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Open Educational Resource (OER) presentations for a course on Operating Systems

1. what is this.

This page collects OER presentations (HTML slides with embedded audio and PDF variants, available under free and open Creative Commons licenses ) for a course on Operating Systems (following the book Operating Systems and Middleware: Supporting Controlled Interaction by Max Hailperin) as part of the module Computer Structures and Operating Systems for 4th-term students in the Bachelor program in Information Systems at the University of Münster, Germany . Some background concerning the origin of this project and the adopted teaching and learning strategy Just-in-Time Teaching (JiTT; see here for the Wikipedia entry ) is explained in its README .

If you are teaching or learning Operating Systems (OSs), feel free to use, share, and adapt my presentations. As usual for projects on GitLab, you can open issues to report bugs or suggest improvements, ideally with merge requests . The document CONTRIBUTING contains some pointers for contributors.

Students in Münster have taken courses on programming in Java, data structures and algorithms, and data modeling before taking “Computer Structures and Operating Systems.” As prerequisite for Operating Systems, students should

• be able to write, compile, and execute small Java programs,
• be able to use basic data structures (stack, queue, tree) and algorithms (in particular, hashing);
• also, being able to explain the database transaction concept and update anomalies will ease understanding of presentations on mutual exclusion.

Learning objectives : After taking this course, students will be able

• to discuss major architectures and components of modern OSs; to explain and contrast processes and threads and their roles for OSs and applications,
• to explain OS data structures, algorithms, and management techniques,
• to analyze programming challenges arising from concurrency and to apply appropriate techniques addressing these challenges,
• to discuss the notion of IT security and to apply security mechanisms provided by the operating system in support of secure IT systems.

2. Presentations

Note : OER presentations (HTML slides and PDF documents) linked here are generated automatically from their source files (with the FLOSS software emacs-reveal ). Presentations and source files are published under the Creative Commons license CC BY-SA 4.0 . Files are updated throughout the term (and thereafter). The PDF versions below come in two variants: the first one mirrors the presentation layout on screen, while the second one provides a condensed format, generated via LaTeX from Org source files.

WARNING! Presentations below will be updated for use in 2023 during the term. Presentations are “ready” if a link in Learnweb exists.

• List of index terms for Operating Systems (may simplify search for specific topics).
• OS Motivation ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• OS Overview ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• OS Introduction ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• Interrupts ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• Threads ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• Scheduling ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• Mutual Exclusion (MX) ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• MX in Java ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• MX Challenges ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• Virtual Memory I ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• Virtual Memory with Linux ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• Virtual Memory II ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• Processes ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• Security ( PDF , condensed PDF )
• 2020: JiTT for OS
• 2022: Learning and Teaching

For offline work (also on mobile devices), you can download the results of the latest pipeline execution on GitLab or clone the source repository including all necessary resources and generate presentations yourself.

3. Source code and licenses

In the spirit of Open Educational Resources (OER), source files, necessary software, and presentations are published in this GitLab repository under free licenses . All OER presentations are created from plain text files in a simple text format called Org Mode (a lightweight markup language ), focusing on content, while layout is defined separately. Importantly, the separation of content and layout simplifies collaboration across organizational boundaries, and the use of a simple text format enables comparisons of adapted or enhanced versions (with diff -like functionality).

Using the free software emacs-reveal these text files are translated into reveal.js HTML presentations, which can be viewed on (almost) any device with a Web browser. In times of dragnet surveillance and surreptitious as well as blatant data brokerage I recommend the Firefox variant Tor Browser as tool for digital self-defense ( here in English and here in German ); presentations work for me under the higher-than-default “Safer” security settings in Tor Browser.

PROJECT �ON� OPERATING SYSETM

SUBMITTED BY:

SUBMITTED TO:

MS. RICHA BANSAL

• Introduction to Operating Systems

What OS does

Structure of OS

• Evolution of OS
• Operating System Functions
• Main Functions of OS

Measuring System Performance

• Types of OS
• Some Popular OS

Introduction to Operating Systems�

• Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work.
• It is the software the enables all the programs we use.
• The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
• OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware.
• Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS etc.
• OS is a resource allocator
• Manages all resources
• Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
• Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer

An operating system performs basic tasks such as,

• Controlling and allocating memory
• Prioritizing system requests
• Controlling input and output devices
• Facilitating networking
• Managing file systems
• Computer system can be divided into four components
• Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
• Application programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games
• People, machines, other computers

Diagrammatic View of Structure of OS

The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:

Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices, etc,

• Software (Operating System

Software includes process management routines, memory management routines, I/O control routines, file management routines.

• System programs

This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers, linker etc.

• Application programs

This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway reservation system, Bank database management etc.,

Evolution of OS:

• The evolution of operating systems went through seven major phases.
• Six of them significantly changed the ways in which users accessed computers through the open shop, batch processing, multiprogramming, timesharing, personal computing, and distributed systems.
• In the seventh phase the foundations of concurrent programming were developed and demonstrated in model operating systems.

