide, Conquer, and Counter-Radicalization , 69 Hastings L. J . 429, 467–85 (2018).

^ Alongside Israel, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the United States’s principal ally in the Middle East. Zack Beauchamp, Beyond Oil: The US-Saudi Alliance, Explained , Vox (Jan. 6, 2016, 9:00 AM), https://www.vox.com/2016/1/6/10719728/us-saudi-arabia-allies [ https://perma.cc/Y6TR-JL3F ].

^ Cf . Jacob Shamir & Khalil Shikaki, Self-Serving Perceptions of Terrorism Among Israelis and Palestinians , 23 Pol. Psych . 537 (2002) (concluding that “the definition of terrorism by both Israeli Jews and Palestinians is self-serving,” id . at 546).

^ Alan Z. Rozenshtein, Surveillance Intermediaries , 70 Stan. L. Rev . 99, 105 (2018). Rozenshtein describes these intermediaries as “large, powerful companies that stand between the government and our data and, in the process, help constrain government surveillance.” Id .

^ Tamara Kharroub, Systematic Digital Repression: Social Media Censoring of Palestinian Voices , Arab Ctr. Wash. D.C . (June 8, 2021), https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/systematic-digital-repression-social-media-censoring-of-palestinian-voices [ https://perma.cc/U4U7-SXEP ].

^ See Shirin Ghaffary, A Major Battle over Free Speech on Social Media is Playing Out in India During the Pandemic , Vox (May 1, 2021, 8:00 AM), https://www.vox.com/recode/22410931/india-pandemic-facebook-twitter-free-speech-modi-covid-19-censorship-free-speech-takedown [ https://perma.cc/7CRS-HHNX ]; Andrew Nachemson, Why Is Myanmar’s Military Blocking the Internet? , Al Jazeera (Mar. 4, 2021), https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/4/myanmar-internet-blackouts [ https://perma.cc/Z5PU-Q756 ].

^ Lindsay Maizland, India’s Muslims: An Increasingly Marginalized Population , Council on Foreign Rels . (July 14, 2022, 3:00 PM), https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/india-muslims-marginalized-population-bjp-modi [ https://perma.cc/4Z9R-KU3L ].

^ See Fiona Hill, The Real Reason Putin Supports Assad , Foreign Affs . (Mar. 25, 2013), https://www.foreignaffairs.com/syria/real-reason-putin-supports-assad [ https://perma.cc/8N9B-KEVD ].

^ Amina Dunn & Bradley Jones, Americans Divided over Decision to Withdraw from Syria , Pew Rsch. Ctr . (Jan. 18, 2019), https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/18/americans-divided-over-decision-to-withdraw-from-syria [ https://perma.cc/7BXF-85MU ].

^ Zoe Todd, By the Numbers: Syrian Refugees Around the World , PBS (Nov. 19, 2019), https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/numbers-syrian-refugees-around-world [ https://perma.cc/C7NR-SBZ3 ].

^ See Ben Jacobs, Trump Says Syrian Refugees Aren’t Just a Terrorist Threat, They’d Hurt Quality of Life , The Guardian (Sept. 21, 2016. 4:24 PM), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/sep/21/trump-syrian-refugees-terrorism-quality-life-bombing-attacks [ https://perma.cc/WEC6-QUCX ].

^ See Hassan Hankir & Hams Rabah, Arab Refugees See Double Standards in Europe’s Embrace of Ukrainians , Reuters (Mar. 2, 2022, 10:57 AM), https://www.reuters.com/world/arab-refugees-see-double-standards-europes-embrace-ukrainians-2022-03-02 [ https://perma.cc/GC3X-4MET ].

^ For an example of this perspective, and one that interrogates whether the Cold War “ever really ended,” see Robin Wright, Does the U.S.-Russia Crisis over Ukraine Prove That the Cold War Never Ended? , New Yorker (Feb. 19, 2022), https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/does-the-us-russia-crisis-over-ukraine-prove-that-the-cold-war-never-ended [ https://perma.cc/QRS4-BP59 ].

^ Putin served seventeen years in the Soviet Union’s federal surveillance agency, the KGB. See David Hoffman, Putin’s Career Rooted in Russia’s KGB , Wash. Post (Jan. 30, 2000), https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/russiagov/putin.htm [ https://perma.cc/FYL2-GSYN ].

^ Adams et al., supra note 33.

^ For example, national security in Western nations has been riddled with anti-Muslim animus. See Amna Akbar, Policing “Radicalization ,” 3 U.C. Irvine L. Rev . 809 (2013), for an examination of how federal community surveillance is pointedly steered by anti-Muslim philosophies of “radicalization” and “extremism.” For an analysis of how counter-radicalization runs counter to the spirit of the First Amendment Establishment Clause because of its pointedly anti-Muslim posture, see Rascoff, supra note , at 129–30.

^ For a recent treatise calling for racial justice within immigration law, see Kevin R. Johnson, Bringing Racial Justice to Immigration Law , 116 Nw. U. L. Rev. Online 1 (2021).

^ Joppke , supra note , at 36.

^ Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks 35 (Charles Lam Markmann trans., Pluto Press 1986) (1952).

^ For an examination of the hypermasculinization of Black male threat in relation to police brutality and the recent wave of Black Lives Matter protests, see D. Marvin Jones, The “Big Black Man” and Other Stories: George Floyd, Stereotypes, and the Shape of Fear , 75 U. Mia. L. Rev. Caveat 97 (2021). See generally Paul Butler, Chokehold: Policing Black Men (2017), for a trenchant analysis of police violence inflicted upon Black men essentialized as criminals and violent actors.

^ “There is nothing more exasperating than to be asked: ‘How long have you been in France? You speak French so well.’” Fanon , supra note , at 35.

^ Essentialism holds that people, and things, can be reduced to a core set of traits that characterize their very being. These traits, collectively, make up an essence, which gives rise to positive, negative, and benign stereotypes. Law scholar Professor Angela Harris argues against essentialism in relation to feminist theory, which she defines as “a unitary, ‘essential’ women’s experience [that] can be isolated and described independently of race, class, sexual orientation, and other realities of experience.” Angela P. Harris, Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory , 42 Stan. L. Rev . 581, 585 (1990).

