kashmir issue short essay

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Essay on Kashmir: History and Beauty in 600+ Words

• Updated on  
• Jan 20, 2024

Essay on Kashmir for Students: Kashmir is a region situated between India and Pakistan in South Asia. It is believed that the name Kashmir originated from the word ‘Ka’ which means water, and ‘shimera’ to desiccate. 

The story of Kashmir is complex and has historical, cultural, and political dimensions. Over the years, many rulers and empires, like the Mauryas , Kushans , and Mughals have influenced the paradise of the Earth. The region especially had the special influence of Mauryan ruler Ashoka who contributed to the cultural as well as the architectural heritage of the region.

Cultural Diversity of Kashmir

Kashmir is a region that has a rich history and ancient roots. The place has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties, such as the Mauryas , Kushnas , and Guptas . On top of that, these dynasties contributed to the cultural and geographic location of Kashmir, which includes the influence of the Silk Road and the blend of Hindu, Buddhist, and later Islamic influences.

Kashmir Issue

The dispute related to the sharing of borders didn’t stop after Independence. Whether it was India, Pakistan, or China, tensions related to the disputes of the region always created a heat of fire between the countries that led to wars. The list of some important wars are as follows:

1. First Indo-Pak War (1947-1948) : Fought for Jammu Kashmir shortly after India’s independence.

2. Sino-Indian War (1962): A conflict between India and China for the territorial region Aksai Chin. 

3. The War of (1965): Fought mainly over Kashmir.

4. Kargil War (1999): A conflict between India and Pakistan in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir.

Article 370 Scrapped

Geographically, Kashmir lies in the northwestern region of the Indian continent. Its total area is around 225,000 square kilometers, which is comparatively larger than the member countries of the United States. 

Out of the total area, 85,800 square kilometers have been subject to dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. It is important to note that the areas with conflict consist of major portions called the Northern, Southern, and Southeastern portions. The 30 percent of the northern part comprises Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and is administered by Pakistan.

India controls the portion which is more than 55 percent of the area of the land. The area consists of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Kashmir Valley, and Siachen Glacier which is located in the southern and southeastern portions of India. The area is divided by a line of control and has been under conflict since 1972. 

Also Read: Speech on Article 370

Sadly, the people living near the International Border and the Line of Control (LoC) in Jammu and Kashmir pose not only a life threat but also do not have a stable life. Replacement and relocation affect the people living in the line of control not affect the people physically but also psychologically and socially aspects. In a survey conducted by the National Library of Medicine 94 percent of the participants recognize stress. Furthermore, the youth population was facing stress and anxiety regularly.  

However, a historic decision from the Supreme Court of India that nullified Articles 370 and 35A and permitted the state to have its constitution, flag, and government except in defense, foreign affairs, and communications decisions. After the decision, many initiatives were taken by the government of India to strengthen the democratic rule of the state. Schools, colleges, and universities were opened regularly in the union territories to develop the youth academically, socially, and as well as physically. 

Furthermore, strict measures to control criminal assaults such as stone pelting have started showing positive impacts on the continuance use of technologies such as mobile networks, and internet activities. Further, the discontinuity of Technology has started showing positive impacts on the lifestyle of people. Regular opening of schools, colleges, and universities, on the one hand, is helping the students to have good career prospects. 

Additionally, the fear-free environment that further increases tourist activities will further improve the local economy and contribute to the local as well as the national economy of the country. 

Also Read: Essay on Indian Independence Day

Kashmir is also called the Paradise on Earth. The region is blessed with natural beauty, including snow-capped mountains and green and beautiful valleys. The region is surrounded by two countries, which are Pakistan and China.

Kashmir is famous for Dal Lake, Pashmina Shawls, beautiful Mughal gardens and pilgrimage sites of Amarnath and Vaishno Devi. 

According to a traditional story, Ka means water and shimira means Desiccate. 

Kashmir is known as the ‘Paradise on Earth.’

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Deepika Joshi

Deepika Joshi is an experienced content writer with expertise in creating educational and informative content. She has a year of experience writing content for speeches, essays, NCERT, study abroad and EdTech SaaS. Her strengths lie in conducting thorough research and ananlysis to provide accurate and up-to-date information to readers. She enjoys staying updated on new skills and knowledge, particulary in education domain. In her free time, she loves to read articles, and blogs with related to her field to further expand her expertise. In personal life, she loves creative writing and aspire to connect with innovative people who have fresh ideas to offer.

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The Kashmir conflict: How did it start?

The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was sparked by a fateful decision in 1947, and has resulted in decades of violence, including two wars.

Since 1947, India and Pakistan have been locked in conflict over Kashmir, a majority-Muslim region in the northernmost part of India. The mountainous, 86,000-square-mile territory was once a princely state. Now, it is claimed by both India and Pakistan.

The roots of the conflict lie in the countries’ shared colonial past. From the 17th to the 20th century, Britain ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, first indirectly through the British East India Company, then from 1858 directly through the British crown. Over time, Britain’s power over its colony weakened, and a growing nationalist movement threatened the crown’s slipping rule.

Though it feared civil war between India’s Hindu majority and Muslim minority, Britain faced increasing pressure to grant independence to its colony. After World War II, Parliament decided British rule in India should end by 1948.

Britain had historically had separate electorates for Muslim citizens and reserved some political seats specifically for Muslims; that not only hemmed Muslims into a minority status, but fueled a growing Muslim separatist movement. Mohammad Ali Jinnah , a politician who headed up India’s Muslim League, began demanding a separate nation for India’s Muslim population.

“It is high time that the British Government applied their mind definitely to the division of India and the establishment of Pakistan and Hindustan, which means freedom for both,” Jinnah said in 1945 .

As religious riots broke out across British India, leaving tens of thousands dead , British and Indian leaders began to seriously consider a partition of the subcontinent based on religion. On August 14, 1947, the independent, Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan was formed. The Hindu-majority independent nation of India followed the next day.

Under the hasty terms of partition, more than 550 princely states within colonial India that were not directly governed by Britain could decide to join either new nation or remain independent.

The maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, in June 1946.

At the time, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had a majority Muslim population, was governed by maharaja Hari Singh, a Hindu. Unlike most of the princely states which aligned themselves with one nation or the other, Singh wanted independence for Kashmir. To avert pressure to join either new nation, the maharaja signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan that allowed citizens of Kashmir to continue trade and travel with the new country. India did not sign a similar standstill agreement with the princely state.

As partition-related violence raged across the two new nations , the government of Pakistan pressured Kashmir to join it. Pro-Pakistani rebels, funded by Pakistan, took over much of western Kashmir, and in September 1947, Pashtun tribesmen streamed over the border from Pakistan into Kashmir. Singh asked for India’s help in staving off the invasion, but India responded that, in order to gain military assistance, Kashmir would have to accede to India, thus becoming part of the new country.

Singh agreed and signed the Instrument of Accession , the document that aligned Kashmir with the Dominion of India, in October 1947. Kashmir was later given special status within the Indian constitution—a status which guaranteed that Kashmir would have independence over everything but communications, foreign affairs, and defense. This special status was revoked by the Indian government in August 2019.

The maharaja's fateful decision to align Kashmir with India ushered in decades of conflict in the contested region, including two wars and a longstanding insurgency.

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Kashmir Issue – Understand the multiple dimensions

Last updated on March 14, 2024 by Alex Andrews George

Table of Contents

Was Kashmir an independent nation? Learn the history of Kashmir

Kashmir, and adjacent areas like Gilgit, Jammu, and Ladakh – were part of the different empires at different times. Over the years, this area was under the control of Hindu rulers, Muslim emperors, Sikhs, Afghans, and Britishers.

During the period before AD 1000, Kashmir was an important center of Buddhism and Hinduism. Many dynasties like  Gonanditya,  Karkota, and Lohara ruled Kashmir and surrounding areas of North-western India.

The Hindu dynasty rule which extended until 1339 was replaced by the Muslim rule by Shah Mir who became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the  Shah Mir dynasty . A few centuries later, the last independent ruler Yusuf Shah Chak was deposed by the Mugul emperor Akbar the Great.

Akbar conquered Kashmir in 1587, making it part of the Mughal Empire . Subsequently, the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb expanded the empire further.

Thus, it can be seen that under the Mughal rule, which extended nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, Kashmir was an integral part of India – however, not an independent nation .

Also read : Ladakh Statehood

Kashmir Region – After the Mughals

Aurangzeb’s successors were weak rulers. Later Mughals failed to retain Kashmir. After Mughal rule , it passed to Afghan, Sikh, and Dogra rule.

In 1752, Kashmir was seized by the Afghan ruler Ahmed Shah Abdali. The Afghan Durrani Empire ruled Kasmir from the 1750s until 1819 when Sikhs , under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir and ended the Muslim rule.

By the early 19th century, Sikhs under Maharaja Renjith Singh took control of Kashmir. He had earlier annexed Jammu. The Sikhs ruled Kashmir until they were defeated by the British (First Anglo-Sikh War) in 1846.

After that Kashmir became a princely state of the British Empire – under the Dogra Dynasty.

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Jammu and Kashmir – as a princely state of the British Empire

Maharaja Gulab Singh of the Dogra Dynasty signed the ‘Treaty of Amritsar’ with the British East India Company in 1846. Under this treaty, he paid Rs. 75 lakhs to the East India Company in 1846 in exchange for Kashmir and some other areas.  Jammu and Kashmir as a single entity was unified and founded (1846).

Zorawar Singh, a General in the Dogra Anny later led many campaigns in the northern areas like Ladakh, Baltistan, Gilgit, Hunza, and Yagistan, consolidating smaller principalities. He expanded the dominions of Maharaja Gulab Singh.

However, Jammu and Kashmir, from 1846 until 1947, remained a princely state ruled by the Jamwal Rajput Dogra Dynasty. Like all other princely states in India then, Kashmir too enjoyed only partial autonomy, as the real control was with the British.

Also read: Special Category Status

The ruler’s stand (at the time of Partition)

During the time of partition of British India (1947), Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) was a Princely State. Britishers had given all princely states a choice – either to join India to join Pakistan or even to remain independent.

The ruler of Kashmir during that time (1947) was Maharaja Hari Singh, the great-grandson of Maharaja Gulab Singh. He was a Hindu who ruled over a majority-Muslim princely state.

He did not want to merge with India or Pakistan.

Hari Singh tried to negotiate with India and Pakistan to have an independent status for his state. He offered a proposal of a Standstill Agreement to both the Dominion, pending a final decision on the State’s accession. On August 12, 1947, the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir sent identical communications to the Governments of India and Pakistan.

Pakistan accepted the offer and sent a communication to J&K Prime Minister on August 15, 1947. It read, “The Government of Pakistan agrees to have Standstill Agreement with Jammu and Kashmir for the continuation of existing arrangements …”

India advised the Maharaja to send his authorized representative to Delhi for further discussion on the offer.

What were the Kashmiri people’s aspirations in 1947?

Kashmiri people took part extensively in the Indian Nationalist Movement. They not only wanted to get rid of British rule but also never wanted to be under the rule of the Dogra dynasty once the nationalist movement achieved its mission. The Kashmiris had preferred democracy to monarchy.

Jammu and Kashmir was always a secular state – with a history of Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh rule. Even though the majority population was Muslims, it then had a significant Hindu population as well.

India in 1947 had suggested conducting a plebiscite to know the aspirations of Kashmiri people. With tall leaders of Jammu and Kashmir like Sheik Abdullah on its side, cherishing the common values – secularism, democracy, and pan-India nationalism – India was confident to win the Plebiscite if it was held in 1947.

India’s stand with Junagadh, another princely state, was also to conduct a plebiscite. In 1947, upon the independence and partition of India, the last Muslim ruler of the Junagadh state, Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III, decided to merge Junagadh into the newly formed Pakistan. The majority of the population were Hindus. The conflict led to many revolts and also a plebiscite, resulting in the integration of Junagadh into India.

