essay corruption in public life

Essay on Corruption in Public Life

Students are often asked to write an essay on Corruption in Public Life in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Corruption in Public Life

Understanding corruption in public life.

Corruption in public life refers to dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in authority. It can take various forms, such as bribery, embezzlement, or misuse of power for personal gain.

Impacts on Society

Corruption negatively affects society by diverting funds meant for public services, like healthcare and education. This leads to inadequate resources for citizens in need.

Undermining Trust

When public officials engage in corrupt practices, it erodes trust in government institutions. Citizens become disillusioned and lose faith in their leaders.

Combatting Corruption

To tackle corruption, transparency, accountability, and strong anti-corruption measures are essential for promoting integrity in public life.

250 Words Essay on Corruption in Public Life

Corruption in public life refers to dishonest and unethical behavior by people in positions of power or authority. It is a serious issue that can harm society in various ways.

Types of Corruption

Corruption can manifest in many forms, such as bribery, nepotism, embezzlement, and favoritism. These actions undermine the trust people have in their government and institutions.

Impact on Society

Corruption has a detrimental impact on society. It can lead to the misallocation of resources, hindering economic growth and development. Public services may suffer, affecting the quality of education, healthcare, and infrastructure.

Consequences for Individuals

Corruption can also affect individuals directly. It can lead to unfair treatment, where those with money and connections gain advantages over others. This can create a sense of injustice and inequality.

Importance of Transparency

Transparency and accountability are essential in combating corruption. When public officials are transparent about their actions and decisions, it becomes easier to identify and address corrupt practices.

Role of Citizens

Citizens play a crucial role in fighting corruption. By staying informed, speaking out against corruption, and holding officials accountable, individuals can help create a more transparent and honest society.

In conclusion, corruption in public life is a significant challenge that requires collective effort to address. By promoting transparency, accountability, and ethical behavior, we can work towards a more just and fair society.

500 Words Essay on Corruption in Public Life

Corruption in public life refers to the misuse of power and position by individuals entrusted with public resources for personal gain. It is a serious problem that can have detrimental effects on society as a whole. When those in authority engage in corrupt practices, it undermines the trust of the people and hampers the progress and development of a nation.

Forms of Corruption

Corruption in public life can take various forms. It may involve bribery, where officials accept money or gifts in exchange for favors or services. Nepotism is another form of corruption, where individuals in power show favoritism towards their family members or friends. Embezzlement occurs when public funds are misappropriated for personal use, depriving the public of much-needed resources.

The impact of corruption in public life is far-reaching. It leads to a lack of transparency and accountability in government institutions, which can result in the misallocation of resources and poor service delivery. Corruption also perpetuates inequality and injustice, as those with power and wealth are able to manipulate the system to their advantage, while the most vulnerable in society suffer the consequences.

Undermining Trust and Confidence

When public officials engage in corrupt practices, it erodes the trust and confidence of the public in the government. Citizens rely on their leaders to act in the best interests of the country, and when this trust is broken, it can lead to widespread disillusionment and unrest. Corruption breeds a culture of dishonesty and deceit that can be difficult to eradicate.

Preventing Corruption

Preventing corruption in public life requires a concerted effort from both the government and the citizens. Implementing strong anti-corruption laws and mechanisms can help deter corrupt practices and hold offenders accountable. Transparency and oversight in government operations can also help prevent the misuse of public resources.

Citizens play a crucial role in combating corruption in public life. By holding their leaders accountable and demanding transparency and integrity, individuals can help create a culture of honesty and ethical behavior. Reporting instances of corruption and supporting anti-corruption initiatives are vital steps in ensuring that public officials act in the best interests of the people.

In conclusion, corruption in public life is a serious issue that undermines the foundations of a just and fair society. It is essential for governments to take proactive measures to prevent corruption and hold those responsible for corrupt practices accountable. By fostering a culture of honesty, transparency, and accountability, we can work towards a future where public resources are used for the benefit of all members of society.

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Essay on Corruption for Students and Children

500+ words essay on corruption.

Essay on Corruption – Corruption refers to a form of criminal activity or dishonesty. It refers to an evil act by an individual or a group. Most noteworthy, this act compromises the rights and privileges of others. Furthermore, Corruption primarily includes activities like bribery or embezzlement. However, Corruption can take place in many ways. Most probably, people in positions of authority are susceptible to Corruption. Corruption certainly reflects greedy and selfish behavior.

Methods of Corruption

First of all, Bribery is the most common method of Corruption. Bribery involves the improper use of favours and gifts in exchange for personal gain. Furthermore, the types of favours are diverse. Above all, the favours include money, gifts, company shares, sexual favours, employment , entertainment, and political benefits. Also, personal gain can be – giving preferential treatment and overlooking crime.

Embezzlement refers to the act of withholding assets for the purpose of theft. Furthermore, it takes place by one or more individuals who were entrusted with these assets. Above all, embezzlement is a type of financial fraud.

The graft is a global form of Corruption. Most noteworthy, it refers to the illegal use of a politician’s authority for personal gain. Furthermore, a popular way for the graft is misdirecting public funds for the benefit of politicians .

Extortion is another major method of Corruption. It means to obtain property, money or services illegally. Above all, this obtainment takes place by coercing individuals or organizations. Hence, Extortion is quite similar to blackmail.

Favouritism and nepotism is quite an old form of Corruption still in usage. This refers to a person favouring one’s own relatives and friends to jobs. This is certainly a very unfair practice. This is because many deserving candidates fail to get jobs.

Abuse of discretion is another method of Corruption. Here, a person misuses one’s power and authority. An example can be a judge unjustly dismissing a criminal’s case.

Finally, influence peddling is the last method here. This refers to illegally using one’s influence with the government or other authorized individuals. Furthermore, it takes place in order to obtain preferential treatment or favour.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Ways of Stopping Corruption

One important way of preventing Corruption is to give a better salary in a government job. Many government employees receive pretty low salaries. Therefore, they resort to bribery to meet their expenses. So, government employees should receive higher salaries. Consequently, high salaries would reduce their motivation and resolve to engage in bribery.

Tough laws are very important for stopping Corruption. Above all, strict punishments need to be meted out to guilty individuals. Furthermore, there should be an efficient and quick implementation of strict laws.

Applying cameras in workplaces is an excellent way to prevent corruption. Above all, many individuals would refrain from indulging in Corruption due to fear of being caught. Furthermore, these individuals would have otherwise engaged in Corruption.

The government must make sure to keep inflation low. Due to the rise in prices, many people feel their incomes to be too low. Consequently, this increases Corruption among the masses. Businessmen raise prices to sell their stock of goods at higher prices. Furthermore, the politician supports them due to the benefits they receive.

To sum it up, Corruption is a great evil of society. This evil should be quickly eliminated from society. Corruption is the poison that has penetrated the minds of many individuals these days. Hopefully, with consistent political and social efforts, we can get rid of Corruption.

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Essay on Corruption, Its Causes, and Effects

Causes of corruption: essay introduction, causes of corruption, effects of corruption, conclusion: what are the causes and effects of corruption.

Bibliography

Transparency International defines corruption as an act that abuses the entrusted power for private gain. This means that it violates the rights of individuals that have bestowed power, authority, and legitimacy. Corruption varies in degree and nature depending on the level of its occurrence, people involved, and circumstances that motivate individuals to be corrupt. Modernization has transformed corruption, and people adopt new and complicated ways of concealing their fraudulent activities. This paper presents the causes and effects of corruption in the public and private sector.

Politics is an effective way of ensuring power and resources are shared equally among all individuals from different backgrounds within a specified jurisdiction. However, people have used political activities and offices to advance their gains and neglect the need to be accountable and responsible to the public. The emergence of political elites has created room for corruption to flourish in public and private offices because people no longer respect the need to develop national programs that will benefit citizens. They have diverted the resources of the public to achieve their gains without considering the impacts of their actions on other citizens. Politics has allowed corrupt officers to win elections and take powerful positions in government. Therefore, citizens continue to suffer because their interests are not addressed by those they expected would alleviate their problems.

Also, the existence of artificial scarcity of resources has pushed people to look for cheap ways of getting what they need. For instance, the scarcity of employment and investment opportunities has led to stiff competition for the limited available resources. Therefore, people use unorthodox ways to persuade those in charge of approving projects to allow them to continue with their investment projects. People with malevolent intentions continue to destroy the economy of their nations as they create false impressions of the scarcity of resources. The existence of unhealthy competitions among businesses forces some of them to use unethical ways to persuade their clients to buy their products. Government officials in charge of quality standards are usually bribed to cover the activities of such investors, and this promotes corruption in businesses. This violates the rights of citizens to access quality products and services.

Thirdly, the ethical qualities of people in authority have decreased, and their value system deteriorated due to lack of strong moral teachings and responsibilities. People no longer have respect for the old ideals of moral and honest service delivery procedures, and society has become a haven for individuals that disregard human dignity. It is necessary to explain that modernity has clouded the need to respect the positions and individuals placed to serve others. People have little respect for morals that guide service delivery and ensure others benefit from their services. Therefore, corruption has been fuelled by poor moral values and lack of respect for human life.

The present generation is full of corrupt activities because people fail to condemn them. There are no strong civil societies to rebuke and oppose corrupt leaders, and this promotes the flourishing of this behavior in generations. The American public forum is dominated by debates on gay marriages, foreign policies, and inflated health bills, but nobody seems to pay attention to the escalating cases of corruption in the public and private sectors. The younger generations do not see the need to fight corruption because their predecessors support and cultivate it through modern systems and activities.

Lastly, widespread poverty and illiteracy have contributed to endemic corruption in modern societies. There are efforts to educate people, especially the rural folks, to ensure they know their rights and freedoms to reduce corruption in their societies. However, these efforts seem to bear no fruits because poverty drives them to seek cheap and quick ways of accessing their needs. Also, poverty makes people desperate, and thus, they do anything that will ensure they have food on their tables. Therefore, corruption flourishes in most societies because people do not know their rights and those that do have limited resources to access them.

