java oop presentation

Introduction to �Object Oriented Programming�

Gayathri Namasivayam

Introduction to OOP

• Why use OOP?
• Building blocks of OOP
• What is OOP?
• OOP concepts
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Advantages vs Disadvantages
• Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is one of the most widely used programming paradigm
• Why is it extensively used?
• Well suited for building trivial and complex applications
• Allows re-use of code thereby increasing productivity
• New features can be easily built into the existing code
• Reduced production cost and maintenance cost
• Common programming languages used for OOP include C++, Java, and C#

Building Blocks of OOP: Objects & Classes

• Object: models a
• Real world object (ex. computer, book, box)
• Concept (ex. meeting, interview)
• Process (ex. sorting a stack of papers or comparing two computers to measure their performance)
• Class: prototype or blueprint from which objects are created
• Set of attributes or properties that describes every object
• Set of behavior or actions that every object can perform
• Set of data (value for each of its attribute)
• Set of actions that it can perform
• An identity
• Every object belongs to a class

Real World Example of Objects & Classes

Object: FordCar1

Start, Accelerate, Reverse, Stop

Color: Yellow

Type: Coupe

Model: Mustang

Cylinder: 6

Color, Type, Model, Cylinder

Class: FordCar

Color: Orange

Model: Focus

Cylinder: 4

Object: FordCar2

Another Real World Example..

Name, Height, Age

Speak, Listen, Eat, Run, Walk

Class: Person

Object: Person1

Height: 5’ 4”

Height: 5’ 9”

Object: Person2

• A class is a set of variables (to represent its attributes) and functions (to describe its behavior) that act on its variables

Class ShippingBox

int shipping_cost() {

return cost_per_pound*weight;

sender_name : string

receiver_name : string

cost_per_pound : int

weight : int

shipping_cost() : int

• Object is an instance of a class that holds data (values) in its variables. Data can be accessed by its functions

Objects of ShippingBox class

sender_name = Jim

receiver_name = John

cost_per_pound = 5

weight = 10

shipping_cost()

Object BoxB

Object BoxA

sender_name = Julie

receiver_name = Jill

cost_per_pound = 2

• Paradigm for problem solving by interaction among objects
• It follows a natural way of solving problems
• Ex. Ann wants to start her car

(1) Ann walks to her car

(2) Ann sends a message to the car to start by turning on the ignition

(3)The car starts

Problem Solving in OOP

Problem: Ann wants to start her car

Color = Yellow

Type = Coupe

Model = Mustang

Cylinder = 6

Accelerate()

Object Ann’s car

• Extracting essential properties and behavior of an entity
• Class represents such an abstraction and is commonly referred to as an abstract data type

Ex. In an application that computes the shipping cost of a box, we extract its properties: cost_per_pound, weight and its behavior: shipping_cost()

Shipping Box

Sender’s name,

Receiver’s name,

Cost of shipping per pound,

Calculate shipping cost

sender_name

receiver_name

cost_per_pound

shipping_cost ()

• Mechanism by which we combine data and the functions that manipulate the data into one unit
• Objects & Classes enforce encapsulation
• Create new classes (derived classes) from existing classes (base classes)
• The derived class inherits the variables and functions of the base class and adds additional ones!
• Provides the ability to re-use existing code

Inheritance Example

BankAccount CheckingAccount SavingsAccount

customer_name : string

account_type : string

balance : int

insufficient_funds_fee : int

deposit() : int

withdrawal() : int

process_deposit() : int

interest_rate : int

calculate_interest() : int

CheckingAccount

SavingsAccount

BankAccount

• Polymorphism*

(* To be covered in the next class)

Disadvantages of OOP

• Initial extra effort needed in accurately modeling the classes and sub-classes for a problem
• Suited for modeling certain real world problems as opposed to some others
• Classes & Objects
• Concepts in OOP
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Be prepared for an in-class activity (based on topics covered today)!
• Polymorphism in OOP!

Browse Course Material

Course info, instructors.

• Adam Marcus

Departments

• Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

As Taught In

• Programming Languages
• Software Design and Engineering

Learning Resource Types

Introduction to programming in java, lecture 4: classes and objects.