^ Diana Fuss , Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature, and Difference 2 (1989).

^ Frank Langfitt & Eleanor Beardsley, International Students Are Facing Challenges as They Try to Evacuate Ukraine , NPR (Mar. 3, 2022, 1:09 PM), https://www.npr.org/2022/03/01/1083775486/africans-and-south-asians-are-having-an-especially-difficult-time-leaving-ukrain [ https://perma.cc/REA7-KD3L ].

^ “Several buses crossing every hour and not one foreigner allowed across. We finally made it across and we’re told accommodation at the hotel is only for Ukrainians. No sleep or food in 3 days . . . Why does nationality determine who rests?” Khanyi Mlaba, Black People in Ukraine Are Reporting Racism While Trying to Leave , Glob. Citizen (Feb. 28, 2022), https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/racism-leave-ukraine-asylum-black-people-of-color [ https://perma.cc/WJK4-PNMN ].

^ For a critical examination of the demonization of Blackness converging with the invisibility of Black immigrants, see Karla M. McKanders, Immigration and Racial Justice: Enforcing the Borders of Blackness , 37 Ga. St. U. L. Rev . 1139 (2021).

^ See, e.g ., @banks_camryn, Twitter (Mar. 1, 2022, 3:43 PM), https://twitter.com/banks_camryn/status/1498760743537283079 [ https://perma.cc/KD3W-CRJD ].

^ For a stunning example of warmth, Germans welcomed Ukrainian refugees with parties greeting them upon arrival. Damian Grammaticas, Germans Welcome Ukrainian Refugees by Train: “It Could Have Been Us ,” BBC (Mar. 3, 2022), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60611188 [ https://perma.cc/ND92-7HH5 ].

^ “Noncitizen” refers to a status whereby people are viewed, and often treated, as full-fledged citizens despite not holding possession of formal citizenship. Bosniak, supra note , at 5.

^ Id . at 31 (“[T]here is often a gap between possession of [formal] citizenship status and the enjoyment or performance of citizenship in substantive terms.”). For a close examination of how French Muslim citizens, namely youth, are cast as outsiders despite holding French citizenship, see Jean Beaman, Citizen Outsider: Children of North African Immigrants in France (2017).

^ Leti Volpp, Citizenship Undone , 75 Fordham L. Rev . 2579, 2584 (2007).

^ See Leti Volpp, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and Alien Citizens , 103 Mich. L. Rev . 1595, 1626 (2005) (reviewing Mae Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (2004)) (using the term “alien citizen” to describe the dissonance between the legal status of citizenship and the political branding of Muslims as pariahs, eternal immigrants, or enemies of the state).

^ The substantive measures of citizenship also include “psychological membership” or marginalization. Bosniak , supra note , at 20.

^ Joppke , supra note , at 1–30.

^ Renata Brito, “ Fortress Europe” Opens for Ukrainian Refugees but Keeps Others Out , Christian Sci. Monitor (Mar. 1, 2022), https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2022/0301/Fortress-Europe-opens-for-Ukrainian-refugees-but-keeps-others-out [ https://perma.cc/F2UP-RGNR ].

^ “And those Third World migrants who dare risk their lives to migrate to First World countries without legal authorization are confronted with increasingly militarized border regimes negotiated by First and Third World nation-states, and which amount to multilateral projects for the regional containment of Third World persons beyond the First World.” E. Tendayi Achiume, Migration as Decolonization , 71 Stan. L. Rev . 1509, 1515 (2019).

^ See generally Huntington , supra note .

^ Kitty Holland, Ireland May Take In More Than 100,000 Ukrainian Refugees, Minister Says , Irish Times (Mar. 6, 2022, 4:03 PM), https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/ireland-may-take-in-more-than-100&ndash ;000-ukrainian-refugees-minister-says-1.4819785 [ https://perma.cc/R745-QBQX ].

^ Joseph Ataman & Camille Knight, France Prepares Accommodations for 10,000 Ukrainian Refugees , CNN (Mar. 9, 2022, 9:33 AM), https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-09-22/h_45a9a6b63e598e289436fe0983769dbe [ https://perma.cc/RRE7-6ZUJ ].

^ French Far-Right Candidate Zemmour Says Ukrainians Welcome, But Not Arab Refugees , France 24 (Mar. 9, 2022, 12:17 PM), https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20220309-french-far-right-candidate-zemmour-says-ukrainians-welcome-but-not-arab-refugees [ https://perma.cc/NH9R-PUQF ].

^ See Bosniak , supra note , at 5.

^ “They seem so like us. That is what makes it so shocking. . . . War is no longer something visited upon impoverished and remote populations. It can happen to anyone.” Daniel Hannan, Vladimir Putin’s Monstrous Invasion Is an Attack on Civilisation Itself , The Telegraph (Feb. 26, 2022, 5:00 PM), https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/02/26/vladimir-putins-monstrous-invasion-attack-civilisation [ https://perma.cc/G5E7-VGQD ].

^ See Evelyn Alsultany, Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race and Representation After 9/11 (2012), for a critical examination of the most prominent stereotypes of Muslim men and women after the 9/11 terror attacks.

^ See generally Said , supra note .

^ Statelessness has been dubbed the “paradox of mobility and insecurity,” which is “a simultaneous tendency to migrate but without the protection or citizenship of a home state.” Sarah M.A. Gualtieri, Between Arab and White: Race and Ethnicity in the Early Syrian American Diaspora 168 (2009).

^ “[M]edia portrayals connected with events such as 9/11, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the civil conflicts in Syria, and an increase in terror related activities across Europe have produced compelling images and narratives that paint Muslims . . . as violent.” Nazita Lajevardi, Outsiders at Home: The Politics of American Islamophobia 110 (2020).

^ Khaled A. Beydoun, Analysis — When Immigration Is No Longer a Wedge Issue: Ukranian Refugees and Journalistic Humanization of White Plight , Anadolu Agency (Mar. 25, 2022), https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/analysis-when-immigration-is-no-longer-a-wedge-issue-ukrainian-refugees-and-journalistic-humanization-of-white-plight/2545523 [ https://perma.cc/7XAW-Y5MQ ]; see also, e.g ., Ray, supra note .

