power sharing assignment pdf

Power Sharing Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers

CBSE Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Power Sharing Extra Questions and Answers is available here. Students can learn and download PDF of these questions for free. These extra questions and answers are prepared by our expert teachers as per the latest NCERT textbook and guidelines. Learning these questions will help you to score excellent marks in the board exams.

Power Sharing Class 10 Extra Questions Civics Chapter 1

Very short answer type questions (1 marks).

1.What do you mean by the word ethnic?

Answer:  A social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or both.

2.Which ethnic group in Belgium has the largest population? Answer:  Flemish.

3.‘The tension between Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities was more acute in Brussels’. Give reason.

Answer: The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. So the Dutch speaking community, who got the benefit of economic development and education much later showed the resentment between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking communities.

4.Which are the most important social groups of Sri Lanka? Answer:  (i) Sinhala speaking (ii) Tamil speaking

5. Which ethnic group is in majority in Sri Lanka? Answer:  Sinhala

6.Name the two sub groups of Tamils in Sri Lanka. [CBSE 2014] Answer:  (i) Sri Lankan Tamils (ii) Indian Tamils

7. When did Sri Lanka emerge as an independent nation? [CBSE Sep. 2010, 11] Answer:  1948

8.What is a Civil War? Answer:  It is a violent conflict between the opposing groups within a country, for example the conflict between Sinhalese and Indian Tamils in Sri Lanka.

9. Name the ethnic group of Sri Lanka which were involved in a Civil War. Answer:  (i) Sri Lankan Tamils or the Sinhalese (ii) Indian Tamils

10. What is majoritarianism? Name a country which has lost peace due to this. 

Answer:  A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority. Sri Lanka.

11. Power shared among different organs of government is known as horizontal distribution of power. Give reason.

Answer:  Because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

12. State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing from the Indian content. Answer:  (i) India is a multicultural society. (ii) India is a democratic country.

13. What is different between prudential and moral reasons for power sharing? Answer:  Prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, whereas moral reasons emphasis the very act of power sharing as valuable.

14. Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government in Belgium. Which is that third kind of government? Answer:  Community government.

15. What is the basic principle of democracy? Answer:  The basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of all political power.

16. For a long time it was believed that all power of government must reside in one person or group of persons located at one place. Give reason. Answer:  It was felt that if the power to decide is dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick decisions.

17. What is a community government?

Answer:  A community government is one in which different social groups are given the power to handle the affairs related to their communities. They are expected to work jointly for the benefit of the common masses without undermining any one community.

18. Name the most important organs of the government. Answer:  Legislature, Executive and Judiciary

19. What is a federal government? Answer:  It is a government under which two or more than two sets of governments govern the country.

20. What is a reserved constituency? Answer:  A reserved constituency is a constituency which is reserved for a particular section of the society.

21. What is the importance of reserved constituency? Answer:  This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social group who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.

22. What is die system of checks and balances in power sharing? [CBSE 2014] Answer:  Under this system one organ of the • government keeps the check over the other. None of the organs can exercise unlimited powers. This keeps a balance of power among various institutions.

23. The system of ‘checks and balances’ comes under which form of power sharing. [CBSE 2014] Answer:  Horizontal power sharing.

24. What is a coalition government? Answer: A coalition government is a cabinet of parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. It generally happens when no party gets a majority in the parliament and several parties join together to prove their majority.

25. In Sri Lanka, the democratically elected government adopted a series of which measures to establish Sinhala supremacy? Mention any one. [CBSE Sept.2010] Answer:  They established a Majoritarian government.

26. State two main bases of social division in Sri Lanka. [CBSE 2008 (D) Compt.] Answer:  (i) Religion (ii) Language

27. Which is the state religion of Sri Lanka? Answer:  Buddhism.

28. Which two languages are generally spoken in Belgium? [CBSE 2010, 11] Answer:  French and Dutch

29. Give one example of horizontal sharing of power. [CBSE 2010, 11] Answer:  Power sharing among Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

30. Who elects the community government in Belgium? [CBSE Sept. 2010] Answer:  People belonging to one language community- Dutch, French and German.

Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)

1. What led to the ethnic tension in Belgium? Why was it more acute in Brussels?

Answer:  The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. So the Dutch speaking community, who got the benefit of economic development and education much later showed the resentment between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking communities during the 1950s and the 1960s. The conflict between the two communities was more severe in Brussels because the Dutch speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.

2. What is the ethnic composition of Belgium? [CBSE Sept. 2011] Or Describe the ethnic composition of Belgium. [CBSE 2012]

Answer:  The ethnics composition of Belgium, a small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent live in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1 per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city, Brussels, about 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch-speaking.

3. What is the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka?

Answer:  Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population (74%) with Tamils (18%) who are mostly concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include the Muslims. Among Tamils, there are two sub-groups. The Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 %). The Tamils, who were brought as indentured labourers from India by British colonists to work on estate plantations are called the ‘Indian Origin Tamils’ (5%). Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are about 7 per cent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhalese.

4. Mention any four steps which were taken by the Sri Lankan government to achieve majoritarianism.

Answer:  (i) In 1956, an Act was passed under which English was replaced as the country’s official language not by the Sinhala and Tamil but by the Sinhala only. (ii) The governments followed preferential policies that favoured the Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. (iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. (iv) Denial of citizenship to estate Tamils.

5. What is a Civil War? Explain with context to Sri Lanka.

Answer:  (i) It is a violent conflict between the opposing groups within a country, for example the Sinhalese and the Tamils. (ii) Due to the violent conflict between both these ethnic groups thousands of people of both the communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods. (iii) The civil war has caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

6. What is community government? Explain the concept of community government with context to Belgium.

Answer:  (i) A community government is one in which different social groups are given the power to handle the affairs related to their communities. They are expected to work jointly for the benefit of the common masses without undermining any one community. (ii) The ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community-Dutch, French and German speaking – no matter where they live. (iii) This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

7. What is the relationship between democracy and power sharing?

Answer:  ‘Democracy’ means giving every citizen the right and power to make the decisions through their elected representatives. Power sharing is dividing power among various social groups to give them equal representation in the governance. Power sharing is the essence of democracy where every individual, irrespective of cultural and language differences feel involved in the political system.

8. How did the Sri Lankan and the Belgium government try to solve the ethnic problem? Or Explain any two important differences between the power sharing model accepted by Belgium and Sri Lanka.

Answer:  (i) The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions, whereas the Sri Lankan government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism. (ii) Belgium leaders established a federal structure under which power was shared between the Union Government and its other constituent units whereas Sri Lankan leaders adopted Unitary Government structure. (iii) The Belgium solution helped in avoiding civic strife whereas the majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

9. “Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies but they follow different systems of power sharing. ” Support the statement by giving three points of difference.

Answer:  (i) Type of Government: Sri Lanka continues to be, for all practical purpose, a unitary system where the national government has all the powers. Tamil leaders want Sri Lanka to become a federal system under which the regional governments were given constitutional powers that were no longer dependent on the central ‘government. Belgium shifted from a unitary to a federal form of government.

(ii) Religion and Government : To accommodate people belonging to different ethnic groups Belgium formed a ‘community government’ whereas Sri Lankan government passed a law to protect and promote Buddhism.

(iii) Language and government : In 1956 Sri Lankan government passed an act to recognize Sinhala as the only official language whereas Belgium government “tried to protect and foster all the languages spoken by the people.

10. What is power sharing? Explain.

Answer:  (i) The concept of providing a permanent share of power in the government different communities or regions is termed as power sharing. (ii) Under this the people and the leaders of the nation respect the feelings and interests of different commodities and regions. (iii) The principle of power sharing is very important for the unity and growth of democracy.

11. Explain the principle of federal division of power.

Answer:  (i) Under the federal division of power the power is divided among different levels of government; for example in India the power is shared among the three levels of governments, i.e., Union government, the state governments and the local governments. (ii) This type of system is known as vertical division of power. (iii) Under this the Constitution clearly lays down the power of each level of government

12. “Power may also be shared among different social groups”. Explain by giving examples.

Answer:  (i) Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. (ii) In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration. For example in India we follow the principle of ‘reserved constituencies’ in assemblies and the parliament of our country. This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the’ government. (iii) This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power.

Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)

1. Describe the tension that existed between the Dutch and the French speaking people in Belgium. Or What were the two main causes of resentment in Belgium in 1960 ? How was the conflict solved? 

Answer:  (i) The economic inequality between the Dutch speaking and French-speaking was the basic cause of tension. (ii) The French-speaking community who was in minority was relatively rich and powerful whereas the Dutch-speaking community who was in majority was poor. (iii) This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who for the benefit of economic development and education much later. (iv) The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels. Brussels presented a special problem : the Dutch speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital. (v) Between 1970 and 1993, the Belgium government amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. ‘

2. How were the ethnic problems solved in Belgium? Mention any four steps which were taken by the government to solve the problems? Or How is the political system in Belgium innovative and different from the other countries of the world? Explain any three points. Or Highlight any three measures adopted by the Belgian government to accommodate regional and cultural diversities.

