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What is indexing

Ish kumar dhammi.

Department of Orthopaedics, UCMS and Guru Teg Bahadur, Hospital, New Delhi, India

Rehan Ul Haq

The prestige of any journal is considered by how many abstracting and indexing services cover that journal. It has been observed in last few years that authors have started searching for indexed journals to publish their articles. Probably this is happening because it has become a mandatory requirement for further promotions of teaching faculty in medical colleges and institutions. However, the big question is after all what is an “Index Journal”? Is a journal considered indexed if it is documented in a local database, regional database, or in any continental database? Based on available literature, we would like to clear in few forthcoming paragraphs what is the history of indexing, what is actual indexing, and what is nonindexing?

Citation index (indexing) is an ordered list of cited articles, each accompanied by a list of citing articles. 1 The citing article is identified as source and the cited article as reference. An abstracting and indexing service is a product, a publisher sells, or makes available. The journal contents are searchable using subject headings (keywords, author's names, title, abstract, etc.,) in available database. 2 Being represented in the relevant online abstracting and indexing services is an essential factor for the success of a journal. Today search is done online, so it is imperative that a journal is represented in the relevant online search system. A citation index is a kind of bibliographic database, an index of citation between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents, cite which earlier documents. 3

A form of citation index was first found in the 12 th century in Hebrew religious literature. Legal citation indexes were found in the 18 th century and were made popular by citators such as Shepard's citations (1873). 3 In 1960, the Eugene Garfields Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) introduced the first citation index for papers published in academic journals, first the science citation index (SCI) and later social science's citation index and the arts and humanities citation index. The first automated citation indexing was done by “CiteSeer” in 1997. Other sources for such data include Google Scholar and Elsevier's Scopus. 3

Currently major citation indexing services are:

• SCI and SCI-expanded: Published by ISI a part of Thomson Reuters. As mentioned, SCI was originally produced by ISI and created by Eugene Garfield (1964). 4 , 5 The SCI's database has two aims – first, to identify what each scientist has published and second, where and how often the papers by that scientist are cited. The SCI's electronic version is called “Web of Science.” 4 SCI-expanded indexes 8073 journals with citation references across 174 scientific disciplines in science edition 6
• Scopus: Scopus (Elsevier) is a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles. It covers 21,000 titles from over 5000 publishers. 7 It is available online only.
• Indian citation index (ICI): An online citation data ICI 8 is a new web platform for measuring performance of Indian research periodically. This online bibliographic database was launched in 2009. ICI covers 800 plus journals which are published from India on science, technical, medical, and social sciences. 8

In addition, “CiteSeer” and Google Scholar’ are freely available online.

I NDEX M EDICAUS /M EDLARS /M EDLINE /E NTREZ AND P UBMED

John Show Billings, Head of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army, which later evolved as the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), started index medicus (IM). IM was a comprehensive bibliographic index of scientific journal articles related to medical science, in print form, published between 1879 and 2004. NLM began computerizing indexing work in 1960 and called it MEDLARS, a bibliographic database, which later became MEDLINE. Thus, IM became the print presentation of MEDLINE databases content. Both print presentation (IM) and online database (MEDLINE) continued until 2004. In December 2004, the last issue of IM was published (volume 45). The stated reason for discontinuing printed publication was obvious because online resources supplanted it. The electronic presentations of MEDLINE’S contents also evolved, first with proprietary online services (accessed mostly at libraries) and later with CD-ROMS, then with Entrez and PubMed. PubMed is thus a free search engine which accesses the Medline data base. PubMed greatly accelerated the shift of online access to MEDLINE from something one did at the library to something one did anywhere. 9 An abridged version was published from 1970 to 1997 as the Abridged IM. The abridged edition lives on as a subset of the journals covered by PubMed (core clinical journals).

E MBASE /E XPERTA M EDICA

Embase is database of Experta Medica (a print version), and it is a biomedical pharmacological database formed of published literature. Embase is produced by Elsevier and contains over 28 million records of over 8400 files up to date, information about drugs, published in literature. Embase enables tracking and retrieval of drug information. 10

Index Copernicus

Index Copernicus (IC) 11 is an online database of user-contributed information, including scientist profiles as well as of scientific institutions, publications, and projects established in 1999 in Poland. The database is named after Nicolaus Copernicus and operated by IC International. However, ICS evaluation methodology is criticized. 12

PubMed Central

PubMed Central is a free digital repository that archives publically accessible full-text articles. About 1600 journals automatically deposit their articles in PubMed Central.

As per Editor insight series of Wolters Kluwer, there are four major online bibliographic sites – MEDLINE, PubMed Central, ISI, and Scopus. 7 Inclusion in MEDLINE confers a mark of quality upon a publication. PubMed Central gives greater access to open access contents and ISI provides an official impact factor. Inclusion in Scopus gives a clear view of journal metrics and provides H-Index and citation impact. 7

There are certain nonabstracting and indexing services that many publishers claim to be indexed in Scribd Cabelles Directories, slide share Google Docs, open J-Gate, and New journal.