^ Press Statement, The Arab & Middle E. Journalists Ass’n, Statement in Response to Coverage of the Ukraine Crisis (Feb. 2022).

^ Aimé Césaire, Notebook of a Return to My Native Land 38 (1939).

^ Mahmoud Darwish, The Butterfly’s Burden 31 (2007).

^ There was early discussion that events in Ukraine could lead to World War III. See, e.g ., Bret Stephens, Opinion, This Is How World War III Begins , N.Y. Times (Mar. 15, 2022), https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/15/opinion/russia-ukraine-world-war-iii.html [ https://perma.cc/SL59-YX6H ].

^ See Khaled Ali Beydoun, Islamophobia, Internationalism, and the Expanse Between , 28 Brown J. World Affs . 101, 103–04 (2021).

^ Zeke Miller & Aamer Madhani, “ Overdue”: Biden Sets Aug. 31 for US Exit from Afghanistan , AP (July 8, 2021), https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-afghanistan-government-and-politics-86f939c746c7bc56bb9f11f095a95366 [ https://perma.cc/H8MP-UYJZ ].

^ Before it bore the name “Xinjiang,” the northwest territory home to fourteen million Uyghurs in northwest China was called East Turkestan. It is the indigenous land for Uyghur Muslims, who have endured an ethnic cleansing campaign steered by the Communist regime in China. For a brief history of East Turkestan from a Uyghur perspective, see East Turkistan: Brief History , World Uyghur Cong ., https://www.uyghurcongress.org/en/east-turkestan-2 [ https://perma.cc/U26K-4DX4 ].

^ The Clash , Rock the Casbah , on Combat Rock (CBS Records 1982).

^ Nadia El-Zein Tonova & Khaled A. Beydoun, Opinion, Why Muslim Lives Don’t Matter , Al Jazeera (Feb. 12, 2015), https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/2/12/why-muslim-lives-dont-matter [ https://perma.cc/Q9PF-UT85 ].

^ “As a young [French] man said in the train the other day: ‘Me, I don’t give a damn about Algeria, and I don’t like colonization either. But it’s our heritage. And you have to hold on to your heritage, even if it doesn’t pay.’” Camus , supra note , at 109.

^ The Clash , supra note .

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Freedom Fighters – 10 Lines, Short & Long Essay For Children

Key Points To Remember When Writing An Essay On Freedom Fighters For Lower Primary Classes

5 lines on freedom fighters for kids, 10 lines on freedom fighters in english for children, paragraph on freedom fighters in english, short essay on freedom fighters in 200 words for children, long essay on freedom fighters for kids, what will your child learn from the essay on freedom fighters.

To write an essay on freedom fighters in English, children need to list the value of freedom and pay tribute to the martyrs who have laid their lives for us to breathe and live in a free country. An essay on freedom fighters could be short, long or even split into paragraphs. Children need to write about the various aspects of freedom and the people who fought for our freedom. Essay on freedom fighters for classes 1, 2 & 3 will allow kids to understand the level of sacrifices made to achieve the freedom they enjoy today. Children in lower primary classes are part of different activities and celebrations, such as Independence Day, making them aware of essential facts on it. All that children need is some guidance on what details to include and how to structure it in their essays.

Below are some key points on how to write an essay on freedom fighters for children that will help them make an impression on the reader:

The essay must embody the importance of living in a free nation.
The essay should chronicle the key people who fought for India’s freedom.
Conclude the essay by explaining how future generations must value freedom and strive to make the country a better place to live.

Five lines about freedom fighters are not difficult for children to write; they only need to be guided about including the key points. Below is a template that could help children write.

Freedom fighters are the reason we live in a free country.
Freedom fighters faced the trials, tribulation, pain and torture inflicted by the British to help Indians live freely in their land.
Freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel and more fought with the weapon of “Ahimsa” to drive the British out of our country.
Our struggle for freedom is widely celebrated all over the world for the unique way in which we got our freedom.
We must always respect our freedom fighters, without whom it would be impossible to live as we do now.

An essay for classes 1 and 2 may include a few lines on freedom fighters elucidating the key people and their struggles. Below is a guide to writing a 10-line essay:

Freedom fighters were those who laid their lives to fight against the British for India’s independence.
We live in an independent and democratic society today because of their sacrifices.
They had the vision to see India as a free country and free our people from the slavery of the British.
They decided to unite together to drive the British out of our country.
Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Subash Chandra Bose, Sardar Patel, etc., are some key figures who ignited the fire of freedom among people in India.
The beauty of some of our freedom fighters was that they did not use any weapons and fought purely on the ideology of “ahimsa” and non-cooperation.
The seed for independence was sown around 1857, and we got our freedom only around 90 years later, i.e. 1947.
The freedom we enjoy today is a struggle endured by those who envisioned a free country.
Celebrating our freedom fighters and honouring them is essential.
Our freedom fighters are the source of inspiration to us as they teach the value of love for the country and the sacrifice they made to free the country from British rule.

Children in lower classes are required to write a short paragraph on topics. To help children write 100 words essay on freedom fighters, read the template below:

India awoke to a new lease of life on August 15 1947; since then, we have been singing glory and showering praise on those freedom fighters that made it possible. Freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi, Subash Chandra Bose, Sardar Patel and so many more led several Indians to freedom from British rule. With “Ahimsa” as their only weapon, many, including Mahatma Gandhi, marched to end an era of slavery that had lasted for over two centuries. They wanted India to be a free country and live like an independent state. Their vision, sacrifice and contributions are what the generation of today enjoys. It is vital to continuously honour and pay tribute to the pain and effort that our freedom fighters put together to make our country an independent nation.

Essay for classes 1, 2 and 3 can be written in 200 words. Below is a template that could be a good guide for kids to channelise their thoughts:

Independence or freedom didn’t come to us on a platter but was earned by our great freedom fighters with their sacrifices, pain, and devotion. Our freedom fighters envisioned a free India and decided to take the responsibility of having a free nation where one could live and enjoy without being subjected to Britishers. Freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru, Sardar Patel, Bhagat Singh, Mangal Pandey and more were unhappy with how Indians were treated by the British. They decided to revolt against the imperialist rule and fought against them to see a free India. Some of our freedom fighters, including Mahatma Gandhi, strongly believed in the strength of not using weapons. They laid their lives for the freedom of our country by protecting their ideology of non-violence and non-cooperation. The struggle was long and involved a lot of sacrifices. But it paid off in the end, and finally, on August 15 1947, the British decided to declare India an independent nation. Since then, we have been enjoying this freedom and become a force to reckon with in the world. Our responsibility is to recognise and honour the courage, sacrifice and valour shown by our freedom fighters and look after our country in the coming years. We must respect our values, traditions and culture to glorify our country and strive toward achieving the best.