Lecture presentation on programming in Java. Topics include: object oriented programming, defining classes, using classes, constructors, methods, accessing fields, primitives versus references, references versus values, and static types and methods.

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Object-Oriented Programming Principles  in Java:  OOP Concepts for Beginners

Object-oriented programming offers a sustainable way to write spaghetti code. It lets you accrete programs as a series of patches. ― Paul Graham

Fundamentals of object-oriented programming

Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object.

Objects pass messages to each other. Each object decides what to do with a received message. OOP focuses on each object’s states and behaviors.

What Are Objects?

An object is an entity that has states and behaviors.

For example, dog, cat, and vehicle. To illustrate, a dog has states like age, color, name, and behaviors like eating, sleeping, and running.

State tells us how the object looks or what properties it has.

Behavior tells us what the object does.

We can actually represent a real world dog in a program as a software object by defining its states and behaviors.

Software objects are the actual representation of real world objects. Memory is allocated in RAM whenever creating a logical object.

An object is also referred to an instance of a class. Instantiating a class means the same thing as creating an object.

The important thing to remember when creating an object is: the reference type should be the same type or a super type of the object type. We’ll see what a reference type is later in this article.

What Are Classes?

A class is a template or blueprint from which objects are created.

Imagine a class as a cookie-cutter and objects as cookies.

Classes define states as instance variables and behaviors as instance methods.

Instance variables are also known as member variables.

Classes don't consume any space.

To give you an idea about classes and objects, let's create a Cat class that represents states and behaviors of real world Cat.

Now we have successfully defined a template for Cat. Let’s say we have two cats named Thor and Rambo.

How can we define them in our program?

First, we need to create two objects of the Cat class.

Next, we’ll define their states and behaviors.

Like the above code examples, we can define our class, instantiate it (create objects) and specify the states and behaviors for those objects.

Now, we have covered the basics of object-oriented programming. Let's move on to the principles of object-oriented programming.

Principles of object-oriented programming

These are the four main principles of the object-oriented programming paradigm. Understanding them is essential to becoming a successful programmer.

Encapsulation

Inheritance, abstraction, polymorphism.

Now let's look at each in more detail.

Encapsulation is a process of wrapping code and data together into a single unit.

It's just like a capsule that contains a mix of several medicines, and is a technique that helps keep instance variables protected.

This can be achieved by using private access modifiers that can’t be accessed by anything outside the class. In order to access private states safely, we have to provide public getter and setter methods. (In Java, these methods should follow JavaBeans naming standards.)

Let’s say there is a record shop that sells music albums of different artists and a stock keeper who manages them.

If you look at figure 4, the StockKeeper class can access the Album class’s states directly as Album class’s states are set to public .

What if the stock keeper creates an album and sets states to negative values? This can be done intentionally or unintentionally by a stock keeper.

To illustrate, let’s see a sample Java program that explains the above diagram and statement.

Album class:

StockKeeper class:

Main class:

The album’s price and number of copies can’t be negative values. How can we avoid this situation? This is where we use encapsulation.

In this scenario, we can block the stock keeper from assigning negative values. If they attempt to assign negative values for the album’s price and number of copies, we’ll assign them as 0.0 and 0.

With encapsulation, we’ve blocked our stock keeper from assigning negative values, meaning we have control over the data.

Advantages of encapsulation in Java

• We can make a class read-only or write-only : for a read-only class, we should provide only a getter method. For a write-only class, we should provide only a setter method.
• Control over the data: we can control the data by providing logic to setter methods, just like we restricted the stock keeper from assigning negative values in the above example.
• Data hiding: other classes can’t access private members of a class directly.

Let’s say that the record shop we discussed above also sells Blu-ray movies.

As you can see in the above diagram, there are many common states and behaviors (common code) between Album and Movie .

When implementing this class diagram into code, are you going to write (or copy & paste) the entire code for Movie ? If you do, you are repeating yourself. How can you avoid code duplication?

This is where we use inheritance.

Inheritance is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the states and behaviors of a parent object.

Inheritance uses a parent-child relationship (IS-A relationship).

So what exactly is inherited?

Visibility/access modifiers impact what gets inherited from one class to another.