Corruption violates the rights and freedoms of individuals to get basic services from public and private offices. This means that this practice compromises the quality of services offered by employees in the public and private sectors and puts the lives of citizens at risk. Corrupt officials do not offer equal services to clients because they treat some with more interests than others. This violates the provisions of equality and the rights for justice in various issues. This makes public institutions and offices to become illegitimate because of misusing their democratic power for private gains.

Also, corruption hinders the effective development of political systems in a country. This vice promotes patronage that is serious threats to democratic processes. Most corrupt nations experience civil disobedience and political instability that hamper development projects. The introduction of multi-party democratic systems is usually hampered by the corruption that compromises the legitimacy of political parties and individuals. Civil disobedience and lack of trust in political institutions propel individuals to protest and demand the removal of their leaders from power.

Moreover, this vice stalls development projects and subjects citizens to abject poverty because of a lack of transparency and accountability in public offices. Corruption enables few individuals that have money to have their way and get what they want while those that do not have been forced to look for other alternatives. Poverty and unemployment are common occurrences in societies that condone corruption, and they cannot develop because of poor management systems. The need to offer quality services like improving infrastructure, medical facilities, schools, and social amenities is compromised by the lack of transparent processes of awarding tenders and distributing resources in a society.

Lastly, this vice discourages unity and cooperation in society because some individuals think they are more important than others. Unequal distribution of national resources and restricted access to public services lead to frustration and apathy among citizens, and this weakens the fabric that binds members of the society. This leads to social inequality and the emergence of class differences that violate the dignity and rights of individuals. Uncontrolled corruption widens the gap between the rich and poor, and this results in a weak civil society.

Corruption is caused by man-made factors like capitalism, lack of transparency and accountability, nepotism, tribalism, poverty, weak social and political structures, and poverty. This vice lowers the pace of national development, weakens societies, and increases poverty. Therefore, people should work hard to ensure they fight corruption by educating their members on the importance of transparent practices. Also, government systems should be programmed to detect and eliminate this vice, and those found promoting it should face harsh penalties.

Johnston, M., Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Turvey, B., Forensic Fraud: Evaluating Law Enforcement and Forensic Science Cultures in the Context of Examiner Misconduct . Massachussetts: Academic Press, 2013.

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IvyPanda. (2023, October 29). Essay on Corruption, Its Causes, and Effects. https://ivypanda.com/essays/corruption-causes-and-effects/

"Essay on Corruption, Its Causes, and Effects." IvyPanda , 29 Oct. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/corruption-causes-and-effects/.

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IvyPanda . "Essay on Corruption, Its Causes, and Effects." October 29, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/corruption-causes-and-effects/.

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5 Essays About Corruption

Internationally, there is no legal definition of corruption, but it includes bribery, illegal profit, abuse of power, embezzlement, and more. Corrupt activities are illegal, so they are discreet and done in secrecy. Depending on how deep the corruption goes, there may be many people aware of what’s going on, but they choose to do nothing because they’ve been bribed or they’re afraid of retaliation. Any system can become corrupt. Here are five essays that explore where corruption exists, its effects, and how it can be addressed.

Learn more about anti-corruption in a free course .

Corruption in Global Health: The Open Secret

Dr. Patricia J. Garcia The Lancet (2019)

In this published lecture, Dr. Garcia uses her experience as a researcher, public health worker, and Minister of Health to draw attention to corruption in health systems. She explores the extent of the problem, its origins, and what’s happening in the present day. Additional topics include ideas on how to address the problem and why players like policymakers and researchers need to think about corruption as a disease. Dr. Garcia states that corruption is one of the most significant barriers to global universal health coverage.

Dr. Garcia is the former Minister of Health of Peru and a leader in global health. She also works as a professor and researcher/trainer in global health, STI/HIV, HPV, medical informatics, and reproductive health. She’s the first Peruvian to be appointed as a member to the United States National Academy of Medicine

‘Are women leaders less corrupt? No, but they shake things up”

Stella Dawson Reuters (2012)

This piece takes a closer look at the idea that more women in power will mean less corruption. Reality is more complicated than that. Women are not less vulnerable to corruption in terms of their resistance to greed, but there is a link between more female politicians and less corruption. The reason appears to be that women are simply more likely to achieve more power in democratic, open systems that are less tolerant of corruption. A better gender balance also means more effective problem-solving. This piece goes on to give some examples of lower corruption in systems with more women and the complexities. While this particular essay is old, newer research still supports that more women in power is linked to better ethics and lower corruption levels into systems, though women are not inherently less corrupt.

Stella Dawson left Reuters in 2015, where she worked as a global editor for economics and markets. At the Thomson Reuters Foundation and 100Reporters, she headed a network of reporters focusing on corruption issues. Dawson has been featured as a commentator for BBC, CNB, C-Span, and public radio.

“Transparency isn’t the solution to corruption – here’s why”

David Riverios Garcia One Young World

Many believe that corruption can be solved with transparency, but in this piece, Garcia explains why that isn’t the case. He writes that governments have exploited new technology (like open data platforms and government-monitoring acts) to appear like they care about corruption, but, in Garcia’s words, “transparency means nothing without accountability.” Garcia focuses on corruption in Latin America, including Paraguay where Garcia is originally from. He describes his background as a young anti-corruption activist, what he’s learned, and what he considers the real solution to corruption.

At the time of this essay’s publication, David Riverios Garcia was an Open Young World Ambassador. He ran a large-scale anti-corruption campaign (reAccion Paraguay), stopping corruption among local high school authorities. He’s also worked on poverty relief and education reform. The Ministry of Education recognized him for his achievements and in 2009, he was selected by the US Department of State as one of 10 Paraguayan Youth Ambassadors.

“What the World Could Teach America About Policing”

Yasmeen Serhan The Atlantic (2020)

The American police system has faced significant challenges with public trust for decades. In 2020, those issues have erupted and the country is at a tipping point. Corruption is rampant through the system. What can be done? In this piece, the author gives examples of how other countries have managed reform. These reforms include first dismantling the existing system, then providing better training. Once that system is off the ground, there needs to be oversight. Looking at other places in the world that have successfully made radical changes is essential for real change in the United States.

Atlantic staff writer Yasmeen Serhan is based in London.

“$2.6 Trillion Is Lost to Corruption Every Year — And It Hurts the Poor the Most”

Joe McCarthy Global Citizen (2018)

This short piece is a good introduction to just how significant the effects of corruption are. Schools, hospitals, and other essential services suffer, while the poorest and most vulnerable society carry the heaviest burdens. Because of corruption, these services don’t get the funding they need. Cycles of corruption erode citizens’ trust in systems and powerful government entities. What can be done to end the cycle?

Joe McCarthy is a staff writer for Global Citizen. He writes about global events and environmental issues.

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About the author, emmaline soken-huberty.

Emmaline Soken-Huberty is a freelance writer based in Portland, Oregon. She started to become interested in human rights while attending college, eventually getting a concentration in human rights and humanitarianism. LGBTQ+ rights, women’s rights, and climate change are of special concern to her. In her spare time, she can be found reading or enjoying Oregon’s natural beauty with her husband and dog.

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2 (page 18) p. 18 Why corruption is a problem

• Published: April 2015
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Corruption impacts upon individuals, groups, and organizations in numerous ways. ‘Why corruption is a problem’ considers the negative effects of corruption in terms of social, environmental, economic, politico-legal, security-related, and international implications, using examples from around the world. The impact of particular acts of corruption is often on several areas simultaneously. Some well-regarded analysts have argued that corruption can sometimes be beneficial, but there is widespread agreement that even if corruption may, in some specific situations, be beneficial, this is only ever short term; eventually, the costs of corruption invariably outweigh the benefits.

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CORRUPTION IN INDIA

Corruption, a well-known term, occurs in all civilizations. Corruption is widespread in our country and has caused maximum suffering to the common man. Simply put, corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. It primarily includes activities such as bribery, embezzlement, extortion, fraud, misappropriation of public goods, nepotism and cronyism. Corruption in India can be described as a strong nexus between bureaucracy, politics and criminals. India has been ranked 80th out of 180 countries in Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index. This reflects that the problem is extremely deep rooted in our system..

Corruption in India emanates from various spheres. Some of the important causes include criminalization of politics and politicization of criminals, use of black money in elections, crony capitalism, complicated tax and licensing system, low wages of public servants, judicial pendency, lack of effective vigilance and lack of transparent laws and processes. Other factors such as increasing shift towards materialism, tolerance of people towards corrupt activities and failure of our education system to impart right values allow it to take roots in the society.

Corruption is a significant obstacle in the process of modernization and economic development. Issue of non-performing assets of our banks, lack of adequate foreign investments, time and cost overruns of infrastructure projects and red-tapism are some of its adverse effects. Several scams are reported leading to the loss of public wealth. It results in social inequality, widens the gap between rich and poor and degrades the social, moral and political fabric of the country.

Corruption is one of the chief enemies of the state as it hinders the process of growth and development. The following steps can be taken to minimize corruption from the system:

• Electoral reforms such as state funding of elections, asset declaration, account auditing of political parties regularly, filing of income tax returns, decriminalization of politics and inner party democracy, should be brought in.
• Public servants must also declare assets owned by them and their spouses and children.
• Bureaucracy should be made more accountable, ethical and transparent. Administrative procedure should be simplified to eliminate several gaps and delays.
• Laws must be effectively enforced so that its penalties can act as a necessary deterrent.
• Judicial reforms are necessary to expedite trials against the corrupt.
• Investing agencies should have more teeth and work autonomy.
• E-governance can lay the foundation of good governance by apt utilization allotted economic resources and adding transparency to the system.
• Public awareness is of utmost importance. A well-developed education system can create awareness about corruption and its detrimental effects. With active participation of citizens, the process of giving and taking bribe can be stopped.