Answer: (i) Equal number of ministers for both the groups : The Belgian Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can take decisions unilaterally. (ii) More powers to state governments : Under the proper power sharing arrangement, many powers of the central government were given to state governments for the two regions of the country. The state governments were not subordinate to the central government. • (iii) Equal representation at the state and the central level : A separate government has been set up at Brussels in which both the communities have equal representation. (iv) Formation of community government : Apart from the central and the state government, there is a third kind of government, i.e., ‘community government’. This ‘community government’ is elected by the people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German speaking no matter where they live. This government has the powers regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.

3. Why is Power sharing desirable? Or Why is power sharing necessary in democracy? Explain. Or “Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.” Justify this statement with three suitable points. Or  Why is power sharing desirable? Give any three prudential reasons.

Answer: 1. Prudential reasons: (i) Prudential reasons are based on careful calculations of gains and losses. For example in the Nepal movement for democracy even the Maoists, an armed _ revolutionary group, was given some share after the formation of government. The major gain for this was peace in Nepal. (ii) Prudential reasons help to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. (iii) Prudential reasons are good way to ensure political stability. (iv) Imposing the will of majority community over the minority may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run, it undermines the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority; it often brings ruin to the majority as well.

2. Moral reasons: (i) Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves the sharing of power with those affected by its exercise, and those who have to live with its effects. (ii) A democratic government is chosen by the people. So they have the right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where groups, through participation, acquire a stake in the system. (iii) Decentralisation of power, i.e., formation of state governments, local governments is an example of moral reason.

4. Explain the major forms of power sharing in modern democracies.  Or Explain four forms of participation in government under modern democratic system.  Or Explain, how power is shared among different organs of government. Or Describe with examples the way in which power can be shared among different social and linguistic groups ? Or Describe horizontal and vertical power sharing in modern democracies. 

Answer:  (i) Power sharing among the different organs of government (Horizontal power sharing). In a democracy, power is shared among the different organs of the government such as the legislature, executive and the judiciary. This is called the horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Under this kind of power sharing arrangement, one can exercise unlimited powers. Each organ has its own powers, and it can also check the powers of other. So this results in a balance of power among the various institutions. (ii) Power sharing among governments at different levels : Under this, people choose separate governments at separate levels, for example, a general local government for the entire country and local governments at the provincial, sub-national or regional levels. Such a general government for the entire country is usually called a Federal government. (iii) Power sharing among different social groups : In a democracy, especially, in a multi-ethnic society, power is also shared among social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. In some countries, there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and the administration.

(iv) Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements : In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements. Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

5. What are the advantages of horizontal power sharing? Explain with the help of examples. Or What is meant by the horizontal distribution of power? Explain any two merits of this form of power sharing.

Answer:  (i) The power that is shared among different organs of government equally is known as horizontal power sharing. (ii) Horizontal power sharing places all the organs of the government, i.e., legislature, executive and judiciary at the same level. (iii) Under this kind of power sharing no organ can exercise unlimited powers. (iv) This system is also known as system of checks and balances. (v) For example, in India, though the ministers and government officials exercise power, but they are responsible to the parliament or state legislatures. Similarly, although the judges are appointed by the executive, but they can check the functioning of executive of laws made by the legislatures.

6. Explain the power sharing arrangements among the political parties and pressure groups.

Answer:  (i) In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements. (ii) Democracy provides the citizens a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. (iii) In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus, share power. (iv) In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active. They also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having influence on the decision making process.

7. How is a federal government better than a unitary government? Explain with examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka. 

Answer:  (i) Federalism is a system of government under which power is divided between a central authority and its various constituent units. Whereas in a unitary government all the powers are in the hands of a central authority, (ii) The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions by establishing a federal government, whereas the Sri Lankan government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism. (iii) The Belgium solution helped in avoiding the civic strife, whereas the majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

8. What are some of the basic elements of Belgium model of power sharing ? Write any three. Or Explain any three elements of the Belgium model of Power sharing. [CBSE 2013] 

Answer:  (i) Equal number of ministers : Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally. (ii) Power sharing : Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government. (iii) Separate government for Brussels : Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French-speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.

• CBSE Notes For Class 10
• Class 10 Social Science Political Science
• Chapter 1 Power Sharing

CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science (Civics) Chapter 1 - Power Sharing

In Class 9, you have studied that in a democracy, all power does not rest with any one organ of the government. An intelligent sharing of power among the legislature, executive and judiciary is very important for the design of democracy. In this chapter, the idea of power-sharing is explained in detail, drawing parallels between the stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka. Also, you will learn the different forms of power sharing.

You can download the CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 – Power Sharing in PDF format from the link below.

• Chapter 2 Federalism
• Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity
• Chapter 4 Gender Religion and Caste
• Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements
• Chapter 6 Political Parties
• Chapter 7 Outcomes of Democracy
• Chapter 8 Challenges to Democracy

CBSE Notes Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 – Power Sharing

Story of belgium.

Belgium is a small country in Europe with a population of over 1 crore, about half the population of Haryana. Of the country’s total population, 59% speak the Dutch language, 40% of people speak French, and the remaining 1% speak German. Look at the map below to know the language variation of Belgium. The minority French-speaking community was rich and powerful, so they got the benefit of economic development and education. This created tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960s.

Accommodation in Belgium

In Belgium, the government handled the community difference very well. Between 1970 and 1993, Belgian leaders amended their constitution four times and came up with a new model to run the government.

Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model.

• The Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the Central Government. Some special laws require the support of the majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
• The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
• Brussels has a separate government in which both communities have equal representation.
• Apart from the Central and the State Governments, there is a third kind of government. This ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

The Belgium model was very complicated, but it helped to avoid civic strife between the two major communities.

Story of Sri Lanka

Now, let’s take the situation of another country, Sri Lanka. It is an island nation having a population of 2 crores, about the same as Haryana. Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The major social groups are the Sinhala speakers (74%) and the Tamil speakers (18%). Among Tamils, there are two subgroups, “Sri Lankan Tamils” and “Indian Tamils”. You can see the map below to know the population distribution of different communities in Sri Lanka.

In Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed the bigger majority and imposed its will on the entire country.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The Sinhala community was in the majority, so they formed the government. They also followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. These measures taken by the government gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils. Sri Lankan Tamils felt that the Constitution and government policies denied them equal political rights, discriminated against them in getting jobs and other opportunities and ignored their interests. Due to this, the relationship between the Sinhala and Tamil communities become poor. Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggled for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and for equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs. But their demand was repeatedly denied by the government. The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict and turned into a civil war. As a result, thousands of people from both communities have been killed. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees, and many more lost their livelihoods. The civil war ended in 2009 and caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

What have you learned from the stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka?

• Both countries are democracies, but they deal differently with the concept of power-sharing.
• In Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions. This resulted in mutually acceptable arrangements for sharing power.
• Sri Lanka shows that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.

Why is power sharing desirable?

You will find the answer to this question in the points below.

• Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
• The second reason is that a democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.

Let us call the first set of reasons Prudential and the second moral. The prudential reasons stress that power-sharing will bring out better outcomes, whereas the moral reasons emphasise the act of power-sharing as valuable.

Form of Power Sharing

Most of you must think that sharing power = dividing power = weakening the country. A similar thing was believed in the past. It was assumed that all the power of a government must reside in one person or group of persons located in one place. Otherwise, it would be very difficult to make quick decisions and to enforce them. But these notions have changed with the emergence of democracy. In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-government. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies. Therefore, in a democratic country, political power should be distributed among citizens.

In modern democracies, power sharing can take many forms, as mentioned below:

• Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary . This is called horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
• Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level, which is called the federal government.
• Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share of power.
• Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. When two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections, and if they get elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power.

We have compiled History, Geography, Political Science, and Geography notes in one place. You can access them by visiting CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes at BYJU’S. Keep learning and stay tuned for further updates on CBSE and other competitive exams. Download BYJU’S App and subscribe to the YouTube channel to access interactive maths and science videos.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Political Science Notes Chapter 1: Power Sharing

What is ‘power sharing’.

Power sharing means the distribution of power among the organs of the government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary.

What are the languages spoken in Belgium?

Belgium is composed of four language areas: the Dutch language area, the French language area, the German language area (9 municipalities in the east of Belgium) and the bilingual Brussels-Capital area.

Where is Sri Lanka located?

Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean, located to the south of the Indian Subcontinent, sprawling over an area of 65,525 sq. km.

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Request OTP on Voice Call

Post My Comment

• Share Share

Register with BYJU'S & Download Free PDFs

Register with byju's & watch live videos.

Beyond Intractability

The Hyper-Polarization Challenge to the Conflict Resolution Field: A Joint BI/CRQ Discussion BI and the Conflict Resolution Quarterly invite you to participate in an online exploration of what those with conflict and peacebuilding expertise can do to help defend liberal democracies and encourage them live up to their ideals.

Follow BI and the Hyper-Polarization Discussion on BI's New Substack Newsletter .