An essay for class 3 requires students to elaborate and touch on finer aspects of the topic. Help your child write a 500-word essay on freedom fighters by asking them to split their structure into key sub-heads. Below is a template that will help them structure their essay impressively.

Our freedom fighters are the key highlight of our freedom struggle against the British. Our freedom fighters motivated the people of India to rise from slavery and subjugation and understand the importance of living in a free country. They held values that were high on ideals and wished to see a country capable of thriving independently without being ruled and governed by another country or ruler.

Importance Of Freedom Fighters

Freedom can only be earned and should be respected as it involves tremendous sacrifice and courage. Our freedom fighters sought the independence of India as they wished to eradicate the inequalities in society. Freedom fighters took the responsibility of revolting against British rule so that injustice and inequality would be removed and everyone could live equally in a free community. Freedom fighters overcame odds and fought back. In the process, they have motivated future generations and kindled a sense of patriotism with their sacrifice.

Freedom Fighters Of India

Some of the prominent freedom fighters of India are:

1. Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Sing once said, “It will take a loud voice to make the deaf hear”. He bombed the British assembly and shook the foundation of the Imperial realm. He kindled the spirit of freedom through his motivational speeches to people and fought his battle against the British. He got hanged on March 23 1931, for his daring acts and defiance against the British.

2. Netaji Subash Chandra Bose

“Give me your blood, and I will give you freedom”- This was the motivational line used by Netaji to inspire people to seek freedom. Although he did not follow the ideology of non-violence, he built the Indian National Army.

3. Rani Laxmi Bai

A prominent figure, being a woman, Rani Laxmi Bai single-handedly fought the British and succumbed to her death. Although she was a woman, it did not deter her from protecting her kingdom from the British.

4. Jawahar Lal Nehru

The first Prime Minister of India was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and believed in the ideology of non-violence. He was detained several times during the struggle and still fought the battle to gain independence.

5. Mahatma Gandhi

The stoic man who earned the title of the Mahatma was no less than a god-like figure for Indians during the independence struggle. He preached non-violence and believed firmly in its impact. High ideology finally triumphed, and the British were equally in awe of his ability.

Learning about freedom fighters is like reading an inspirational story. Children will be motivated and also inspired to pursue their dreams and will be able to nurture their desires to make the country a better place to live in.

An essay on freedom fighters is an excellent way for children to learn and express their views about independence. It is also a great way to help children write and articulate their thoughts and feelings about the people responsible for their freedom and status in the world.

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2-Minute Speech On Freedom Fighters

Many brave freedom fighters from India gave their lives without regret during the struggle for India's independence. They have spoken up against the British government's injustices and motivated others to do the same. As a result of the efforts of liberation fighters, people became aware of the rights and responsibilities that were previously unknown to them. On August 15, 1947, India attained independence after a protracted and heroic fight for freedom led by these courageous individuals. India is well-known for several historical figures, including Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru, Sardar Patel, Subhash Chandra Bose, and Bhagat Singh.

10 Lines on a 2-minute speech on freedom fighters

Short 2-minute speech on freedom fighters, long 2-minute speech on freedom fighters.

Those willing to risk their lives to fight against the British for India's independence are known as freedom fighters.

Because of their sacrifices, we can live in an independent and democratic society today.

They had the foresight to see India as an independent nation and liberate our people from the shackles of British colonial rule.

They concluded they needed to work together to force the British out of our nation.

Several influential leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Subash Chandra Bose, and Sardar Patel, were instrumental in igniting the flame of liberation among the people of India.

Some of our freedom fighters did not use any weapons and fought based only on the principle of "ahimsa," and non-cooperation was one of the most admirable aspects of their actions.

In 1857, the first seed for independence was planted, but it wasn't until 1947 that we could finally call ourselves free.

Those who dreamed of a free nation experienced much hardship to bring about the freedom we enjoy today.

We celebrate our freedom fighters and honour them on Republic and Independence day.

Our freedom fighetrs serve as a source of motivation for us because of the lessons they teach us about the importance of loving one's country and the sacrifices they made to win independence from British tyranny.

Independence was not handed to us on a silver platter; instead, it was something that our great freedom fighters fought for through their suffering, sacrifices, and commitment. Our forefathers in the war for independence had a vision of an independent India. They decided to shoulder the burden of creating a free country in which people could live and thrive without being controlled by the British.

Freedom Fighters

Many Indian freedom activists, including Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru, Sardar Patel, Bhagat Singh, and Mangal Pandey, were dissatisfied with how the British administered their rule over India. They concluded that they needed to rebel against the imperialist authority to achieve their goal of a free India. Many of our liberation warriors, like Mahatma Gandhi, had a firm faith in the power of nonviolent resistance and did not believe in the use of firearms. They sacrificed their lives for our nation's freedom by defending their philosophy of nonviolence and noncooperation in the face of violent opposition. The conflict lasted a very long time and required much self-sacrifice.

Our freedom fighters emerged victorious at the end and on August 15, 1947, the British government decided to recognize India as an independent country. Since then, we have been able to appreciate this independence fully and have grown into a formidable adversary on the global stage.

Citizens Responsibility

We must acknowledge and pay tribute to the bravery, selflessness, and courage shown by our freedom fighters and watch out for our nation's interests in the years to come. To bring honour to our nation and make progress toward our goals, we are required to uphold our beliefs and honour our customs and traditions.

Freedom fighters are individuals who dedicate their lives to the pursuit of freedom and justice for their people. They are the ones who stand up against oppression, fight for the rights of their communities, and work to bring about positive change. In this speech, I will delve into the importance of freedom fighters and the impact they have on society.