Corruption is an unethical practice. It is a serious criminal offence. Black money generated through corruption drags the economy backwards. There should be a comprehensive fight against corruption. Government must strengthen our legal and institutional mechanism and citizens should have zero tolerance towards any kind of corrupt activity. Responsiveness, awareness, transparency and accountability and must for achieving a corruption free society.

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Essay on Corruption: 100 Words, 200 Words

• Updated on  
• Apr 3, 2024

Corruption is an act of bribery that involves taking gifts and favours in exchange for some gain in terms of services and acceptance. In easy words, corruption means the misuse of power and any positions for personal and financial gain. Whether it’s a public official accepting bribes, a company engaging in fraudulent practices, or a student cheating on an exam, corruption takes various forms. This blog sheds light on the term corruption and the effects of corruption and lists down essay on corruption in 100 and 200 words. 

Table of Contents

• 1 What is corruption?
• 2 Effects on Corruption
• 3 Essay On Corruption in 100 Words
• 4 Essay On Corruption in 200 Words

Also Read: How to Write an Essay in English

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What is corruption?

Corruption in simple words means betraying the people and misusing the nominal power that is assigned to any individual. It is the misuse of public property or money for selfish reasons. It is only related to Government or public funds. Every country and every company, whether Public or private, faces some corruption in one form or the other. Corruption deteriorates the mind and thought process of the people of the country. Every developing nation faces corruption as its enemy. It gives rise to inequality, injustice, illegality, and inconsistency at all levels of the administration. Corruption can be in the form of money, gift, etc. In any form, the person taking bribe is equally guilty.

Effects on Corruption

Here are some effects of corruption on individuals and society:

• When people in power are corrupt, people lose trust in them. People start doubting their decisions and intentions for everyone. People can also revolt against them and take any action.
• Corruption can make life unfair. Instead of the most deserving person getting a job or a chance, it might go to someone who paid a bribe. 
• Corruption slows down a country’s progress. Money that should be used to build roads, and schools and also the living conditions get worse. This means the country doesn’t become better and people’s lives stay hard.
• Corruption can block opportunities for many people. If anyone needs a job, education or any healthcare facility and is not able to afford to pay bribes, their opportunities get lost.

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Essay On Corruption in 100 Words

Corruption is when people misuse power for their gain. It’s like cheating the system. Corruption hurts a lot of people. Corruption makes people lose interest and trust in leaders. 

Money meant for schools, hospitals, and roads gets stolen. Jobs might go to those who pay bribes, not the deserving. This may seem unfair to a lot of people. 

Corruption slows down progress and makes life tough. We must stop corruption by being honest and also taking a stand against it. When we fight corruption, we make our world a better place for everyone.

Essay On Corruption in 200 Words

Corruption is a big problem that hurts everyone. It happens when people in power misuse their authority for personal gain. To a lot of people, it may seem unfair. 

The first cause can be that corruption breaks trust. People start doubting if their leaders are working for them personally or for themselves. It also makes them feel upset and also feel disappointed.

Second, corruption wastes money. Money that should help schools, hospitals, and roads ends up in the wrong hands. It means that people who do not get the things that they need for their betterment of life.

Corruption also creates unfairness. People who deserve opportunities might not get them if they can’t pay bribes. It also makes the life of people tough and lose a lot of opportunities. It can also impact the progress of the country and weaken the strong pillars of the country.

To fight corruption, the candidates need to be honest and take steps to stand against it. People can demand transparency and fairness in the country to make the issue sustainable. With the contribution of people, they can create a world where people in power are working for everyone not just for themselves. 

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Related Reads

Some of the adverse effects of corruption in today’s society are lost trust, lost opportunities, and slows down the country’s progress.

The negative emotions related to corruption are anxiety, anger and disappointment.

To write a short essay on corruption, make sure to include the effects of corruption and all the aspects of the term.

Hence, we hope that this blog has assisted you in comprehending what an essay on Corruption must include. If you are struggling with your career choices and need expert guidance, our Leverage Edu mentors are here to guide you at any point of your academic and professional journey thus ensuring that you take informed steps towards your dream career.

Simran Popli

An avid writer and a creative person. With an experience of 1.5 years content writing, Simran has worked with different areas. From medical to working in a marketing agency with different clients to Ed-tech company, the journey has been diverse. Creative, vivacious and patient are the words that describe her personality.

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Corruption as a Problem in Public Administration

Introduction, background of the issue, importance of the issue, discussion of possible solutions, disciplinary codes and codes of ethics, conflict of interest regulations and financial disclosure, the use of e-government, recommendation for the solution.

Corruption in public administration is one of the many problems that lead to inequalities and injustice in modern society. There exist numerous definitions that attempt to present the concepts of this term. For example, Cordis and Milyo (2016) admit that “it may be defined as the misuse of public office for private gain or more broadly as an abuse of public trust” (p. 129). Park and Kim (2019) also state that the term refers to actions of public officials to further their own or others’ interests in exchange for benefits. The two definitions indicate that corruption is an example of misconduct, meaning that it is necessary to take specific steps to address the issue.

Numerous scholarly articles analyze the question of how it is possible to combat corruption in public administration. The studies by Ionescu (2016), Kossow et al. (2017), Irfan (2017), Nam (2018), Park and Kim (2019), and Basyal et al. (2018) assess the effectiveness of the Internet and e-governance in combating corruption. Simultaneously, Meyer-Sahling and Mikkelsen (2020) consider how the use of disciplinary codes and codes of ethics is helpful in this case. Furthermore, Mungiu-Pippidi and Dadašov (2017) draw attention to a set of anti-corruption measures, including financial disclosure, conflict of interest regulation, restrictive rules on party finance, and others. This scientific evidence demonstrates that many researchers make efforts to find ways to eliminate corruption in public administration.

The information above shapes the paper’s purpose that manifests itself in analyzing the current ways to address corruption in public administration and finding the most effective option. This objective has resulted in a hypothesis that e-governance and the use of the Internet can decrease the prevalence of corruption in a public sphere. In an attempt to prove this thought, an approach of literature review has been undertaken. This research will have practical implications because its results will show what specific measures are necessary to combat corruption activities. The remaining paper will present background information on the issue, a detailed presentation of its importance, a discussion of possible solutions, and the recommendation for the solution choice.

The issue of corruption has a long history because it was familiar to people of different epochs. For example, Terence, the Latin playwright, admitted that the more laws the republic had, the higher the corruption rate there was (Mungiu-Pippidi & Dadašov, 2017). As for the modern era, different factors can be prerequisites of corruption. According to Park and Kim (2019), they are the presence or absence of punishment for corruptive acts, level of democracy, sector pay, individual education level, and others. In addition to that, the decision of whether to engage in corruption depends on what public officials’ colleagues think of the issue (Gorsira et al., 2018). This information makes it possible to conclude that corruption is in human nature.

The problem is of universal scope because both developed and developing nations suffer from corruption. Thus, Irfan (2017) analyzes the ways to combat this issue in Sri Lanka, while the study by Mungiu-Pippidi and Dadašov (2017) assesses the prevalence of corruptive behaviors in all world countries. Figure 1 by Mungiu-Pippidi and Dadašov (2017) stipulates that “the more restrictions a country has on political financing, the more corrupt it is” (p. 392). This fact supports Terence’s idea that has been described above.

As has been mentioned above, addressing corruption in public administration is a popular topic of scholarly articles. Numerous studies acknowledge this issue and offer possible solutions to it. Most of these scientific works have successfully investigated the problem because they have identified a connection between the implementation of preventive measures and corruption rates. However, there is a significant gap in this research body. It refers to the fact that all the articles analyze the effectiveness of separate measures, and no study has attempted to compare all the existing options and find the most suitable solution. That is why the given work tries to address this gap and offer an effective solution to the problem under consideration.

Even though it has been mentioned that corruption is a universal problem, the issue of to what extent various countries suffer from it remains unclear. Thus, the given section is going to present this information. On the one hand, Irfan (2017) presents an increasing volume of corruptive cases in Sri Lanka, while Meyer-Sahling and Mikkelsen (2020) consider the growing burden of this issue in Poland. Thus, these two articles prove that developing countries are subject to corruption. On the other hand, developed nations also fail to feel protected from the problem, and the situation in the United States supports this claim. Figure 2 by Cordis and Milyo (2016) reveals the number of confirmed corruption cases in the US over a 40-year period. Despite a significant improvement in the 1990s, the figure demonstrates an evident upward tendency of corruption in the United States. The figure represents the number of corruptive cases made by various agencies. The inconsistency between the results is an interesting anomaly, but its nature is not within the scope of this research.

Irrespective of a country where corruption cases occur and its economic status, the phenomenon under consideration is destructive and leads to adverse consequences. Firstly, Park and Kim (2019) admit that this phenomenon results in lower private investment, which decreases the economic growth of a nation. Secondly, corruption leads to government inefficiencies concerning procurement processes (Park & Kim, 2019). It means that government activity becomes unfair, which makes it challenging to achieve positive outcomes for the nation. Thirdly, the two examples above result in the fact that people do not trust the government. Finally, Park and Kim (2019) explain that the presence of corruption in public administration makes people want to break the rules, which can lead to social unrest. The information above is an evident sign that specific and compelling measures are necessary to address corruption and relieve nations from its adverse consequences.

Since the details above have demonstrated that corruption in public administration is a universal issue that implies many adverse consequences, there is no doubt that specific measures to address the problem are required. Now, there is an array of available solutions, and it is necessary to review their specifics. That is why the following information will present a synthesis of possible options, which is essential to identify whether it is reasonable to use any of them.