In Java, as a rule of thumb we make instance variables private and instance methods public .

In this case, we can safely say that the following are inherited:

• public instance methods.
• private instance variables (private instance variables can be accessed only through public getter and setter methods).

Types of Inheritance in Java

There are five types of inheritance in Java. They are single, multilevel, hierarchical, multiple, and hybrid.

Class allows single, multilevel and hierarchical inheritances. Interface allows multiple and hybrid inheritances.

A class can extend only one class however it can implement any number of interfaces. An interface can extend more than one interfaces.

Relationships

I. IS-A relationship

An IS-A relationship refers to inheritance or implementation.

a. Generalization

Generalization uses an IS-A relationship from a specialization class to generalization class.

II. HAS-A relationship

An instance of one class HAS-A reference to an instance of another class.

a. Aggregation

In this relationship, the existence of class A and B are not dependent on each other.

For this aggregation part, we going to see an example of the Student class and the ContactInfo class.

Student HAS-A ContactInfo . ContactInfo can be used in other places – for example, a company's Employee class can also use this ContactInfo class. So Student can exist without ContactInfo and ContactInfo can exist without Student . This type of relationship is known as aggregation.

b. Composition

In this relationship, class B can not exist without class A – but class A can exist without class B.

To give you an idea about composition, let's see an example of the Student class and the StudentId class.

Student HAS-A StudentId . Student can exist without StudentId but StudentId can not exist without Student . This type of relationship is known as composition.

Now, let’s back to our previous record shop example that we discussed above.

We can implement this diagram in Java to avoid code duplication.

Advantages of inheritance

• Code reuse: the child class inherits all instance members of the parent class.
• You have more flexibility to change code: changing code in place is enough.
• You can use polymorphism: method overriding requires IS-A relationship.

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user.

A common example of abstraction is that pressing the accelerator will increase the speed of a car. But the driver doesn’t know how pressing the accelerator increases the speed – they don't have to know that.

Technically abstract means something incomplete or to be completed later.

In Java, we can achieve abstraction in two ways: abstract class (0 to 100%) and interface (100%).

The keyword abstract can be applied to classes and methods. abstract and final or static can never be together.

I. Abstract class

An abstract class is one that contains the keyword abstract .

Abstract classes can’t be instantiated (can’t create objects of abstract classes). They can have constructors, static methods, and final methods.

II. Abstract methods

An abstract method is one that contains the keyword abstract .

An abstract method doesn’t have implementation (no method body and ends up with a semi colon). It shouldn’t be marked as private .

III. Abstract class and Abstract methods

• If at least one abstract method exists inside a class then the whole class should be abstract.
• We can have an abstract class with no abstract methods.
• We can have any number of abstract as well as non-abstract methods inside an abstract class at the same time.
• The first concrete sub class of an abstract class must provide implementation to all abstract methods.
• If this doesn't happen, then the sub class also should be marked as abstract.

In a real world scenario, the implementation will be provided by someone who is unknown to end users. Users don’t know the implementation class and the actual implementation.

Let’s consider an example of abstract concept usage.

When do we want to mark a class as abstract?

• To force sub classes to implement abstract methods.
• To stop having actual objects of that class.
• To keep having a class reference.
• To retain common class code.

An interface is a blueprint of a class.

An interface is 100% abstract. No constructors are allowed here. It represents an IS-A relationship.

NOTE: Interfaces only define required methods. We can not retain common code.

An interface can have only abstract methods, not concrete methods. By default, interface methods are public and abstract . So inside the interface, we don’t need to specify public and abstract .

So when a class implements an interface’s method without specifying the access level of that method, the compiler will throw an error stating “Cannot reduce the visibility of the inherited method from interface” . So that implemented method’s access level must be set to public .

By default, interface variables are public , static and final .

For instance:

Let’s see an example that explains the interface concept:

Default and Static methods in Interfaces

Usually we implement interface methods in a separate class. Let’s say we are required to add a new method in an interface. Then we must implement that method in that separate class, too.

To overcome this issue Java 8 introduced default and static methods that implement methods inside an interface, unlike abstract methods.

• Default method
• Static method

Similar to static methods of classes, we can call them by their interface’s name.