Importance of Freedom Fighters | Freedom fighters are important because they are the ones who stand up against injustice and oppression. They fight for the rights of their people and work to bring about positive change. They are the ones who are willing to sacrifice their own personal safety and well-being for the greater good of their communities. They inspire others to take action and work towards creating a more just and equitable society.

Impact of Freedom Fighters on Society | Freedom fighters have a significant impact on society. They bring attention to issues of injustice and oppression and work to bring about change. They inspire others to take action and work towards creating a more just and equitable society. Their actions can lead to the creation of laws and policies that protect the rights of marginalised communities, and their efforts can also lead to cultural and societal changes that promote equality and justice.

Freedom fighters are individuals who dedicate their lives to the pursuit of freedom and justice for their people. They are the ones who stand up against oppression, fight for the rights of their communities, and work to bring about positive change. They are important because they inspire others to take action and work towards creating a more just and equitable society. Story of Nelson Mandela shows us the impact that one person's actions can have in promoting freedom and justice. We must honor and remember the sacrifices of freedom fighters and work towards creating a society where everyone has the opportunity to live with dignity and freedom. We must also strive to continue their efforts by standing up against injustice and oppression and working towards creating a more just and equitable world for all. Let us honor the legacy of freedom fighters by dedicating ourselves to the pursuit of freedom and justice for all people.

Bhagat Singh And His life

Bhagat Singh was a freedom fighter and revolutionary who lived in British India during the early 20th century. He was deeply committed to the cause of Indian independence and was willing to make great sacrifices for it.

One of Bhagat Singh's most notable struggles was his opposition to the British-backed Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill, which he believed would be used to suppress the Indian people. In protest, he and his fellow revolutionaries threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly, for which they were arrested and charged with murder.

Despite the harsh conditions of his imprisonment and the death sentence handed down to him, Bhagat Singh never wavered in his commitment to the independence movement. He used his time in prison to educate himself and others on revolutionary ideologies and to write extensively on the need for a free India.

One thing we can learn from Bhagat Singh's life is his unwavering commitment to his beliefs and principles, even in the face of great adversity. He stood up for what he believed was right, regardless of the personal cost. Additionally, his use of his time in prison to educate himself and spread his ideas, shows us that one can use difficult times to better oneself and the society. He also advocated for the rights of all people, regardless of their religion, caste, or class, and his legacy continues to inspire many who fight for a more just and equal society.

Explore Career Options (By Industry)

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Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary.

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Database Architect

If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi .

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive.

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

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Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle – 100,200,500 Words

Updated on
Aug 5, 2023

India was ruled by the Mughals and Britishers for many years. The British Raj lasted until August 1947. Post that, Bharat has to face the consequence of the divide-and-rule policy of the Britishers. This policy segregated the country into two parts: the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Freedom is an urge to rise up and fight against the odds to set yourself free. India has also fought courageously against the Britishers to earn Independence. Democracy and liberal feeling thriving in today’s India is the result of the Indian Freedom Struggle.

Table of Contents

1 What is the Indian Freedom Struggle?
2 Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle in 200 words
3.1 Major Events of the Indian Freedom Struggle

Also Read: Education and Study Abroad Journey of Mahatma Gandhi

Must Read: Significance of Independence Day

What is the Indian Freedom Struggle?

Indian Freedom Struggle was an inspiring journey for every citizen of India and it has been written in golden words in the history of India. The freedom we experience today is the courageous saga of sacrifices, relentless efforts, and unwavering determination of the freedom fighters of our land that induced the feeling of unity and strength among all the people of India.

The Indian Freedom struggle led to a large-scale campaign which resulted in the end of British rule in India. Freedom was demanded by the Nationalists and the Congress party.

Initially, the leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, Dadahai Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale raised their voices and put forward the feelings and aspirations of freedom of the Indian masses.

Mahatma Gandhi emerged as the face of the Indian Freedom Struggle and his weapon was “non-violence” which set India free from the hold of British rule.

Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle in 200 words

We all have heard and read a lot about India’s Freedom Struggle through books, movies, theatre, etc. Every Indian citizen experiences a feeling of pride and respect for all those freedom fighters who struggled for Indian independence . It was all initiated in the late 1800s and lasted till 1947. Later, India became a republic in 1950. Indian men and women were colonized and ruled by the Britishers.

Despite the diversity of the country, the Indian Freedom Struggle was the result of unity. People belonging to different castes, languages, religions, and regions undividedly fought for India’s freedom selflessly. The unity eradicated the social barriers and eventually resulted in freedom for the country.

Freedom fighters like Uddham Singh, Veer Savarkar, Tantia Tope, Bhagat Singh, Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, Rani Laxmi Bai and many others had devoted their lives to the motherland.

Mahatma Gandhi introduced the concept of Satyagraha. He believed that passive resistance and civil disobedience are influential weapons to challenge the dominating Britishers.

Acts like Quit India Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement , and Civil Disobedience Movement have united millions of Indians in a non-violent Indian Freedom struggle.

The Indian freedom struggle not only resulted in eradicating British rule but also inspired the whole world. Mahatma Gandhi’s principles of civil disobedience and non-violence helped other freedom movements across the globe.

Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle in 500 words

The Indian Freedom struggle is literally a historic journey of Independence. The story of every freedom fighter of that time is so unique and inspiring that it induces a proud feeling among every citizen of India. The seeds of freedom were sown during the 19th century and it seemed like a never-ending war. During this period India witnessed many reform movements. The hard work, dedication and sacrifice of social reformers laid the groundwork for an awakened society.

Everyone in the country followed an identical tune of independence. In 1885, the formation of INC (Indian National Congress) indicated the beginning of a collective political movement against Britishers. The country demanded “Swaraj” i.e. self-rule and it became a ringing call resonating in the heart and minds of the masses.

Whenever we think about freedom and independence, Mahatma Gandhi will always strike us as an undisputed leader of the Indian Freedom Struggle. His philosophy of non-violence has inspired the whole world and is followed to date. He became the guiding leader who believed Satyagraha and civil disobedience as a potent weapon to fight against British authority.

Major Events of the Indian Freedom Struggle

From 1920-1922, Mahatma Gandhi led the first large-scale mass movement against the British Raj i.e. the Non-Cooperation Movement. People boycott British educational institutions, British goods, as well as Civil services etc. This movement was suspended by the Britishers, yet it brought the masses together in the Indian Freedom Struggle.