However, the Pakistan attack on Kashmir in October 1947 changed all dynamics. The exact aspirations of Kashmiri People at that time is still unknown – as a plebiscite or referendum was never held.

The Pakistan Invasion of Kashmir in 1947

Pakistan, though entered into a Standstill Agreement with Jammu and Kashmir, had an eye on it. It broke the Standstill Agreement by sponsoring a tribal militant attack in Kashmir in October 1947.

Pashtun raiders from Pakistan invaded Kashmir in October 1947 and took control over a large area. Hari Singh appealed to the Governor General of free India, Lord Mountbatten for assistance.

India assured help on the condition Hari Singh should sign the Instrument of Accession. Maharaja Hari Singh signed the instrument of accession with India (1947). It was also agreed that once the situation normalized, the views of the people of J&K will be ascertained about their future.

Jammu and Kashmir signs the Instrument of Accession with India

The Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession to India on 26 October 1947 in Srinagar.

As soon as the accession documents were signed, the Indian Armed Force took over the stage to repulse Pakistan-supported tribal assault.

Indian and Pakistani forces thus fought their first war over Kashmir in 1947-48.

India successfully drove out most of the Pak-supported tribal militants from Kashmir occupation. However, one part of the State came under Pakistani control. India claims that this area is under illegal occupation. Pakistan describes this area as ‘ Azad Kashmir ’. India however, does not recognize this term. India uses the term Pak-occupied Kashmir (PoK) for the area of Kashmir under the control of Pakistan.

India brings the United Nations (UN) into the picture

India referred the dispute to the United Nations Security Council on 1 January 1948. Following the set-up of the  United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) , the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948.

The UN Resolution was non-binding on India and Pakistan. However, this is what the UN resolution mentioned:

UN Resolution on Jammu and Kashmir

The UN resolutions clearly said :

• Pakistan is the aggressor in the state.
• Pakistan has to vacate all occupied territory in the state and hand over the vacated territory to India.
• India has to remove all its forces leaving aside enough to maintain law and order.
• India to conduct a plebiscite in the state.

Why has no Plebiscite or Referendum been held in Kashmir yet?

• The state of Jammu and Kashmir is defined as it existed on or before the invasion of Pakistan on 22nd October 1947. This includes the present territory of Pak-occupied Kashmir (POK), Gilgit, Baltistan, Jammu, Laddhak, and Kashmir Valley.
• Pakistan asked for time to vacate its occupation but it never complied.
• As nearly one-third of the state of Jammu and Kashmir is still under the occupation of Pakistan, it is a non-compliance of conditions leading to the plebiscite.

Sheikh Abdullah’s movement – Formal incorporation of Kashmir into the Indian Union

Kashmir’s first political party, the Muslim Conference, was formed in 1925, with Sheikh Abdullah as president. Later, in 1938, it was renamed as National Conference . The National Conference was a secular organization and had a long association with Congress. Sheikh Abdullah was a personal friend of some of the leading nationalist leaders including Nehru.

National Conference started a popular movement to get rid of the Maharaja. Sheikh Abdullah was the leader.

After Maharaja Hari Singh signed an ‘Instrument of Accession’ with the Government of India, Sheikh Abdullah took over as the Prime Minister of the State of J&K (the head of the government in the State was then called Prime Minister) in March 1948.

Sheikh Abdullah was against Jammu and Kashmir joining Pakistan. However, he took a pro-referendum stance and delayed the formal accession to India. The pro-Indian authorities dismissed the state government and arrested Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah.

The new Jammu and Kashmir government ratified the accession to India. In 1957, Kashmir was formally incorporated into the Indian Union.

Kashmir Issue – External Disputes

Externally, ever since 1947, Kashmir remained a major issue of conflict between India and Pakistan (and between India and China to a minor extent).

Pakistan has always claimed that the Kashmir valley should be part of Pakistan. The conflict resulted in 3 main wars between India and Pakistan – 1947, 1965, and 1971. A war-like situation erupted in 1998 as well (Kargil war).

Pakistan was not only the illegal occupant of the Kashmir region. China too started claiming parts of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.

By the 1950s, China started to gradually occupy the eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin) . In 1962, India fought a war with China over its encroachments, however, China defeated India. To make matters worse, Pakistan ceded the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir (Saksham Valley) to China.

Kashmir Issue – Internal Disputes

Internally, there is a dispute about the status of Kashmir within the Indian Union.

Kashmir was given autonomy and a special status by Article 370 of the Indian Constitution . Articles like 370, 371, 35A , etc are connected with privileges given to Jammu and Kashmir.

What is the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir?

• Article 370 gives greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir compared to the other States of India.
• The State has its own Constitution.
• All provisions of the Indian Constitution do not apply to the State.
• Laws passed by the Parliament apply to J&K only if the State agrees.
• Non-Kashmiri Indians cannot buy property in Kashmir.

This special status has provoked two opposite reactions.

A section feels that Article 370 is not needed!

There is a section of people outside of J&K that believes that the special status of the State conferred by Article 370 does not allow full integration of the State with India. This section feels that Article 370 should, therefore, be revoked and J&K should be like any other State in India.

Another section feels that Article 370 is not enough!

Another section, mostly Kashmiris, believes that the autonomy conferred by Article 370 is not enough.

Major Grievances of Kashmiris:

Kashmiris have expressed at least three major grievances.

• First, the promise that Accession would be referred to the people of the State after the situation created by tribal invasion was normalized, has not been fulfilled. They demand a ‘Plebiscite’ at the earliest.
• Secondly, there is a feeling that the special federal status guaranteed by Article 370, has been eroded in practice. This has led to the demand for restoration of autonomy or ‘Greater State Autonomy’.
• Thirdly, it is felt that democracy which is practised in the rest of India has not been similarly institutionalised in the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

Politics since 1948 – Conflict between the Kashmir State Government and the Central Government of India

After taking over as the Prime Minister, Sheikh Abdullah initiated major land reforms and other policies that benefited ordinary people. But there was a growing difference between him and the central government about his position on Kashmir’s status. He was dismissed in 1953 and kept in detention for several years.

The leadership that succeeded him did not enjoy as much popular support and was able to rule the State mainly due to the support of the Centre. There were serious allegations of malpractices and rigging in various elections.

During most of the period between 1953 and 1974, the Congress party exercised a lot of influence on the politics of the State. A truncated National Conference (minus Sheikh Abdullah) remained in power with the active support of Congress for some time but later it merged with the Congress.

Thus Congress gained direct control over the government in the State.

In the meanwhile, there were several attempts to reach an agreement between Sheikh Abdullah and the Government of India.

Finally, in 1974 Indira Gandhi reached an agreement with Sheikh Abdullah and he became the Chief Minister of the State.

The Revival of National Conference (1977)

He revived the National Conference which was elected with a majority in the assembly elections held in 1977.

Sheikh Abdullah died in 1982 and the leadership of the National Conference went to his son, Farooq Abdullah, who became the Chief Minister.

But he was soon dismissed by the Governor and a breakaway faction of the National Conference came to power for a brief period.

The dismissal of Farooq Abdullah’s government due to the intervention of the Centre generated a feeling of resentment in Kashmir. The confidence that Kashmiris had developed in the democratic processes after the accord between Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Abdullah, received a setback.

The feeling that the Centre was intervening in the politics of the State was further strengthened when the National Conference in 1986 agreed to have an electoral alliance with the Congress, the ruling party in the Centre.

1987 Assembly Elections, Political Crisis, and Insurgency

It was in this environment that the 1987 Assembly election took place. The official results showed a massive victory for the National Conference-Congress alliance and Farooq Abdullah returned as Chief Minister.

However, it was widely believed that the results did not reflect the popular choice and that the entire election process was rigged.

A popular resentment had already been brewing in the State against the inefficient administration since the early 1980s. This was now augmented by the commonly prevailing feeling that democratic processes were being undermined at the behest of the Centre. This generated a political crisis in Kashmir which became severe with the rise of the insurgency.

By 1989, the State had come into the grip of a militant movement mobilized around the cause of a separate Kashmiri nation.

The insurgents got moral, material, and military support from Pakistan. The balance of influence had decisively tilted in Pakistan’s favor by the late 1980s, with people’s sympathy no longer with the Indian Union as it had been in 1947-48, 1965 or 1971.

The terrorists and militants drove out almost all the Hindus from the Kashmir valley, ensuring that a future plebiscite (if it happens) would be meaningless.

India imposed the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Jammu and Kashmir in 1990.

For several years, the State was under President’s rule and effectively under the control of the armed forces . Throughout the period from 1990, Jammu and Kashmir experienced violence at the hands of the insurgents and through army action.

1990 and Beyond – Growing Trust Deficit

After 1987, the pro-India sentiments of Kashmiri people tilted heavily towards Kashmiri Separatism. Pakistan, of course, added fuel to the fire – by giving moral and financial support to terrorists, militants, and insurgents. As a result, Kashmir frequently witnessed violence, curfew, stone-pelting, and firing between the troops of India and Pakistan across the Line of Control (LoC).

Thousands of soldiers, civilians, and militants have been killed in the uprising and the Indian crackdown since 1989.

Even though state elections were conducted, Kashmir did not return to normalcy before 1987 .

Assembly elections in the State were held only in 1996 in which the National Conference led by Farooq Abdullah came to power with a demand for regional autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir.

J&K experienced a very fair election in 2002. The National Conference failed to win a majority and was replaced by the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) and Congress coalition government.

In 2015, India’s ruling BJP party was sworn into government in Indian-administered Kashmir for the first time in coalition with the local People’s Democratic Party, with the latter’s Mufti Mohammad Sayeed as chief minister (followed by Mehbooba Mufti because of the death of her father and party founder). However, this coalition didn’t last for long.

Even though the Government of India is taking many steps to stop the insurgency and bring Kashmir back to normalcy, terrorist attacks like that in Pulwama have seriously hindered the peace process.

The Current Stand of India – Regarding the Kashmir Question

• No more mediation with the UN or any other other third parties.
• India and Pakistan should resolve issues through bilateral talks as agreed by the Simla Agreement.
• No Plebiscite in Kashmir unless Pakistan reverses the situation back to what was in 1947 (territory and demographics).

Who are the Kashmir Separatists?

• All Parties Hurriyat Conference
• Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
• Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
• Lashkar-e-Taiba
• Jaish-e-Mohammed
• Hizbul Mujahideen
• Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
• Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind Flag.png Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind (Since 2017)

What do Separatists demand?

Separatist politics which surfaced in Kashmir from 1989 has taken different forms and is made up of various strands.

• There is one strand of separatists who want a separate Kashmiri nation, independent of India and Pakistan.
• Then some groups want Kashmir to merge with Pakistan.
• Besides these, there is a third strand which wants greater autonomy for the people of the state within the Indian union .

Demand for intra-state autonomy

Even though the name of the state is Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), it comprises three social and political regions: Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh.

• Jammu – The Jammu region is a mix of foothills and plains, of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs and speakers of various languages.
• Kashmir – Kashmir Valley is the heart of the Kashmir region. The people are Kashmiri-speaking and are mostly Muslims. There is also a small Kashmiri-speaking Hindu minority.
• Ladakh – The Ladakh region is mountainous, and has a very small population which is equally divided between Buddhists and Muslims. Ladakh is divided into two main regions – Leh and Kargil.

It should also be noted that out of the 3 main administrative divisions – Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh – insurgency and demand for independence is high only in the Kashmir Valley. Most of the people in Jammu and Ladakh still wish to be part of India, even though they demand autonomy differently. They often complain of neglect and backwardness. The demand for intra-state autonomy is as strong as the demand for State autonomy in the regions of Jammu and Ladakh.

Article 370: Changes made via Presidential order of 2019

On 5 August 2019, Home Minister Amit Shah announced in the  Rajya Sabha  (upper house of the Indian Parliament) that the President of India had issued  The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 (C.O. 272) under Article 370, superseding the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.