Operating Systems functions:

• The main functions of operating systems are:
• Program creation
• Program execution
• Input/Output operations
• Error detection
• Resource allocation

Main Functions of OS�

• Process Management

A process is a program in execution. The operating system manages many kinds of activities ranging from user programs to system programs like printer spooler, name servers, file server etc. Each of these activities is encapsulated in a process. A process includes the complete execution context (code, data, PC, registers, OS resources in use etc.). ��

• Memory Management

To execute a program, it must he loaded, together with the data, it accesses in the main memory (at least partially). To improve CPU utilization and to provide better response tine to its users, a computer System normally keeps several programs in main memory. The memory management module of an operating system takes care of the allocation de-allocation of memory space to the various programs in need of this resource. �

• File Management

A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Computer can store tiles on the disk (secondary storage), which provide long term storage. Some examples of storage media are magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical disk. Each of these media has its own properties like speed, capacity, data transfer rate and access methods. A file system normally organized into directories to ease their use. These directories may contain files and other directions. ��

• Device Management

A computer system normally consists of several I/O devices such as terminal, printer, disk, and tape. The device management module of an operating system takes care of controlling all the computer's I/O devices. It keeps track of I/O requests from processes, issues commands to the I/O devices, and ensures correct data transmission to/from an I/O ��

• Throughput :

Throughput is the amount of work that the system is able to do per unit time. it is �measured as the number of processes that are completed by the system per unit time. For example, �it ii processes are completed in an interval of t seconds, tie throughput is taken as n/t processes �per second during that interval. Throughput is normally measured in processes/hour. Here, it �is noteworthy that the value of throughput does not depend only on the capability of a system, �but also on the nature of jobs being processed by the system.

• Turnaround Time

From the point of view of an individual user, an important criterion is 'how �long it takes the system to complete a job submitted by him/her’. Turnaround time is the interval �from the time of submission of a job to the system for processing to the time of completion �of the job. Although higher throughput is desirable from the point of view of overall system �performance, but individual users are more interested in better turnaround time for their jobs. ���

• Response Time

Turnaround time is usually not a suitable measure for interactive systems, �because in an interactive system, a process can produce some output fairly early during its execution and can continue executing while previous results c11e being output to the user. Thus, another measure used in case of interactive systems is response time, which is the interval from the time of submission of a job to the system for processing to the time the first response for the job is produced by the system. ��

Types of OS:

Operating System can also be classified as,-

• Single User Systems
• Multi User Systems

Single User Systems: �

• Provides a platform for only one user at a time.
• They are popularly associated with Desk Top operating system which run on standalone systems where no user accounts are required.
• Example: DOS

Multi-User Systems: �

• Provides regulated access for a number of users by maintaining a database of known users.
• Refers to computer systems that support two or more simultaneous users.
• Another term for multi-user is time sharing .
• Ex: All mainframes and  are multi-user systems.
• Example: Unix

Some Popular Operating Systems

UNIX is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas Mcllroy, and Joe Ossanna. UNIX operating system was first developed in assembly language, but by 1973 had been almost entirely recoded in C, greatly facilitating its further development and porting to other hardware.

MS-DOS was an operating system for x86-based personal computers. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid 1990s, until it was gradually 3uperseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in particular by Various generations of the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Windows 7 is all about delivering on the failures of Vista.

• Performance improvements
• Boot-up time is faster than with Windows Vista, and Windows 7 resumes from sleep and reconnects to wireless networks more quickly.
• Search has been optimized to return results faster.
• Services that aren't in use are turned off, and memory is used more efficiently than in Vista, increasing performance.
• USB devices are ready for use in less time after you plug them in.
• Power management
• Automatically dims the screen after a period of inactivity when on battery power
• Powers off unused ports
• Uses less power for DVD playback

• Engineering Mathematics
• Discrete Mathematics
• Operating System
• Computer Networks
• Digital Logic and Design
• C Programming
• Data Structures
• Theory of Computation
• Compiler Design
• Computer Org and Architecture

Operating System Tutorial

• What is an Operating System?
• Functions of Operating System
• Types of Operating Systems
• Need and Functions of Operating Systems
• Commonly Used Operating System

Structure of Operating System

• Operating System Services
• Introduction of System Call
• System Programs in Operating System
• Operating Systems Structures
• History of Operating System
• Booting and Dual Booting of Operating System

Types of OS

• Batch Processing Operating System
• Multiprogramming in Operating System
• Time Sharing Operating System
• What is a Network Operating System?
• Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

Process Management

• Introduction of Process Management
• Process Table and Process Control Block (PCB)
• Operations on Processes
• Process Schedulers in Operating System
• Inter Process Communication (IPC)
• Context Switching in Operating System
• Preemptive and Non-Preemptive Scheduling

CPU Scheduling in OS

• CPU Scheduling in Operating Systems
• CPU Scheduling Criteria
• Multiple-Processor Scheduling in Operating System
• Thread Scheduling

Threads in OS

• Thread in Operating System
• Threads and its types in Operating System
• Multithreading in Operating System
• Process Synchronization
• Introduction of Process Synchronization
• Race Condition Vulnerability
• Critical Section in Synchronization
• Mutual Exclusion in Synchronization