Hyper-Polarization, COVID, Racism, and the Constructive Conflict Initiative Read about (and contribute to) the  Constructive Conflict Initiative  and its associated Blog —our effort to assemble what we collectively know about how to move beyond our hyperpolarized politics and start solving society's problems. 

By Timothy D. Sisk

September 2003  

If parties in intractable conflicts -- particularly in societies divided by deep ethnic, racial or religious differences -- find that they are unable to escalate their way out of conflict, but seek a compromise that assures them a permanent place at the bargaining table, they may turn to power sharing as a potential solution. Power sharing is a term used to describe a system of governance in which all major segments of society are provided a permanent share of power; this system is often contrasted with government vs. opposition systems in which ruling coalitions rotate among various social groups over time.

These are the basic principles of power sharing as traditionally conceived:

• grand coalition governments in which nearly all political parties have appointments;
• protection of minority rights for groups;
• decentralization of power;
• decision making by consensus.

Today, there is a more expanded definition of power sharing, such that a wide range of options exist for engendering consensus and compromise in deeply divided societies. One of the most important tasks for practitioners in intractable conflict is pairing thoughtful assessments about the causes and dynamics of a conflict with the wide range of power-sharing options that could potentially ameliorate tensions through consensus-oriented governance.

Ostensibly, power-sharing solutions are designed to marry principles of democracy with the need for conflict management in deeply divided societies. Power sharing involves a wide array of political arrangements -- usually embodied in constitutional terms -- in which the principal elements of society are guaranteed a place, and influence, in governance. From South Africa to Sri Lanka, from Bosnia to Burundi, from Cambodia to Congo, it is difficult to envisage a post-war political settlement that does not, or would not need to, include guarantees to all the major antagonists that they will be assured some permanent political representation, decision-making power, and often-autonomous territory in the post-war peace.

In many situations, the international community works proactively to encourage parties to adopt power sharing instead of waging war. In Afghanistan, for example, following the fall of the Taliban, international mediators worked hard at the Bonn negotiations in December 2001 to ensure that the transitional government under interim (now permanent) leader Hamid Karzai was broadly representative of the major ethnic groups in this highly diverse and long-conflicted country. In Ivory Coast, French mediators have brokered a pact in early 2003 to end that country's civil war; rebel commanders eventually took up appointments in a revamped cabinet.

However, power sharing is no panacea. Indeed, some types of power-sharing systems may contain the seeds of their own self-destruction as the search for consensus turns into deadlock by political leaders aware that they hold the power of veto over government action. Moreover, some elements of status-quo power will violently reject sharing power, as did elements of the Rwandan paramilitary groups in 1994 in opposition to the Arusha Accord of the previous year, leading to the worst genocide since World War II.

This essay assesses recent experience with power sharing as a means of living together in intractable conflict settings. It offers a classification of power-sharing models, and it includes examples of various approaches in practice. The conclusion for practitioners is to recognize that power sharing may be desirable, and necessary, as an immediate exit to deadly conflicts, especially those fought in the name of ethnic identity . In the long run, however, rigid power sharing is not a durable solution to intractable conflicts. Ideally, power sharing should wither away over time, as trust builds and the uncertainty of more "normal" majority rule democracy becomes acceptable. At the same time, practitioners should think innovatively about options that can allow such an evolution from formal sharing of power -- often by exclusive ethnic groups -- to a more socially inclusive and integrated form of representation.

Types and Elements of Power Sharing

A long-standing misconception about power-sharing options for intractable conflicts is that there is a single formula for sharing power, which for many years has been called "consociationalism."[1] The elements of this approach to power sharing are well known: grand coalitions, proportional representation, cultural autonomy or federalism, and the mutual veto. Yet this prototype of power sharing is but one of what is in fact a very broad range of political options for settling ethnic conflicts, the gist of which can be exceptionally different in terms of aims, structures, and effects on promoting inter-group moderation and compromise. What are the principal options for sharing power?[2]

• Autonomy . For many conflicts today, such as Azerbaijan (Karabagh), Sudan, or Sri Lanka, autonomy is often seen as a reasonable way to balance the claims of states for territorial integrity and the claims of rebel forces for secession. [3] Autonomy, as eminent scholar Yash Ghai suggests, is not a term on which there is a consensus definition. Nonetheless, his best effort at one is useful: "Autonomy is a device to allow an ethnic group or other groups claiming a distinct identity to exercise direct control over important affairs of concern to them while allowing the larger entity to exercise those powers which are the common interests of both sections."[4] Among the forms of autonomy is symmetrical federalism, in which all units enjoy similar powers, and asymmetrical federalism that might provide enhanced powers to a particular region.
• Power Sharing: Group Building-Block Approach. Another possible option is a looser form of autonomy, not always explicitly territorial, termed consociationalism. The option is in essence a group building-block approach that relies on accommodation by ethnic-group leaders at the political center and guarantees for group autonomy and minority rights; in essence, this approach is "consociational" in that it encourages collaborative decision-making by parties in conflict. The key institutions are federalism and the devolution of power to ethnic groups in territory that they control; minority vetoes on issues of particular importance to them; grand coalition cabinets in a parliamentary framework, and proportionality in all spheres of public life (e.g., budgeting and civil service appointments).[5] Bosnia's 1995 Dayton Accord is a good example of this approach in practice.

Consociational Power Sharing

• Power Sharing: Integrative Approach . By contrast, the integrative approach eschews ethnic groups as the building blocks of a common society. As a distinct set of options for power sharing, this approach rejects cohesive ethnic or other groups (such as "confessional" or religious factions in Lebanon) as the building blocks of society. This approach features options that purposefully seek to integrate society along the lines of division. This approach can be called "centripetalism," because it tries to engineer a center-oriented spin to political dynamics.

The integrative approach seeks to build multiethnic political coalitions (again, usually political parties), to create incentives for political leaders to be moderate on divisive ethnic themes, and to enhance minority influence in majority decision-making.[6] The elements of an integrative approach include electoral systems that encourage pre-election pacts across ethnic lines, non-ethnic federalism that diffuses points of power, and public policies that promote political allegiances that transcend groups. Some suggest that integrative power sharing is superior in theory, in that it seeks to foster ethnic accommodation by promoting crosscutting interests. Others, however, argue that the use of incentives to promote conciliation will run aground when faced with deep-seated enmities that underlie ethnic disputes and that are hardened during the course of a brutal civil war. Table 2 summarizes this option and its related practices and problems.

Integrative Power-Sharing

Although this typology presents two conceptually distinct approaches, it is clear power-sharing options can be pieced together in a number of ways. In deciding which power-sharing institutions and practices might work, there is no substitute for intimate knowledge of any given country. In multiethnic Fiji, for example, a four-year expert review of the country's political system produced a set of recommendations for a recently adopted constitution that combines measures to guarantee a minimum level of traditional Fijian (as opposed to Indo-Fijian) representation in parliament (a group building-block option) with measures to promote the formation of political alliances across group lines (an integrative option). The Fiji experience points to how a well-conceived process, featuring a balanced panel of experts with firm political support, can arrive at creative solutions specifically tailored to a unique set of problems.[7] The Fiji case is instructive precisely because the efforts of spoilers to disrupt integration along ethnic lines were only temporarily successful; as Fiji recovers from the attempted coup d'etat of 2000, it has returned to an integrationist formula for resolving its ethnic tensions.

Matching Problems to Solutions

A key feature of consociational power-sharing is the mutual veto, whereby decisions are only made with the widest possible consent and only with a near consensus. However, this often leads to the use of "political blackmail." Unable to get consensus, governance stagnates and policy-making drifts; the result is a "cold peace," in which the parties refrain from violence but have not embarked on a serious process of reconciliation , either. In many ways, this is the sad story of post-war Bosnia , which has muddled through elections and a period of peace without much progress in effective consensus-oriented government. The inability to make or implement policy due to protracted disagreement can lead to frustration and eventually defection from a peace accord. War can erupt anew. Historically, the outbreak of civil wars in Angola, Cyprus, Lebanon, Sierra Leone, and Sudan have all been the result of broken power-sharing agreements that led to renewed violence.

Power-sharing solutions make for good transitional devices, but in the long run the best outcome may well be a much more fluid form of democracy that allows for the creation of flexible coalitions that bridge the ethnic divide. A central question that has yet to be fully explored is the terms under which power-sharing, consensus-oriented forms of democracy can evolve into more flexible institutions that can foster reconciliation and a broader national identity. If sustainable peace comes through " conflict transformation ," as argued by John Paul Lederach (1997), power sharing is often too rigid a system to allow for the social and political changes necessary for addressing the underlying causes of conflict that give rise to war.[8]

How can the rigid structures of political power-sharing wither over time to the point where the guarantees for group security they contain are no longer necessary? This is not a purely academic question. In Bosnia, for example, the ability of NATO's international peacekeepers to end their occupation is premised on the ability of the power-sharing institutions forged in the 1995 Dayton Agreement -- now dominated by nationalists -- to melt into more moderate and ethnically mixed political institutions.[9]

If power sharing is at best a transitional device, this conclusion begs the question of what types of political institutions can be expected to allow democratic decision-making to prosper in post-war environments in which politics remain deeply divided. There is no way to say prima facie which type of power-sharing system -- consociational or integrative -- is inherently best.