• Marker interface

It’s an empty interface. For instance, Serializable, Cloneable, and Remote interfaces.

Advantages of interfaces

• They help us use multiple inheritance in Java.
• They provide abstraction.
• They provide loose coupling: objects are independent from one another.

When do we want to change a class to an interface?

NOTE: Remember, we can’t retain common code inside the interface.

If you want to define potentially required methods and common code, use an abstract class .

If you just want to define a required method, use an interface .

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms.

Polymorphism in OOP occurs when a super class references a sub class object.

All Java objects are considered to be polymorphic as they share more than one IS-A relationship (at least all objects will pass the IS-A test for their own type and for the class Object).

We can access an object through a reference variable. A reference variable can be of only one type. Once declared, the type of a reference variable cannot be changed.

A reference variable can be declared as a class or interface type.

A single object can be referred to by reference variables of many different types as long as they are the same type or a super type of the object.

Method overloading

If a class has multiple methods that have same name but different parameters, this is known as method overloading.

Method overloading rules:

• Must have a different parameter list.
• May have different return types.
• May have different access modifiers.
• May throw different exceptions.

NOTE: Static methods can also be overloaded.

NOTE: We can overload the main() method but the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) calls the main() method that receives String arrays as arguments.

Rules to follow for polymorphism

Compile time rules.

• Compiler only knows reference type.
• It can only look in reference type for methods.
• Outputs a method signature.

Run time rules

• At runtime, JVM follows exact runtime type (object type) to find method.
• Must match compile time method signature to method in actual object’s class.

Method overriding

If a subclass has the same method as declared in the super class, this is known as method overriding.

Method overriding rules:

• Must have the same parameter list.
• Must have the same return type: although a covariant return allows us to change the return type of the overridden method.
• Must not have a more restrictive access modifier: may have a less restrictive access modifier.
• Must not throw new or broader checked exceptions: may throw narrower checked exceptions and may throw any unchecked exception.
• Only inherited methods may be overridden (must have IS-A relationship).

Example for method overriding:

NOTE: Static methods can’t be overridden because methods are overridden at run time. Static methods are associated with classes while instance methods are associated with objects. So in Java, the main() method also can’t be overridden.

NOTE: Constructors can be overloaded but not overridden.

Object types and reference types

In Person mary = new Student(); , this object creation is perfectly fine.

mary is a Person type reference variable and new Student() will create a new Student object.

mary can’t access study() in compile time because the compiler only knows the reference type. Since there is no study() in the reference type class, it can’t access it. But in runtime mary is going to be the Student type (Runtime type/ object type).

Please review this post for more information on runtime types.

In this case, we can convince the compiler by saying “at runtime, mary will be Student type, so please allow me to call it”. How can we convince the compiler like this? This is where we use casting.

We can make mary a Student type in compile time and can call study() by casting it.

We’ll learn about casting next.

Object type casting

Java type casting is classified into two types:

• Widening casting (implicit): automatic type conversion.
• Narrowing casting (explicit): need explicit conversion.

In primitives, long is a larger type than int . Like in objects, the parent class is a larger type than the child class.

The reference variable only refers to an object. Casting a reference variable doesn’t change the object on the heap but it labels the same object in another way by means of instance members accessibility.

I. Widening casting

II. Narrowing casting

We have to be careful when narrowing. When narrowing, we convince the compiler to compile without any error. If we convince it wrongly, we will get a run time error (usually ClassCastException ).

In order to perform narrowing correctly, we use the instanceof operator. It checks for an IS-A relationship.

As I already stated before, we must remember one important thing when creating an object using the new keyword: the reference type should be the same type or a super type of the object type.

Thank you everyone for reading. I hope this article helped you.

I strongly encourage you to read more related articles on OOP.

Checkout my original article series on Medium: Object-oriented programming principles in Java

Please feel free to let me know if you have any questions.

Dream is not that which you see while sleeping it is something that does not let you sleep. ― A P J Abdul Kalam, Wings of Fire: An Autobiography

Happy Coding!