Another key period in the Indian Freedom Struggle was the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934). It all started with Mahatma Gandhi and his group of supporters marching to the Arabian Sea to make salt in protest of the British salt tax. People from many walks of life, including women and farmers, actively participated in this campaign.

The Quit India Movement (1942) was a turning point in India’s struggle for independence. It demanded that British authority in India be ended immediately. The British replied with persecution and brutality, but the Indian people’s tenacious spirit won over the Britishers. Several major leaders were imprisoned as a result of the campaign, and it acted as a wake-up call to the British that their rule in India was indefensible.

Many freedom fighters like Bhagat Singh, Subhash Chandra Bose, Chandrashekhar Azad and many others fought and became martyrs in Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Subhash Chandra Bose, and countless others became martyrs in the fight for freedom. Their bravery and dedication would always inspire generations.

On 15 August 1947, India became independent after a really long fight and sacrifice. Today, we all live in a democratic society, liberal in terms of thoughts as well as actions. This freedom and democracy is the dedication, hard work, unity, and sacrifice of the freedom fighters.

Thus, after a long struggle the nation celebrated freedom, as the National flag was unfurled with Jawaharlal Nehru’s iconic speech “Tryst with Destiny.” His speech echoed India’s dreams and aspirations.

In conclusion, the freedom journey of India is an epic transformation journey from early reform movements to Mahatma Gandhi’s guidance and sacrifice of countless fighters.

Also Read: Indian History for Competitive Exams

A. Bhagat Singh, Tantia Tope, Rani Laxmi Bai, Uddham Singh, Mahatma Gandhi and others are some of the most popular freedom fighters in India.

A. Mahatma Gandhi also known as the Father of Nation is the person behind our freedom. He guided the entire nation and believed in non-violence as the biggest weapon to fight the war of freedom.

So, that was all about an Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle. Do let us know how you celebrated this Independence Day in the comment section. For more such insightful blogs stay tuned to Leverage Edu .

Kajal Thareja

Hi, I am Kajal, a pharmacy graduate, currently pursuing management and is an experienced content writer. I have 2-years of writing experience in Ed-tech (digital marketing) company. I am passionate towards writing blogs and am on the path of discovering true potential professionally in the field of content marketing. I am engaged in writing creative content for students which is simple yet creative and engaging and leaves an impact on the reader's mind.

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4 Minute Speech on Freedom Fighters In English

A very good morning to one and all present here. Today, I will be giving a short speech on the topic of ‘Freedom Fighters’.

Google defines the term ‘freedom fighter’ to be “a person who takes part in a revolutionary struggle to achieve a political goal, especially in order to overthrow their government.”

Simply put, freedom fighters are those who fight the oppressor or the coloniser for the freedom of their country. India too, being colonised by the British, only got freedom later on. She had a battalion of valiant freedom fighters to serve her cause.

These freedom fighters were of two kinds in India- Extremists and Moderates. The ultimate goal of both extremists and moderates was the same- to attain Swaraj or freedom, However, the way they approached it was different.

Extremists were radical and aggressive in nature. They believed that violence was the solution to take back what was rightfully ours and not to remain passive to the ostracization of the British. Self-reliance and non-cooperation were their main rules.

The most famous of the extremists were Lala Lajpat Rai, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosem Rajnarayan Bose, and Ashwini Kumar Dutt. In contrast, moderates advocated for Ahimsa or non-violence. They believed that freedom was to be regained through peaceful means as violence is never a solution.

Even their revolts and protests were peaceful in nature. Famous moderates include Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, W.C. Banerjee, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabji, Justice Ranade and G.Subramanya Aiyar.

Nelson Mandela once said, “I have never cared very much for personal prizes. A person does not become a freedom fighter in the hope of winning awards.” Let us cherish these selfless, brave warriors for generations to come!

Thank you.

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A Test of Strength

Biden stands with America’s allies. Trump doesn’t.

Israel stopped an Iranian drone and missile barrage last night, with help from the United States Navy, Britain’s Royal Air Force, and Israel’s Arab allies.

Israel’s Arab allies is a strange phrase to write in the midst of the war in Gaza, but it’s important to understand. The Jordanian air force shot down many of the Iranian drones, Reuters reported —meaning Arabs flew and fought to protect Israel. The Economist speculated that Saudi Arabia may have provided surveillance and refueling assistance to the Jordanian planes. Alliances are a powerful asset. They also come with a price, which is that allies’ views need to be consulted. Those allies, especially the United States, are saying: Pause here. That’s advice Israel may not like but would be wise to ponder.

Early in April, Israel scored a big win against Iran. It struck the Iranian consulate in Damascus and killed important figures in the Iranian terror system. Iran acknowledged the death of two top commanders and five other senior officers.

Last night, Iran struck back with a lot of noise and commotion but impressively little result.

Iran attacked Israel directly from its own national territory—a risky escalation from Iran’s past practice of striking by proxy. That escalation should not get a pass because Israeli defensive technology and the solidarity of the international community together outgunned the Iranian missiles. Iran struck Israel to maim and kill and terrorize. Those malign intentions mostly failed, but not because Iran was merciful or restrained—only because of the limits of Iranian power. Israel has an open account with Iran. But that account does not need to be settled immediately.

Every item in the ledger of Iran’s offenses against peace should be carefully preserved for future repayment: the missile attacks on Red Sea shipping by Iran’s proxies in Yemen; the Hezbollah missiles against Israel’s north; and the Iranian role in the Hamas massacre of October 7. But the repayment can wait until the right time and then be settled in the right way.

Iran put on a big show for the world. Like the sword-waving warrior in the first Indiana Jones movie, Iran made a spectacle of its weapons. Indiana Jones did not perform an equal show. He simply shot the swordsman. In the same way, Israel does not need to meet like with like. It needs only to inflict an appropriate cost that Iran will feel. The less fuss, the better. Maintaining Israel’s network of regional and international partnerships matters as much for Israel’s security as a conspicuous retaliation.