The order stated that all the provisions of the Indian Constitution applied to Jammu and Kashmir.

While the 1954 order specified that only some articles of the Indian constitution to apply to the state, the new order removed all such restrictions.

This in effect meant that the separate Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir stood abrogated.

The President issued the order with the “concurrence of the Government of State of Jammu and Kashmir”, which meant the Governor appointed by the Union government.

Change of status: Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019

After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganized it into two union territories – Jammu and Kashmir in the west and Ladakh in the east.

The two union territories came into existence on 31 October 2019, which was celebrated as National Unity Day.

The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir was proposed to have a legislature under the bill whereas the union territory of Ladakh is proposed to not have one.

Urge for Peace

The initial period of popular support for militancy has now given way to the urge for peace.

The Centre has started negotiations with various separatist groups. Instead of demanding a separate nation, most of the separatists in the dialogue are trying to re-negotiate a relationship of the State with India.

The Kashmir issue – has multiple dimensions – external and internal; inter-state as well as intra-state. Not even the separatists are on the same ground – their demands are different.

The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir which was under the control of British India – is now not entirely with India. Pakistan and China too now occupy a significant portion of the territories of the erstwhile princely state.

Of course, the Kashmir problem also includes the issue of Kashmiri identity known as Kashmiriyat. However, almost every state in India has its own identity – Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, or Kerala. However, the people in each of these states even when seeing themselves as Tamilians, Kannadagans, Bengalis or Malayalis are also able to see the bigger picture – they identify themselves as Indians.

Jammu and Kashmir is one of the living examples of plural society and politics. Not only are there diversities of all kinds (religious, cultural, linguistic, ethnic, tribal) but there are also divergent political aspirations.

Unfortunately, from the perspective of the youth of Kashmir, there is a growing trust deficit. It’s a hard reality that Jammu and Kashmir never functioned like other Indian states since its accession to India. It had given higher autonomy initially, however, it got eroded in practice.

The first step to solving the Kashmir issue is to identify the problems behind the alienation of Kashmir. Here are some of them:

• Mishandling of the Kashmir Issue by the successive Central governments of India – which includes frequent dismissal of State Assemblies.
• The state governments of Kashmir failed to distribute the benefits of growth and development to every area of Kashmir.
• The terrorist and military outfits in Pakistan have been distancing the youth of Kashmir from the democratic form of the Indian government.
• The regular presence of the Indian Armed Force or CAPF in the Kashmir interiors, and the misuse of provisions like ASFPA.

To find a solution to the Kashmir issue – all stakeholders should be considered.

What is the need of the hour is proper integration of Kashmir, Jammu, and Ladakh with India. Integration should not be seen in a limited dimension of territory. India should be able to win the hearts of the people of Kashmir.

Only time can tell about the success of the changes made concerning the provisions of Article 370.

Kashmir was and still is an integral part of India. It has a plural and secular culture – just like the rest of India. Urgent steps should be taken to bridge the gaps of trust deficit in the minds of Kashmiri youth. All Kashmiris should get the due share in the growth story of India. Like all other states in India, there should be adequate political autonomy in Jammu and Kashmir.

Violence, terrorism, and killings are never the answer – be it on any side. What do you think?

Read: Ladakh statehood

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Reader Interactions

March 6, 2019 at 6:50 pm

The separatist themselves don’t want this situation to have a positive outcome as it will subsequently deteriorate/hamper their “political” stance which they’ve nurtured since a long time.

February 11, 2023 at 7:29 pm

I never seen a article like this…its amazing date wise i m from Kashmir i nvr understand Kashmir isssue , Kashmir history from beginning…but today i understand full 🌝 thanks to the author of this article 😊

March 6, 2019 at 7:30 pm

As long as radical brainwashed of youth continues…nothing can be done, first shut down all those radical institutions & then bring education that teaches about secularism & India’s beauty & achievements!

March 6, 2019 at 7:43 pm

kashmiri youth mind are washed out by these separatist…and some militant group ..work opportunity should be given to the youths of kashmir alike other states of india ….Empty mind see only a way to destruction…..

March 6, 2019 at 11:58 pm

The real situation of J&K can be assessed only by hearing the voices of the common people, the constitutional arrangements like Article 370, Article 35A & IoA must be respected to keep the relationship intact.

March 18, 2019 at 11:34 pm

Common people with normal situation ab toh majority Muslim log ka hi hai…. pehle un hinduwo ko bulo jinko waha se bhga diya gya …tb na brabar ka faisla hoga

March 7, 2019 at 9:52 am

there is another angle to look into this dispute and that is religion. religion play a major role in building and developing the behaviour of the society.

March 7, 2019 at 10:31 am

Yes, I do agree that wars, disputes, killing will no longer be a way to provide an efficient solution to Kashmir issue.

March 8, 2019 at 12:21 pm

wonderful article….!! what i believe is ..us Indians should stand together for Kashmir… and make people of Kashmir know that though we are 1000’s of kilometers away we still stand for them will be their strength…Apart from all the political drama they should know that a simple spark in kashmir will cause a wildfire in kanyakumari.. The role of govt here is the root cause of all the issues if u ask me .. what were you doing while the kidnapper lure the kid with the candy …? now indian govt should respect the kashmiri’s give them the hope and gain trust.. a lot of bloodshed ,mutilated bodies , power abuse , women abuse … give them hope …show them we love them .. youth from other states understand the kashmiris show them the support.. show them why they should be a part of india …

March 8, 2019 at 5:20 pm

For the violence to stop in Kashmir and preventing this problem to further aggravate development plans, projects should be well reached in the state so that the youth is engaged in something productive rather than destructive work. First of all, the politicisation of the State situation should be avoided.

March 13, 2019 at 11:31 pm

This is not the solution of problem,but give the right of people.As it is mentioned is article that Kashmir was a princely state,it has right to what they want,the Kashmir dispute has only one solution come India and Pakistan forward and give rights to Jammu and Kashmir people what they want,and destroy this illegal occupied.

March 14, 2019 at 2:54 pm

Further plubicite may useful for kashmiris yo choose their will…

March 27, 2019 at 7:14 pm

Your assumption of Kashmir being an integral part of India because the it was a part of The Mughal Empire is akin to the assumption that India is an integral part of Great Britain because it was a British colony once. That is ridiculous! The problem would not be solved till India accepts the fact that Kashmir is not an integral part of India. You cannot blame Pakistan for it then because Pakistan was as much ‘India’ once as new India is. So morally, historically, Politically and logically, by your argument, Pakistan is nowhere wrong to claim Kashmir for itself!

April 7, 2019 at 6:48 pm

but chirag The Government of Pakistan agrees to have Standstill Agreement with Jammu and Kashmir but india didn’t. So, Pakistan is wrong as it was a the first one who attack….in 1947 october after that indian government helps J&K and our military took over the charge.

April 7, 2019 at 9:33 pm

state politician are taking due benefit of the prevailing situation in jammu kashmir. They are making their vote bank at the cost of common public. Center should make efforts to ground level development through job creation employment generation education and overall development of state. mare education is not solution even the highly educated students after getting no source of income has diverted their route which mislead the other growing youth. Stone pelting is source of income for some public because they are paid for this for which politicians and other extremists are responsible as they bargain with center for normalcy of situation.

July 10, 2019 at 10:56 am

all is messed up because of british government gave 3 choice instead of two

August 2, 2019 at 2:47 am

Very good article, Alex! 🙂

August 9, 2019 at 8:30 pm

The only thing matters is that J&K belongs to India, anyone can claim it but won’t get even a stone of it. (At least till the plebiscite is done with all the Kashmiris taking part including the one who had left or removed from Kashmir). They do deserve to take their own decision with all due respect but including all the Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Buddhists.

August 14, 2019 at 6:31 pm

This is the best article I have ever read……!!! Really helpful in making a notes on Kashmir…..Thankyou very much…..!!!!!!

August 19, 2019 at 6:42 pm

Now the minds of kashmir people have been washed with the continuous presence of separatists and the Pak sponsored terrorism. No more plebiscites are needed to be given to these people. Indian government and the constitution is supreme. They have revoked 370 to bring the J & K into mainstream for all round development of J&K and its people. Pak does not have any right to interfere in our affairs, since its accession to India.

January 24, 2020 at 9:12 pm

Really good notes, grateful thanks to clearias team

February 9, 2020 at 6:21 pm

If Indian government wanted to integrated Kashmir into Indian Union, they should behave like human towards Kashmiri people who suffered from torture, disappearance, rapped by Indian Army from decades. Even Kashmiri youth experience torture, mob lynching by rest of indian people and although India wanted to integrate land of Kashmir not the people.

March 30, 2020 at 12:07 am

Can I download all of this in pdf format?

April 22, 2020 at 9:16 pm

Thank you sir

May 21, 2020 at 1:25 pm

It’s a very good article and has explained the J&K issue as easily as possible yet maintained the details. My look over the recent amendments on the J&K issue has changed, and it looks like a step that will work for the people in the long run (however not in the short term).

September 14, 2020 at 12:23 pm

Now come to know more about J & K issue… Contents of several book in one article.. Separatists,militants,terrorists, defunct politicians should be treated hard with central / State agencies … Hope for peace not only in valley… But in all parts including jammu,Kashmir & Ladakh……

October 27, 2020 at 12:44 am

I have a simple question. Even if both Pakistan and India want and agree on something. Should that be the solution, or should it be what the people want. To me, whether you like it or not, its the right of the Kashmiris to decide what they want for their future. Give them that right, thats the only fair solution.

And if you are not bothered by what is fair then the alternative is to go with the powerful and war is the way to find who is stronger.

March 21, 2022 at 3:38 pm

This Article is Baseless and Far From Ground Reality of Our Kashmir Nation , Kashmir Is not a integral or Vein of Any Nation wether is India or Pakistan , Kashmir Is Independent Before Birth of India or Pakistan.. Due to Continues occupation by Non Kashmirs Wehter is Muslim or Non Muslims , We Kashmirs Fight against the Occupation From years, still we are under Occupation joinlty by India paksitain and China ,, We Kashmirs are Peaceful Community between three Nation , we Lost more then 1 lakh we are wintess of crimes done by Non Kashmirs, we kashmiri Never agaist any Pakistain or India , but we never allow any indian or pakitain Interfercne in out kashmir , due to interference of India and Pakistan is responsible for destruction of our kashmir nation , We Peaple of kashmir never accept any occupation , 1000 political Drama playing by tri nation till date in our kashmir..

we Kashmiri appeal to Good and responsible Citizen of India and Pakistaini , both-side people are misguided regarding the Kashmir nation, the Ground Reality is different.. we Kashmiri respect both side nation as guest , we welcome every country peoples visit our kashmir people but we never accept India and pakistain occupation and we never forget the crimes of India and pakistain .

April 27, 2023 at 5:08 pm

Please update your notes. This is brilliantly done.

July 26, 2023 at 7:08 pm

Unbiased, good analysis and effectively presented. Hope the powers to be can affect the policy ideas presented here. Thanks!

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Essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue

Students are often asked to write an essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue

Introduction.

Jammu and Kashmir is a region in northern India with a complex history. It has been a subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947.

Historical Background

Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state during British rule. During partition in 1947, it had the option to join either India or Pakistan.

The Dispute

The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir chose to accede to India. This decision led to a conflict between India and Pakistan, sparking several wars.

Current Scenario

Today, the region is divided between the three nations. The issue remains unresolved, causing tension and conflict.

250 Words Essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), a region of immense geopolitical significance, has been a contentious issue between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. The dispute originates from the complex historical, political, and socio-cultural dynamics of the region.

Historical Context

The princely state of J&K, predominantly Muslim but ruled by a Hindu Maharaja, acceded to India post-partition under certain conditions. The Instrument of Accession, signed by Maharaja Hari Singh, promised a high degree of autonomy to J&K, which was later enshrined in Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.