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The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Lesson: Object-Oriented Programming Concepts

If you've never used an object-oriented programming language before, you'll need to learn a few basic concepts before you can begin writing any code. This lesson will introduce you to objects, classes, inheritance, interfaces, and packages. Each discussion focuses on how these concepts relate to the real world, while simultaneously providing an introduction to the syntax of the Java programming language.

What Is an Object?

An object is a software bundle of related state and behavior. Software objects are often used to model the real-world objects that you find in everyday life. This lesson explains how state and behavior are represented within an object, introduces the concept of data encapsulation, and explains the benefits of designing your software in this manner.

What Is a Class?

A class is a blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. This section defines a class that models the state and behavior of a real-world object. It intentionally focuses on the basics, showing how even a simple class can cleanly model state and behavior.

What Is Inheritance?

Inheritance provides a powerful and natural mechanism for organizing and structuring your software. This section explains how classes inherit state and behavior from their superclasses, and explains how to derive one class from another using the simple syntax provided by the Java programming language.

What Is an Interface?

An interface is a contract between a class and the outside world. When a class implements an interface, it promises to provide the behavior published by that interface. This section defines a simple interface and explains the necessary changes for any class that implements it.

What Is a Package?

A package is a namespace for organizing classes and interfaces in a logical manner. Placing your code into packages makes large software projects easier to manage. This section explains why this is useful, and introduces you to the Application Programming Interface (API) provided by the Java platform.

Questions and Exercises: Object-Oriented Programming Concepts

Use the questions and exercises presented in this section to test your understanding of objects, classes, inheritance, interfaces, and packages.

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Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming with Java

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There are 4 modules in this course

Introduction to OO Programming with Java is course 2 of the Core Java Specialization. After completing this course, you'll be able to create simple Java classes that exhibit the principle of Encapsulation, to import other classes for use, to work with Strings, print output and use advanced math functions.

We'll begin with a brief refresher on necessary concepts from Object-Oriented Programming. Next, we'll introduce basic Java concepts regarding classes, enabling you to start writing simple Java classes with attributes and methods. We'll introduce the idea of instances, or objects created from classes, so that you can start to build object-oriented solutions. Finally, we'll cover namespaces and Java Libraries to explain how Java packages classes, so that everyone can develop code without name collisions. You will be able to organize and access classes, as well as use selected standard classes from the Java runtime environment. To be successful in this course, you should have taken Course 1: Introduction to Java or have equivalent knowledge.

Classes and Objects

In this module, we discuss why we are using Object-Oriented Programming, and introduce the concepts in Java of Classes, Objects, Attributes, and Methods. Along with that, we'll discuss some of the conventions of the JavaBeans Specification, and make use of them in our code.

What's included

11 videos 5 readings 3 quizzes 2 ungraded labs

11 videos • Total 57 minutes

• Course Overview • 0 minutes • Preview module
• Managing Complexity • 9 minutes
• Code Re-use • 1 minute
• Managing Change • 3 minutes
• Moving to OO from Procedural • 5 minutes
• OO Definitions • 9 minutes
• Defining a Class • 4 minutes
• An Example Class • 8 minutes
• Objects • 3 minutes
• Objects Example • 6 minutes
• Experience the Lab Environment • 3 minutes

5 readings • Total 125 minutes

• How many classes are defined in Java Standard Edition? • 10 minutes
• The Bean Specification • 60 minutes
• A Computed, Read-Only Property • 15 minutes
• Formatting Output using PrintStream • 30 minutes
• Importing Lab Starters and/or Solutions • 10 minutes

3 quizzes • Total 90 minutes

• Practice Review • 30 minutes
• Assessment • 30 minutes

2 ungraded labs • Total 60 minutes

• Experience the Lab Environment • 15 minutes
• Implement the Car Class (Optional) • 45 minutes

Creating Classes

In this module, we'll go into more detail on creating classes in Java, and how to organize classes into packages. We'll cover attributes (instance and class variables), methods, access modifiers, parameters, variable length argument lists, local variables, constants, constructors, overloaded methods, and more.