In matching options to solutions, much depends on the level of enmity between the contending groups, the trajectory of the war (e.g., the extent of ethnic separation that occurred) and whether or not in their negotiations they can accept any degree of uncertainty or vulnerability to political loss. Critical to analysis of the problems is a coherent assessment of the role that ethnicity plays in the turn to violence and the prominence of identity as a cause of conflict. At some point, it becomes impossible to live together in broad, tolerant, multiethnic coalitions; in such cases, perhaps consociational democracy is the best alternative to violence. When consociationalism can not work, autonomy might be a solution. When even autonomy is not possible, the time may be ripe to consider complete separation (or, in the jargon of the field, partition).

Intractable conflicts are characterized in part by the inability of the parties in them to completely prevail by escalation . When they reach a stalemate and are highly motivated to de-escalate, conflict-resolution practitioners may be in a position to help the parties arrive at a workable solution for power sharing. While there may be understandable pressures for power sharing, there are immediate risks to such an arrangement from spoilers (as in Rwanda) and longer-run risks from the design of political institutions (as in Bosnia).

To reconcile immediate imperatives with the sustainability of peace over time, power sharing will work best when it can, over time, wither away. Whether in South Africa, Northern Ireland, Bosnia, or Lebanon, in the immediate term, formal power sharing has been an effective confidence-building device to ensure that all groups with the capacity to spoil a peace settlement should be included in the institutions and given influence in decision-making. Over time, however, postwar societies need to move beyond the mutual hostage taking that a guaranteed place at the decision-making table implies, the deadlock it inevitably creates, and the construction of postwar societies around the fixed and unyielding social boundaries of ethnicity.

Integrative power-sharing solutions have an inherent advantage, if they can be achieved. When successful, they engineer a moderation-seeking, centripetal spin to the political system, one that allows for ethnicity but promotes fluid coalitions that transcend the cleavages of conflict in war-torn societies. A practical way to begin is to purposefully manipulate the electoral system to provide new incentives to moderate and coalesce across group lines, as suggested above. Electoral systems should be designed to give politicians real incentives to motivate, moving beyond a perhaps natural instinct to play the communal card to attain power. There is emerging evidence that such clever design can promote moderation in intractable conflicts, as examples from Northern Ireland, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea attest.[10]

The clever design of power-sharing institutions, no matter how careful, can not resolve some of the inherent problems that lead to discord and the inability to reach consensus in today's deeply divided societies. If thoughtful analysis and clever design were sufficient, it is likely that the Cyprus dispute -- which resists settlement even though United Nations mediators have labored for years extensively over every detail of a mutually acceptable power-sharing solution -- would have been resolved decades ago. Regrettably, recent efforts by the international community to negotiate acceptance of the United Nations power-sharing plan apparently failed again in early 2003.[11] Nevertheless, if and when the Cypriots and others in similar situations are ready to settle, they will find themselves facing basic choices about sharing power and how best to do so. As a means for exiting intractable social conflicts, there seems to be no alternative.

[1] For the seminal articulation of this approach, see Lijphart, Arend. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration ( New Haven: Yale University Press: 1977).

[2] For a more thorough overview of power-sharing options, see Timothy Sisk, Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts (1995), and Peter Harris and Ben Reilly, Eds. Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators (1998).

[3] See also Ruth Lapidoth, Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts (1997) and Hurst Hannum, Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights (1990).

[4] Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethhic States. Cambridge University Press (2000). 

[5] For a recent assessment of consociational power-sharing in Europe, see Ulrich Schneckener, "Making Power Sharing Work: Lessons from Successes and Failures in Ethnic Conflict Regulation," Institut fur Interkultrelle und Internationale Studien , University of Bremen (Working Paper Nr. 19/2000).

[6] For the classic articulation of this approach, see Donald Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).

[7] See the report of the Constitutional Review Commission, The Fiji Islands: Toward a United Future , Suva, 1996.

[8] For an excellent summary of underlying causes of ethnic conflicts, see Brown (1996).

[9] For example of the practical policy challenges, see "Turning Strife to Advantage: A Blueprint to Integrate the Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina" an International Crisis Group Report (March 15, 2001), available at www.intl-crisis-group.org .

[10] Ben Reilly, Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

[11] See "Cyprus peace talks end in failure," on www.CNN.com , http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/03/10/cyprus.meet.reut/

Use the following to cite this article: Sisk, Timothy D.. "Power Sharing." Beyond Intractability . Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: September 2003 < http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/power-sharing >.

Additional Resources

The intractable conflict challenge.

Our inability to constructively handle intractable conflict is the most serious, and the most neglected, problem facing humanity. Solving today's tough problems depends upon finding better ways of dealing with these conflicts.   More...

Selected Recent BI Posts Including Hyper-Polarization Posts

• Massively Parallel Peace and Democracy Building Roles - Part 2 -- The first of two posts explaining the actor roles needed for a massively parallel peacebuilding/democracy building effort to work, which combined with an earlier post on strategy roles, makes up the current MPP role list.
• Lorelei Kelly on Strengthening Democracy at the Top and the Bottom -- Lorelei Kelly describes the work of the bipartisan Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress which passed 202 recommendations, many unanimously. Over 1/2 have been implemented and most others are in progress.
• Massively Parallel Peace and Democracy Building Links for the Week of March 24, 2024 -- A rename of our regular "colleague and context links" to highlight how these readings and the activities they describe all fit within our "massively parallel" peace and democracy building framework--or show why it is needed.

Get the Newsletter Check Out Our Quick Start Guide

Educators Consider a low-cost BI-based custom text .

Constructive Conflict Initiative

Join Us in calling for a dramatic expansion of efforts to limit the destructiveness of intractable conflict.

Things You Can Do to Help Ideas

Practical things we can all do to limit the destructive conflicts threatening our future.

Conflict Frontiers

A free, open, online seminar exploring new approaches for addressing difficult and intractable conflicts. Major topic areas include:

Scale, Complexity, & Intractability

Massively Parallel Peacebuilding

Authoritarian Populism

Constructive Confrontation

Conflict Fundamentals

An look at to the fundamental building blocks of the peace and conflict field covering both “tractable” and intractable conflict.

Beyond Intractability / CRInfo Knowledge Base

Home / Browse | Essays | Search | About

BI in Context

Links to thought-provoking articles exploring the larger, societal dimension of intractability.

Colleague Activities

Information about interesting conflict and peacebuilding efforts.

Disclaimer: All opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Beyond Intractability or the Conflict Information Consortium.

Beyond Intractability 

Unless otherwise noted on individual pages, all content is... Copyright © 2003-2022 The Beyond Intractability Project c/o the Conflict Information Consortium All rights reserved. Content may not be reproduced without prior written permission.

Guidelines for Using Beyond Intractability resources.

Citing Beyond Intractability resources.

Photo Credits for Homepage, Sidebars, and Landing Pages

Contact Beyond Intractability    Privacy Policy The Beyond Intractability Knowledge Base Project  Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess , Co-Directors and Editors  c/o  Conflict Information Consortium Mailing Address: Beyond Intractability, #1188, 1601 29th St. Suite 1292, Boulder CO 80301, USA Contact Form

Powered by  Drupal

production_1

Power Sharing ( Easily understandable notes for class 10th)

Introduction:, story of belgium:, majoritarianism in sri lanka, accommodation in belgium, why power sharing is desirable, forms of power-sharing.

Last year, we came to know about institutional designs . These designs tell us that power does not rest with any one organ of the government in a democratic government. We divide power and strengthen the system. So this year, we will go deeper and understand desirability of power sharing. Also, the various forms of power sharing. let’s commence through two examples; Belgium and Sri Lanka.

• Belgium is a small country in Europe.
• Area wise, it is smaller than Haryana (State).
• It has borders with France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.
• Three languages ; Dutch, French and German.
• Three regions ; Flemish (59% Dutch speaking), Wallonia (40% French speaking) and Brussels.
• However, in Brussels (Capital Region): 20% Dutch speaking and 80% French speaking.
• There are 1% German speaking also.

But What was the problem in it?

• Minority was rich and powerful in the country whereas majority benefited much later.
• Although, this problem was more acute in the capital city Brussels.
• Thus, this complexity posed the problem between French and Dutch speaking communities.