The action that most urgently needs to follow this Iranian attack is not action in the Middle East. It is action in Washington. The drones fired at Israel are the same drones terrorizing Ukraine: an Iranian design originally exported to Russia, now manufactured in Russia. Ukraine’s self-defense against Russian aggression has been sabotaged by Trump-loyal Republicans in Congress.

In 2022, Congress approved four aid packages to Ukraine totaling about $75 billion. Republicans took control of the House in January 2023. Since then, Congress has refused any further aid to Ukraine. President Joe Biden asked for a fifth package in August 2023. No action. Biden asked again in October 2023. Again, nothing. Over the winter, Ukrainian forces ran short of ammunition and other military supplies. Ukraine’s successes in 2023 are fading in 2024 because congressional Republicans are blockading Ukraine into defeat.

Anti-Ukraine Republicans offer many excuses for their refusal to assist a friendly democracy under attack. One by one, each of those excuses has been discredited. Aiding Ukraine did not provoke nuclear war with Russia. The European allies are not freeloading—in fact they have provided more than twice as much as the United States. Aid to Ukraine does not distract the United States from commitments in Asia: This past week, the prime minister of Japan addressed a joint session of Congress to insist that the defense of Asia begins in Ukraine, saying, “Ukraine of today may be East Asia of tomorrow.”

When each story collapses, Trump Republicans replace it with a fourth or sixth or eighth . The rationalizations shift and twist. The anti-Ukraine animus remains fixed.

Pretty obviously, some deeper motive is at work.

Iran’s attack on Israel has, at least temporarily, complicated the political calculus for Republicans in Congress. Republicans want to sound strong , to criticize President Biden as weak. But when Trump Republicans thwarted aid to Ukraine, they also stalled Biden’s request to help Israel bear the immense costs of its self-defensive war after the Hamas terror attack. Last night’s defense will be expensive: Hundreds of interceptors must now be replaced; fighter-jet operations burned fuel and weapons.

Because of Donald Trump, Republicans are now the party of foreign-policy weakness, passivity, and surrender—and not only to Russia. Trump accepted an invitation from the billionaire donor Jeff Yass, who holds a large stake in ByteDance, and then flip-flopped on TikTok, one of the firms in which Yass holds an interest. The Republican refusal to aid Ukraine has also denied Israel money to replenish its Iron Dome defenses. Biden’s October 2023 request included funds to add 100 new anti-missile launchers to reinforce or replace the existing 30 to 40. Israel is still waiting for that assistance. Ukraine is waiting—and bleeding. The border is waiting, too, because Trump Republicans first demanded a border deal as the price of Ukraine aid—then rejected the toughest deal in a generation because they feared that Biden might get credit for it.

After months of nonaction, House Republicans have now proposed to schedule next week a vote on aid to Israel—separate from the requests for Ukraine aid and border security that President Biden combined in his October 2023 request. A vote on only the Israel portion of Biden’s defense program does too little of the job of defending America’s allies and honoring America’s promises.

So far, the Biden administration has not made much of an issue of Republican weakness. Biden’s superpower is his ability to work with unlikely people. His administration continues to hope that Speaker Mike Johnson will someday allow a vote on Ukraine aid.

After the Iran attack, now is the time for Biden to make Trump’s foreign-policy weakness painful and personal to Trump’s party. Say: “Trump’s not even for ‘America Second,’ never mind ‘America First.’”

In June 1994, President Bill Clinton traveled to Normandy to commemorate the 50th anniversary of D-Day. Imagining a more triumphant ceremony would be hard. Leaders of the former Allies attended to honor the day. Yet the president also paid tribute to former adversaries, and above all to the newly reunified Germany. “Liberated by our victory,” he said, the former Axis states now ranked with “the staunchest defenders of freedom.” Clinton offered words of praise, too, for a long-estranged ally: Russia, the president said, had been “reborn in freedom.”

Three decades after Clinton’s 1994 speech, a dictatorship is again waging a war of atrocity in Europe. And although a long queue of Republicans will be eager to travel to Normandy for the 80th anniversary of D-Day, their voting record is on the other side of the great issues at stake, then and now.

On social media, on cable news, in speeches to security conferences, Republicans are pretending that they still live in the bygone world in which they were the party of Ronald Reagan, George Bush, and John McCain. When it comes time to schedule and cast votes, however, they reveal the new reality in which they are the party of thugs, dictators, and aggressors from Tehran to Beijing to Moscow to Palm Beach.

Ukraine is one casualty. Israel could be the next. President Biden should make it clear, make it hurt, and make it change.