Since corruption is an example of misconduct, this behavior should imply a punishment. In some cases, appropriate sanctions that are predetermined by disciplinary codes can be useful in preventing corruption. According to Meyer-Sahling and Mikkelsen (2020), these documents determine punitive measures that should be applied to public officials who have committed wrongdoing. They are said to work because the implied punishment can be an effective stimulus for individuals to avoid engaging in corruption. However, numerous scientific studies demonstrate that disciplinary codes may not suffice to address the issue under analysis successfully. Thus, Meyer-Sahling and Mikkelsen (2020) considered the impact of these documents on Polish public officials and failed to identify significant statistical evidence that would reveal the benefits of disciplinary codes. It is so because a desire to obtain corruption benefits is higher than the fear of being punished. Thus, the researchers conclude that this solution cannot make a difference when used in isolation.

Codes of ethics are also documents that contribute to the creation of an ethical and productive environment in the workplace, but they address the issue from a different side. As opposed to disciplinary codes, codes of ethics explain corporate values and behavioral standards. These documents are used to increase officials’ morale with the help of motivation and ethical principles (Meyer-Sahling & Mikkelsen, 2020). In other words, codes of ethics are present to remind civil servants about the sinful nature of corruption, which tends to minimize this behavior. However, Meyer-Sahling and Mikkelsen (2020) explain that this measure is unlikely to result in significant benefits. It means that emphasizing values is not sufficient to make individuals refrain from following corruptive behaviors.

It can be necessary to address public officials’ scope of responsibility to fight corruption. It refers to the necessity to minimize the occurrence of conflict of interest situations. According to Mungiu-Pippidi and Dadašov (2017), these cases occur when a public servant is in a position when their decision can lead to personal benefits. It means that appropriate restrictions are necessary to “prohibit public officials from participating in any number of activities that might be seen to compromise their impartiality” (Mungiu-Pippidi & Dadašov, 2017, p. 393). That is why there exist numerous provisions that regulate public officials’ behavior in the spheres of owning a private firm, accepting gifts, holding government contracts, and others. This measure’s effect is insignificant because public servants can overcome these regulations by involving third parties in their corruptive actions.

At the same time, financial disclosure regulations are another possible solution. Mungiu-Pippidi and Dadašov (2017) explain that this measure obliges public servants to “disclose their income, assets and financial interests to prevent or detect any private gains they might eventually make” (p. 394). The rationale behind this claim is that individuals will refrain from engaging in corruptive activities because they will not be able to explain the origins of their richness. However, it is also impossible to mention that this solution has the potential to result in significant benefits. It relates to the fact that individuals can find ways of overcoming the regulations under consideration. For example, it is a typical case when a corrupt official discloses their financial statement, and it does not have any suspicious information. It is so because this public servant’s relatives possess objects of luxury. This information denotes that the measures above are insufficient to reduce the incidence of corruption in public administration.

E-government is another possible solution to the issue under consideration. This term denotes that public officials use information and communication technologies (ICTs) to cope with routine activities. Since modern Internet capabilities are almost limitless, it is not a surprise that e-government is quite accessible now. Park and Kim (2019) indicate that the use of e-government leads to improved effectiveness, efficiency, and quality of government operations. That is why this strategy has the potential to address corruption in public administration.

Numerous examples can demonstrate how e-government can make a difference when it comes to public corruption. Firstly, e-government initiatives result in an online service application system (Park & Kim, 2019). It means that public officials do not have direct contact with applicants, which eliminates the environment that could promote corruptive actions. Secondly, procurement procedures can experience significant changes with the help of e-government. It relates to the introduction of an e-procurement system that can help monitor whether officials’ actions in the procurement sphere are just and fair (Park & Kim, 2019). Thirdly, e-government initiatives lead to the creation of an open government that is an effective measure to fight corruption. It is so because this phenomenon discloses government information regarding decision-making procedures, policy implementation, evaluation processes, and others (Park & Kim, 2019). This information denotes that e-government addresses various manifestations of public corruption to eliminate this behavior.

An array of scientific evidence can prove the effectiveness of e-government. For example, Park and Kim (2019) insist on the fact that this option leads to significantly decreased public corruption rates. Simultaneously, Ionecsu (2016) explains that volumes of corruptive activities reduce substantially in developing countries because of e-government. Irfan (2017) also adds that Sri Lanka experiences a reduced corruption rate because e-government initiatives have been implemented in the country. The two previous examples make it possible to conclude that the effect of e-government is of a limited scope since it is only positive for developing countries. This idea is supported by Basyal et al. (2018), who did not find any evidence that “e-government has a positive impact on corruption reduction” (p. 134). That is why it is necessary to identify whether this opposing point of view is accurate.

Further research reveals that e-government leads to the desired outcomes if additional conditions are present. On the one hand, the analysis of 154 countries has shown that e-governance is the most effective in countries with a stable and organized society (Kossow & Kukutschka, 2017). It means that this way of addressing corruption is useful in those countries that do not suffer from other social issues. On the other hand, Nam (2018) mentions that “national cultures characterized as having unequal power distribution and uncertainty avoidance have a decreased anti-corruption effect of e-government” (p. 273). This fact also demonstrates that e-government can result in essential benefits in those nations that do not have significant social problems.

Corruption is a significant problem in the modern world because it affects various life spheres. This phenomenon results in the fact that people with power misconduct or make wrongful decisions to obtain personal benefits. Corruption consequences imply reduced private investment, government inefficiencies, economic problems, social unrest, and others. That is why it is necessary to choose the most suitable solution to improve the situation.

According to the information above, it is possible to mention that e-government is a suitable option to address corruption in public administration. Firstly, it is so because many scientific articles prove the effectiveness of the given solutions under various conditions. Secondly, it has been shown that this strategy addresses the issue from multiple sides, which can contribute to better outcomes. However, these details do not mean that e-government is an error-free option to eliminate corruption or at least minimize its rates. Some scientific works also suggest that this strategy does not have the potential to reduce corruption. Such arguments are refuted by the fact that e-government results in benefits under particular conditions. It refers to the fact that a developed and organized society is a factor that can maximize the positive outcomes of using e-government to fight corruption. The final thought is that e-government can be sufficient to eliminate corruption from public administration when society is ready for this improvement.

Basyal, D. K., Poudyal, N., & Seo, J.-W. (2018). Does e-government reduce corruption? Evidence from a heterogeneous panel data model. Transforming Government: People, Process, and Policy, 12 (2), 134-154.

Cordis, A. S., & Milyo, J. (2016). Measuring public corruption in the United States: Evidence from administrative records of federal prosecutions. Public Integrity, 18 (2), 127-148.

Gorsira, M., Denkers, A., & Huisman, W. (2018). Both sides of the coin: Motives for corruption among public officials and business employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 151, 179-194.

Ionescu, L. (2016). E-government and social media as effective tools in controlling corruption in public administration. Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, (1), 66-72.

Irfan, M. I. M. (2017). The role of e-governance in administrative efficiency and combating corruption: Case of Sri Lanka. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 17 (2-G). Web.

Kossow, N., & Kukutschka, R. M. B. (2017). Civil society and online connectivity: Controlling corruption on the net? Crime, Law, and Social Change, 68 (4), 459-476.

Meyer-Sahling, J.-H., & Mikkelsen, K. S. (2020). Codes of ethics, disciplinary codes, and the effectiveness of anti-corruption frameworks: Evidence from a survey of civil servants in Poland. Review of Public Personnel Administration. 

Mungiu-Pippidi, A., & Dadašov, R. (2017). When do anticorruption laws matter? The evidence on public integrity enabling contexts. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 68 (4), 387-402.

Nam, T. (2018). Examining the anti-corruption effect of e-government and the moderating effect of national culture: A cross-country study. Government Information Quarterly, 35 (2), 273-282.

Park, C. H., & Kim, K. (2019). E-government as an anti-corruption tool: Panel data analysis across countries. International Review of Administrative Sciences. 

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Essay on “Corruption in Public Life” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

Corruption in Public Life

Essay No. 01

POINTS TO DEVELOP

1. Corruption in public life bothers everyone.

2.Meaning of corruption in public life.

3. Not a new phenomenon.

4. Standards of morality have consistently gone down in politics, bureaucracy, and law corrupt practices.

5. Every field is imbued with corrupt practices.

6.Causes of corruption and their possible remedies.

If two or more persons meet and start talking about the present society of India, they soon come to the conclusion that every system, every institution of India is infested with corruption. Corruption has become so common in public life that people can now hardly think of public life without linking it with corruption.

But what does corruption actually mean? Corruption means perversion of morality, integrity, character, or duty out of mercenary motives (e.g., bribery) without regard to honor, right or justice. In public life, a corrupt person is one who bestows undue favor on someone with whom he has monetary or other interests (e.g., nepotism). Simultaneously, those who genuinely deserve those things as their right remain deprived.

Corruption in public life is not a modern phenomenon. It was prevented in the political and civic life of even the Maurya period as has been discussed by Chanakya in the  Arthashasatra. Similarly, during the later Mughal period when debauchery was perhaps at its peak and when the so-called mighty Mughal rule did not extend beyond even of the Great Mughals such as Mohammad ‘Rangeela’ themselves indulged in all sorts of corruption that included taking bribes and giving bribes to the powerful nobles to seek their armed support against their enemies. Corruption reached new heights during the British period. The British officers posted in India, on the whole, were corrupt. But even more corrupt than them were their Indian agents, such as the notorious ‘ gomasthas’ who made lots of illegal money by clandestinely selling ‘ dastaks’ to those who wished to indulge in unfair trade practices. But it is only recently that corruption has become rampant in out public life and caught public attention. Unfortunately, people no longer protest against corrupt practices, fight injustice or express any shock when big scandals are exposed. 