Conflict and International Dimensions

The region has witnessed multiple wars, insurgency, and a constant state of tension. Pakistan, claiming the entire state based on its Muslim majority, has sought international intervention, while India insists it’s a bilateral issue. The conflict has also caught the attention of global powers, given its strategic location and nuclear dimension.

Recent Developments

In August 2019, the Indian government abrogated Article 370, revoking J&K’s special status. This move has added a new layer to the dispute, intensifying the debate on autonomy, integration, and human rights.

The Jammu and Kashmir issue is not merely a territorial dispute but a complex mesh of historical, political, and socio-cultural aspects. It is a challenge that demands a nuanced understanding and an approach that respects the aspirations of the people of J&K, while ensuring geopolitical stability.

500 Words Essay on Jammu and Kashmir Issue

Jammu and Kashmir, an idyllic region nestled in the northernmost part of India, has been a hotbed of political and territorial disputes since the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. The issue is complex, involving historical, political, and socio-cultural aspects that have shaped the region’s current dynamics.

At the time of partition, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, under the rule of Maharaja Hari Singh, chose to remain independent. However, an invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan prompted the Maharaja to accede to India, which led to the first Indo-Pak war. The United Nations intervened, leading to a ceasefire and the establishment of a Line of Control (LoC), dividing the region into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Political Dimensions

The political dimension of the Jammu and Kashmir issue is characterized by divergent narratives. India maintains that the region is an integral part of its territory, while Pakistan asserts that the majority-Muslim region should have been part of its territory post-partition. There is also a third narrative, primarily advocated by separatist groups within the region, demanding complete independence or self-determination.

Article 370 and 35A

Article 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution granted Jammu and Kashmir a special status, allowing it to have its own constitution and flag, and restricting outsiders from buying property in the state. However, in August 2019, the Indian government abrogated these articles, integrating the region fully into India. This move sparked widespread criticism and protests, both domestically and internationally.

Socio-Cultural Implications

The dispute over Jammu and Kashmir has profound socio-cultural implications. The region has witnessed several bouts of violence, leading to loss of life and property, and creating deep-seated fear and mistrust among communities. The issue has also led to the displacement of several communities, most notably the Kashmiri Pandits, who were forced to flee the valley during the insurgency in the 1990s.

International Aspects

The Jammu and Kashmir issue has significant international ramifications. Apart from being a point of contention between India and Pakistan, it has also drawn the attention of global powers, particularly China, which controls the Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. The region’s strategic location, coupled with its rich natural resources, makes it a focal point in geopolitics.

The Jammu and Kashmir issue is a complex amalgamation of historical, political, and socio-cultural factors. Resolution of this dispute requires a nuanced understanding of these dimensions, coupled with a commitment to dialogue and diplomacy. It is essential to prioritize the welfare of the region’s inhabitants, ensuring their rights, aspirations, and cultural identities are respected in any future settlement.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Winter in Kashmir
• Essay on Protect Nature
• Essay on Living in Harmony With Nature

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The Latest Kashmir Conflict Explained

India argues it is stabilizing Kashmir—but, Islamabad says it will have dire consequences for the region.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019 / By: Tara Kartha;  Jalil Jilani

Publication Type: Analysis

Editor’s Note: USIP Jennings Randolph Fellows Dr. Tara Kartha and Ambassador Jalil Jilani look at the latest crisis in Kashmir from their respective views. Dr. Kartha was a member of India’s National Security Council for 15 years and has over 30 years’ experience in national security policy. Amb. Jilani, a career Pakistani diplomat, is a former ambassador to the U.S. and former foreign secretary. This post represents the views of the authors and not those of USIP.

India aims to stabilize Jammu and Kashmir. But, why now?

Kartha: On August 5, India decided to take a long-considered move using article 370 of its constitution to change the status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Although this has long been a part of the platform of Prime Minister Narenda Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the overwhelming majority of parliamentarians across all parties supported the decision—with 351 votes for and 72 against. Even the general secretary of the opposition Congress Party expressed his approval. This has been a move long in the making, with the backing of a wide swath of Indian political actors. But, the question remains, why now?

New Delhi made this move in an effort to stabilize Jammu and Kashmir and integrate it more fully with the Indian state. The Modi government’s decision is aimed at promoting local governance and encouraging investment in a state that has lagged behind for decades. The lack of effective local governance has hampered the development of the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir, including Ladakh, Jammu, and tourism dependant areas like Sonamarg and Gulmarg.  

Although much criticized, New Delhi’s stepped-up security and communications restrictions implemented along with the August 5 decision were lifted in 136 of 197 police station areas. Many schools have also reopened. Jammu and Kashmir will gradually return to normal, barring any terrorist activity or violence.

India believes that the accession of Jammu and Kashmir is final, and any unfinished business regarding partition of the greater Kashmir region only concerns areas occupied by Pakistan. Reorganizing Jammu and Kashmir made no territorial changes, but sought to more closely integrate the state with the rest of India. Therefore, for India, the dispute between India and Pakistan remains unchanged.

The advancement of U.S.-Taliban talks, and the imminence of a deal, has demonstrated to India that the U.S. is serious about withdrawing from Afghanistan. India fears that this could lead to history repeating itself. When another superpower, the Soviet Union, left Afghanistan some 30 years ago, intense terrorism in Kashmir immediately followed, as those who fought the Soviets turned to India.

To India, Islamabad’s objections to the move ring hollow. Over the years, Pakistan has unilaterally changed the status of other territories it occupies in the greater Kashmir region, namely Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Just last year, Pakistan changed the structure of Azad Kashmir’s government. India protested the change. But, unlike Pakistani Prime Minister Khan’s warning of a heightened risk of war and terrorism following the August 5 decision, India did not resort to threats over Azad Kashmir.

Islamabad now has a choice. It can continue to support terrorism in Kashmir, which has not only devastated the region, but also severely hurt Pakistan’s economy. Or it can choose to cease such support and focus on its internal economic problems. Once the threat of terrorism is removed, there will surely be room for dialogue.

By rooting out terrorism, Pakistan can focus on economic development and more effectively leverage its immense resources to boost its economy. This could encourage economic linkages across the region, leading to greater regional stability in the long run.

What are the consequences for India, Pakistan and the region?

Jilani: India’s unilateral decision to revoke Article 370 of its constitution has severely hampered the chances of a renewal of the peace process between New Delhi and Islamabad. From Pakistan's perspective the Indian action constitutes a grave violation of the U.N. Security Council resolutions on Kashmir and bilateral Pakistan-India agreements, such as the 1972 Shimla Agreement and the Lahore Declaration.

Prime Minister Narenda Modi’s government’s decision will have far reaching consequences for Pakistan-India relations and regional peace and security. Islamabad says that increased repression and human rights violations by Indian forces in Indian Occupied Kashmir will breed violence, fuel indigenous uprising, and further generate tension with Pakistan. Yet, since August 5, India has mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops, detained thousands of Kashmiris, and imposed a curfew resulting in food and medicine shortages. In Islamabad’s eyes, the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir has become a garrison area.

With the illegal steps taken by the Indian government—imposition of curfew, arrests of political leaders and blockade of communications—the situation has reached a tipping point. Intensifying violence in Indian-occupied Kashmir poses serious challenges for Pakistan and the region. These challenges include:

• For Pakistan, Kashmir remains the core issue and Islamabad cannot envision a dialogue with India that excludes the Kashmir issue.
• Islamabad rejects India’s claim that Kashmir is an internal matter, pointing to past and present international and bilateral calls for a peaceful resolution through dialogue. India’s move violates multiple U.N. Security Council resolutions and is unacceptable to Pakistan and the international community.
• The faint hope for a reasonable settlement based on the four-point formula—which became the basis of back-channel negotiations during the 2004-08 peace process and envisaged self-governance for Kashmiris, demilitarization, travel across the Line of Control and a monitoring mechanism, while also protecting the vital interests of the two countries—has been extinguished.
• Pakistan fears India could stage a false flag in either Jammu and Kashmir or mainland India and blame it on Pakistan in order to divert attention from the volatile situation in Kashmir.
• The possibility of direct Indian intervention in Azad Kashmir or subversion inside Pakistan cannot be ruled out. In case India directly intervenes in Pakistan or in Azad Kashmir or Gilgit-Baltistan (both of which are part of what the U.N. calls Pakistan-administered Kashmir), it could result in war between the nuclear powers with incalculable implications for both countries and the region.
• The outcome of the current Indian actions could result in more refugees from India into Pakistan.
• The latest Indian action will complicate the resolution of other long-standing disputes over issues like the Siachen Glacier and Sir Creek.
• The Indian decision will adversely impact people-to-people contacts and trade relations between the two countries.
• Tension between India and Pakistan will have a negative impact on regional security. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation process is already suspended due to India-Pakistan tensions. India’s move is a further blow to regional cooperation.

Irrespective of India’s actions, the fact is that Kashmir is an internationally recognized disputed territory and will remain so until the legitimate aspirations of the Kashmiris are fulfilled. India’s repression in Kashmir is unlikely to change this reality.

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A Short Introduction to the Kashmir Issue

Essay, 2010, 6 pages, grade: a, arghya ray (author).

Thesis Statement

Kashmir is a disputed region between India and Pakistan, which has vitiated the political environment of the Indian Subcontinent. The Kashmir issue stands as a debacle for nearly six decades and there has been almost no progress in resolving the problem.

Introduction

Kashmir is a mountainous region, which enjoys a very important geo-political situation. It is surrounded by Pakistan in the west and China embraces it in the east. The Indian provinces of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab are in the south. Its northern fringes touch the borders of Afghanistan too. The area is famous for its extra-ordinary natural beauty and resources. Presently, the northern and western sides of the region are occupied by Pakistan while the southern and eastern parts are controlled by the Indian Union. For over six decades, the region has been devastated by confrontations between the two countries. Both India and Pakistan are nuclear powers and in the case of another shooting war between them; the entire subcontinent including Kashmir may be destroyed. Presently, it is at the diplomatic hyper point of the bilateral relationships between the two countries.

Pre-history of the Conflict

The British Indian Empire was formed of hundreds of princely states spread all over the Indian Subcontinent. After the World War II, when the British finally decided to bring their rule to an end, the fate of these princely states was brought under scrutiny. The Princely states were now supposed to join either India or Pakistan after the British authorities leave. In regards of this process of the evolution of India and Pakistan, Jyoti Trehan remarks, “The process of integration of princely states was not without its highs and lows.”(Trehan 201)

Finally in June, 1947, the British accepted Pakistan Plan. But the Hindu Maharajah Sir Hari Singh (the ruling monarch of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir) was hesitating to join either Pakistan or India. However, the census of 1941 shows that almost 77% of the population of Kashmir was comprised of Muslims (Das 264). Since the Maharajah had acceded to neither side until the formation of India and Pakistan in August, 1947, Pakistan decided to act along communal lines. Being a Muslim dominated state, it decided to ‘liberate’ Kashmir and backed the Azad Kashmir Force. In October, 1947, Pakistan invaded Kashmir and captured its northern and western parts. On the Maharajahs request and accession to India, the authorities in Delhi now reacted by sending troops to the region and Pakistani advances were arrested soon. Thus, the southern and eastern parts of the region were retained in the Indian Union and constituted as the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Causes of the Conflict

To understand the causes of the conflict, the historic Partition of India has to be referenced. Under the British Rule, Indian Subcontinent was mainly inhabited by the two major religious groups, Hindus and Muslims. The two communities had friendly relationships and they offered a united struggle to achieve independence from the British Rule during the later half of the Nineteenth Century. But undercurrents of tension between the two communities became forceful with the lapse of time. Power politics between All India Muslim League and Indian National Congress (the two major political powers of the undivided India) culminated at widespread communal tension and violence during the 1930s and early 1940s. Consequently, the colossal task of partitioning India became unavoidable. After the Partition in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim dominated state while India emerged as a secular, democratic country. And the province of Kashmir, which is situated at the border of the two countries, got tangled and entrapped between them.