Medical Council of India considers following as indexing agencies: Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase/Excerpta Medica, Index Medicaus, and IC. 12

To conclude, citation indexing services include SCI and SCI expanded. Rest are search engines or bibliographic online data base. Major such bibliographic sites are MEDLINE (most prestigious and its data are searchable by PubMed), ISI, Scopus and Indian citation index (emerging).

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The JMSCR is accepting manuscripts for its coming issues to be Publish Volume 12 Issue 04 April 2024  the JMSCR invites authors to submit manuscripts Reporting original medical research, original article, research article, case report, systematic reviews, or educational Innovations for publication for the coming issues that will be released in Volume 12 Issue 04 April 2024  . Types of manuscripts suitable for JMSCR include: Medical research, Clinical research Educational Innovation, Brief Report, Reviews on Teaching In keeping with high quality scholarship,  Read More.....

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The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

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International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR) is an international open access medical journal, providing a platform for advances in basic, translational and clinical research. The journal aims to publish original research, review articles and short communications about molecular and cellular processes in disease, in order to increase understanding of the fundamental principles and biological questions of medicine. The mission of the International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR) is to support the exchange of knowledge and information and to publish high quality clinical, basic, and education research. Researchers in academic and clinical settings as well as health professionals are encouraged to publish their theoretical and experimental results in this journal, which aims to integrate expertise from the molecular and translational sciences, therapeutics, and diagnostics in different medical specialties.

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International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR) will be recognized as a premier medical journal for showcasing basic and clinical medical research, and advances in medical education. International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR) is the official Journal of the IJMSCR Medical Society for Clinical Investigation and is dedicated to supporting the academic agenda. The IJMSCR is committed to supporting and encouraging young investigators, mentoring future generations of these investigators, and promoting their careers in academic medicine.

IJMSCR publish innovative original research papers, review articles, case reports and short communications dealing with all the medical specialties like Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Cardiology, Dermatology & Venereology, Hematology, Anesthesia, Radiology, Obstetrtics & Gynecology, Pediatrics, Medicine, Physiology, Anatomy and Surgery and Dentery & Dental Surgery, Microbiology, Community Medicine, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, Internal Medicine, General Surgery, Paediatrics, Orthopedics, Psychiatry, Radiology, Pulmonary Medicine, Dermatology and Venereal diseases, Infectious Diseases, Anaesthesia, Cardiology, Diabetes, Cancer research, Endocrinology, Urology, Neurosurgery, Geriatric Medicine, Gastroenterology, Neurology, Nephrology, Dentistry and Medical education.

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Research Transparency in 59 Fields of Medical and Health Sciences: A Meta-Research Study

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Background Transparency in research is crucial as it allows for the scrutiny and replication of findings, fosters confidence in scientific outcomes, and ultimately contributes to the advancement of knowledge and the betterment of society.

Aim We aimed to assess adherence to five practices promoting transparency in scientific publications (data availability, code availability, protocol registration, conflicts of interest (COI) and funding disclosures) from open-access articles published in medical journals.

Methods We searched and exported all open-access articles from Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE)-indexed journals through the Europe PubMed Central database published until March 16, 2024. Basic journal- and article-related information was retrieved from the database. We used R to produce descriptive statistics.

Results The analysis included 2,189,542 open-access articles from SCIE-indexed medical journals. Of these, 87.5% (95% CI: 87.4%-87.5%) disclosed COI and 80.1% (95% CI: 80.0%-80.1%) disclosed funding. Protocol registration was present in 6.6% (95% CI: 6.6%-6.6%), data sharing in 7.6% (95% CI: 7.6%-7.6%), and code sharing in 1.4% (95% CI: 1.4%-1.4%) of the articles. More than 76.0% adhered to at least two transparency practices, while full adherence to all five practices was less than 0.02%. The data showed an increasing trend in adherence to transparency practices since the late 2000s. COI and funding were disclosed more often in lower impact factor journals whereas protocol registration and data and code sharing were more prevalent in higher impact factor journals (all had P-values<0.001). Also, articles that did not disclose their COI had higher median citations. Among all fields, Rheumatology (97.2%), Neuroimaging (94.6%), Anesthesiology (32.4%), Genetics & Heredity (36.7%), and Neuroimaging (12.5%) showed the highest level of transparency in COI and funding disclosure, protocol registration, and data and code sharing, respectively. Whereas Medicine, Legal (61.5%), Andrology (59.0%), Materials Science, Biomaterials (0.3%), Surgery (1.5%), and Nursing (<0.01%) showed the lowest adherence.

Conclusion While most articles and fields had a COI disclosure, adherence to other transparent practices was far from acceptable. To increase protocol registration, data, and code sharing, much stronger commitment is needed from all stakeholders.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

This study did not receive any funding.