Story of Sri Lanka:

• Sri Lanka is an Island Nation (India’s neighbor).
• Its population is about two crore (same as in Haryana).
• Moreover, There are two sub groups of Tamils: Sri Lankan Tamils(13%) and Indian Tamils (5%).
• other social groups: Christians (7%) and Rest (1%) .
• Religion: Buddhists (majority), Hindus, Muslims and Christians.
• Tensions took place due to discriminatory policies of Sri Lankan Government.
• In 1948, after attaining Independence, Sinhala community took advantage of its majority.
• Since, It adopted a series of Majoritarian measures .
• Recognition of Sinhala as the only official language in 1956.
• Preferential policies for Sinhala applicants (Govt. jobs & University position).
• Moreover, duty of State to protect and foster Buddhism.
• Demanded for recognition of Tamil as an official language,
• for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.
• However, Sinhala government refused to do so.
• As a consequence, Demand for Tamil Eelam (State) arose. (1980s)
• Thus, the above mentioned changes paved way to a Civil War.
• In Belgium, Leaders took care of every linguistic group. Thus, adopted Belgian Model.
• To make workable arrangements, they had to amend their constitution four times (Between 1970 and 1993).
• Although, Belgian measure is different and very innovative.
• Central Government: Equal representation of the ministers of both linguistic groups. And provision of Bilateral agreement.
• State Government: State governments are not subordinate to Central government.
• Separate Government (Brussels): Both the communities have equal representation.
• Community Government: This third kind of government is elected by people belonging to one language community irrespective of their place (Dutch, French and German). This government has power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.
• Hence, Belgium model proved to be successful.

There are mainly two reasons. First, Prudential and second moral .

• Prudential Reason: Power sharing is good (good for better outcomes) because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
• Moral Reason: Power sharing is very spirit of democracy. It allows citizens to participate in government as they are the one who get affected by its exercise.

Finally, Above reasons made us realize the value of power sharing. In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements can take many forms. Let us discuss these forms.

• Horizontal Distribution of power sharing: There are three organs of government; legislature, executive, judiciary. At same level, they perform different functions. Also check and balance the functioning of each other. Thus, share the power horizontally.
• Vertical Distribution of power sharing: When power is shared among governments at different levels; Central/union, State/regional, local. We call it vertical distribution of power sharing.
• Power sharing among different social groups: In some countries constitutional and legal arrangements are made in order to give minority communities a fair share in power. For instance, reserved constituencies in India and community govt. in Belgium.
• Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements: As we know that power sharing means division of power. This division can be of political parties in the form of coalition government. It can be of pressure groups who influence public opinions and govt. policies. For Example: interest groups of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers, students, industrial workers.

[…] the reason for the separation of religion from the government is evident from its meaning, grasping it with examples…

[…] Political Cause: Nawabs lose their power […]

Thank You So Much Habiba for the nice comment.

Thank you so much for these notes it’s very helpful to us 😃🙂

• Agriculture (Easily find good answers within the notes) (November 16, 2021)
• Natural Vegetation and Wildlife (Notes to search direct answers as well) (January 2, 2022)
• Nationalism In India (Easily find answers within the notes) (January 16, 2022)
• Manufacturing Industries (Easily find answers within the notes) (February 6, 2022)
• Lifelines of National Economy (Easily available answers in notes) (March 18, 2022)
• Political Parties (Easily find good answers within the notes) (March 28, 2022)
• Outcomes of Democracy (Get easy answers within notes.) (April 3, 2022)
• Money and Credit (Notes: very simple and comprehensible) (April 13, 2022)
• Globalization and the Indian Economy (Notes that make things easy) (April 15, 2022)
• The Rise of Nationalism in Europe ( Simple Notes) (April 24, 2022)
• Forest and Wild Life Resources (Easy Notes for Class 10th) (June 28, 2022)
• Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years (Notes for class 7th) (July 6, 2022)
• Constitutional Design (Easy Notes for class 9th) (July 12, 2022)
• Three Sectors Of The Indian Economy (Handy Notes: 10th) (July 15, 2022)
• Power Sharing ( Easily understandable notes for class 10th) (July 31, 2022)
• The Age of Industrialization (Easy Notes for Class 10th) (August 25, 2022)
• Electoral Politics (Simple & Easy Notes) for Class 9th (September 7, 2022)
• The Making of a Global World (Easy Notes) (September 8, 2022)
• Print Culture and the Modern World (Easy Read) (October 24, 2022)
• Minerals and Energy Resources (Notes for Class 10th) (November 20, 2022)
• Federalism (Simple and Easy Notes for class 10th) (January 30, 2023)
• Development (Easy and Simple Notes for class 10th) (February 8, 2023)
• Resources (Easy and Simple Notes for class 8th) (February 13, 2023)
• Gender, Religion and Caste (Easy Notes for class 10th) (February 14, 2023)
• Resources and Development (Easy Notes for Class 10th) (March 5, 2023)
• Water Resources (Easy Notes for class 10th) (March 13, 2023)
• The French Revolution (Easy Notes for class 9th) (March 24, 2023)
• From Trade to Territory (Easy Notes for class 8th) (April 16, 2023)
• What is Democracy? Why Democracy? (Easy Notes) (April 21, 2023)
• The Indian Constitution (Easy Notes for class 8th) (April 26, 2023)
• Working of the Institutions (Easy Notes for Class 9th) (June 1, 2023)
• Forest and Wildlife Resources (Important Assignment 01 for class 10th) (June 5, 2023)
• India-Size and Location (Important Assignment 01- For Class 9th) (June 6, 2023)
• Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution (Easy Notes For Class 9th) (June 11, 2023)
• Democratic Rights (Easy Notes for class 9th) (June 25, 2023)
• Nationalism in India (Important Assignment 2) For class 10th (June 30, 2023)
• The French Revolution (Important Assignment 02) for class 9th (July 2, 2023)
• Drainage (Easy Notes of Geography for class 9th) (July 3, 2023)
• Drainage ( Important Assignment of Geography for class 9th) (July 11, 2023)
• Power Sharing (Important Assignment) for class 10th (July 12, 2023)
• The Making of the Global World (Assignment 04) (July 14, 2023)
• The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (Important Assignment 05) (July 15, 2023)
• Physical features of India (Assignment of all important questions) (July 16, 2023)
• India-Size and Location (Easy Notes for class 9th) (July 17, 2023)
• Physical features of India (Easy Notes for class 9th) (July 28, 2023)
• Politics Of India (N.C.E.R.T based Important MCQs from 6th to 12th) (August 12, 2023)
• Geography of India (NCERT based important MCQs from 6th to 12th) (August 12, 2023)
• Economy of India (N.C.E.R.T based Important MCQs from 9th to 12th) (August 12, 2023)
• Nazism and the Rise of Hitler (Easy Notes for class 9th) (August 14, 2023)
• New Kings And Kingdoms (Easy notes for class 7th) (August 22, 2023)
• Gender, Religion and Caste (Important Assignment for class 10th) (August 24, 2023)
• Climate (Easy and detailed Notes for class 9th) (September 2, 2023)
• Development (Important Assignment for class 10th ) (September 5, 2023)
• The Print Culture and the modern World (Important Assignment) (September 7, 2023)
• The Age Of Industrialization (Important Assignment) (September 7, 2023)
• Resources and Development (Important Assignment) (September 10, 2023)
• Water Resources (Important Assignment for Class 10th) (September 10, 2023)
• Agriculture (Important Assignment for class 10th) (September 12, 2023)
• Federalism (Important Assignment for class 10th) (September 12, 2023)
• Money and Credit (Important Assignment) (September 13, 2023)
• Three Sectors of the Indian Economy (Important Assignment) (September 14, 2023)
• Important Assertion/Reason Questions of History (September 15, 2023)
• Important Assertion/Reason for class 9th (September 15, 2023)
• Socialism and the Russian Revolution (Important Assignment) (September 15, 2023)
• Globalization and the Indian Economy (Important Assignment for class 10th) (September 17, 2023)
• Political Parties (Important Assignment for class 10th) (September 17, 2023)
• Outcomes of Democracy (Important Assignment for class 10th) (September 17, 2023)
• Minerals and Power Resources (Important Assignment for class 10th) (September 18, 2023)
• Manufacturing Industries (Important Assignment for class 10th) (September 19, 2023)
• Life Lines of National Economy (Important Assignment for class 10th) (September 19, 2023)
• People as Resource (Easy Notes for class 9th) (September 19, 2023)
• Nazism and the Rise of Hitler (Important Assignment for class 10th) (September 19, 2023)
• What is democracy and Why democracy? (Important Assignment for class 9th) (September 22, 2023)
• The Story Of Village Palampur (Important Assignment for class 9th) (September 27, 2023)
• Constitutional Designs (Important Assignment for class 9th) (October 2, 2023)
• Electoral Politics ( Important Assignment for class 9th) (October 4, 2023)
• People as Resource (Important Assignment for class 9th) (October 4, 2023)
• Poverty as Challenge (Important Assignment for class 9th) (October 4, 2023)
• Poverty as a Challenge (Easy Notes for class 9th) (October 14, 2023)
• Climate (Important Assignment for class 9th) (October 17, 2023)
• Important Assertion/Reason of Political Science (November 13, 2023)
• Important Assertion/Reasons of Economics (November 13, 2023)
• Important Assertion/Reason of Geography (November 13, 2023)
• The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (Important MCQs) (November 13, 2023)
• Nationalism in India (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 13, 2023)
• Making of the Global World (Important MCQs) (November 13, 2023)
• Print Culture and the modern world (Important MCQs) (November 13, 2023)
• The Age of Industrialization (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 13, 2023)
• Resources and Development (Important MCQs) (November 13, 2023)
• Forest and Wildlife Resources (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 13, 2023)
• Water Resources (Important M.C.Qs for the students of class 10th) (November 13, 2023)
• Agriculture (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 13, 2023)
• Minerals and Energy Resources (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 13, 2023)
• Manufacturing Industries (Total coverage of Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 13, 2023)
• Power Sharing (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Federalism (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Gender, Caste and Religion (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Political Parties (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Outcomes of Democracy (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Development (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Three Sectors of Indian Economy (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Money and Credit (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Globalization and the Indian Economy (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Lifelines of the National Economy (Important MCQs for class 10th) (November 14, 2023)
• Food Security in India (Easy Notes For Class 9th) (November 19, 2023)
• Pastoralists in the modern world (Easy notes for class 9th) (November 21, 2023)
• Population (Easy and useful Notes for class 9th) (November 23, 2023)
• Food Security in India (Important Assignment for class 9th) (November 25, 2023)
• Population (Important Assignment For The Students Of Class 9th) (November 26, 2023)
• Pastoralists In The Modern World (Important Assignment for class 9th) (November 26, 2023)
• Working Of The Institutions (Important Assignment for class 9th) (November 26, 2023)
• Democratic Rights (Important Assignment for good marks in Class 9th) (November 26, 2023)
• Civilizing the native, Educating the Nation (Important and useful MCQs) (February 9, 2024)
• History Of India (All the important mcqs for the passionate Learners) (February 12, 2024)
• The Story Of Village Palampur ( Important MCQs for class 9th) (February 13, 2024)
• People as Resource (Important MCQs for class 9th) (February 13, 2024)
• Women Caste and Reform (Important MCQs for class 8th) (February 14, 2024)
• The Making of the Nationalist Movement: 1870s-1947 (Important MCQs) (February 14, 2024)
• Food Security in India (Important MCQs for class 9th) (February 15, 2024)
• Ruling the Countryside (Easy Notes for class 8th) (February 20, 2024)
• Freedom (All Important Objective Questions for class 11th) (March 13, 2024)
• When People Rebel -1857 and After (Easy Notes for class 8th) (March 31, 2024)
• Understanding Secularism (Easy and detailed Notes for class 8th) (May 5, 2024)
• Class 7th (November 22, 2021)
• Class 8th (November 22, 2021)
• Class 9th (November 22, 2021)
• Class 10th (November 22, 2021)
• Easy and Simple to Learn Social Science (9th and 10th) (November 13, 2021)
• Home (September 18, 2022)
• Privacy Policy (October 26, 2022)
• About Me: (October 26, 2022)
• Contact Us (November 27, 2022)
• Objective Questions of Social Science (For class 10th) (February 9, 2023)
• Social Facts (Simple Facts That Can Amaze You) (March 17, 2023)
• Social News (Latest local and national news) (March 20, 2023)
• Assignments (For Class 10th) (June 5, 2023)
• Important Assignments for Class 10th (June 5, 2023)
• Important Assignments of Social Science for class 9th (June 5, 2023)
• Multiple Choice Questions: Practice well to become better (August 12, 2023)
• Assertion/Reason Questions (Important previously asked questions) (September 15, 2023)
• Important Assertion/Reason for class 10th (November 13, 2023)
• Social Dictionary (Easy meaning of all the Social Science terms) (February 5, 2024)
• Objective Questions of Social Science (for class 8th) (February 9, 2024)
• Objective Questions of Social Science (for class 9th) (February 14, 2024)
• Social Science Quiz (for Class 10th) (February 15, 2024)
• Class 11th (Political Science :- Important MCQs) (March 13, 2024)