Critical Section Problem Solution

• Peterson's Algorithm in Process Synchronization
• Semaphores in Process Synchronization
• Semaphores and its types
• Producer Consumer Problem using Semaphores | Set 1
• Readers-Writers Problem | Set 1 (Introduction and Readers Preference Solution)
• Dining Philosopher Problem Using Semaphores
• Hardware Synchronization Algorithms : Unlock and Lock, Test and Set, Swap

Deadlocks & Deadlock Handling Methods

• Introduction of Deadlock in Operating System
• Conditions for Deadlock in Operating System
• Banker's Algorithm in Operating System
• Wait For Graph Deadlock Detection in Distributed System
• Handling Deadlocks
• Deadlock Prevention And Avoidance
• Deadlock Detection And Recovery
• Deadlock Ignorance in Operating System
• Recovery from Deadlock in Operating System
• Memory Management
• Memory Management in Operating System
• Implementation of Contiguous Memory Management Techniques
• Non-Contiguous Allocation in Operating System
• Compaction in Operating System
• Best-Fit Allocation in Operating System
• Worst-Fit Allocation in Operating Systems
• First-Fit Allocation in Operating Systems
• Fixed (or static) Partitioning in Operating System
• Variable (or Dynamic) Partitioning in Operating System
• Paging in Operating System
• Segmentation in Operating System
• Virtual Memory in Operating System
• Page Replacement Algorithms
• Page Replacement Algorithms in Operating Systems
• Program for Page Replacement Algorithms | Set 2 (FIFO)
• Belady's Anomaly in Page Replacement Algorithms
• Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm
• Program for Least Recently Used (LRU) Page Replacement algorithm
• Techniques to handle Thrashing
• Storage Management
• File Systems in Operating System
• File Allocation Methods
• Free space management in Operating System
• Disk Scheduling Algorithms
• RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks)

OS Interview Questions

• Last Minute Notes – Operating Systems
• Operating System Interview Questions

OS Quiz and GATE PYQ's

• OS Process Management
• OS Memory Management
• OS Input Output Systems
• OS CPU Scheduling
• 50 Operating System MCQs with Answers

An Operating System(OS) is software that manages and handles the hardware and software resources of a computer system. It provides interaction between users of computers and computer hardware. An operating system is responsible for managing and controlling all the activities and sharing of computer resources. An operating system is a low-level Software that includes all the basic functions like processor management, memory management, Error detection, etc.

This Operating System tutorial will cover all the basic to advance operating system concepts like System Structure, CPU Scheduling, Deadlock, file and disk management, and many more.

Recent Articles on Operating Systems

• System Structure
• CPU Scheduling
• Processes & Threads
• File and Disk Management
• Introduction of Operating System
• Real time systems
• Tasks in Real Time systems
• Difference between multitasking, multithreading and multiprocessing
• Types of computer memory (RAM and ROM)
• Difference between 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems
• What happens when we turn on computer?
• UEFI(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) and how is it different from BIOS

System Structure :

• Microkernel
• Kernel I/O Subsystem (I/O System)
• Monolithic Kernel and key differences from Microkernel
• Get/Set process resource limits in C
• Privileged and Non-Privileged Instructions

CPU Scheduling :

• Process | (Introduction and different states)
• States of a process
• Process Scheduler
• Measure the time spent in context switch?
• Difference between dispatcher and scheduler
• FCFS Scheduling | Set 1
• FCFS Scheduling | Set 2
• Convoy Effect in Operating Systems
• Shortest Job First (or SJF) scheduling | Set 1 (Non- preemptive)
• Program for Shortest Job First (SJF) scheduling | Set 2 (Preemptive)
• Shortest Job First scheduling with predicted burst time
• Longest Remaining Time First (LRTF) Program
• Longest Remaining Time First (LRTF) algorithm
• Round Robin scheduling
• Selfish Round Robin Scheduling
• Round Robin Scheduling with different arrival times
• Priority Scheduling
• Program for Preemptive Priority CPU Scheduling
• Priority Scheduling with different arrival time – Set 2
• Starvation and Aging in Operating Systems</a
• Highest Response Ratio Next (HRRN) Scheduling
• Multilevel Queue Scheduling
• Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling
• Lottery Process Scheduling
• Multiple-Processor Scheduling

Process Synchronization :

• Process Synchronization | Introduction
• Process Synchronization | Set 2
• Critical Section
• Inter Process Communication
• Interprocess Communication: Methods
• IPC through shared memory
• IPC using Message Queues
• Message based Communication in IPC (inter process communication)
• Communication between two process using signals in C
• Semaphores in operating system
• Mutex vs. Semaphore
• Process Synchronization | Monitors
• Peterson’s Algorithm for Mutual Exclusion | Set 1 (Basic C implementation)
• Peterson’s Algorithm for Mutual Exclusion | Set 2 (CPU Cycles and Memory Fence)
• Peterson’s Algorithm (Using processes and shared memory)
• Dekker’s algorithm
• Bakery Algorithm
• Dining-Philosophers Solution Using Monitors
• Reader-Writers solution using Monitors
• Lock variable synchronization mechanism
• Mutex lock for Linux Thread Synchronization
• Priority Inversion : What the heck !
• What’s difference between Priority Inversion and Priority Inheritance ?
• Deadlock Introduction
• Deadlock, Starvation, and Livelock
• Banker’s Algorithm
• Resource Allocation Graph (RAG)
• Program for Banker’s Algorithm
• Banker’s Algorithm : Print all the safe state (or safe sequences)
• Deadlock detection algorithm