15 videos 2 quizzes 2 ungraded labs 1 plugin

15 videos • Total 110 minutes

• Introduction to Packages • 4 minutes • Preview module
• Packages and the Classpath • 7 minutes
• Declaring a Class • 6 minutes
• Class Anatomy • 6 minutes
• Adding Attributes and Methods • 6 minutes
• Method Parameters • 7 minutes
• Method Variables • 5 minutes
• Java Access Modifiers • 3 minutes
• Constructors • 9 minutes
• Creating Classes Lab Summary • 1 minute
• Creating Classes Lab Full Walkthrough (Optional) • 15 minutes
• Static Attributes • 4 minutes
• Static Methods Demo • 5 minutes
• Creating Calculator Classes Lab Summary • 3 minutes
• Creating Calculator Classes Lab Full Walkthrough (Optional) • 23 minutes

2 quizzes • Total 60 minutes

2 ungraded labs • total 120 minutes.

• Creating Classes • 60 minutes
• Creating Calculator Classes • 60 minutes

1 plugin • Total 15 minutes

• Activity: Declaring Classes and Packaging hem • 15 minutes

Using Java Objects

In this relatively short module, having discussed, in more detail, creating classes, we'll briefly turn our attention back to objects. How to create them with the "new" keyword, the difference between type and class (something we'll revisit often), and (conceptually) what happens in a JVM when we create a new object.

4 videos 2 readings 1 quiz 1 ungraded lab

4 videos • Total 47 minutes

• Creating an Object • 8 minutes • Preview module
• Working with Objects • 3 minutes
• Creating Objects Lab Summary • 4 minutes
• Creating Objects Lab Full Walkthrough (Optional) • 30 minutes

2 readings • Total 11 minutes

• Constructor Methods under the Covers • 10 minutes
• Representations in different JVMs • 1 minute

1 quiz • Total 30 minutes

1 ungraded lab • total 60 minutes.

• Creating Objects • 60 minutes

Namespaces and Java Libraries

In this module, we'll look more closely at the use of Java packages. How we declare our package; the implications of being in a package; why packages are important; how we import classes from other packages; what import does for us; how we come up with our own, unique, package name by following the specified rules; how to resolve name collisions. Finally, we will concluding by looking at four specific Java classes: String, StringBuffer, StringBuilder and Math.

10 videos 3 readings 2 quizzes 1 discussion prompt 1 ungraded lab

10 videos • Total 60 minutes

• JAR Files and Namespaces (Packages) • 6 minutes • Preview module
• Packaging Classes • 4 minutes
• Importing Packages • 5 minutes
• Using Imported Classes • 4 minutes
• The String Class • 7 minutes
• Creating String Objects • 5 minutes
• StringBuffer and StringBuilder • 5 minutes
• The Math Class • 3 minutes
• Creating Calculator Objects Lab Summary • 2 minutes
• Creating Calculator Objects Lab Full Walkthrough (Optional) • 15 minutes

3 readings • Total 70 minutes

• I installed my own Java, and it is later than version 8. Where did rt.jar go? • 10 minutes
• Strings, Buffers and Builders • 30 minutes
• Java Math Support • 30 minutes

1 discussion prompt • Total 10 minutes

• Static Imports • 10 minutes
• Creating Calculator Objects • 60 minutes

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• Each week, send an email to all students in the class that briefly describes activities for that week (lectures, reading, and programming assignments drawn from the book or from this booksite).
• Students watch the lecture videos at their own pace, do the readings, and work on the programming assignments.

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As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs refers to languages that use objects in programming, they use objects as a primary source to implement what is to happen in the code. Objects are seen by the viewer or user, performing tasks assigned by you. Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism etc. in programming. The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data and the functions that operate on them so that no other part of the code can access this data except that function. 

Let us discuss prerequisites by polishing concepts of method declaration and message passing. Starting off with the method declaration, it consists of six components: 

• public: Accessible in all classes in your application.
• protected: Accessible within the package in which it is defined and in its subclass(es) (including subclasses declared outside the package) .
• private: Accessible only within the class in which it is defined.
• default (declared/defined without using any modifier): Accessible within the same class and package within which its class is defined.
• The return type : The data type of the value returned by the method or void if it does not return a value.
• Method Name : The rules for field names apply to method names as well, but the convention is a little different.
• Parameter list : Comma-separated list of the input parameters that are defined, preceded by their data type, within the enclosed parentheses. If there are no parameters, you must use empty parentheses ().
• Exception list : The exceptions you expect the method to throw. You can specify these exception(s).
• Method body : It is the block of code, enclosed between braces, that you need to execute to perform your intended operations.