Author Declarations

I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.

I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.

Conflict of interest disclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Funding disclosure: This study did not receive any funding.

Data Availability

All the code and data associated with the study were shared through both its OSF repository ( https://osf.io/zbc6p/ ) and GitHub ( https://github.com/choxos/medical-transparency ) when the manuscript was submitted.

https://osf.io/zbc6p/

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Prestigious Medical Journal Ignored Nazi Atrocities, Historians Find

The New England Journal of Medicine published an article condemning its own record during World War II.

By Alexander Nazaryan

A new article in the New England Journal of Medicine, one of the oldest and most esteemed publications for medical research, criticizes the journal for paying only “superficial and idiosyncratic attention” to the atrocities perpetrated in the name of medical science by the Nazis.

The journal was “an outlier in its sporadic coverage of the rise of Nazi Germany,” wrote the article’s authors, Allan Brandt and Joelle Abi-Rached, both medical historians at Harvard. Often, the journal simply ignored the Nazis’ medical depredations, such as the horrific experiments conducted on twins at Auschwitz, which were based largely on Adolf Hitler’s spurious “ racial science .”

In contrast, two other leading science journals — Science and the Journal of the American Medical Association — covered the Nazis’ discriminatory policies throughout Hitler’s tenure, the historians noted. The New England journal did not publish an article “explicitly damning” the Nazis’ medical atrocities until 1949 , four years after World War II ended.

The new article, published in this week’s issue of the journal, is part of a series started last year to address racism and other forms of prejudice in the medical establishment. Another recent article described the journal’s enthusiastic coverage of eugenics throughout the 1930s and ’40s.

“Learning from our past mistakes can help us going forward,” said the journal’s editor, Dr. Eric Rubin, an infectious disease expert at Harvard. “What can we do to ensure that we don’t fall into the same sorts of objectionable ideas in the future?”

In the publication’s archives, Dr. Abi-Rached discovered a paper endorsing Nazi medical practices: “Recent changes in German health insurance under the Hitler government,” a 1935 treatise written by Michael Davis , an influential figure in health care, and Gertrud Kroeger, a nurse from Germany. The article praised the Nazis’ emphasis on public health , which was infused with dubious ideas about Germans’ innate superiority.

“There is no reference to the slew of persecutory and antisemitic laws that had been passed,” Dr. Abi-Rached and Dr. Brandt wrote. In one passage, Dr. Davis and Ms. Kroeger described how doctors were made to work in Nazi labor camps. Duty there, the authors blithely wrote, was an “opportunity to mingle with all sorts of people in everyday life.”

“Apparently, they considered the discrimination against Jews irrelevant to what they saw as reasonable and progressive change,” Dr. Abi-Rached and Dr. Brandt wrote.

For the most part, however, the two historians were surprised at how little the journal had to say about the Nazis, who murdered some 70,000 disabled people before turning to the slaughter of Europe’s Jews, as well as other groups.

“When we opened the file drawer, there was almost nothing there,” Dr. Brandt said. Instead of discovering articles either condemning or justifying the Nazis’ perversions of medicine, there was instead something more puzzling: an evident indifference that lasted until well after the end of World War II.

The journal acknowledged Hitler in 1933, the year he began implementing his antisemitic policies. Seven months after the advent of the Third Reich, the journal published “The Abuse of the Jewish Physicians,” an article that today would most likely face criticism for lacking moral clarity. It appeared to be largely based on reporting by The New York Times.

“Without providing any details, the notice reported that there was some indication of ‘a bitter and relentless opposition to the Jewish people,’” the new article said.

Other journals saw the threat of Nazism more clearly. Science expressed alarm about the “crass repression” of Jews, which took place not only in medicine but also in law, the arts and other professions.

“The journal, and America, had tunnel vision,” said John Michalczyk , co-director of Jewish Studies at Boston College. American corporations avidly did business with Hitler’s regime. The Nazi dictator, in turn, looked favorably at the slaughter and displacement of Native Americans, and sought to adopt the eugenics efforts that had taken place across the United States throughout the early 20th century.

“Our hands are not clean,” Dr. Michalczyk said.

Dr. Abi-Rached said she and Dr. Brandt wanted to avoid being “anachronistic” and viewing the journal’s silence on Nazism through a contemporary lens. But once she saw that other medical publications had taken a different tack, the journal’s silence took on a fraught new meaning. What was said was dwarfed by what was never spoken.

“We were looking for strategies to understand how racism works,” Dr. Brandt said. It seemed to work, in part, through apathy. Later, many institutions would claim that they would have acted to save more of the Holocaust’s victims had they known the extent of the Nazis’ atrocities.

That excuse rings hollow to experts who point out that there were enough eyewitness reports to merit action.

“Sometimes, silence contributes to these kinds of radical, immoral, catastrophic shifts,” Dr. Brandt said. “That’s implicit in our paper.”