The Course of Indo-Pak Confrontations

1940 – In the Lahore Resolution, M. A. Jinnah puts forward the Two-nation Theory and the demand of Pakistan is raised.

1946 – Muslim Conference takes on the Azad Kashmir Resolution.

October, 1947 – War breaks out between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir issue.

1965 – Indo-Pak War breaks out again. Pakistan is defeated and the Tashkent Pact is signed.

1971 – Indo-Pak War breaks out once again over the East Pakistan.

1972 – East Pakistan is liberated and the Bangladesh Republic is formed.

1978 – Military Rule in Pakistan. Proxy war with India begins. Pakistan affirms its support for the separatist organizations in Punjab and Kashmir.

1999 – Kargil War takes place between India and the Pakistan backed infiltrators.

2008 – Successful Assembly Elections in the Jammu and Kashmir State in India. National Conference emerges as a major political power in the state.

The Current State of Affairs

With the lapse of time, Pakistan has shown tendencies towards Military Rule and autocratic governance. On several occasions, India has alleged that Pakistan has sponsored the different terrorist organizations in Kashmir. Moreover, India holds Pakistan responsible for several devastating terrorist attacks directed against India. On the other hand, Pakistan affirmatively sticks to its policy of extending ‘moral support’ to the separatists in Kashmir. In such a state of affair, the common Kashmiris are suffering most. The innocent people are being victimized by baneful separatist propaganda. Confrontations between Indian military and armed separatists have caused huge loss of property, money, and lives so far. Moreover, the specter of Al Qaeda and Taliban has made the situation more complicated and dangerous in this part of the world.

Kashmir issue has been the primary cause of diplomatic, political, and military stand off between India and Pakistan. Of late, both the sides are showing interest to begin bilateral talks once again. According to Farah Ibrahim, the solution of the issue lies in a planned conflict Resolution (Ibrahim 289). The way to this conflict resolution lies in the methods of psychological intervention. Psychological perspective of the problem is more propound than its military, political, and diplomatic dimensions and interpretations. Unlike the “sharp rise in the ideal of Hindu nationalism” (Wirsing 163), solution to Kashmir issue lies in the acceptance of the fact that the common Kashmiris deserve to live a normal and peaceful life. India and Pakistan both must come forward to eradicate the terrorist organizations functional in Kashmir, and continue the bilateral talks. The confidence building measures must be initiated meaningfully. In this way, by mutual goodwill, the political authorities of India and Pakistan can bring peace to the doomed province.

Works Cited

Das, Taraknath. "The Kashmir Issue and the United Nations." Political Science Quarterly 65.2 (1950): 264. Print.

Ibrahim, Farah "Peace in Kashmir: A Worldview, Psychological Intervention." International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 27.2 (2005): 289-297. Print.

Trehan, Jyoti. "Terrorism and the Funding of Terrorism in Kashmir." Journal of Financial Crime 9.3 (2002): 201-211. Print.

Wirsing, Robert "Indian Policy in Jammu and Kashmir." India , Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute: On Regional Conflict and Its Resolution . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998. 163. Print.

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100 Words Essay On The Kashmir Issue In English

The Kashmir Issue is one that is complex. It can be traced back to the time of partition. 

With the end of British rule, conflicts emerged between the Hindus and the Muslims, with the latter wanting a separate country of their own. 

After the Partition in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated country while India emerged as a secular, democratic country. The province of Kashmir, situated at the border of the two countries, got tangled and entrapped between them.

Today, POK, PoK, or Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, in India remains the portion of Kashmir under the Pakistani administration. 

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Essay on Kashmir Issue with Outline and Quotations

This post contains an Essay on Kashmir Issue with Outline and Quotations for the students of Class 10, Class 12, FSc, B.A, BSc, Graduation, and others. The same essay could be written under the title Essay on Kashmir Issue or Few Lines about Kashmir. There are many other important essays for different Classes are available here as well. Click here for more Essays. Kashmir Conflict is between India and Pakistan. Now, this issue is a current affair nowadays and this Essay on Kashmir Problem is very important for exams. Here are 2 essay examples the first one is with outline and quotes and the second one is simple and easy.

Kashmir Issue Essay with Outline and Quotes for Students

• A bone of contention.
• The right of self-determination.
• The inexpressible miseries of the Kashmiris.
• India is projecting the struggle as “Muslim Fundamentalism.”
• UNO should play an active role.

“Liberty will not descend to a people; It is a blessing that must be earned Before it can be enjoyed.”

Kashmir is a bone of contention between Pakistan and India. The Kashmir issue is the biggest hindrance in the normalization of relations between Pakistan and India. The two countries have fought two full-fledged wars over this issue. In view of its geopolitical significance, India desired to acquire Kashmir when the partition of the sub-continent became inevitable circumstances when the Kashmiri Muslims revolted against the evil designs of India.

“True independence and freedom can only exist in doing what’s right.” (Brigham Young)

Pakistan is of the view that only the people of Kashmir have a right to determine the future of Kashmir. The UN resolutions of August 13, 1948, and January 5, 1949, which were accepted both by India and Pakistan provided for the holding a plebiscite under the UN auspices to settle the Kashmir issue.

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The people of Kashmir have been suffering from inexpressible miseries since 1948. The unending curfew, rape cases, torture cells and crushing of their resources are only the slight expression of their miseries. A new hell can be witnessed in this old heaven. India is projecting the struggle in Kashmir as “Muslim Fundamentalism”. India cannot throw the dust into the eyes of the World Community by labeling the Kashmir Liberation Movement as “Religious fanaticism”. In fact, the Kashmiri people along with their Islamic aspirations are fighting for the protection of their political, religious, cultural and economic rights. It is the expression of the entire community. The Indian authorities have failed to understand the core issue and are trying to deal with it as that of law and order. They link it to terrorism sponsored by Pakistan.

“Be an independent thinker at all times, and ignore anyone who attempts to define you in a limiting way.”   ( Sherry Argov)

The time has come when UNO should play an active role as it has played an Iraq-Kuwait case. The resolutions on Kashmir are yet to be fully implemented. The UNO has lost its repute as peacekeeping and peacemaking body. The unending struggle of the freedom fighters has proved that the will of people cannot be suppressed. It is the moral obligation of the International Community to rescue the innocent Kashmiris from the brutalities, cruelties and atrocities of the occupation army of India. The Muslim Ummah should also come out of its slumber and prove it to the world that Islam is a force which cannot be suppressed.

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02.  Essay on Kashmir Issue and its Solution

Kashmir Dispute / Problem / Issue and Its solution

Kashmir was once said to be a heaven on the earth. But at present, the situation is totally different and the circumstances are worst. In Occupied Kashmir, raping of the Muslim girls and women by the armed forces of Hindustan has become common. The Muslim men and women, and boys and girls are being persecuted to death into the torture cells by the Indian army soldiers.

The innocent Kashmiri Muslims are being killed mercilessly on a large scale. In fact, the Valley of Occupied Kashmir has become a slaughter-house of the Kashmiri Muslims. At present, occupied Kashmir is presenting a terrible spectacle.

The U.N.O. passed two resolutions in 1948 and 1949, which were accepted both by Pakistan and Hindustan, for the holding of a plebiscite under the supervision of U.N.O. to settle the Kashmir issue forever. These two resolutions are still hanging fire.

The Western countries are playing the most condemnable role regarding the Kashmir issue. The politicians of these countries seem to be worried about the pollution, caused by smoke and noise, but it is a matter of great regret that they are not paying any attention to the pollution caused by the blood of the innocent Muslims of occupied Kashmir.

The Hindustan Government has so far used all the possible tools to crush the freedom movement of the Kashmiri Muslims in their own homeland. The rulers of Hindustan have so far failed to understand the real problem. They are trying to deal with the freedom-movement of the Kashmir’s as terrorism against Hindustan.

In fact, the freedom-movement of the Kashmiri’s is the expression of the entire community of Kashmir. The students, the traders, the house-wives, the farmers and the politicians are all one in this freedom-movement. The daily killing of innocent Kashmiris has not demoralized them. It has rather given them a new courage, a new zeal, and new confidence to fight for their rights of self-determination.

The Law enforcing Agencies of Hindustan has crippled countless Muslims in the occupied Kashmir. It appears as if Hindustan will never be prepared to recognize the right of self-determination of the Kashmiris as the rulers of Hindustan are not ready to negotiate and solve the Kashmir Issue under Simla Agreement and U.N.O resolutions.

To conclude, the international community must pressurize Hindustan to accept the justified demand of the Kashmiris. It must impose economic restrictions on Hindustan. It must also use force under U.N.O. The time has now come when U.N.O must play an effective role to solve the Kashmir issue as it has played in Iraq-Kuwait case, otherwise, it can lose its vitality as peace-keeping and peace-making organization in the world.

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Since the partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan in 1947, the Kashmir dispute has been an intractable one between them. They fought three wars over it in1948, 1965, and 1999, but have not been able to resolve it. The partition left the fate of over 550 princely states undecided. They were required to accede to either of the two states on the basis of the geographical location and wishes of their people.

The state of Jammu and Kashmir should have acceded to Pakistan because of its Muslim majority population and geographical location, but this was not happened when Mahraja Hari  Singh seek military assistance from India to resist the Pakistani tribal’s attacks and ultimately signed the ‘Instrument of Accession’ with India. Eventually Indian forces intervened and captured the state of Jammu and Kashmir. From that day Kashmir dispute has been the core issue between both Pakistan and India, which also had kept the security of entire South Asia at stake because of their extensive nuclear capability.

So, the Kashmir issue has been a major bone of contention from the day of independence, resulted in three wars, numerous conflicts between India and Pakistan and severely rigid diplomacy. The United Nations Security Council had tried to resolve the dispute by declaring that the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan should be decided through the democratic method by holding a free and fair plebiscite but India had rejected any mediation which opposed its claim regarding Kashmir.

Kashmir’s strategic importance lies in the fact that its borders meet with China and Afghanistan and also is close to Russia. Almost all the rivers which flow through Pakistan, originate from Kashmir, that’s why both the countries ignore stepping back claiming of this territory.

The failure of diplomacy to resolve the Kashmir issue attracted international and regional attention to it. After the wars of 1948, 1962 and 1965, determined efforts were made to resolve this issue. In 1948, the United Nations became deeply involved but India didn’t show flexibility. After the India-China border War of 1962, there were intense but fruitless American and British efforts to bridge a gap between India and Pakistan. The end of 1965 war saw Soviet Union as a regional peacemaker. The Soviets did manage to promote a peace treaty at Tashkent, but this could not establish peace in the region and soon Indian involvement in East Pakistan led to her separation in 1970-71.

The most consistent feature of great power influence on the Kashmir problem has been its ineffectiveness. Besides Cold war rivalries, both United States and the Soviet Union have played significant, often parallel and cooperative roles in the subcontinent. Both Washington and Moscow made several inconclusive efforts to mediate the dispute or bring about its peaceful resolution, but were distrustful of anything more. It took the 1990 crisis with its nuclear dimension, to bring the United States back to the region.

Soviet Union, United states and China have different policies towards the Kashmir dispute according to their own interests. In the beginning all of them showed neutrality but with the changing world’s politics and dimensions, they formulate their concerns regarding Kashmir. China‘s Kashmir policy has passed through different stages. In first phase, from 1949 to 1960s, China avoided siding with either India or Pakistan; instead it favored a resolution of the issue through peaceful settlements and also opposed the role of UN and United States to mediate Kashmir issue.

The second phase started from early 1960s and lasted till 1970. Sino-Indian border war of 1962 started hostility between India and China resulted close relations with Pakistan. China stood by Pakistan on Kashmir issue with firm support for the right of self determination. But in 1970s, China adopted neutral policy on Kashmir issue as its relations were normal with India; this was reflected during Kargil conflict and Indo-Pak military possible conflict in 2001-2.