Most of the Indian politicians nowadays are anything but honest. Once they come to enjoy the fruits of power, they leave no stone unturned to make hay while the sun shines. Records show that in India, from time to time, a large number of big and small politicians are caught on the wrong foot: while some are found guilty of making unlawful money through dubious means, other corrupt politicians are found giving lucrative government contracts to those undeserving people and parties who fulfill their greed for money and otherworldly desires. Incidentally, in some of the instances, when even after cases are filed in courts against these corrupt ministers and politicians, they continue to firmly remain in seats of power. Surprisingly, the common citizens do not punish them by not returning them to power the next time. They instead continue to vote for these very politicians ignoring their stained record of blatantly misusing and virtually looting the Indian taxpayer’s hard-earned money.

Corruption is not a uniquely Indian phenomenon; it is witnessed all over the world in nations such as the USA, Japan, and Italy among others. In India, like elsewhere, various types of corruption are to be found. Besides bribery, nepotism, theft, and wastage of public money, dereliction of duty is also a form of corruption commonly found in the Indian scenario. As a matter of fact, from the time one is born in a hospital to the time one form or the other age, various shades of corruption in one form or the other age, various shades of corruption in one form or the other develop one. Favoritism, one of the most widely practiced forms of corruption in India, exists in practically every field; it ignores the suitability of worthy candidates for appropriate jobs in favor of less deserving and less meritorious candidates. Blatant negligence is another noteworthy type of corruption. Government officials and police, not to mention doctors and even teachers, are often found negligent towards the people and this tortures the ordinary citizen no end. Negligence by doctors in government hospitals and even reputed private nursing homes even lead to the death of unsuspecting patients. The situation in the police force is much worse. The Indian police force is one of the most corrupt in the entire world. Even getting routine FIRs registered on has to grease the palms of the corrupt and greedy SHOs. The educational system in India is also infested with corrupt officials and administrators who make a mockery of the sanctity of the hallowed precincts of educational institutions to make a fast buck. without giving hefty donations, it is tough, perhaps impossible, to get admission to many a good educational institute in India. Even the judiciary in India, of late, has come in the grip of corrupt elements who pull out all stops to sabotage justice. It is said, rightfully so, that in India corrupt elements stalk people at all stages and in every field of life. Various reasons are given for the existence and growth of corruption in public life.

Given the vast size and population of India and the poor economic infrastructure, most of the things required by ordinary citizens in the course of their daily lives and activities are in short supply. corruption creeps in to jump a long queue, get a necessity in short supply, be served with minimum waste of time (time, after all, is money, as some say). In a growing environment of consumerism, almost everyone wants a little more than what he/ she earns, or has legally, so, the side money made by public servants for doing their public duty a little more quickly or to favor one person over another. Then, in a morally vitiated atmosphere, public office and service is blatantly used for illegal (or at least questionable) ends to support the claims of criminals in favor of politicians.

In the Indian scenario, corrupt practices in the institution of elation are a prime source of corruption, with political parties at the root of the evil. It captures the power structure by corrupt means and perpetuates it down the line, engulfing law-enforcing agencies in the process as well.

Economic forces too lead to corruption. Given the present rate of inflation the ordinary Indian – the fixed salaried man- finds it quite impossible t maintain his family with his submarginal income and save a bit. Those who earn enough to meet a minimum standard of life and give some to spare are drawn towards items of consumerist living and constantly find incomes inadequate. Corruption again is an attractive proposition.

Again, anyone interested in real estate will first have to deal with a seller who is averse to showing the correct price on the document, to avoid capital gains tax. To avoid unreasonably high stamp duties and registration charges, even otherwise honest people are tempted to show smaller sums for a deed. There are hundreds of instances of laws and rates inducing corruption.

Dr. Upendra Baxi says, “The criminogenic of corruption may entail more than bribery offenses between the giver and the receiver and, may spill further to the misappropriation” of bribes, distortions in markets of corruption intimidation and outright violence to remedy unjust enrichment or for the rendering of promised services and even possibilities of counter-intimidation and violence”.

Taxes are another provocation and the law should balance between individual income and expenditure. Standard expenditures incurred by the common people living in cities and towns should be deemed to be a fair basis for impositions to direct taxes.

The Sociological School of jurisprudence suggests that people in a given society must have an interest in the production system, be it private or public enterprise. Society must also control the price level of all production. Therefore, proper legislation is necessary to fix prices of good to be consumed by a given society. This may be done by the application of the Social Control theory, which is not opposed to a free-market economy.

Free market economy does not grant freedom to exploit. Any person may be entitled to participate in the production system of a country but production or post-production processes must establish a harmonious relationship between the profits and the social policy and reality.

One major cause of corruption among politicians and bureaucrats in many countries has been the cast discretion powers vested in them, especially in relation to the economy. With the launch of the economic reforms process in India since 1991, there has been a drastic contraction in these discretionary powers. However, there are still some key areas where discretion is temptingly left with politicians. Although these areas of discretion may get gradually reduced, there will always be some regulatory powers left with the government.

The remedy is to limit the role of the ministers to evolve policies and leave the application of policies to individual cases in the hands of an independent commission/authority, in each such area of public interest. Each such commission/authority, maybe a statutory body whose members are credentials for a fixed tenure. Conditions of service similar evolved t ensure independence. If the decision of these commissions is not under the purview of the minister but only challengeable in courts, the source of corruption may be eliminated. Besides, it would be advantageous for the economy as a whole, as these commissions would give professional and objective decisions, and the whole process would be transparent.

A major cause of corruption is election expenses which have led to blatant hypocrisy among all parties, especially since 1969 when Indira Gandhi banned company donations to political parties. Our parliamentary constituencies are by far the largest in the world, which entail high teems too are far less advanced, with no local radio or TV stations, and our voters are less educated. So, to fight an election in such a constituency requires immense resources for direct or indirect personal contacts and appearances. Upto a corner of rupees per candidate is required to meet the election expenses. This money has to be collected mostly from business houses and traders. 

The greed of politicians is matched by the willingness of unscrupulous businessmen who have mastered the art of building up very successful business empires by paying the appropriate political masters. It is not an exaggeration to say that a majority of India business empires have been built on the basis of corruption to exploit the licence-permit-quota Raj which existed till 1992. Because of such implied obligation many honest persons do not want to stand for elections. They know that they cannot afford to discharge their obligations.

The best solution would be for the government to fund election expenses for candidates put up by parties which have a qualifying record of votes in Parliament. Apart from reducing corruption, government funding of elections will enable honest and decent people to enter politics.

It has been pointed out that mega scams exemplify a complete break of the social contract between the citizens and their representatives (who are supposed to safeguard the former’s interest) in democratic India. And this occurs despite constitutional and legal constraints. There appears to be institutional atrophy and administrative machinery.

It has been suggested that privatization is the only and the obvious solution to these enormous public deficiencies indeed, one might first think that since businesses are run ‘efficiently’ and since efficiency and accountability are most certainly desirable in many fields of public activities, public services should be put in the hands of businesspeople. However, there is no compelling evidence to claim that all business and professional firms are, by definition, efficient. Indeed, several financial scandals in the private sector are a depressing reminder that they are not.

More importantly as Adam Smith (who is frequently cited but rarely read) long ago suggested, the market does not spontaneously emerge; rather, t has to be established and maintained by the state and its administrative machinery. In other words, without the appropriate political institutions, no market economy or market reform of any significance is possible.

But is it not the same opportunist politicians and their rent-seeking bureaucratic agents who flout contractual clauses with utter contempt for rules deregulation? And are also in charge of carrying out market reforms? Under the circumstances, it is difficult to escape the thought that privatization will be a means by which these corrupt public figures will gift public resources to their friends, relatives, and clients. A study of economic reforms, therefore, cannot exclude an analysis of political restructuring and reform. Indeed, an understanding of the persistence of dysfunctional and corrupt political institutions with an attendant quest for socially beneficial institutional changes is a prerequisite for the market to succeed.

In order to get the political institutions right and to remedy the inefficiencies that mark the bureaucracy, we cannot rely on the market alone, because the present institutional failure is ascribable not to the absence of market discipline but to the absence or the abrogation of the disciplining force of democracy. Liberalization is not just a matter of delicensing; it envisages empowering citizens by replacing them. government diktat by competition within a set of fair rules.

Clearly, constitutional and legal checks and balances, though essential, are not sufficient forms of protection against corruption and bribery. In fact, the actual functioning of political institutions cannot be read off from the Constitution. To ascertain the effective institutional framework, we have to examine instead the overall health of democracy in general and the local structure of governance in particular.

Ultimately, it is the citizens expressed in the form of pressure from below, that can provide the added safeguards required to deter public officials from seizing public assets for private gains. The grassroots-up approach is likely to illuminate our understanding of the direction in which remedial measures are to be sought, such that the lofty promises of the people in power are translated into credible commitments.

The local level community organizations which can function as effective accountability mechanisms include citizens’ watchdog committees, the office of local ombudsman, and the Panchayati Raj institutions, among others. The activities of such local democratic units, working with, as well as putting pressure on the local bureaucracy. can help limit the abuse of executive and administrative power.

A certain sense of hopelessness develops when one considers the poverty of our masses. People who are struggling for survival, do not always exercise political rights and consequently, the politicians who fail to keep their promises are not necessarily thrown out of office. To be sure, rights mean little unless supplemented by a minimum of economic wherewithal and security. It also bears remark that in situations of entrenched inequalities of income, gender, and caste (which prevail in many parts of the country), local organizations tend to get captured by the powerful and the wealthy.  In such conditions of extreme inequality, the local political structure may suffer from the same institutional failures which afflict the supra-local bodies and thus block the rearrangement of institutions in ways that are conducive to overall development.

So, is there nothing to be done? Positive action, however, is possible: greater public activism and participation at the local level, mobilized through public – regarding community and voluntary organizations, local bodies, and political parties, will hopefully work to reduce inequality and thus enhance the economic security of the masses; reduced inequality, in its turn, will ensure the fuller exercise of political rights on the part of citizens forcing exercise of political rights on the part of citizens forcing the delinquent public functionaries to become more accountable and responsive to public demands. Ultimately, both efficiency and welfare purposes will be served by aligning market reforms with institution reforms that further democratic values.