Processes & Threads :

• Operating System | Thread
• Threads and its types
• Operating System | User Level thread Vs Kernel Level thread
• Process-based and Thread-based Multitasking
• Multi threading models
• Benefits of Multithreading
• Zombie Processes and their Prevention
• Maximum number of Zombie process a system can handle
• Operating System | Remote Procedure call (RPC)

Memory Management :

• Memory Hierarchy Design and its Characteristics
• Introduction to memory and memory units
• Different Types of RAM (Random Access Memory)
• Buddy System: Memory allocation technique
• Memory Management | Partition Allocation Method
• Variable (or dynamic) Partitioning in Operating System
• Requirements of memory management system
• Memory management – mapping virtual address to physical addresses
• Page Table Entries
• Virtual Memory
• Memory Interleaving
• Virtual Memory Questions
• Inverted Page Table
• Page Fault Handling
• Segmentation
• Memory Segmentation in 8086 Microprocessor
• Program for Next Fit algorithm in Memory Management
• Overlays in Memory Management
• Program for Page Replacement Algorithms | Set 1 ( LRU)
• Program for Optimal Page Replacement Algorithm
• LFU (Least Frequently Used) Cache Implementation
• Second Chance (or Clock) Page Replacement Policy
• Allocating kernel memory (buddy system and slab system)
• Program for buddy memory allocation scheme in Operating Systems | Set 1 (Allocation)
• Program for buddy memory allocation scheme in Operating Systems | Set 2 (Deallocation)
• Static and Dynamic Libraries | Set 1
• Working with Shared Libraries | Set 1
• Working with Shared Libraries | Set 2
• Named Pipe or FIFO with example C program
• Tracing memory usage in Linux

Disk Management

• File Systems
• Unix File System
• File Directory | Path Name
• Structures of Directory
• File Access Methods
• Secondary memory
• Secondary memory – Hard disk drive
• Free space management
• Important Linux Commands (leave, diff, cal, ncal, locate and ln)
• Introduction to Linux Shell and Shell Scripting
• ‘crontab’ in Linux with Examples
• indepth and maxdepth in Linux find() command for limiting search to a specific directory.

Types of Operating System

• Batch OS (e.g. Transactions Process, Payroll System, etc.)
• Multi-programmed OS(e.g. Windows, UNIX, macOS, etc.)
• Timesharing OS(e.g. Multics, Linux, etc.)
• Real-Time OS(e.g. PSOS, VRTX, etc.)
• Distributed OS(e.g. LOCUS, Solaris, etc.)

Operating System Functions

• Memory and processor Management
• Network Management
• Security Management
• File Management
• Error Detection
• Job Accounting

FAQs on Operating System

Q.1 why learn operating systems.

OS is the most important part of a computer. Through OS users can interact with computer software. It provides an interface between Hardware and CPU. It also provides a platform for the program to run on it and services to users. It performs all the basic tasks required in an application.

Q.2 Write the top 10 Operating System Examples?

Some most popular OS examples are given below: Windows Linux MacOS Ios Android Ubuntu CentOS Solaris Chrome OS Fedora

Q.3 What are the Advantages of a multiprocessor system?

A multiprocessor system involves the processing of two or more computer programs simultaneously that share the same memory area. It increases reliability.

Q.4 What is a thread in OS?

A thread is a lightweight process or subprogram which is part of the process or a program. A thread has its own Registers, Stack, State, and Program counter.

Quick Links :

• Last Minute Notes (LMNs) | Operating Systems
• Commonly Asked Operating Systems Interview Questions
• Gate Practice Questions
• ‘Quizzes’ on Operating Systems !
• ‘Practice Problems’ on Operating Systems !

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Types of Operating System

Mar 12, 2019

11.36k likes | 28.17k Views

Types of Operating System. Learning Objectives:. By the end of this topic you should be able to: Synoptic: describe the functions of an operating system identify the major characteristics of different types of operating systems. What is an Operating System?.

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• operating system
• computer system
• system hardware
• standalone computer systems
• commonly network operating system

Presentation Transcript

Learning Objectives: By the end of this topic you should be able to: • Synoptic: describe the functions of an operating system • identify the major characteristics of different types of operating systems

What is an Operating System? • "A program or suite of programs that controls the entire operation of the computer" - BCS definition • the software responsible for allocating and managing system resources • memory, processor time, disk space • examples include: • Windows (Microsoft), • iOS (Apple) • Android (Google) • Linux (open source)

Why do we need an Operating System? • Computer system = Hardware + Software • application programs (software) communicate with system hardware via the operating system • so programmers can write software to run on an OS • not every type of hardware • different types of computer system will require different operating system features: • networked & single user PC • mobile ‘phone, tablet computer, games console, • sat nav, TV, digital camera • …….