The normal relations between India and Pakistan on Kashmir would bring benefits to the United States. Indo-Pak tensions are especially dangerous because they bring two nuclear states on the brink of war. They divert Pakistan from fighting terrorists and militants on their own soils. India and Pakistan need to engage in combined bilateral talks on all important issues. Continuing tensions over Kashmir will weaken any initiative to bring stability to South Asia as well as bring about the risk of a nuclear war. It will be quite right by assuming that Kashmir is the root cause of much of the militancy in South Asia.

It is necessary for international community to realize that peace and stability in South Asia can only be guaranteed if all outstanding disputes between Pakistan and India, including the Kashmir dispute should be resolved because Pakistan has become a frontline state against the Global War of terrorism.The best solution of the Kashmir dispute could be the right of self determination which should be given to Kashmiris in order to give them the right to decide to whom they want to accede.

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The essay on kashmir issue and dispute discusses the recognition of this world problem by uno and the three parties to it, kashmir issue: an outline:.

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Essay on Kashmir in English 100, 200, 300, 500 Words PDF

Essay on kashmir.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir – The essay on Kashmir has been written in simple English and easy words for children and students. This English essay mentions Kashmir its beautiful land and places, Why is Kashmir beautiful? What are the challenges to the beauty of Kashmir, and why everyone should go and discover it? Students are often asked to write essay on Kashmir in their schools and colleges. If you are also looking for the same, then we have given essays on this topic in 100-word, 200-word, 300-word, and 500-word.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir

Essay (100 words).

Kashmir is a beautiful state of India and is considered the most important part of India which is called heaven on earth, it is said that there is no place more beautiful than Kashmir, it is also called Switzerland of India.

The capital of Jammu and Kashmir is Srinagar. There are many high Himalayan peaks, glaciers, valleys, rivers, evergreen forests, hills, etc., and many other places. Snowfall occurs throughout the year in Kashmir.

The weather here is always pleasant. Many tourists come every year to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. During snowfall, it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Apple trees can be seen here which are very beautiful to look at.

Essay (200 Words)

Kashmir is known as “Paradise on Earth” which is a top-class tourist destination. Its picturesque view of snow-capped peaks, lush green valleys, and tranquil lakes attracts tourists from all over the world.

Tourism is an important sector for the economy of Kashmir, its unique attractions include Dal Lake which is known for its houseboats, and Amarnath Cave an important pilgrimage site that also attracts a large number of tourists. Furthermore, the Mughal Gardens reflect the brilliance of Persian architecture.

Kashmir creates innumerable employment opportunities for the local people ranging from hotel and restaurant services to handicrafts and transportation which contributes significantly to its GDP.

Despite its natural beauty, the tourist destination of Kashmir has been affected by conflict. Due to security concerns, there has been a decline in the number of tourists which has impacted the local economy. The government is continuously making concerted efforts to revive and promote tourism in Kashmir.

Tourism in Kashmir is a blend of cultural richness, natural beauty, and thrilling adventure. Despite many challenges, its potential is immense. With the right strategies, it can become a symbol of economic growth and cultural exchange while preserving its natural splendor for future generations.

Essay (300 Words)

Introduction

Jammu and Kashmir is the most beautiful and important part of the earth which is located in the northern part of India. Kashmir is also called heaven on earth. It has Pakistan on its western border and China on its northern and eastern borders. About 8 languages are spoken in Kashmir, while the area is about 54571 square miles and its population is about 1,01,43,700. ,

Beauty of Kashmir

The weather of Kashmir is always very pleasant, during snowfall it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Many tourists keep coming from India and abroad to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. Apples are grown here the trees are very beautiful to look at.

Heaven on Earth

Kashmir is called heaven on earth because it has very high hills, dense forests, and lakes flowing between the valleys. Therefore it is considered like the crown of India, there is a sudden change in the weather here which enhances its beauty, due to its beauty people are attracted here and often come to visit.

Kashmir a Tourist Destination

Kashmir is one of the most famous places in India. People often come here throughout the year for their holidays. Whoever visits Kashmir says that the real heaven is in Kashmir. There are many tourist places here for the people – like Sonamarg, Pahalgam, Patna Top, Srinagar, Gulmarg, Sonamarg, etc. There are many lakes here which add to the beauty of Kashmir.

Kashmir which is called heaven on earth is very beautiful. Impressed by its beauty, people from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. If you too are looking for a hill station to spend your holidays, then there cannot be a better option than Kashmir. Despite its conflicts, Kashmir is an ideal tourist destination for the people. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish.

Essay (500 Words)

Kashmir is an important part of India which is also considered as heaven on earth. It is known for its spectacular beauty, snow-clad hills, amazing snow-covered mountain ranges, beautiful lakes, lush green farming, evergreen gardens, and a mesmerizing beauty that cannot be described in words. Kashmir has always been a center of attraction for many reasons – be it its enchanting beauty, issues of cross-border terrorism, political issues, or the terror and fear associated with the place, these are the reasons why Kashmir is always in the news.

The Beauty of Kashmir Valley

The Kashmir Valley is surrounded by the Himalayan mountain ranges which remain covered with snow almost throughout the year. It is surrounded by China and Tibet in the east while it is surrounded by Pakistan in the west. Kashmir Valley is one of the largest valleys in the country which extends over an area of 105 square km. There are many rivers here in which Jhelum River is the main river of Kashmir and it flows in different areas of Kashmir by making branches at different places. Other important rivers of the valley include the Indus and Chenab rivers.

Kashmir Weather

Summers in Kashmir are very mild between the months of May and August while the monsoon season occurs from September to November and becomes cold with the onset of winter by the end of November. The actual winter season occurs between December and February when temperatures drop extremely low. Visiting snow-capped mountains during this time leaves one in awe of the power of nature.

Spring season occurs in Kashmir between March and April. Tourists can visit this place to see the valley covered and adorned with the finest colors of nature and lush greenery.

Trees and Animals

Almond trees, walnut trees, poplar or maple trees, cedar, birch trees, and blue cedar are found in abundance in this region. Apart from this, animals like leopards, mountain foxes, jackals, hangul, musk deer, langur, black bears, etc. live in the wildlife. This valley is home to 120 species of birds and some of them are pheasants and bulbuls.

Terrorism in Kashmir

The Kashmir issue is still unresolved and both India and Pakistan have been shedding blood for years over its rights. Kashmir Valley is infamous for political disputes. People living in the valley are still living a life full of struggle. Bloodshed and imposition of curfew are common in the valley and the problems of the people increase due to the deployment of the army throughout the year in sensitive areas.

Some unresolved disputes have given rise to terrorist attacks and cross-border terrorist activities continue to occur between the two countries. The governments of both countries have tried several times to resolve the disputes and free the area from terrorist activities, but have not been successful yet.

Despite the controversies, Kashmir is a very beautiful place which is called heaven on earth. People from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. Although there are many beautiful places in India the best place among them is Kashmir. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish. But Kashmir is an area affected by terrorism. So we need to be alert and careful there.

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Paragraph On Kashmir Issue

There is a dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. This conflict first started a long time ago while Pakistan held referendum on the region to allow or forbid entry of Hindu settlers.

Table of Contents

Short Paragraph On Kashmir Issue | Kashmir Is A Heaven On Earth

What is the kashmir issue.

Kashmir is a landlocked region in South Asia that is claimed by both India and Pakistan. The dispute over Kashmir has led to two wars, the first of which was fought from 1947 to 1949 and the second from 1989 to 1999.

Kashmir is one of the most militarized areas in the world, with both India and Pakistan possessing large army deployments in the region. While India insists that Kashmir is an integral part of India, Pakistan claims that Kashmir should be an independent Muslim state.

Since 1984, Indian security forces have repressed protests in Kashmir by force, leaving at least 88 people dead and thousands injured. Many of those killed were civilians, including women and children. Kashmir’s geometry makes it a strategically important region for both India and Pakistan. While India controls most of Jammu and Kashmir province, Pakistan has a significant presence in the slightly larger Kashmir Valley. With control over this valley, Pakistan could gain access to Indian resources like gas and oil pipelines that cross into Pakistani-controlled territory. There has been talk of creating a “Kashmir corridor” that would connect Islamabad with China.

This policy puts Pakistan at a gross geographic disadvantage which reduces its bargaining power. However, this asymmetrical conflict is now increasingly turning into a military stalemate. India’s economy has become the world’s sixth largest, while Indian conventional forces are far better equipped than Pakistani ones.

This imbalance forces Pakistan to fight asymmetric proxy wars in Afghanistan, Balochistan, and elsewhere around India. Changes in social values have limited Pakistan’s ability to win Kashmiri hearts and minds by using force against them. The intermingling of civilians with spies infiltrating Kashmiri villages is harming interests on both sides of the Line of Control (LOC).

Meanwhile, activities that ran contrary to the principles of the United States Army Special Forces (SOG) mission are threatening to “

Solution Of Kashmir Issue

Kashmir is a disputed region located in the northwestern Himalayas and eastern Pakistan. The region has been wracked by violence between pro-India and pro-Pakistan factions since 1947, when India and Pakistan became independent states.

In recent years, the regional conflict has intensified after People’s Liberation Army (PLA) troops entered Kashmir to back embattled Indian rebels fighting for independence from India. This incursion has raised tensions between Delhi and Islamabad, which allege that the other side is fuelling extremists in order to create an excuse for military expansion.

Despite lengthy negotiations between the two countries, neither side seems willing to compromise on its sovereignty over Kashmir. The issue remains an enduring source of tension in South Asia, which is already plagued by political instability and poverty.

Kashmir is an area of South Asia that has been the site of much turmoil and conflict in recent decades. The region has been divided between India and Pakistan since the end of British rule in 1947, with both countries claiming sovereignty over parts of the territory. There have been numerous armed clashes between these two armies over the past few decades, most notably in 1999 when heavy fighting took place across the entire Kashmir valley.

In recent years, there has been a significant escalation in militant activity across Kashmir, with several terrorist groups active within the region. This article provides a brief overview of the history and current situation in Kashmir, before concluding with some advice on how visitors can safest enjoy this beautiful part of South Asia.

Hello! Welcome to my Blog StudyParagraphs.co. My name is Angelina. I am a college professor. I love reading writing for kids students. This blog is full with valuable knowledge for all class students. Thank you for reading my articles.

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Essay on Kashmir Problem And Its Solution in English

Today we will write on Essay on Kashmir Problem And Its Solution in English, As we all know that Kashmir has been taken as one of the serious issues to talk about for the last so many years.  This has been taken to be one of the international levels of problems whose solution is still not known much. The person of Kashmir has started taking Kashmir solution to be a dream that can never be fulfilled in this life. But if you would be looking into the pages of Kashmir issue, then for sure you would be coming closer with so many of the solutions as well which probably the world has never thought about to come up! Let’s share those Kashmir issue solutions with you!

Solution of Kashmir Problem :

• As we all know that Kashmir is basically taken as the flashpoint between India and Pakistan for more than 60 years.  Presently, the Line of Control has been divided into two regions as where one part has been administered by India and one by Pakistan. India has been making the efforts as where it would formalize this status quo and hence make it acceptable to be the international boundary. But Kashmir has rejected this plan for sure.

• Kashmir has been in favor of joining Pakistan and Pakistan is also on the support of this decision as well. Pakistan has been all the time making the effort to bring about the solution to the Kashmir dispute results. In the state majority of the Muslim population, it would be voting maximum to become the part of Pakistan. The Hindus of Jammu and the Buddhists of Ladakh have never ever shown any kind of the desire to join Pakistan.
• If Kashmir would be joining India, then this would definitely be bringing about the stability right into the region as being the Muslim inhabitants of Pakistani-administered Jammu and Kashmir adding to the Northern Areas.
• Kashmir can often come up with the solution as for where Kashmir can act as the independent country as well. But both Pakistan and Indian are ready enough to give away the This would be bringing out the result of the plebiscite as a vote for the independence that would be opposed by both India and Pakistan.