Paradoxically, therefore, we may look at the current web of theft and corruption afflicting our polity as a fertile ground for the initiative to create a new wave of democratic experiments. In a liberal democracy, crooked businessmen and politicians are subject to the rule of law.

Politicians must be accountable in the years in between elections.  And the law is supposed to ensure this. In fact, the law is not permitted to do so because the politicians themselves control the police and prosecutions. There is now an unspoken agreement between parties that, if at all possible, elected legislators will not be prosecuted. So, it is no surprise that dacoits want to become MLAs and often do. Today, home ministers at the Centre and states control the police and prosecutions. But when home ministers have become part and parcel of a criminalized political system, they cannot be expected to tackle criminality. We need a new institution independent of home ministers for this purpose. We need a constitutional amendment taking away the power of crime detection and prosecution from the politician, and giving this an independent authority.

The police have two quite distinct functions, maintaining public order and catching criminals. The maintenance of public order (including the checking of terrorism) is inherently a political task and must be performed by home ministers. But crime detection (save for certain terrorist acts) should be independent of the political process there is no reason for it to be under political control.

To an extent lower tax rates lead to higher tax revenue: as lowering tax rates reduces the benefits of evading tax. However, beyond a certain limit, it is not possible to lower tax rates without adversely affecting the functioning of the government.

Corruption will not be reduced as long as there is a demand for illegal funds. This demand is fueled not only by politicians requiring election funds, or by those working in the real estate field, but by social attitudes. If ostentatious spending is a mark of social status, there is always spending is a mark of social status, there is always pressure to spend more than what is possible after paying taxes.

As such, the social environment is basically responsible for the unchecked growth of corruption. It is a sign of corruption to sell adulterated food items and medicine, cheat in examinations, patronize smugglers to get hold of foreign goods cheaply or to finance extravagant activates, so much that even national security may be compromised on a higher level.

In order to confine corruption to the criminal class. It is imperative that the risks, and costs, of being corrupt are sharpie increased. This cannot be done merely by increasing legal penalties. Corruption must generate such a substantial loss of social status that it makes any monetary  gain appear insignificant. Such a loss of social status will only be possible if common people believe that those who break the rules of civil society deserve to be ostracised. This will need a society where most people, if not all , believe that the rules that prevail are fair.

A democracy will survive only if the rule of law is efficiently and just applied, and public figures act upon a high degree of ethical principles. This is not idealistic, but a ground reality. Also, a democracy, unless made up of an alert, morally firm people capable of influencing public life in the right way, will degenerate into a democracy.

Essay No. 02

Corruptions in Public Life

Corruption in public life is not a  modern phenomenon.  It was prevalent in the  political and  civic  life  of  ancient  India  as  has  been  discussed  by Kautilya  in  his  Arthshastra.  But,  it  is  only  since  independence  that corruption  has  become  a  chronic  feature  of  our  public  life.  So  Much  so that  people  have  started  treating  it  as  a  normal  feature.  They  no  longer show  righteous  z  indignation  against  corrupt  practices,  fight  injustice  or express  any  shock  when  big  scandals  like  Fairfax  deal  and  Bofors  payoffs  are  exposed.  Today,  corruption  in  particular  has  become   all  pervasive like  the  air  we  breathe,  and  is  noticeable  in  every  aspect  of  life.

Before  India  became  free  she  was  -rifled  by  the  British  with  the  help  of  a small  and  compact body  of  bureaucrats  of  the  Indian  Civil  Service.  These officers,  not  wholly  above  corruption,  helped  the  British  to  maintain  law and  order  and  run  the  administration  efficiently.  Certain Government departments like P.W.D.  and  the  police  were  notorious  for  their  corrupt practices  even  then.  But  corruption  was  not  so  rampant  as  it  is  today,  for the  simple  reason  that  there  were  fewer  Opportunities.

After Independence, we adopted a democratic socialistic pattern of society. Democracy  to  be  successful  must  have  responsible  citizens  who  are  not merely  aware  of  their  rights  but  also  their  moral  duties.  They  owe  it  to themselves  to  put  those  people  in  power  who  have  proven  record  of integrity, public service  and  high  values.  It  was  indeed  sad  when  public trust  in  their  chosen leaders  was  betrayed.  It  did  not  take  very long  for,  People  to  realize  that  the  faith  they  had  piked  in  the  politicians  was    misplaced.  Power, corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely—this maxim of Lord Action was evident from the behavior of our leaders in power.  Whenever  a  scandal  was  exposed, commissions  of  inquiry  were appointed  to  appease  the  public  fury  and  anger.  However,  the complete truth  was  never  made  public.

Opportunities  for  corruption  in  a  developing  country  committed  to socialist patterns are endless.  Undoubtedly,  there  are  rules  and  regulations  governing the  conduct  of  public  servants,  but  these  can  be  twisted  and  interpreted  in accordance  with  the  circumstances.  There  is  widespread  nepotism favoritism  and  manipulation  at  the  ministerial  level  and  among  senior bureaucrats.  Even  a  petty  clerk  in  a  government  office  wields  more  power than  a  more  successful  private  citizen.  It  is  said,  target  even  a  paper moved  in  the  government  offices,  one  has  to  grease  the  -itching  palms  of these  people.

One  of  the  factors  responsible  for  corruption  is  the  conflict  between  the civil  servants  and  politicians.  in  order  to  maintain  his  political  base  arid consolidate  his  position  in  .his  constituency,  a  politician  accommodates many  people–prominent,  wealthy  voters,  influential  party  leaders,  members of parliament,  etc. and  grants  them  concessions  to  gain  their  support.  On the  other  hand  conscientious  civil  servants  are  constantly  thwarted  in  their attempts  to  move  according  to  established  rules.  This  is  one of  the  crucial reasons  why  anti-social  activities  cannot  effectively  be  brought  under control.   Many  hoarders,  smugglers,  tax-evaders,  business  houses;  enjoy political  supp-ort.,  thus  weakening  the  hands  of  the  authorities.  Corruption can  certainly  be  checked,  if  the  civil  servants  do  not  succumb  to  political pressure.  However,  government  should  ensure  that  there  is  no  victimization of  such  honest  officers,  otherwise  it  can  demoralize  them.

There  is  a  widespread  impression  that  many  of  our  politicians  and  party chiefs  place  personal  and  party  interests  above  public  welfare  and  thereby endanger  democratic  values. This is certainly not an exaggeration.  It  is  not the  duty  of  a  legislator  to  work  for  big  business  houses  and  secure  them concessions,  licences  and  contracts  in  the  hope  of  getting  heavy  donations to  party  funds  to  meet  the  election  expenses.  Businessmen, motivated  by self-interest,  do  not  necessarily  donate  because  they approve  of  the  party’s policies  and  programmes.  As political  parties  cannot  function  without  funds, they  are,  therefore,  obliged  to  accept  money  from  these  business  houses  in exchange  for  certain  concessions.  The  only  way  to  eliminate  this  form  of corruption  is  that  election  expenses  should  be  reduced  to  the  minimum and  the  law  should  be  vigorously  enforced.  The  Election  Commission  have now  asked  every  party  to  file  their,  returns  of  income  and  expenditure during  election.

One  reason  why  corruption,  has  increased  to  such  alarming  proportions  is that  though  our  economy  has  made  progress,  price  levels  have  risen  to such  fantastic  height  that   the  purchasing  power  of  the  rupee  is  only 13 paise  today.  It  has  made  the  life  of  fixed  income  group  very  difficult. Simultaneously,  there  has  been  an  astounding  increase  in  the number  of nouveau  riche,  who  flaunt  their  black  money blatantly  living  in  palatial houses  and make  the  middle  classes  feel  helpless. Many of them  cannot resist  the  temptation  of  making  easy  money  to  maintain  their  social  status and  meet  with  the  .increasing  demands  of  their  families  fanned  by  the overnight  availability  of  luxury consumer  goods.  However, this does not,   in any   way  justify  corruption,  but  brings  us  to  the  point  that  we  have forgotten  our  Gandhian  ideals  and  merely  pay   lip  service  to  them.  Had  all our  politicians  led  an  austere  life,  corruption  in  the administration could have  been  greatly  checked,  if  not  altogether eliminated.  Besides, no amount of  revision  in  the  pay  scales  can  satisfy  the  people,  unless  the  abnormal rise  in  the  prices  of  essential  commodities  is  brought under control.

Public  apathy  to  the  rampant corrupt  practices  and  their  growing indifference  to  the  virtual  breakdown  of  law  and  order  machinery  only encourages  the  anti-social  activities.  Instead of organising ourselves to fight corruption, black  marketing,  artificial  shortages,  we  just  express helplessness,  and  give  vent  to  impotent  rage.  It is only the combined effort of  public,  administrative  machinery  and  conscientious  public  servants  which can  help  to  check  the  corrupt  practices.  An alert administration can certainly detect the guilty.  We  cannot  deny  that  occasionally,  under  the  pressure  of public  furore,  the  guilty  are  punished,  but  it  is  equally  true  that  many cases  of  corruption  are,  dropped  under  political  pressure.

Today  corruption  has  become  so  widespread  that  there  is  no  sphere  of national  life  where  it  does  not  exist.  Large  sums  of  money  allocated  for development  programmes, community  projects  or  tribal  welfare,  etc.  are misappropriated  by  corrupt  officials  and  never  reach  the  real  beneficiaries. Comiption has  even invaded  the  educational  sphere.  Large  amounts  of capitation  fee  are  demanded,  deserving  students  are  denied  admissions  to accommodate  less  deserving  candidates  who  have  political   backing.  It  is inconceivable  that  so  much  tax  evasion,  accumulation  of  black  money, smuggling,  hoarding,  black  marketing,  etc.  should  go  on  and  remain undetected  without  the  protection  of  the  authorities.