Functions of an Operating System • controlling computer hardware, • CPU, RAM, printers, disk drives, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen…. • organising files on storage media, • hard drive, CDROM, memory cards, memory sticks …. • providing the user interface • receiving commands from the system operator • e.g. to copy or delete files • security: detecting and preventing unauthorised use, • managing hardware errors • protecting data files and programs from corruption, • reporting and logging hardware and software usage & errors

Types of Operating System • SingleUser • Multi-user • Multi-tasking • Interactive • Real Time • Batch Processing • Distributed Systems

Single User • standard OS for a standalone computer systems • only one person can use the computer system at any one time • can support multiple accounts but only one used at a time • processing power of CPU dedicated to the user • so multi-tasking can be performed • i.e. running more than one program for that user at the same time

Multi User • more than one user accessing the system at the same time • most commonly: network operating system • server computer connected to a number of terminals • client-server LAN, ATM, ticket booking • O/S allocates a time slice to each user • switches from user to user • the larger the number of users the slower the system works • can run several programs simultaneously

Multi-Tasking • CPU carries out more than one task at the same time • several programs can be loaded and running at the same time • e.g. using a word processor whilst browsing the Internet • processor switches between tasks • completes part of one task then switches to do part of another task • this process happens very fast • appears that tasks are running concurrently • true multi-tasking requires more than one processor • many currentCPUs have multiple processing cores

Interactive • direct user interaction whilst a program is running • accepts and responds to input from user • “question and answer” between user and computer • computer gives the user an immediate response

Interactive Processing: Examples: • Booking concert tickets • Ordering books online • Handling bank accounts • Booking a holiday: • fill in a web form, • submit it • site informs you of the room you have booked.

Real Time • must respond to events with no discernible delay • responds immediately to the data entered • used where response time by the system is critical • where delays in processing would prove unacceptable • used for control systems • traffic lights, air traffic control, aircraft navigation • used for embedded systems • systems within another application, • e.g. cars and mobile phones

Real Time Examples: • Traffic lights • Heart rate monitoring • Aircraft control • Computer games • Controlling robots

Batch Processing: • data can be collected over a period of time • when all data collected it is processed at the same time • as a ‘batch’ • data is processed at an off-peak period • when there is less demand on the processor • less disruption to the daily work schedule • system & peripherals available when most needed • does not need staff intervention • suitable for situations where there is a lot of similar data to be processed & the processing can wait: • cheque processing in a bank, gas bill printing, payroll processing • not suitable where the data must be processed instantly • data is not up to date until processing completed

Distributed Systems • complex task split into a number of smaller, similar tasks • a series of computers connected together via network • computers can be in different physical locations • each computer performs part of the processing • results from individual machines are combined to achieve the overall task • Examples: • film animation & CGI via “render farms” • modelling real world scenarios – scientific, environmental, financial ……. • analysis of large datasets • List: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_distributed_computing_projects

Distributed Supercomputers

Dell Stampede • Dell PowerEdge C8220 server cluster • 96,000 processing cores, • 205TB of RAM memory, • 10 petaflops of peak performance • Intel Core i5 processor = 100 gigaflops • 1 petaflop = 1000 teraflops = 1 million gigaflops

PlayStation Supercomputer

PlayStation Supercomputer • 1,760 PS3 gaming consoles • among the 40 fastest computers in the world • 205TB of RAM memory, • 53 teraflops of peak performance • core i5 processor = 100 gigaflops • 1 teraflop = 1 million, million calculations per second (1012)

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More From Forbes

How to elevate device security with a custom operating system.

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Yadhu Gopalan is the cofounder and CEO of Esper . Esper provides next-gen device management for company-managed hardware.

In today’s world, digital threats are everywhere. They’re increasingly sophisticated in nature, making the security of company-owned and managed hardware more critical than ever. For businesses of all sizes, data breaches can break a company’s reputation, destroying customer trust and often causing financial destruction.

A custom operating system (OS) is one way to mitigate the constantly evolving risks and navigate an ever-changing threat landscape. A custom OS can provide unparalleled control over security features, updates, patches and enhanced device management, offering a robust first line of defense against cyber threats.

Tailored Security Measures For Enhanced Protection

Off-the-shelf hardware from reputable vendors is a great starting point—especially for consumers. But when organizations rely on devices for critical functionality in their businesses, a great starting point isn’t good enough. You need great long-term support, robust security and well-thought-out countermeasures against the growing cyber threat.

A custom operating system allows you to incorporate bespoke encryption methods, offers deeper control of device security and allows you to build features that align with your company’s security posture—not that of the device maker. For your business, that means reduced risk of a data breach, which saves time and money. For your customers, that means better data protection and retention.

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The fallout 4 next gen update is not going great, nfl draft here s how much second and third round picks will make in rookie contracts, proactive control over updates and patches.

The biggest benefit of having full control over your devices’ operating systems is the ability to offer security updates and patches on your own schedule. With off-the-shelf software, you will always be at the mercy of the manufacturer to provide timely updates and security patches to your hardware, leaving the door open for vulnerabilities for weeks, months or even years.

With direct control over updates, rapid deployment of security patches isn’t just a pipe dream—it’s reality. This proactive stance allows you to protect your devices and data against the latest threats, increasing the overall security profile of your device fleet.

Secure By Design: Building Trust From The Ground Up

When security is baked in at the conceptual level, your device strategy becomes secure by design. By incorporating security into every layer of the OS from the kernel level and above, you build a device fleet that is inherently more secure, protected against common attacks and exploits, and near-resistant to intrusion.