Well, we don’t think so that in the coming few years no particular solution will be coming over in the Kashmir issue and still Kashmir has to crush between Pakistan and India! What are your opinions about it?

Well this is all about the Essay on Kashmir Problem And Its Solution in English and if you need to add something to this topic then you can write us in the comment section given below on this page.

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Essay on Kashmir | Beauty of Kashmir Essay

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This simple essay talks about the Kashmir, its beautiful land and places, Why Kashmir is beautiful? Challenges to the beauty of Kashmir, Why everyone should go and explore it. This essay is written in simple English and in easy words for children and students.

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Essay on Kashmir | My Beautiful Kashmir Essay

If ever one wishes to have un forgetful traveling and tour experience, he must visit Kashmir. It is blessed with scenic beauty and natural grace. The tourists from all over the world come Kashmir to spend their vacations amidst snow capped mountains, gushing streams and green meadows.

Beauty of Kashmir:

Kashmir is one of the most beautiful places on Earth. It is situated in the northernmost part of India and is surrounded by snow-capped mountains, pristine lakes, and lush green valleys. Kashmir is a paradise for nature lovers and adventure seekers alike.

The beauty of Kashmir has been captured in many movies and songs over the years. Bollywood movies like Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge and Jab Tak Hai Jaan have showcased the stunning scenery of Kashmir to the world. Songs like ‘Chalte Chalte’, ‘Ye Jo Des Hai Tera’, and ‘Bowri Mein Koyal Boli’ are just a few examples of the many songs that have been inspired by the beauty of Kashmir.

Despite being one of the most beautiful places on Earth, Kashmir is also fraught with challenges. The decades-long conflict between India and Pakistan has taken a toll on the people of Kashmir. There have been frequent incidents of violence and unrest in the region, which has deterred many tourists from visiting Kashmir.

However, the beauty of Kashmir is undeniable and it is slowly but surely regaining its status as a popular tourist destination. If you have the opportunity to visit Kashmir, don’t hesitate – it truly is a place like no other.

Why Kashmir is beautiful?

Kashmir is considered as one of the most beautiful places on Earth because of its stunning scenery. The snow-capped mountains, pristine lakes, and lush green valleys make it a paradise for nature lovers. Additionally, the region has been captured in many movies and songs over the years, which has helped to showcase its beauty to the world.

Challenges to the Beauty of Kashmir

The decades-long conflict between India and Pakistan has taken a toll on the people of Kashmir. There have been frequent incidents of violence and unrest in the region, which has deterred many tourists from visiting Kashmir. Additionally, the Indian government has imposed a number of restrictions on travel to Kashmir, which has made it difficult for people to get there.

Reasons why we should visit Kashmir:

There are hell of reasons as to why you should go to visit kashmir. Firstly, it is considered as one of the most beautiful places on Earth. The snow-capped mountains, pristine lakes, and lush green valleys make it a paradise for nature lovers. Secondly, kashmir has been captured in many movies and songs over the years, which has helped to showcase its beauty to the world. Thirdly, despite being fraught with challenges, Kashmir is slowly regaining its acclaimed position as one the beautiful place like paradise on earth.

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Therefore, for a traveler and tourist, I believe, Kashmir is the place of joy and peace. In spite of the challenges, the natural beauty of Kashmir is undeniable and it is a worth visiting place for everyone at least once in their lifetime.

Essay on Kashmir Issue:

The Kashmir issue has been a long-standing dispute between India and Pakistan since their independence in 1947. It revolves around the region of Kashmir, which is located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The conflict originated from the partition of British India into two countries, India and Pakistan, based on religious demographics.

Kashmir was a princely state at that time, with a predominantly Muslim population ruled by a Hindu ruler. Both India and Pakistan claimed Kashmir as part of their territory, leading to the first Indo-Pakistani war in 1947-48.

The United Nations intervened and declared that Kashmir’s fate should be decided by a plebiscite. However, this never took place due to various reasons, including political conflicts, military tensions, and the unwillingness of both countries to cede control over the region.

The Kashmir issue has resulted in three major wars between India and Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965, and 1971. In addition to these conflicts, there have been numerous border skirmishes and cross-border terrorism incidents. The dispute has also led to the militarization of the region, with both countries stationing a large number of troops in Kashmir.

The conflict has not only affected India and Pakistan but also the people living in Kashmir. The residents of Kashmir have been caught in the crossfire, facing human rights abuses, violence, and displacement. They have been denied basic freedoms and have lived under constant fear and uncertainty.

Several attempts have been made to resolve the Kashmir issue, including bilateral talks between India and Pakistan and international mediation efforts. However, none have been successful in finding a lasting solution.

The Kashmir issue is not just a territorial dispute between two countries but also a humanitarian crisis that has impacted the lives of millions. It has caused economic instability, hindered development, and prevented peace and stability in the region.

In conclusion, the Kashmir issue remains a complex and contentious problem that requires sincere efforts from both India and Pakistan to find a peaceful resolution. It is crucial for the two countries to move away from their differences and work towards creating an environment of trust and cooperation. Only then can the long-standing conflict over Kashmir be resolved, bringing much-needed peace and stability to the region.

Short Essay on Kashmir Issue:

The Kashmir issue is an ongoing and complex dispute between India, Pakistan, and the people of the Kashmir region. It dates back to 1947 when India gained independence from British rule and was partitioned into two countries – India and Pakistan. The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, with a Muslim majority population, was given a choice to join either country or remain independent. However, the ruler of Kashmir signed an instrument of accession to join India, leading to a conflict between India and Pakistan.

Since then, both countries have fought three wars over Kashmir, with no clear resolution in sight. The issue has also resulted in numerous human rights violations and atrocities against the people of Kashmir. The Indian government has imposed strict curfews, media black outs, and arrested political leaders in an attempt to suppress the Kashmiri resistance movement.

The main reason behind the dispute is the conflicting claims of India and Pakistan over the territory of Kashmir. Both countries claim sovereignty over the entire region, leading to a military standoff and constant tensions between them. The problem has also been exacerbated by the fact that China controls a portion of Kashmir, further complicating the issue.

In recent years, there have been attempts by both India and Pakistan to resolve the Kashmir issue through diplomatic means. However, no significant progress has been made so far due to deep-rooted mistrust and political differences between the two countries.

The Kashmiri people have been at the center of this conflict for decades, with their voices often being ignored in the discussions between India and Pakistan. The ongoing dispute has resulted in a high number of casualties and displacement of Kashmiri citizens, causing immense suffering to the local population.

It is crucial for both India and Pakistan to find a peaceful resolution to this long-standing issue, taking into consideration the wishes and aspirations of the people of Kashmir. Only through dialogue and mutual understanding can a lasting solution be reached, allowing the people of Kashmir to live in peace and prosperity. The international community also has a responsibility to support and facilitate this process, as it is essential for the stability and security of the region.

Thus, it is imperative for all parties involved to work towards finding a resolution that respects the rights and aspirations of the people of Kashmir, ultimately leading to a sustainable and peaceful future for the region. Overall, the Kashmir issue remains a critical challenge that needs to be addressed with urgency and sincerity by all stakeholders involved.

Essay on Kashmir Beauty:

Kashmir is a beautiful state located in the northern region of India. It is known for its breathtaking natural beauty and rich cultural heritage. The state is surrounded by the snow-capped Himalayan mountains, lush green valleys, and sparkling blue lakes.

One of the most popular tourist destinations in Kashmir is the picturesque Dal Lake. It is famous for its serene waters and floating gardens. Tourists can take a Shikara boat ride to explore the lake and its surroundings, which are dotted with charming houseboats.

Kashmir is also home to some of the highest mountain peaks in India, including Mount K2 and Nanga Parbat. These peaks attract adventure enthusiasts from all around the world who come here for trekking and mountaineering expeditions.

The state is also known for its rich cultural heritage and handicrafts. The traditional Kashmiri hand-woven carpets, shawls, and paper products are renowned worldwide for their intricate designs and fine craftsmanship.

Apart from its natural beauty and cultural attractions, Kashmir also offers a wide range of adventure activities such as skiing, river rafting, paragliding, and camping. The lush green meadows and snow-covered mountains provide the perfect backdrop for these activities.

In conclusion, Kashmir is truly a paradise on earth with its stunning landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and exciting adventures. It is a must-visit destination for anyone seeking to experience nature’s beauty at its best.

Essay on Kashmir Day:

Kashmir is a stunningly beautiful region located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. It is often referred to as “paradise on earth” due to its breathtaking landscape, snow-capped mountains, and serene lakes. However, this picturesque region has been at the center of a long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan.

Kashmir Day, observed on February 5th each year, is a national holiday in Pakistan to show solidarity with the people of Kashmir and highlight their struggle for self-determination.

The Kashmir conflict dates back to the partition of India in 1947 when the British Empire divided the subcontinent into two nations – India and Pakistan. The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was ruled by a Hindu Maharaja, but its population was predominantly Muslim. The people of Kashmir wanted to join Pakistan, which led to a war between India and Pakistan.

The United Nations intervened and brokered a ceasefire in 1949, creating a Line of Control (LoC) that divides Kashmir into Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered territories. However, both countries have claimed the entire region and have fought three wars over it since then.

The Kashmiri people, who have been caught in the crossfire of this conflict, have suffered immensely. They have faced violence, displacement, and human rights abuses from both Indian security forces and militant groups operating in the region. The situation has only worsened with time as political tensions between India and Pakistan continue to escalate.

On Kashmir Day, Pakistanis hold rallies, seminars, and conferences to express their support for the Kashmiri people. The day is also marked with public speeches, prayers for peace, and vigils to honor those who have lost their lives in this ongoing conflict.

However, the issue of Kashmir goes beyond just being a territorial dispute between two nations. It is about fighting for the rights and freedoms of the Kashmiri people who have been denied their right to self-determination. It is about acknowledging the suffering and struggles of a people who have been caught in a decades-long conflict.

On this day, it is important for us to not only show our support for the Kashmiri people but also to raise awareness about their plight. As citizens of the world, we must join hands to call for a peaceful resolution to the Kashmir conflict and urge both India and Pakistan to engage in meaningful dialogue.

Kashmir Day serves as a reminder that peace and stability in the South Asian region cannot be achieved until the issue of Kashmir is resolved. It is only through mutual understanding and cooperation that a lasting solution can be found for this long-standing dispute. Let us hope that one day, the people of Kashmir will finally be able to live in a land free from conflict and turmoil.

In conclusion, Kashmir Day is not only a reminder of the ongoing struggle for self-determination but also an opportunity to raise our voices in support of those who have been silenced for far too long. As we observe this day, let us remember the beautiful land of Kashmir and its people who deserve peace, justice, and freedom.

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Kashmir Issue Essay

Kashmir Issue essay for Class 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraph, long and short essay on Kashmir Issue for Students.

Essay on Kashmir Issue

Kashmir Issue Essay 300 words

The Kashmir conflict had started between India and Pakistan in 1947, right after partition. Maharaja Hari Singh, king of Kashmir signed an instrument of accession with India and formally joined India. But Pakistan claimed Kashmir because it has Muslim dominated state and sent troops in civilian dress to capture whole Kashmir. India sends his army and after a war, in 1948 ceasefire was agreed. Till now, this conflict is going on between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.

Kashmir has a very strategic location adjoining three nuclear power state India, Pakistan and China. Due to its natural resources especially water Pakistan wants Kashmir since independence.

Till now, the Kashmir issue has not resolved. Terrorist from Pakistani sides attacking Indian military bases and radicalizing Kashmiri youth in the name of Islam and freedom of Kashmir. China also helped Pakistan for making unrest in the Indian side.

In 1948, Nehru went to United Nations for resolution of Kashmir. But after failure, India has a stand now that the Kashmir issue is a bilateral issue and no one should interfere in this matter. The U.S, China, and Russia supported this stand. While Pakistan wants that world powers should mediate in Kashmir issue to resolve the issue.