Quizzes & Surveys

• Social Science Quiz (February 15, 2024)
• Assignments for class 10th
• Assignments for class 9th
• Multiple Choice Questions
• Objective Questions
• Assertion/Reason

8 thoughts on “ Power Sharing ( Easily understandable notes for class 10th) ”

I relish, cause I found exactly what I used to be having a look for. You’ve ended my 4 day lengthy hunt! God Bless you man. Have a nice day. Bye

Thanks so much Zoritoler imol.

I’ve been surfing on-line greater than three hours lately, yet I never found any fascinating article like yours. It is pretty worth enough for me. In my opinion, if all webmasters and bloggers made good content as you probably did, the net will be a lot more helpful than ever before.

Means a lot.

• Pingback: Federalism (Simple and Easy Notes for class 10th)
• Pingback: Power Sharing (Assignment 03) for class 10th Civics
• Pingback: Power Sharing (Important MCQs for class 10th
• Pingback: Print Culture and the Modern World (Important MCQs-class 10)

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Class 10 Civics Chapter 1 Notes - Power sharing

In a democracy all power does not rest with any one organ of the government. An intelligent sharing of power among the legislature, executive and judiciary is very important for the design of democracy.

Story of Belgium and Sri Lanka

• Belgium was a European country 59% of people were Dutch-speaking while 40% were french-speaking and the remaining 1% were's German in the 1950s and 1960s. 
• Although the French were 40% of the population they were richer than the rest of the population and had control of the economy. This created a lot of tension and French domination in Belgium.

• Sri Lanka is an island country near India. The major social groups in Sri Lanka after 1948 were Sinhala speakers which were 74% and the Tamil speakers 18%. 
• Tamil speakers were also divided into Sri Lankan and Indian Tamils. The rest were other minor groups of the population.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

• In 1956, an Act was passed in Sri Lanka which recognized only Sinhala as the official language and the Tamil speakers felt ignored by the government. After this, there were many more preferential policies that gave Sinhalese people more leverage while getting government jobs or admission to universities.
• Quite soon, many parties and political groups emerged, which launched a struggle for recognition of Tamil as one of the official languages of Sri Lanka. 
• The Sri Lankan Government repeatedly denied the Tamil population this, which created a communal conflict and turned into a civil war. The civil war resulted in losses to both the parties and setback the Sri Lankan economy. It also resulted in a significant population becoming refugees by escaping to other countries.

Economic control by the French-speaking population

Linguistic differences between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking populations

Political conflict between the legislature, executive, and judiciary

Religious disputes among different social groups

Accommodation in Belgium

• The Central Government in Belgium will have an equal number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers. Selected laws will require the consent of the majority of members from each linguistic group.
• The state governments were not under the central government.
• Brussels, the capital of Belgium had a different government that also had equal representation of both linguistic groups.
• Apart from this, they had a community government that decided on all the matters regarding cultural education and language-related issues.

Why is power sharing desirable?  Power-sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. The second reason is that, a democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. Let us call the first set of reasons Prudential and the second moral. The prudential reasons stress that power-sharing will bring out better outcomes, whereas the moral reasons emphasize the act of power-sharing as valuable.

Forms of Power-Sharing

• Power-sharing can be considered as the spirit of democracy as power is not concentrated in the hands of few people. 
• Moreover, the people in power are not only responsible for their decisions but are also held accountable for them. 
• Power-sharing also gives respect to each and every social group which is rarely seen in any other type of government except democracy.
• There are different ways in which power-sharing takes place in various democracies:

Power-Sharing between Different Organs of the Government

• The power division is horizontal where different organs of the government at the same level exercise different powers in their jurisdiction. 
• This is easily seen in Indian democracy the legislature judiciary and executive function on the same level and yet have different jurisdictions.

Power-Sharing between Different Levels of Government

• This refers to the system where the power is distributed among various levels of government such as the central and provincial governments. 
• This system is also known as federalism. India is a prime example of the federal system of government. 
• In certain matters, the power-sharing is so exclusive that certain subjects are only exclusive to the union government or the state government.

Power-Sharing between Different Social Groups

• In this, various weak social groups are represented in the legislatures or administration through various reservations. 
• This gives the various social groups a voice and power which might not have been given in other types of government.

Power-Sharing between Different Political Groups

• There are various political groups in the society like political parties, pressure groups, and other Public Interest groups which have a significant influence over the decision-making and law-making process in a democracy. 
• Sometimes, political parties form an alliance and participate in direct power-sharing when they form a coalition government.

Power-Sharing between different states.

Power-Sharing between different organs of the government.

Power-Sharing between different levels of the government.

Power-Sharing between different political parties.

Because in horizontal distribution of power, power is shared among different organs of the government namely legislature, executive and judiciary. In this system, each organ checks the other and thus there exists a system of checks and balances.