The  nineties  has  been  the  darkest  period  of  corruption  and  scandals  after independence.  It  started  with  the  multicrore  securities  scam  involving Harshad, Mehta,  some  banks  and  politicians.  There was a spate  of  scams during the regime of  P.V.  Narasimha Rao.  These involved not only Mr.  Rao himself and his kins but most of his ministerial colleagues.  The long  list  includes  Urea  Scam, JMM  Bribery  case, Chandraswarai  cheating case,  Jain Hawala  case,  Fodder  Scandal  of  Bihar,  Dhoti  Purchase  scandal of  Tamil  Nadu,  Sugar  Scandal,  St.  Kitts case, Housing scam, etc.  The  list is  unending  and  so  is  the  list  of  the  beneficiaries  of  these  scams  and scandals.  The  beneficiaries  include  not  only  the  politicians  and  their relations,  but  also  the  bureaucrats,  governors  and  chief  ministers,  both present  and  past.  This  gloomy  picture  shows  that  the  rulers  of  the  country had  no  regard  for  the  poor  people  of  India  but  for  their  own  personal ends.  They  simply  indulged  in  looting  the  country  in  a  manner  not  beard of  even  during-  Britishers  rule  in  this  country.  In mime cases the investigating agencies were slow and selective.  These  have  been  pulled  op by  the  Supreme  Colin  who  have  now  issued  orders  for  expeditious investigations  against  everybody  involved  in  the  scams.

The  Central  Government  has  always  been  aware  of  the  need  to  combat corruption.  In 1964, on the suggestion of Santhanam Committee, the government announced a comprehensive code for Central and State ministers.  It required the people  in  power  to  declare  their  assets  and liabilities,  and  put  certain  restrictions  on  collecting  funds  for  elections. However, as these suggestions were not seriously enforced, things continued to degenerate.  A  major  factor  in  facilitating  corruption  is  the  existing  system of  transfers  and  postings  of  government  servants,  teachers  and  others.  The transfer  system  was  introduced  by  the  British  to  prevent  local  officials from  becoming  too  powerful  by  building  a  circle  of  supporters  over  a period  of  time  in  One  place.  The  threat  of  transfer  was  considered  an  ideal way  of  controlling  the  behavior  of  civil  servants.  Today, transfers have become big business.  Each transfer on request brings money to those in power.  If  a  minister  is  unhappy  with  someone,  he  is  transferred,  to  a  remote corner  of  the  country.  The  bribes  are  paid  from  the  lowest  level  to  the highest  level.  In  fact,  there  are  fixed  rates  to  get  things  moving  in  offices. Of  course  there  are  still  people  who  are  honest.  But  as  long  as  people  are willing  to  offer  bribes,  directly  or  indirectly and  as  long  as  the  needs  of people  go  on  increasing, there  would  be  temptations  to  make  money  on the  sly.

If  we  are  serious  to  eradicate  corruption  from  the  grass  roots  level  then we  have  to  revamp  the  whole  machinery.  here,  the  role  of  our educational institutions  in  inculcating  the  right  values  among  the  youth  of  tomorrow cannot  be  underestimated:  There  is  a  need  for  moral  reawakening  of  our people,  leaders  and  administrators.  In  order  to  lead  a  successful  crusade against  corruption  in  public  life,  both  the  government  and  the opposition should  work  in  a  spirit  of  cooperation  and  not  to  make  political capital out:  of  corrupt scandals.  Opposition has a very crucial role to play in a democracy. It should be responsible and not always wait to pounce on the government to discredit it. Our democratic system is bound to get grievously hurt if the people in power do not rise to the occasion and face the glaring truth with courage, foresight, and patience. It is only if a serious effort is made to live up to Gandhi code of morality that we can hope to strengthen the nation. No miraculous changes should be expected when evil takes deep root in society; it is futile to expect to root it out in a flash.

Genuine socio-economic changes can be brought about if enlightened people help the government to fight the demon of corruption.

Essay No. 03

Corruption and Us

It is said that Corruption is the handmaid of democracy. Leaders who spend lakhs on elections want to earn crore when elected. This sets in the vicious circle of corruption. Society degenerates and political stability is endangered.

Prof. P. K. Salve has conducted a very comprehensive study of the malady of corruption.

He has advocated the drastic change in the social structure. In the older feudal order status and function of a person were determined by birth. But today, both function and status have come to be associated with the wealth. The palatial houses and luxury cars have become the status symbols. Moral values have lost their credibility. Material gains have become the ultimate goal. This has shattered the moral edifice of our society. Those who give money to the candidate for contesting elections expect to be rewarded. The process has given birth to crafty and greedy politicians bereft of political philosophy and moral aim.

The remedy for politico-electoral corruption is to have an indirect election and proportional voting. Another suggestion is the clearer demarcation of functions of the executive and the legislature. There is also a need for greater autonomy for bureaucracy. The Judiciary should be paid higher salaries. The roots of Corruption lie in providing opportunities to be corrupt. Public servants should never be allowed to control commercial activities. Officers recognize that it is hard for their subordinates to live on the small salaries. So, they condone corruption.

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Corruption in Public Life Essay With Outline and Quotations

Essay writing in english on corruption in public life in pakistan (100-1500 words).

Corruption has emerged as a pervasive and destructive issue afflicting societies worldwide. It acts as a corrosive force, gradually eroding the foundations of our social, political, and economic systems. Fundamentally, corruption involves the abuse of entrusted power for personal gain, often at the expense of the greater good. Whether through bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, or fraud, corruption corrodes trust, distorts justice, and impedes progress. Its wide-ranging impacts manifest in compromised public services, compromised ethical standards, and a loss of confidence in the institutions meant to safeguard and serve the public interest. This essay will delve into the root causes, consequential effects, and potential remedies to combat corruption in public life.

Corruption  in Public Life Essay Outline:

1. Corruption is a deep-rooted menace. It has soaked into every sphere of life and grown into gigantic proportions. It has become such an integral part of our life that we have stopped feeling scandalized by it. 2. It is grown rapidly. Opportunities for the growth of corrupt practices have multiplied after independence. 3. Even education and religion have got corrupted. It is a pity that even the fields of education and religion that should foster morality have got corrupted. 4. The Philosophy of corruption. Some people accept bribes because there are others to offer them. Common people embrace corruption because they find it difficult to behave like angels in isolation. 5. Corruption spreads from top to bottom. Ordinary people emulate their superiors in all walks of life. Since people at the top are corrupt, corruption inevitably spreads at the lower rungs of society. 6. Reform should also begin at the top. Top level officials in the government and our political leaders should cultivate moral values if this menace is to be effected successfully

Essay on Corruption in Public Life for Classe Kids (in 100 Words)

Corruption refers to actions or choices that bring unfavorable outcomes for those who have less power. When moral values decline and one fails to recognize the wrong path despite honest assessments, corruption ensues. The desire for power and wealth frequently serves as the primary motivation behind corrupt practices. Corruption erodes an individual’s integrity, leading to a decline in their sense of responsibility. Numerous political leaders across various nations are implicated in corruption, and its influence quickly permeates lower levels of society. Even countries considered as superpowers are not exempt from its detrimental effects.

Essay On Corruption in Public Life in Pakistan for 6th,7th,8th in 500 Words

Corruption has been a significant hurdle faced by Pakistan since its independence. Despite the presence of various institutions responsible for handling corruption, it remains a challenging task to effectively control this pervasive issue. One prevalent form of corruption in our society is bribery, which continues to exert a strong influence. Numerous corruption control institutions have been striving for years to curb corruption, yet the citizens of Pakistan still find themselves dissatisfied with the judiciary system.

Furthermore, this predicament is widespread, and it is the middle-class citizens who bear the brunt of the problems. In 2002, an anti-corruption strategy was formulated with the aim of devising a comprehensive plan to combat corruption. The National Accountability Bureau (NAB) was empowered to prosecute and investigate corruption cases. However, the lack of predictability in anti-corruption efforts and the absence of political will pose significant obstacles.

The people of Pakistan face numerous difficulties due to the prevalence of corruption in their country. Even Pakistanis living abroad often face criticism as a result. The current government of Pakistan has undertaken several actions to tackle corruption and has initiated reviews of existing processes.

Causes of Corruption

Countries are ranked based on their social, economic, and safety conditions. Countries that are considered safe and known for adhering to the rule of law are perceived as desirable places to live. Unfortunately, corruption hinders the realization of this aspiration. Over the years, Pakistan has grappled with issues such as unemployment, hunger, poverty, and discrimination, primarily due to corruption.

Furthermore, petty corruption has made life incredibly difficult and distressing. People are succumbing to feelings of depression and hopelessness. Deceptive practices have become increasingly common, permeating all levels of society, be it in the government or private sector. Despite the commendable efforts of anti-corruption departments, they continue to face numerous challenges.

The Root Cause and Control

Corruption can only be effectively controlled if both the political establishment and individual citizens understand their responsibilities and take action. The presence of corrupt politicians perpetuates the cycle of corruption. Therefore, it is imperative that all authorities in Pakistan make concerted efforts to minimize corruption and operate within the bounds of the law. Citizens should focus on engaging in legal business practices and avoid involvement in illicit financial activities. By paying attention to even the smallest factors, we can make progress in controlling corruption to some extent.

Conclusion:

Corruption remains a formidable challenge for Pakistan. Despite the existence of anti-corruption institutions and strategies, the prevalence of bribery and other forms of corruption continues to plague the society. The citizens, as well as the authorities, must work together to combat corruption effectively. By addressing the root causes and fostering a culture of integrity and accountability, Pakistan can pave the way for a brighter and more prosperous future.

Corruption in Public Life Essay in (1000-1500 Words) for 9th,10th,11th,12th

Intoduction:.