India and Pakistan had fought four wars in 1948, 1965, 1971 and 1998. Still, the issue of Kashmir is not resolved. The problem can be solved only diplomatically and not by the military. This proxy war will not help in making any peace between two nations and lots of people losing their lives. So effort should be made by two sides so that this region can prosperous and people of Kashmir can live happily in their home.

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A nagging doubt plagues world leaders wooing India: whose side is Narendra Modi really on?

His cult-like status is likely to hand him victory in the coming elections, but to democracy’s cost

S uddenly, everyone loves India . But it’s an affair, not a marriage. Whether it lasts depends on the consequences of this week’s watershed election. At stake are the credibility of Indian democracy and, potentially, the country’s future as a cohesive unitary state.

Courting India as a counterweight to China, the US is ardently pursuing a deeper security relationship. The EU hankers after a free trade pact. Countries ranging from Australia to Norway to the UAE have already forged bespoke deals .

France greedily eyes a growing market for its weapons manufacturers . For Germany, India is an $18bn land of export opportunity. Britain, the former colonial power, is a keen suitor too – though frustratingly for Raj romantics, a post-Brexit tryst is on ice .

The western democracies are not alone in wooing Delhi. Russia offered a sweetheart deal on cut-price oil when Ukraine sanctions bit in 2022. The feeling is mutual. India’s government cheered when Vladimir Putin won last month’s bogus presidential “election”.

India sits awkwardly on the Ukraine fence. It treasures its post-independence, non-aligned legacy, and has not forgotten cold war-era Soviet links. Through the G20 and an enlarged Brics – the organisation comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and UAE – it keeps close to the global south, which it aspires to lead.

India’s 1.4 billion population – the world’s largest – youthful age profile and expanding economy – the fifth biggest – are turning it into a modern Klondike. Gold-diggers flock. All stake a claim for Delhi’s attention, influence, markets, skills and tech. At least, that’s how the prime minister, Narendra Modi, sees it. His Hindu nationalist devotees believe India, a “civilisational state”, is embarked on a benign global mission as a vishwaguru (teacher to the world) under Modi Baba’s sage, cult-like tutelage .

Up to 960 million people will vote during the six-week election , with Modi seeking a third consecutive term. The electorate of impoverished Uttar Pradesh state alone is bigger than that of Brazil. Modi’s ruling hard-right BJP faces a multi-party opposition alliance that includes the once-dominant Congress, but is predicted to win easily.

Yet let’s pause right there. Amid all this gushing and fawning, awkward questions arise. Is the Modi miracle for real – or an illusion that could disappear into thin air? For Modi’s infatuated followers, he is an inspirational, divinely anointed figure leading the reunited Hindu nation to long-denied glory. For opponents, he is a narcissistic authoritarian bent on extinguishing India’s democracy and pluralist, secular constitutional traditions.

Modi’s divisive policies could split the country. And for an importunate west, another basic question nags: can he be trusted? India is the key swing state in a global struggle to determine the new world order. Whose side is he really on?

The risk of India becoming a democracy in name only – an “electoral autocracy” – is undeniable. Opposition politicians are in jail or face abusive official intimidation . The courts, police and newspapers mostly toe the government line. The unbiddable BBC is blatantly targeted .

“Modi has centralised power in his office to an astonishing degree, undermined the independence of public institutions such as the judiciary and the media, [and] built a cult of personality around himself,” wrote Krea university’s Ramachandra Guha in an excoriating essay . “The facade of triumph and power that Modi has erected obscures a more fundamental truth: that a principal source of India’s survival as a democratic country, and of its recent economic success, has been its political and cultural pluralism, precisely those qualities that the prime minister and his party now seek to extinguish.”

Modi’s strength, as embodiment and chief beneficiary of Hindu majoritarianism, is also weakness. Intolerance feeding violence against religious minorities is a BJP hallmark. Human Rights Watch accuses it of “ systematic discrimination and stigmatisation ” of Muslims and others. Echoing his time as Gujarat’s chief minister, when hundreds died in anti-Muslim riots in 2002, Modi initially ignored Hindu attacks on Christians in Manipur last year. Kashmir is another blackspot.

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“The prime minister’s central ideological project is the creation of a Hindu nationalist country where non-Hindu people are, at best, second-class citizens,” wrote Yale’s Sushant Singh . “It is an exclusionary agenda that alienates hundreds of millions of Indians.” This, it is argued, is fatally weakening the bonds holding India together.

Centrally directed partisan policies that aggravate India’s north-south divide , disadvantage opposition-run states such as Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and undercut the federal system contribute to this process of disaggregation. Yet southern votes are insufficient to prevent a Modi victory – leading some officials there to talk of a “ separate nation ”.

If Indians decide to risk national unity and the evisceration of their democracy, that’s their affair. But the west’s conditional love may curdle. Western governments want India in their corner in the standoff with China and Russia. They want India’s business. But they also want a genuine democratic partner, not another dictator with a superiority complex. They will not continue to look away if, for example, Indian agents persist in assassinating political opponents on their turf.

The hubris of Subrahmanyam Jaishankar , Modi’s external affairs minister and close confidant, is instructive. He writes that India’s priorities should be to “engage America, manage China, cultivate Europe, reassure Russia, bring Japan into play, draw neighbours in, extend the neighbourhood and expand traditional constituencies of support”. Jaishankar calls this “multi-alignment”. In short, Modi’s over-confident India, a nouveau riche superpower increasingly governed by arbitrary fiat, believes it can be all things to all people. It wants to have its gulab jamun and eat it.

That’s a big mistake. In geopolitics, as in life, first principles are important. Leaders and nations must ultimately stand and be counted – or else end up unloved and despised by everyone.

Simon Tisdall is the Observer’s foreign affairs commentator

Do you have an opinion on the issues raised in this article? If you would like to submit a letter of up to 250 words to be considered for publication, email it to us at [email protected]

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In Modi’s India, opponents and journalists feel the squeeze ahead of election

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Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his government are increasingly wielding strong-arm tactics to subdue political opponents and critics of the ruling Hindu-nationalist party ahead of the nationwide elections that begin this week.

A decade into power, and on the cusp of securing five more years, the Modi government is reversing India’s decadeslong commitment to multiparty democracy and secularism.

The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party has brought corruption charges against many officials from its main rival, the Congress Party, but few convictions. Dozens of politicians from other opposition parties are under investigation or in jail. And just last month, Modi’s government froze the Congress party’s bank accounts for what it said was non-payment of taxes.

The Modi administration says the country’s investigating agencies are independent and that its democratic institutions are robust, pointing to high voter turnout in recent elections that have delivered Modi’s party a clear mandate.

Yet civil liberties are under attack . Peaceful protests have been crushed with force. A once free and diverse press is threatened . Violence is on the rise against the Muslim minority. And the country’s judiciary increasingly aligns with the executive branch.

To better understand how Modi is reshaping India and what is at stake in an election that begins Friday and runs through June 1, The Associated Press spoke with a lawyer, a journalist, and an opposition politician.

Here are their stories:

DEFENDING MODI’S CRITICS Mihir Desai has fought for the civil liberties and human rights of India’s most disadvantaged communities , such as the poor and Muslims, for nearly four decades.

The 65-year-old lawyer from India’s financial capital Mumbai is now working on one of his — and the country’s — most high-profile cases: defending a dozen political activists, journalists and lawyers jailed in 2018 on accusations of plotting to overthrow the Modi government. The accusations, he says, are baseless — just one of the government’s all-too-frequent and audacious efforts to silence critics.

One of the defendants in the case, a Jesuit priest and longtime civil rights activist, died at age 84 after about nine months in custody. The other defendants remain in jail, charged under anti-terror laws that rarely result in convictions.

“First authorities came up with a theory that they planned to kill Modi. Now they are being accused of being terrorist sympathizers,” he said.

The point of it all, Desai believes, is to send a message to any would-be critics.

According to digital forensics experts at U.S.-based Arsenal Consulting, the Indian government hacked into the computers of some of the accused and planted files that were later used as evidence against them.

To Desai, this is proof that the Modi government has “weaponized” the country’s once-independent investigative agencies .

He sees threats to Indian democracy all around him. Last year, the government removed the country’s chief justice as one of three people who appoint commissioners overseeing elections; Modi and the opposition leader in parliament are the others. Now, one of Modi’s cabinet ministers has a vote in the process, giving the ruling party a 2-1 majority.

“It’s a death knell to free and fair elections,” Desai said.

A POLITICIAN’S PLIGHT IN KASHMIR Waheed-Ur-Rehman Para, 35, was long seen as an ally in the Indian government’s interests in Kashmir. He worked with young people in the majority-Muslim, semi-autonomous region and preached to them about the benefits of embracing India and its democratic institutions — versus seeking independence, or a merger with Pakistan.

Beginning in 2018 , though, Para was viewed with suspicion by the Modi government for alleged connections to anti-India separatists. Since then, he has been jailed twice : in 2019 on suspicion that he and other political opponents could stoke unrest; and in 2020 on charges of supporting militant groups — charges he denies.

The accusations stunned Para, whose People’s Democratic Party once ruled Kashmir in an alliance with Modi’s party.

But he believes the motivation was clear: “I was arrested to forcibly endorse the government’s 2019 decision,” he said, referring to a clampdown on the resistance in Kashmir after the elimination of the region’s semi-autonomous status.

Modi’s administration argues the move was necessary to fully integrate the disputed region with India and foster economic development there.

After his 2020 arrest, Para remained in jail for nearly two years, often in solitary confinement, and was subjected to “abusive interrogations,’’ according to U.N. experts.

“My crime was that I wanted the integration of Kashmir, not through the barrel of the gun,” said Para, who is seeking to represent Kashmir’s main city in the upcoming election.

Para sees his own plight within the larger context of the Modi government’s effort to silence perceived opponents, especially those with ties to Muslims, who make up 14% of India’s population.

“It is a huge ethical question … that the largest democracy in the world is not able to assimilate, or offer dignity to, the smallest pocket of its people,” he said.

The campaign to turn once-secular India into a Hindu republic may help Modi win elections in the short term, Para said, but something much bigger will be lost.

“It risks the whole idea of this country’s diversity,” he said.

A JOURNALIST FIGHTS CHARGES In October 2020, independent journalist Sidhique Kappan was arrested while trying to report on a government clampdown in the northern Uttar Pradesh state ruled by Modi’s party.

For days, authorities had been struggling to contain protests and outcry over a gruesome rape case. Those accused of the crime were four upper caste Hindu men, while the victim belonged to the Dalit community, the lowest rung of India’s caste hierarchy.

Kappan, a 44-year-old Muslim, was detained and jailed before he even reached the crime site, accused of intending to incite violence. After two years in jail, his case reached India’s top court in 2022. While he was quickly granted bail, the case against him is ongoing.

Kappan’s case is not unique, and he says it highlights how India is becoming increasingly unsafe for journalists. Under intense pressure from the state, many Indian news organizations have become more pliant and supportive of government policies,

“Those who have tried to be independent have come under relentless attack by the government,” he said.

Foreign journalists are banned from reporting in Kashmir, for example. Same goes for India’s northeast Manipur state, which has been embroiled in ethnic violence for almost a year.

Television news is increasingly dominated by stations touting the government’s Hindu nationalist agenda, such as a new citizenship law that excludes Muslim migrants. Independent TV stations have been temporarily shut down, and newspapers that run articles critical of Modi’s agenda find that any advertising from the government – an important source of revenue – quickly dries up.

Last year, the India offices of the BBC were raided on tax irregularities just days after it aired a documentary critical of Modi.

The advocacy group Reporters Without Borders ranks India 161st on a worldwide list of countries’ press freedoms.

Kappan said he has barely been able to report news since his arrest. The trial keeps him busy, requiring him to travel to a court hundreds of miles away every other week. The time and money required for his trial have made it difficult for him to support his wife and three children, Kappan said.

“It is affecting their education, their mental health,” he said.

Associated Press journalists Piyush Nagpal and Subramoney Iyer in Kerala, India, contributed to this report.

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