Security-by-design is a development philosophy that should also be incorporated into your app update and deployment strategy. When the operating system and your custom applications work together with a security-first approach, your hardware becomes a stronghold for critical company data.

Enhancing Security With USB, Accessory And Peripheral Controls

In addition to safeguarding against external threats, custom operating systems can offer granular, hardened privacy controls for USB accessories and other peripherals. By leveraging custom rules within an OS, organizations can block access to USB ports, only allow access to certain peripherals and more. With this type of granular control, businesses can avoid many device-based attacks that rely on physical access to the hardware.

Non-Negotiable Compliance

Compliance and security go together like peanut butter and jelly, as a custom operating system allows stricter compliance enforcement than anything off the shelf could provide. With the use of integrated drift detection, automated compliance monitoring and enforcement becomes second nature—not a process.

When you build a custom experience for customers, a robust set of rules for device policies or anything in between, a custom operating system allows you to enforce your non-negotiable features at the OS level. And with the right device management tools, you can double down on compliance through automation.

Adopting a custom operating system is a strategic decision that emphasizes your company’s commitment to security and proactively addresses the growing cybersecurity threat landscape. Securing crucial company and customer data is a top priority for most organizations, and there’s no better first line of defense than arming yourself with full control of your hardware.

A security-first approach to digital hardware management will be a defining factor for forward-thinking organizations as we navigate a future where digital security simply cannot be an afterthought.

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Reporting by Yuvraj Malik in Bengaluru and Katie Paul in New York; Editing by Shailesh Kuber and Rosalba O'Brien

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U.s. chip bans not meant to hobble china's growth, blinken says.

U.S. export controls on sending advanced computing chips to China are not meant to hold back China's economy or technological development, Secretary of State Antony Blinken said during an interview with National Public Radio on Friday.

Apple renews talks to integrate OpenAI’s technology into the next iPhone operating system

Apple Inc. has renewed discussions with OpenAI about using the startup’s technology to power some new features coming to the iPhone later this year, according to people familiar with the matter. 

The two companies have begun discussing terms of a possible agreement and how the OpenAI features would be integrated into Apple’s iOS 18, the next iPhone operating system, said the people, who asked not to be identified because the deliberations are private.

The move marks a reopening of dialogue between the companies. Apple had talked to OpenAI about a deal earlier this year, though work between the two parties had been minimal since then. Apple also remains in discussions with Alphabet Inc.’s Google about licensing that company’s Gemini chatbot. 

Apple hasn’t made a final decision on which partners it will use, and there’s no guarantee that a deal will be worked out. It’s possible that the company ultimately reaches an agreement with both OpenAI and Google — or picks another provider entirely. Representatives for Apple, OpenAI and Google declined to comment. 

The next iPhone operating system will include several new features based on Apple’s in-house large language model — AI software that can generate human-sounding text — but the company also has been seeking partners to power a chatbot-like feature akin to OpenAI’s ChatGPT. Bloomberg first  reported  in March on the discussions, which have included AI startup Anthropic as well. 

The latest development comes about a month and a half before Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference, where it’s poised to introduce new AI software and services. The company is planning to tout its features as more seamlessly integrated into its devices than rival AI offerings, with better privacy protections. 

Last year, Cook  said he personally uses  OpenAI’s ChatGPT but indicated that there were “a number of issues that need to be sorted.” He promised that new AI features would come to Apple’s platforms on a “very thoughtful basis.”

Relying on partners would help accelerate Apple’s push into chatbots and sidestep some risks. By outsourcing the generative AI features to another company, Cook is potentially lessening the liability for its platform.

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News & Insights

AI Stocks: 9 Biggest Companies in 2024

April 22, 2024 — 04:30 pm EDT

Written by Melissa Pistilli for Investing News Network  ->

Artificial intelligence (AI) may be an emerging technology, but there are plenty of billion-dollar companies in this space.

As the market has grown over the past few years, AI technology has made strong inroads into several key industries, including logistics, manufacturing, finance, healthcare, customer service and cybersecurity.

While AI-driven advancements in robotics have received the most press in recent years, the latest buzz has centered around OpenAI’s ChatGPT . This intelligent chatbot shows how quickly generative AI is advancing, and has attracted the attention of heavyweight technology companies such as Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT ), which has reportedly invested billions of dollars in the privately held OpenAI. Alphabet (NASDAQ: GOOGL ) has also released its own AI chat tool, Google Gemini.

On a global scale, Fortune Business Insights predicts that the AI industry will experience a compound annual growth rate of 20.2 percent between 2024 and 2032 to reach a market value of more than US$2.74 trillion.

Here the Investing News Network profiles some of the biggest AI stocks by market cap on US, Canadian and Australian stock exchanges. Data was gathered on April 12, 2024, using TradingView’s stock screener .

American AI stocks

According to Tracxn Technologies, the number of US AI companies has more than doubled since 2017 with over 70,700 companies working in the sector today.

One of the major factors fueling growth in the American AI market, states Statista , is “the growing investments and partnerships among technology companies, research institutions, and governments".

Below are three of the top US AI stocks.