Message Passing : Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving information to each other. A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore will invoke a function in the receiving object that generates the desired results. Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function and the information to be sent.

Master OOP in Java Write cleaner, more modular, and reusable Java code by building a foundation in object-oriented programming with Educative’s interactive course Learn Object-Oriented Programming in Java . Sign up at Educative.io with the code GEEKS10 to save 10% on your subscription.

Now that we have covered the basic prerequisites, we will move on to the 4 pillars of OOPs which are as follows. But, let us start by learning about the different characteristics of an Object-Oriented Programming Language.

OOPS concepts are as follows: 

• Object 
• Method and method passing
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Compile-time polymorphism
• Runtime polymorphism

A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents the set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type. Using classes, you can create multiple objects with the same behavior instead of writing their code multiple times. This includes classes for objects occurring more than once in your code. In general, class declarations can include these components in order: 

• Modifiers : A class can be public or have default access (Refer to this for details).
• Class name: The class name should begin with the initial letter capitalized by convention.
• Superclass (if any): The name of the class’s parent (superclass), if any, preceded by the keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one parent.
• Interfaces (if any): A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class, if any, preceded by the keyword implements. A class can implement more than one interface.
• Body: The class body is surrounded by braces, { }.

An object is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming that represents real-life entities. A typical Java program creates many objects, which as you know, interact by invoking methods. The objects are what perform your code, they are the part of your code visible to the viewer/user. An object mainly consists of: 

• State : It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an object.
• Behavior : It is represented by the methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an object to other objects.
• Identity : It is a unique name given to an object that enables it to interact with other objects.
• Method : A method is a collection of statements that perform some specific task and return the result to the caller. A method can perform some specific task without returning anything. Methods allow us to reuse the code without retyping it, which is why they are considered time savers . In Java, every method must be part of some class, which is different from languages like C, C++, and Python. 

  class and objects one simple java program :    

Let us now discuss the 4 pillars of OOPs:

Pillar 1: Abstraction

Data Abstraction is the property by virtue of which only the essential details are displayed to the user. The trivial or non-essential units are not displayed to the user. Ex: A car is viewed as a car rather than its individual components. Data Abstraction may also be defined as the process of identifying only the required characteristics of an object, ignoring the irrelevant details. The properties and behaviors of an object differentiate it from other objects of similar type and also help in classifying/grouping the object.

Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car. The man only knows that pressing the accelerators will increase the car speed or applying brakes will stop the car, but he does not know how on pressing the accelerator, the speed is actually increasing. He does not know about the inner mechanism of the car or the implementation of the accelerators, brakes etc. in the car. This is what abstraction is. 

In Java, abstraction is achieved by interfaces and abstract classes . We can achieve 100% abstraction using interfaces.

The abstract method contains only method declaration but not implementation.

Demonstration of Abstract class 

Pillar 2: Encapsulation

It is defined as the wrapping up of data under a single unit. It is the mechanism that binds together the code and the data it manipulates. Another way to think about encapsulation is that it is a protective shield that prevents the data from being accessed by the code outside this shield. 

• Technically, in encapsulation, the variables or the data in a class is hidden from any other class and can be accessed only through any member function of the class in which they are declared.
• In encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other classes, which is similar to what data-hiding does. So, the terms “encapsulation” and “data-hiding” are used interchangeably.
• Encapsulation can be achieved by declaring all the variables in a class as private and writing public methods in the class to set and get the values of the variables.

Demonstration of Encapsulation:

Pillar 3: Inheritance  

Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP (Object Oriented Programming). It is the mechanism in Java by which one class is allowed to inherit the features (fields and methods) of another class. We are achieving inheritance by using extends keyword. Inheritance is also known as “ is-a ” relationship.