Important Terms to Remember

• Power-sharing:  Power-sharing is the distribution of power among the organs of the government like–legislature, executive, and judiciary. It is an intelligent step to ensure the stability of political order. Besides, power-sharing also includes sharing at the different levels like union, state, and local.
• Majoritarian: A concept which signifies a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whatever way it wants is known as Majoritarian.   In this type of rule, they disregard the wishes and needs of the minority.
• Ethnicity:  A social division based on shared culture. Most people belonging to the same ethnic group believe in their common descent because they have similarities of physical type or culture or both. They may not have the same religion or nationality, e.g, French-speaking, Dutch-speaking, Sinhala speaking, etc.  
• Community Government: A type of Government that is elected by people belonging to one language community is called community government. For example, Dutch, French, and German-speaking people form their respective community governments, no matter where they live. This is a very specific type of government in Belgium.
• Civil War:  A violent conflict between opposing groups within a country is known as a civil war. Sometimes it becomes so intense that it appears like a war.
• Prudential: It is a set of reasons which favours power-sharing. It is based on prudence, or on careful calculation of gains and losses. Prudential reasons stress beneficial consequences.
• Checks and Balances:  A system in which each organ of the government checks the others which results in a balance of power among various institutions. It ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.
• Vertical Division of Power:  It is a type of distribution of power that involves the higher and lower levels of government such as central, provincial, and regional levels.
• Reserved Constituencies:  It is a system in which constituencies are reserved in the Assemblies and the Parliament for minorities in order to give them a fair share in power. 
• Coalition Government: When the alliance of two or more parties gets elected and forms a government it is known as the Coalition Government. This is another form of power-sharing.

Q.1. How did the Sri Lankan and the Belgium governments try to solve the ethnic problem?

The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions, whereas the Sri Lanka Government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism.  The Belgium solution helped in avoiding civic strife, whereas the majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

Q.2. Explain the prudential reasons for Power-sharing.

Power-sharing is desirable because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between the various social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power-sharing is a good way to ensure political stability. Imposing the will of the majority community over the minority may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run, it undermines the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority, it often brings ruin to the majority as well.

Q.3. Explain the moral reason for power-sharing.

Power-sharing is the basic spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing of power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects.  The basic principles of power-sharing include: (i)  Government of different political parties, i.e., a coalition government. (ii)  Protection of minority rights. (iii)  Decentralization of power.

Q.4. What is power-sharing?

Power-sharing is a strategy under which all the major segments of the society are provided with a permanent share of power in the governance of the country.  It is a potential tool for solving disputes in a society divided by deep ethnic, cultural, or racial differences by giving the parties involved, a wide range of power-sharing to ameliorate the tensions through consensus-oriented governance. It involves a wide array of political arrangements– usually embodied in constitutional terms– in which the principal elements of society are guaranteed a place and influence, in governance. It relies on joint exercise of power where all principal groups are given a permanent share in the governance.  

Q.5. Mention the steps taken by the Sri Lankan government to achieve majoritarianism.

(i)  In 1956, an Act was passed under which English was replaced as the country’s official language not by Sinhala and Tamil but by Sinhala only. (ii)  The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. (iii)  A new constitution was stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. (iv)  Denial of citizenship to estate Tamils. 

Q.6. Why is power sharing desirable?

(i) To avoid conflict: It reduces the possibility of conflict between the various social groups. Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power-sharing is a good way to ensure political stability.  Imposing the will of the majority community over the minority may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in long run, it undermines the unity of the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority, it often brings ruin to the majority as well. (ii) Spirit of democracy:  Power sharing is the basic spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves the sharing of power with those affected by its exercise and those who have to live with its effects. A democratic government is chosen by the people. So they are to be governed. A legitimate government is one where groups, through participation acquire a stake in the system. 

Q.7. Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical power-sharing.

1.  Horizontal Power sharing (i)  Under horizontal power-sharing, power is shared among different organs of government such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary. (ii)  Under horizontal distribution of power, organs of the government are placed at the same level to exercise different powers. (iii)  Under horizontal power-sharing, each organ checks the other. 2. Vertical Power sharing Fig. Vertical power-sharing (i)  Under the vertical sharing power, power is shared among the different levels of the governments. (ii)  The vertical division of power involves the highest and the lower levels of government. (iii)  Under vertical power-sharing the lower organs work under the higher organs .

Q.8. Explain the power-sharing arrangements among the political parties and pressure groups.

In a democracy, power is also shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements. Democracy provides the citizens with a choice to choose their rulers. This choice is provided by the various political parties, who contest elections to win them. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among the different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements also remain active. They also have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or having an influence on the decision-making process.

Q.9. How is a federal government better than a unitary government? Explain with examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka.

Federalism is a system of government under which power is divided between central authority and its various constituent units.  The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting communities and regions by establishing a federal government, whereas the Sri Lankan government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism. The Belgium solution helped in avoiding civic strife, whereas the majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

Top Courses for Class 10

Faqs on class 10 civics chapter 1 notes - power sharing, past year papers, mock tests for examination, sample paper, viva questions, practice quizzes, shortcuts and tricks, objective type questions, video lectures, study material, previous year questions with solutions, important questions, semester notes, extra questions.

Chapter Notes: Power-sharing Free PDF Download

Importance of chapter notes: power-sharing, chapter notes: power-sharing, chapter notes: power-sharing class 10 questions, study chapter notes: power-sharing on the app, welcome back, create your account for free.

Forgot Password

Unattempted tests, change country, practice & revise.

• Andhra Pradesh
• Chhattisgarh
• West Bengal
• Madhya Pradesh
• Maharashtra
• Jammu & Kashmir
• NCERT Books 2022-23
• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Notes
• NCERT Exemplar Books
• NCERT Exemplar Solution
• States UT Book
• School Kits & Lab Manual
• NCERT Books 2021-22
• NCERT Books 2020-21
• NCERT Book 2019-2020
• NCERT Book 2015-2016
• RD Sharma Solution
• TS Grewal Solution
• TR Jain Solution
• Selina Solution
• Frank Solution
• ML Aggarwal Solution
• Lakhmir Singh and Manjit Kaur Solution
• I.E.Irodov solutions
• ICSE - Goyal Brothers Park
• ICSE - Dorothy M. Noronhe
• Sandeep Garg Textbook Solution
• Micheal Vaz Solution
• S.S. Krotov Solution
• Evergreen Science
• KC Sinha Solution
• ICSE - ISC Jayanti Sengupta, Oxford
• ICSE Focus on History
• ICSE GeoGraphy Voyage
• ICSE Hindi Solution
• ICSE Treasure Trove Solution
• Thomas & Finney Solution
• SL Loney Solution
• SB Mathur Solution
• P Bahadur Solution
• Narendra Awasthi Solution
• MS Chauhan Solution
• LA Sena Solution
• Integral Calculus Amit Agarwal Solution
• IA Maron Solution
• Hall & Knight Solution
• Errorless Solution
• Pradeep's KL Gogia Solution
• OP Tandon Solutions
• Sample Papers
• Previous Year Question Paper
• Value Based Questions
• CBSE Syllabus
• CBSE MCQs PDF
• Assertion & Reason
• New Revision Notes
• Revision Notes
• HOTS Question
• Marks Wise Question
• Toppers Answer Sheets
• Exam Paper Aalysis
• Concept Map
• CBSE Text Book
• Additional Practice Questions
• Vocational Book
• CBSE - Concept
• KVS NCERT CBSE Worksheets
• Formula Class Wise
• Formula Chapter Wise
• JEE Crash Course
• JEE Previous Year Paper
• Important Info
• JEE Mock Test
• JEE Sample Papers
• SRM-JEEE Mock Test
• VITEEE Mock Test
• BITSAT Mock Test
• Manipal Engineering Mock Test
• AP EAMCET Previous Year Paper
• COMEDK Previous Year Paper
• GUJCET Previous Year Paper
• KCET Previous Year Paper
• KEAM Previous Year Paper
• Manipal Previous Year Paper
• MHT CET Previous Year Paper
• WBJEE Previous Year Paper
• AMU Previous Year Paper
• TS EAMCET Previous Year Paper
• SRM-JEEE Previous Year Paper
• VITEEE Previous Year Paper
• BITSAT Previous Year Paper
• UPSEE Previous Year Paper
• CGPET Previous Year Paper
• CUSAT Previous Year Paper
• AEEE Previous Year Paper
• Crash Course
• Previous Year Paper
• NCERT Based Short Notes
• NCERT Based Tests
• NEET Sample Paper
• Previous Year Papers
• Quantitative Aptitude
• Numerical Aptitude Data Interpretation
• General Knowledge
• Mathematics
• Agriculture
• Accountancy
• Business Studies
• Political science
• Enviromental Studies
• Mass Media Communication
• Teaching Aptitude
• NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
• SAINIK SCHOOL (AISSEE)
• Mechanical Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
• Electronics & Communication Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Computer Science Engineering
• CBSE Board News
• Scholarship Olympiad
• School Admissions
• Entrance Exams
• All Board Updates
• Miscellaneous
• State Wise Books
• Engineering Exam

Power Sharing Class 10 Notes (Handwritten Short & Revision Notes)

Studying well and grasping the concepts of the chapter Power Sharing is the most crucial part while preparing; doing this can help them to get average marks. But to score well in questions related to the chapter, for that students need to act smartly and use the important study material that is Power Sharing Class 10 Notes. Through the Class 10 Notes one can keep a track of the performance in questions related to the chapter Power Sharing and can progress accordingly.