1. Microsoft (NASDAQ:MSFT)

Market cap: US$3.134 trillion; share price: US$421.74

In addition to the reported billions Microsoft is committed to investing in OpenAI, the technology behemoth has built its own AI solutions based on the chatbot creator’s technology: Bing AI and Copilot . OpenAI officially licensed its technologies to Microsoft in 2020.

An update to Windows 11 in 2023 integrated Bing into the operating system's search bar, allowing users to interact with the chatbot directly with Microsoft's Edge browser, Chrome and Safari.

Microsoft’s moves into generative AI have translated into higher revenues for its Azure cloud computing business, and a higher market capitalization as the tech giant pushed past the US$3 trillion mark in January 2024. The company is also expected to unveil its first AI PC this year.

2. NVIDIA (NASDAQ:NVDA)

Market cap: US$2.215 trillion; share price: US$866.11

The global leader in graphics processing unit (GPU) technology, NVIDIA is designing specialized chips used to train AI and machine learning models for laptops, workstations, mobile devices, notebooks, and PCs. The company is partnering with a number of big name tech firms to bring a number of key AI products to market.

Through its partnership with Dell Technologies (NYSE: DELL ), NVIDIA is developing AI applications for enterprises, such as language-based services, speech recognition and cybersecurity. The chip maker has been instrumental in the build out of Meta Platforms’ (NASDAQ: META ) AI supercomputer called the Research SuperCluster, which reportedly uses a total of 16,000 of NVIDIA's GPUs.

Most recently, NVIDIA and the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (NYSE: TSM ) have developed the world's first multi-die chip specifically designed for AI applications: the Blackwell GPU . Blackwell’s architecture allows for the increased processing power needed to train larger and more complex AI models.

NVIDIA’s AI ambitions were on full display at its GPU Technology Conference in March where CEO Jensen Huang presented his company’s plans to build humanoid robots , known as Project GR00T. “Building foundation models for general humanoid robots is one of the most exciting problems to solve in AI today,” stated Huang in his keynote presentation.

3. Alphabet (NASDAQ:GOOGL)

Market cap: US$1.967 trillion; share price: US$158.92

Alphabet holds court with both Microsoft and NVIDIA as part of the tech sector’s Magnificent 7 , and its foray into AI has also brought the tech giant much success. As of April 12, Alphabet’s market cap looks set to surpass the US$2 trillion mark .

It would seem investors still remain confident in the potential for growth in Alphabet’s AI ventures despite its hiccups in the rollout of its subsidiary Google’s AI chatbot Gemini, formerly called Bard. “While the headlines haven’t been favorable, Google’s role in generative AI products will present massive growth opportunities for the stock,” said Sylvia Jablonski , chief executive officer at Defiance ETFs.

In early April, Google introduced a custom AI chip designed for its cloud services customers. Set to be delivered later this year, the technology uses British semiconductor company Arm Holding's (NASDAQ: ARM ) AI architecture. In the same week, Google revealed its new A3 Mega AI processor based on NVIDIA’s H100 Technology.

Canadian AI stocks

Recognized as a world-leading AI research hub, Canada ranks fifth out of 54 countries in the Global AI Index . Since 2017, the Canadian government has invested hundreds of millions of dollars into accelerating the research and commercialization of AI technology in the country through the Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy .

Recent research by IBM (NYSE: IBM ) says Canadian businesses are increasingly adopting AI, with 37 percent of IT professionals in large enterprises reporting that they have deployed the technology in their operations.

Below are three of the top Canadian AI stocks.

1. CGI (TSX:GIB.A)

Market cap: US$33.238 billion; share price: US$143.45

Montreal-based CGI is among the world’s largest IT systems integration companies, and offers a wide range of services, from cloud migration and digital transformation to data analysis, fraud detection, and even supply chain optimization. Its more than 700 clients span the retail, wholesale, consumer packaged goods and consumer services sectors worldwide.

Through a partnership with Google, CGI is leveraging the Google Cloud Platform to strengthen the capabilities of its CGI PulseAI™ solution, which can be integrated with existing applications and workflows.

CGI is aggressively working to expand its generative AI capabilities and client offerings, and reportedly is planning to invest US$1 billion into its AI offerings. In early March, the company launched Elements360 ARC-IBA , an AI powered platform for brokers and insurers to settle accounts in the UK broking industry.

2. OpenText (TSX:OTEX)

Market cap: C$13.366 billion; share price: C$48.58

Ontario-based OpenText is one of Canada’s largest software companies. The tech firm develops and sells enterprise information management software. Its portfolio includes hundreds of products in the areas of enterprise content management, digital process automation and security, plus AI and analytics tools. OpenText serves small businesses, large enterprises and governments alike.

OpenText's AI & Analytics platform has an open architecture that enables integration with other AI services, including Google Cloud and Azure. It can leverage all types of data, including structured or unstructured data, big data and the internet of things (IoT) to quickly create interactive visuals.

In January, OpenText launched its Cloud Editions 24.1, which includes enhancements to its OpenText Aviator portfolio. "Leveraging AI for impactful results depends on reliable data – without it, even the most skilled data scientists will struggle,” stated OpenText CEO and CTO tMark J. Barrenechea. “By expanding the Aviator portfolio in conjunction with our world class information management platform, Cloud Editions 24.1 empowers customers with the tools and insights needed to get ahead."