Let us discuss some frequently used important terminologies:

• Superclass: The class whose features are inherited is known as superclass (also known as base or parent class).
• Subclass: The class that inherits the other class is known as subclass (also known as derived or extended or child class). The subclass can add its own fields and methods in addition to the superclass fields and methods.
• Reusability: Inheritance supports the concept of “reusability”, i.e. when we want to create a new class and there is already a class that includes some of the code that we want, we can derive our new class from the existing class. By doing this, we are reusing the fields and methods of the existing class.

Demonstration of Inheritance :

Pillar 4: Polymorphism

It refers to the ability of object-oriented programming languages to differentiate between entities with the same name efficiently. This is done by Java with the help of the signature and declaration of these entities. The ability to appear in many forms is called polymorphism .

Note: Polymorphism in Java is mainly of 2 types:  Overloading Overriding 

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Java methods, java classes, java file handling, java how to, java reference, java examples, java - what is oop.

OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming .

Procedural programming is about writing procedures or methods that perform operations on the data, while object-oriented programming is about creating objects that contain both data and methods.

Object-oriented programming has several advantages over procedural programming:

• OOP is faster and easier to execute
• OOP provides a clear structure for the programs
• OOP helps to keep the Java code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes the code easier to maintain, modify and debug
• OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less code and shorter development time

Tip: The "Don't Repeat Yourself" (DRY) principle is about reducing the repetition of code. You should extract out the codes that are common for the application, and place them at a single place and reuse them instead of repeating it.

Java - What are Classes and Objects?

Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented programming.

Look at the following illustration to see the difference between class and objects:

Another example:

So, a class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.

When the individual objects are created, they inherit all the variables and methods from the class.

You will learn much more about classes and objects in the next chapter.

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Oops concept in Java

Nov 24, 2021

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) uses u201cobjectsu201d to model realworld objects. Object- oriented Programming (OOP) consist of some important concepts namely Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Inheritance and Abstraction. These features are generally referred to as the OOPS concepts. OOPs

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Oops concept in Java Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) uses “objects” to model realworld objects. Object- oriented Programming (OOP) consist of some important concepts namely Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Inheritance and Abstraction. These features are generally referred to as the OOPS concepts. OOPs Object-Oriented Programming is a concept to design a program using object and classes. An object in OOP has some state and behavior. In Java, the state is the set of values of an object’s variables at any particular time and the behaviour of an object is implemented as methods. Class can be considered as the blueprint or a template for an object and describes the properties and behavior of that object, but without any actual existence. An object is a particular instance of a class which has actual existence and there can be many objects (or instances) for a class. Static variables and methods are not purely object oriented because they are not specific to instances (objects) but common to all instances.

Classes • Acting as blueprints of a Java program, classes are templates that describe the characteristics of an element or method. They are generic elements in Java programming. They also help a programmer to understand the coding system of another programmer, making its structure clear. Classes exist in the program as long as they desire, meaning they do not have a lifespan. • The following is a list of possible class variables: • Class • A class is a variable that needs to be declared before it enters a class, which can be found within any class and outside any method. • Instance • Instance is a variable that remains within a particular class but is outside a method. However, it is accessible from any other way once declared. • Local • A local is a variable that is defined inside any method in the program and requires initial declaration and acknowledgement. It is omitted after it has executed the command or function.

Objects • Java objects are elements that possess behaviours and states. When parts are defined, they come with their features that further adds value to a program component without having to include an extensive element. These are what you call instances of classes. Because of the behaviours and states of objects, methods are executed successfully. Furthermore, a particular item is associated with a unique function or command so that it will adhere to specific instructions. In contrast with a class, an object ceases to exist once the program has been executed. • One of the characteristics of object-oriented programming is organizing things and concepts. Three object relationships define why elements should or should not be moved to another particular program component: • Is-a Relationship – this means that a type of object is more specific than its fellows (number 1 is a number) • Has-a relationship – this means that a variety of object contains or is associated with another object (given number 1 and number 2: number 1 has a succeeding number, number 2) • Uses-a relationship – this means that a type of object will be using another object as a program progresses (given number 1, number 2 and number 3: • number 1 uses a number 2 to arrive at the sum of number 3) • It is essential to know how to work around with classes and objects when programming using the Java language since they are considered as the generic elements of the software. We also learned how they are organized and their existing relationships with one another.

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