Power Sharing Class 10 Notes PDF

While completing the chapter Power Sharing, students have the habit of noting down all the key concepts, topics in a separate notebook. To save their time and energy, students can look through the Power Sharing Class 10 Notes PDF which is available on the Selfstudys website. With the help of PDF, students can simply complete the chapter Power Sharing from their comfort zone. 

Where Can Students Find Power Sharing Class 10 Notes?

Students can find the Power Sharing Class 10 Notes from the Selfstudys website; steps to download are explained below: 

• Visit the Selfstudys website.

• Bring the arrow towards the CBSE from the navigation bar/ button. 
• A drop down menu will appear, select New Revision Notes from the list.

• A new page will appear, select Class 10th from the list of classes. 
• Now select Democratic Politics from the list. Again a new page will appear and select the chapter Power Sharing from the given chapters. 

Features of Power Sharing Class 10 Notes

The Power Sharing Class 10 Notes are considered to be an essential source of study material as it has important features; those are discussed below: 

• Name of the Chapter is Mentioned: In the Power Sharing Notes Class 10, name of the chapter as well as number of the chapter are mentioned. Through this, students don't need to search much for resources, they can just look for the chapter number. 
• Overview of the Chapter is Given: As students open up the PDF, an overview of the chapter is given; through the overview students can get a brief idea about the chapter. This overview of the chapter Power Sharing can be a very useful one for teachers as accordingly they can teach their students. 
• Important Questions are Given: In the Class 10 Power Sharing Notes, important questions are given for students to practise on a regular basis. Through the important questions of the chapter Power Sharing, students can improvise their score if in case that particular question is asked in the exam. 
• Concepts are Discussed: Through the Class 10 Notes of Power Sharing, students can understand the concepts properly as all concepts are discussed in a well defined manner. 
• For CBSE Board: These Class 10 Notes of Power Sharing are designed specifically for students who are studying in CBSE board as the topics and concepts are according to the CBSE syllabus.  
• Point Wise Explanation: Each topic in the Class 10 Power Sharing is explained in a point wise manner; through this students can also attempt the questions in the same approach. 

What Are the Benefits of Taking Power Sharing Class 10 Notes?

We all know that now Notes have moved from pages to screen; accordingly these Power Sharing Class 10 Notes can enhances academic success, apart from this there are more benefits: 

• Helps in Organisation: The Power Sharing Notes Class 10 are organised in a systematic manner; with the help of it students can have an organised preparation. 
• Helps in Attempting Questions: The Class 10 Power Sharing Notes helps in attempting questions in a very different approach as all the concepts are explained in a stepwise manner. 
• Can Help in Assignments: The Class 10 Democratic Politics Notes of the chapter Power Sharing can help students in doing assignments in a good manner ; through this students can also score well in internal assessments. 
• Can Learn More About the Topic: Most students invest time in understanding topics; they can learn and understand more about the topics with the help of Class 10 Notes of the chapter Power Sharing. 
• Boosts Comprehensive Skills: The topics and concepts in the Class 10 Notes of Power Sharing are explained in a comprehensive way; accordingly it can also boost the comprehension skills while attempting questions. 
• Promotes Active Learning: By going through the Class 10 Notes of the chapter Power Sharing can help students to get involved in active learning so that they can improve their productivity.  

Tips to Cover The Whole Lesson With the Help of Power Sharing Class 10 Notes

Preparing for the Power Sharing lesson with the help of Class 10 Power Sharing Notes can be a challenging so, it is better to follow the below steps:

• Plan Ahead: Students are advised to make a proper study plan with goals to complete Power Sharing Notes Class 10 so that they can be well prepared. Through this students don’t take a chance to procrastinate the topics of the chapter Power Sharing. 
• Try to Reach Out to Classmates: One needs to reach out to their classmates while completing the Class 10 Power Sharing Notes as they would be facing the same kind of struggles. Having a good study group while completing the chapter Power Sharing can help students to explain the topics to one another, can build a healthy network, etc. 
• Find the Own Learning Style: Students need to find their own learning style by trial and error method like which method best suits one while completing the chapter Power Sharing with the help of Class 10 Notes. 
• Take Breaks: As we all know that brains can absorb a required amount of information at a time so it is must to take breaks while completing the chapter Power Sharing with the help of Class 10 Democratic Politics Notes . 
• Try to Cultivate a Productive Space: Surroundings are more important than the study resource, so it is advisable for students to select a place where there are no distractions and other essential items are also available: water bottle, snacks, study materials while completing the chapter Power Sharing. 
• Try to Set Specific Goals: Students need to set specific goals while completing the chapter Power Sharing with the help of Notes so that they can think about the progress. 

When is the Right Time to Look Through the Power Sharing Class 10 Notes?

The right time to look through the Power Sharing Class 10 Notes can totally depend on the way the students are trying to complete the chapter, those ways to look through are discussed below: 

• Before Starting the Chapter: Students can look through the Power Sharing Notes Class 10 before starting the chapter so that they can engage themselves during the offline class. 
• While Completing the Chapter: Students can look through the Class 10 Power Sharing Notes while completing the chapter as in it all topics and concepts are explained in brief ways. Through this self learning for the chapter Power Sharing students can smoothly improvise their score. 
• After Completing the Chapter: It is advisable for students to examine the Class 10 Notes for the chapter Power Sharing so that they can attempt questions in a good approach; with this they can also score good in those questions. 
• To Resolve Doubts: Students can seek help from the Class 10 Notes to solve any kind of confusions or doubts regarding the chapter Power Sharing, they can also take the help of concerned teachers to solve doubts. 
• To Understand the Key Concepts: Students can refer to the Class 10 Notes for the chapter Power Sharing if they are facing any kind of difficulties in understanding the key concepts as in it all topics are explained in a proper way. 
• To Solve Questions: Students can take the help of Class 10 Notes of the chapter Power Sharing to solve questions regarding the concepts, accordingly they can understand the chapter in a better way and can score well. 

How to Use the Power Sharing Class 10 Notes Effectively To Improve Student’s Marks?

Students need to use the Power Sharing Class 10 Notes effectively so that they can improve their marks, below are some suggestions to use the study material effectively: 

• Identify the Learning Objectives: Students can identify the learning objectives of the chapter with the help of Power Sharing Notes Class 10; by getting to know the learning objectives students can focus on main key points. 
• Solve Practice Questions: The Class 10 Power Sharing Notes provides practice exercises for students so that they can apply the concepts learned in the given questions, accordingly they can improvise their score. 
• Go Through the Feedback: Students can utilise the Class 10 Notes for the chapter Power Sharing for an immediate feedback; accordingly they can identify those areas which need more attention and focus. Through this students can also score well in questions related to the chapter Power Sharing. 
• Gives Examples to Reinforce Learning: In the Class 10 Notes of the chapter Power Sharing examples are given for some topics and concepts so that students can understand it in a better way; accordingly they can improvise their score. 
• Provides a Positive Learning Environment: To have a positive learning environment, students can utilise the Class 10 Notes of the chapter Power Sharing, accordingly they can feel engaged and motivated throughout the preparation. 
• Visual Aids are Given: To understand the concepts with the help of visual aids, students can utilise the Class 10 Notes of the chapter Power Sharing; through this they can visualise the concepts in the brain, this can help them to score well. 

Impact of Power Sharing Class 10 Notes on Student’s Preparation

The impact of Power Sharing Class 10 Notes can be significant, here are some ways that can have impact on student’s preparation: 

• Explained in a Comprehensive Way: The Power Sharing Notes Class 10 provides a comprehensive understanding; accordingly students can have a better understanding of the key concepts, theories, and principles. 
• Enabled in Effective Revision: Revision helps students to recall the smallest detail of the topic for the chapter Power Sharing; they can easily revise with the help of Class 10 Notes of Power Sharing, this can have a positive impact on the preparation. 
• Helps to Improve the Performance in the Exam: Through the Class 10 Notes of the chapter Power Sharing, students can have a clear view point of the concept; accordingly they can improvise the impact on the preparation. 
• Improvises Confidence: The Class 10 Power Sharing Notes provides clear and concise information, through this students can improve their confidence while attempting questions of the chapter Power Sharing. 
• Saves Time: Students don’t need to waste their time in searching for the relevant content to complete the chapter Power Sharing, they can simply open the Selfstudys website and go through the Notes to cover the syllabus; this can have a positive impact on the preparation. 
•  Helps in Retaining Information: While preparing for the chapter Power Sharing, it is normal to forget the studied topics, students can retain the key concepts with the help of Class 10 Democratic Politics Power Sharing Notes. 

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths
• CBSE Syllabus 2023-24
• Social Media Channels
• Login Customize Your Notification Preferences

One Last Step...

• Second click on the toggle icon

Provide prime members with unlimited access to all study materials in PDF format.

Allow prime members to attempt MCQ tests multiple times to enhance their learning and understanding.

Provide prime users with access to exclusive PDF study materials that are not available to regular users.