3. Descartes Systems Group (TSX:DSG)

Market cap: C$8.9 billion; share price: C$104

Descartes Systems Group provides on-demand software-as-a-service (SaaS) solutions. The multinational technology company specializes in logistics software, supply chain management software and cloud-based services for logistics businesses.

AI and ML enhancements to Descartes’ routing, mobile and telematics suite are helping the company’s customers optimize fleet performance. “AI and ML are perfect extensions to our advanced route optimization and execution capabilities,” said Ken Wood, executive vice president at Descartes. “From dynamic delivery appointment scheduling through planning and real-time route execution, we’ve used AI and ML to improve our ability to deliver the next level of fleet performance for customers.”

Australian AI stocks

AI investment in Australia is expected to reach AU$5.7 billion in 2026 , according to research firm IDC. The biggest spenders when it comes to AI in Australia are the banking industry, the federal government, professional services and retail.

Below are three of the top Australian AI stocks.

1. Xero (ASX:XRO)

Market cap: AU$18.451 billion; share price: AU$121.96

New Zealand-based technology company Xero provides cloud-based accounting software for small and medium-sized businesses. The company’s product portfolio also includes the Xero Accounting app, Xero HQ, Xero Ledger, Xero Workpapers and Xero tax tools.

Xero has made a number of AI enhancements to its platform in recent years, including bank reconciliation predictions that save time and reduce errors, and Analytics Plus, a suite of AI-powered planning and forecasting tools.

In March, the company launched its Gen AI assistant, named ‘Just Ask Xero’ or JAX. Some of its features include the automation or streamlining of repetitive and time-consuming tasks; the ability to anticipate tasks based on previous user actions and the ability to make cashflow projections on request.

2. TechnologyOne (ASX:TNE)

Market cap: AU$5.213 billion; share price: AU$16.23

TechnologyOne is another large enterprise technology software firm in Australia. In fact, it is the country’s largest enterprise resource planning SaaS company. TechnologyOne has a client base of over 1,200, including customers in the government, education, health and financial services sectors across Australia, New Zealand and the UK. The company’s research and development center is targeting cloud-based technology, AI and ML.

TechnologyOne recently announced its 2023 financial results , highlighting that it saw record profits for the 14th year. The company’s SaaS annual recurring revenue was up 22 percent and its after-tax profit was up 16 percent. TechnologyOne attributes the strong results to robust demand for the company’s global SaaS enterprise resource planning solution. TechOne attributed its success to the large number of major deals it completed in the government sector over the period.

3. Brainchip Holdings (ASX:BRN)

Market cap: AU$647.603 million; share price: AU$0.345

Global technology company BrainChip Holdings has developed and commercialized a type of edge AI that simulates the functionality of the human neuron. The company's neuromorphic processor, Akida, enables the deployment of edge computing across several applications, including connected cars, consumer electronics and industrial IoT.

BrainChip partnered with AI-based video analytics solutions provider CVEDIA in May 2023 to further develop edge AI and neuromorphic computing. The CVEDIA-RT platform for video analytics will be integrated with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic IP. The technology has applications in security and surveillance, transportation, information technology services and retail.

The company has also partnered with MYWAI , a leader artificial intelligence-of-things (AIoT) solution provider. They will leverage BrainChip’s Akida™, with MYWAI’s AIoT Platform for equipment-as-a-service. “The partnership is expected to accelerate the adoption of Edge AI in the industrial and robotic sectors and generate significant value for both companies and their customers,” stated the press release.

FAQs for AI stocks

​which company is leading the ai race.

Google and Microsoft are battling it out for king of the AI hill. While a study from digital marketing firm Critical Mass shows that consumers believe Alphabet’s Google is leading the AI race, analysts are pointing to Microsoft as the clear frontrunner. Microsoft stands to benefit in a big way from its billions of dollars investment in OpenAI's ChatGPT as advancements in generative AI may have the potential to increase the company's revenues for its Azure cloud computing business.

​Which country is doing best in AI?

North America is the global hotspot for advancements in AI technology and is home to the majority of the world’s largest AI providers. Of the countries in this region, Canada’s AI industry is showing the fastest growth, according to a report by Markets and Markets . Swiss-based CRM firm InvestGlass positions the US as the primary hub for AI development, and many of the world’s leading tech giants are headquartered there. According to the firm, China comes in a close second.

​What is Elon Musk's AI company?

In November 2023, Elon Musk launched Grok , a new AI technology company based in Nevada. While not much is known about the company yet, Musk said he is starting it as a "third option" to ChatGPT and Google Gemini; its product will be named TruthGPT.

​Does Tesla have its own AI?

Tesla (NASDAQ: TSLA ) has developed proprietary AI chips and neural network architecture. The company’s autonomous vehicle AI system gathers visual data in real time from eight cameras to produce a 3D output that helps to identify the presence and motion of obstacles, lanes and traffic lights. The AI-driven models also help autonomous vehicles make quick decisions. In addition to developing autonomous vehicles, Tesla is working on bi-pedal robotics.

Don't forget to follow us @INN_Technology for real-time news updates!

Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.

The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.

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