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COMMENTS

Speech on Freedom Fighters for Students [2 Minutes Speech*]
Freedom fighters were the people who selflessly sacrificed their lives for the freedom of our country. Few chose the path of nonviolence while others chose violence to bring to an end of the British emperor in India. Every freedom fighters have contributed in their way in their area to end dominance & slavery. They are the symbols of patriotism ...
Speech on Freedom Fighters in English
10 Lines Speech on Freedom Fighters. Slavery by the British was ended thanks to the efforts of freedom fighters. For nearly two hundred years, the British East India Company dominated the Indian subcontinent. Many anti-British rebels didn't want to resort to violence and instead utilised rallies and campaigns to overthrow the colonial power.
Speech on Freedom Fighters
1-minute Speech on Freedom Fighters. Good Morning Everyone! Today, I am going to speak on the topic of 'Freedom Fighters'. Freedom fighters are the backbone of any nation's history. They are the brave individuals who sacrificed their lives for the freedom of their nation. ... Improve Writing Skills.
Top 11 Speeches of Freedom Fighters
Today, we will provide you with a list of speeches of freedom fighters of the Indian Nationalist Movement. 2.1 1. Dadabhai Naoroji - Poverty and Un-British Rule In India. 2.2 2. Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 2.3 3. CR Das. 2.4 4. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee - Swaraj is my Birthright and I Shall Have It.
3 Minute Speech on Freedom Fighters in English for Students
Today I am going to share my views on the topic "Freedom fighters". Freedom fighters were people who sacrificed their lives selflessly for the freedom of their country. Every country has its fair share of freedom fighters. People look up to them in terms of patriotism and love for one's country. They are considered the epitome of ...
Essay on Freedom Fighters for Students and Children
A.1 Freedom fighters made our country independent. They gave up their lives so we could have a bright future free from colonization. Q.2 Name some of the Indian freedom fighters. A.2 Some of the famous India freedom fighters were Mahatma Gandhi, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, and Jawaharlal Nehru.
Speech on Freedom Fighters of India
Explore the heroic tales of India's freedom fighters in this enlightening speech that honors the likes of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagat Singh, and Rani Lakshmibai. Delve into the legacy of these brave hearts who led India to independence with their unparalleled courage and determination. A tribute to the unsung heroes and guiding lights of the Indian freedom struggle, this speech is a poignant ...
Essay On Unsung Heroes Of Freedom Struggle In English 500+ Words
"Freedom fighters gave us their today for our golden tomorrow." Introduction: The freedom of a country depends on its citizens. Every country has a few brave hearts who willingly give up their lives for their countrymen. Freedom fighters play a very important role in making any country independent. India is a land of endless freedom fighters.
Essay on Freedom Fighters
Students are often asked to write an essay on Freedom Fighters in their schools and colleges. And if you're also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic. ... the freedom of thought, speech, and conscience. They remind us that true freedom comes with responsibility - the responsibility to ...
1 Minute Speech on Freedom Fighters
They sacrificed their lives so that we could live in a free country. Some of the great freedom fighters of the Indian National Movement were Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhagat Singh, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Sarojini Naidu, Jhansi ki Rani, Tatya Tope and Subhash Chandra Bose. They fought tirelessly for their dream of a free India and led the ...
Speech on Freedom Fighters
Category: Speech (English) On January 23, 2019 By Ananda. Dear students and respected teachers today I'm going to give a speech on a much-respected topic: Freedom Fighters. As you all know India is a very big country. Many freedom fighters were born in this great Nation. To liberate India every Indian participated in the freedom movement.
2 Minute Speech On The Importance Of Freedom In English
Freedom is the state of being able to speak, act, and pursue happiness without unneeded external restraints. Freedom is important because it promotes original thought and creative expression, higher productivity, and a high standard of living in general. Each generation needs to rethink and reaffirm the difficult concept of freedom.
Essay on Freedom Fighters: 100, 200 & 300 Words
Essay on Freedom Fighters: Indian Freedom fighters are often referred to as the backbone of India's freedom struggle for independence. India was a British for almost two centuries; from the Battle of Buxar in 1764 to the Cabinet Mission Plan in 1946. During this long span of 2 centuries, several freedom fighters emerged at the forefront and fought for the country's independence and against ...
Freedom Fighters Essay
Introduction. The freedom of a country depends on its citizens. Individuals who selflessly sacrifice their lives so that their country and countrymen can be free are identified as freedom fighters. Every country has a few brave hearts who willingly give up their lives for their countrymen. Freedom fighters did not only fight for their country ...
Speech on freedom fighters of India [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Minutes]
Speech on freedom fighters 1, 2, 3 Minutes Speech on freedom fighters of India. My dear teachers and students! Today, I'd like to tell you about some of India's freedom warriors who were instrumental in the country's campaign for independence from British domination. Mahatma Gandhi is one of India's most well-known liberation fighters.
Indian Freedom Fighters
Bal Gangadhar Tilak (23 July 1856 - 1 August 1920) Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the most prominent freedom fighters of India who inspired thousands with the slogan - "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it". As a form of protest against the British, Tilak established schools and published rebellious newspapers.
Speech on Freedom Fighters of India
Mahatma Gandhi is one of India's most famous freedom fighters. Gandhi is often called the "Father of the Nation" because he used nonviolent civil disobedience to lead India to independence. He believed in the power of nonviolent resistance and used it to challenge British rule in India. Daffodils Critical Appreciation In 500 Words.
On Terrorists and Freedom Fighters
On Terrorists and Freedom Fighters. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in late March of 2022 ushered in a new chapter of war on the European continent. For a Russian regime intent on actualizing its imperial vision and an accosted Ukrainian community fighting in the name of self-determination, this war is far more than a theater of war.
Short Speech on Freedom Fighters in English for Students and Children
Freedom fighters were very important for our country as they were inspiration and motivation for others to fight injustice. They were the pillars behind our freedom movement and they were the ones who made people aware of their rights and power. Our country has seen a lot of freedom fighters. Such as Mahatma Gandhi, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Netaji ...
Freedom Fighters
An essay on freedom fighters could be short, long or even split into paragraphs. Children need to write about the various aspects of freedom and the people who fought for our freedom. Essay on freedom fighters for classes 1, 2 & 3 will allow kids to understand the level of sacrifices made to achieve the freedom they enjoy today.
2-Minute Speech On Freedom Fighters
10 Lines on a 2-minute speech on freedom fighters. Those willing to risk their lives to fight against the British for India's independence are known as freedom fighters. Because of their sacrifices, we can live in an independent and democratic society today. They had the foresight to see India as an independent nation and liberate our people ...
Essay on Indian Freedom Struggle
This freedom and democracy is the dedication, hard work, unity, and sacrifice of the freedom fighters. Thus, after a long struggle the nation celebrated freedom, as the National flag was unfurled with Jawaharlal Nehru's iconic speech "Tryst with Destiny." His speech echoed India's dreams and aspirations.
4 Minute Speech on Freedom Fighters In English
Today, I will be giving a short speech on the topic of 'Freedom Fighters'. Google defines the term 'freedom fighter' to be "a person who takes part in a revolutionary struggle to achieve a political goal, especially in order to overthrow their government.". Simply put, freedom fighters are those who fight the oppressor or the ...
A Test of Strength
Clinton offered words of praise, too, for a long-estranged ally: Russia, the president said, had been "reborn in freedom." Three decades after Clinton's 1994 speech, a dictatorship is again ...

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Speech on freedom fighters of India [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Minutes]

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Speech on Freedom Fighters of India

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On Terrorists and Freedom Fighters

Introduction

I. Reimagining Freedom, Remaking Terror

A. Islam and Terror

B. Freedom in Whiteness

II. In Living Color: Clashing Theaters of Struggle

A. When Muslims Fight Back

B. Race and Realpolitik

III. Refuge from War and Racism

A. The Wedge Between Nonwhiteness and Refugee Resettlement

B. Media Double Standards

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