Corruption is a deep-rooted menace that has eaten into the vitals of society, distorted all values, and made mincemeat of morality, truth, and virtue. The evil has grown to gigantic proportions and there is hardly any sphere of social, political, economic, or even religious activity that is free from deception and corruption of some kind. Like the air we breathe in, it has become all-pervasive. It has seeped into the social fabric to such an extent that now it looks like its natural color. One wonders whether we should accept it as the price of socialism, progress, and civilization.

Edmund Burke warned the world that a corrupt influence is a perennial spring of decay and disorder. Once the evil of corruption is born, it grows very fast. The opportunities for palm-greasing and bribery have increased with the increase in trade and commerce. Securing raw materials and permits and licenses becomes much simpler if there is an attractive sum to offer.

Shocking enough, our education system is also not free from corruption. Parents have to offer huge ‘donations’ to procure admission for their children. It is indeed shameful that meritorious students are denied admission in prestigious courses like engineering and medicine while those with large pockets find their way through. The power of money can be seen even at the places of worship were the ones with generous offerings manage to meet the Lord first!

The philosophy of corruption operates interestingly, So long as there are people to offer a bribe, there are also people to take it, directly or indirectly. We rationalize the situation and console ourselves that easy money is a human weakness difficult to overcome. The standard of living is constantly rising, soaring prices of essential commodities have broken the back and we indulge in corrupt ways for our children’s sake and since everyone else does it, why not us? Must we be the only angels on earth? Every man, it is said, has his price. When the entire economic and social set-up breathes what is called ‘speed money’ to push things through, it is almost impossible to resist temptation – human beings are, after all, human beings. But the stink lies not only in the prevalence of the lure but in the hypocrisy that accompanies it. People accept bribes under the table, then come out to rise anti-corruption slogans at the top of their voice and urge others to be honest and pure.

It is not difficult to locate the causes of corruption. Corruption breeds at the top and then gradually filters down to the lower levels. Gone are the days when people who joined politics were imbued with the spirit of serving the nation. Those who threw themselves in the fight for freedom knew that there were only sacrifices to be made and no return was expected. So only the most selfless people came forward. But the modern politicians’ ideals, They win elections at a huge personal cost and then try to make the best of the opportunity they get. Powerful business magnates who are forced to give huge donations to political parties indulge in corrupt practices not only to make up for their losses but even to consolidate their gains. When people in power indulge in corruption so unabashedly, the common man gets a kind of sanction. Ironically, instead of fighting against the menace of corruption, our political leaders declare it a worldwide phenomenon and accept it as something inevitable.

Promises and oaths of honesty are made and soon forgotten. However, measures calculated to produce a social climate both among public servants and in the general public are essential. A new tradition of integrity can be established only if the members of the government are the example of their superiors. Our freedom fighters were selfless people; so the common man was willing to sacrifice his all for his country. Since the majority of the modern political leaders are interested only in self-advancement, the common man too is also hankering after the loaves and fishes of office. Today, the first step is, to be honest, and admit that our conduct and character lack that grace and strength which are the distinguishing marks of free people everywhere. We must submit to some serious introspection and realize the enormity of the decline in our character. Once we have realized this, it should not be difficult to end corruption at all levels of life. In fact, public apathy is an unconscious sanction to corruption.

The Causes and Effects Corruption in Public Life

• Lack of transparency:  Corruption can thrive when there is a lack of transparency in government and business. This means that it is difficult to track how money is being spent and who is benefiting from it.
• Lack of accountability:  When people in power are not held accountable for their actions, it creates an environment where corruption can flourish. This means that there are no consequences for breaking the law or abusing power.
• Weak institutions:  Corrupt officials are more likely to flourish in countries with weak institutions, such as a lack of an independent judiciary or a free press. This means that there is no one to investigate or prosecute corruption, and no one to hold the media accountable for reporting on it.
• Poverty:  When people are struggling to make ends meet, they may be more likely to engage in corrupt activities in order to get ahead. This could include things like bribery, extortion, or embezzlement.
• Culture of impunity:  When there is a culture of impunity, where people believe that they can get away with corruption, it becomes more widespread. This can be created by a number of factors, such as a history of corruption, a lack of education about corruption, or a lack of trust in the government.

Effects of Corruption

• Economic damage:  Corruption can have a devastating impact on a country’s economy. It can lead to higher prices, lower investment, and slower economic growth. This is because corruption distorts the market and makes it difficult for businesses to operate efficiently.
• Social unrest:  Corruption can also lead to social unrest, as people become frustrated with the government and its inability to provide basic services. This can lead to protests, demonstrations, and even violence.
• Loss of trust:  Corruption can erode trust in government and institutions, making it difficult to address other challenges. This is because people may lose faith in the ability of the government to solve problems or provide for their needs.
• Human rights abuses:  Corruption can also lead to human rights abuses, as officials use their power to enrich themselves at the expense of the poor and vulnerable. This can include things like denying people access to healthcare, education, or other essential services.

Corruption is a complex problem with no easy solutions. However, by understanding the causes and effects of corruption, we can begin to develop strategies to fight it. These strategies may include things like increasing transparency, strengthening institutions, and promoting education about corruption.

Corruption in Public Life Essay Quotations

• “Corruption is like a disease that eats away at the foundation of society, eroding trust and undermining the principles of justice and fairness.” –
• “The price of corruption is not just the loss of money or resources, but the erosion of moral values and the destruction of public trust.” – Kofi Annan
• “Corruption is a cancer that spreads silently, destroying the integrity and credibility of those in power.” – Nelson Mandela
• “Corruption thrives in the shadows of secrecy and flourishes when good people choose to remain silent.” – Robert Mueller
• “Corruption is a betrayal of the public’s trust and a violation of the principles upon which a just society is built.” – Pope Francis
• “When corruption becomes a way of life, honesty and integrity become acts of rebellion.” – Charles de Gaulle
• “Corruption is the enemy of progress, hindering economic development and obstructing social justice.” – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
• “The fight against corruption begins with the individual, who must refuse to be complicit and choose integrity over personal gain.” – Wangari Maathai
• “Corruption is not just a financial crime; it is a moral issue that corrodes the very fabric of society.” – José Ugaz
• “The battle against corruption is a battle for the soul of a nation, a fight to reclaim the values that define us as a society.” – Dalia Grybauskaitė

Conclusion for Corruption in Public Life Essay

Corruption in public life continues to pose a significant challenge that requires urgent action. Its harmful consequences on society cannot be overlooked. To effectively combat corruption, it is imperative to prioritize strengthening governance structures, enhancing transparency, and nurturing a culture rooted in integrity. Education and awareness initiatives play a crucial role in instilling values of honesty and ethical conduct among individuals. Equally important is the rigorous enforcement of laws and the imposition of appropriate penalties for offenders. By collectively addressing corruption, we can strive towards creating a just and equitable society where public trust is restored, and the common good is safeguarded for the benefit of all.

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Corruption In India Essay

Corruption refers to dishonest or fraudulent behaviour by individuals in positions of power or authority, such as government officials, politicians, business leaders, or law enforcement officers. Corruption can take many forms, including bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, abuse of power, and fraud. Here are a few sample essays on corruption in India.

100 Words Essay On Corruption In India

200 words essay on corruption in india, 500 words essay on corruption in india, addressing the problem of corruption.

Corruption is a significant problem in India that has been prevalent for decades. It affects all levels of society, from the poorest to the richest. Corruption in India can take many forms, including bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, and misuse of public resources. Corruption in India has resulted in the misallocation of resources, poor governance, and a lack of accountability. It also leads to a loss of trust in public institutions, weakens the rule of law, and hinders economic development. Despite various efforts to curb corruption, it remains a significant challenge for India, requiring continued vigilance and strong political will to address this issue.

Corruption is a widespread problem in India that has been a matter of concern for several decades. It is a menace that plagues all levels of society, from the poorest to the richest. Corruption in India takes various forms, such as bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, and misuse of public resources. The root cause of corruption in India is a lack of transparency, accountability, and a weak legal system.

Consequences | Corruption in India has severe consequences on the country's social and economic development. It has resulted in the misallocation of resources, poor governance, and a lack of essential services to the people. Corruption has also undermined democracy and the rule of law, with political parties and leaders using corruption as a means to maintain power and control.

Measures | The Indian government has taken several measures to address corruption, such as setting up anti-corruption agencies, enacting laws and regulations, and promoting transparency and accountability in public institutions. However, corruption remains a significant challenge in India, requiring continued efforts and political will to combat.

Citizens also have a crucial role to play in fighting corruption by refusing to participate in corrupt practices, reporting corruption, and demanding accountability from their leaders. Addressing corruption in India requires a collective effort from all stakeholders, including the government, civil society, and citizens, to build a more transparent, accountable, and fair society.

Corruption has been a rampant problem in India for decades, plaguing all levels of society, from the poorest to the richest. Corruption in India takes many forms, such as bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, and misuse of public resources. It undermines the country's democratic institutions, weakens the rule of law, and has severe consequences on social and economic development.

Causes For Corruption

Lack of transparency in public institutions provides an environment conducive to corruption. When there is no transparency in government functioning, it is easier for officials to engage in corrupt practices without fear of detection or punishment.

The weak legal system in India is also a significant contributor to corruption. Corrupt officials can evade justice, and the lack of severe punishments acts as a deterrent to corrupt practices.

Political influence is another significant cause of corruption in India. Politicians use their power and influence to benefit themselves and their associates, often at the expense of the public interest.

Poverty and a lack of economic opportunities create an environment where corruption thrives. People in positions of power often exploit the vulnerable to engage in corrupt practices.

Despite various anti-corruption measures, a lack of political will to tackle corruption remains a significant challenge. Corruption often goes unchecked because of a lack of will to enforce laws and regulations.

Addressing the root causes of corruption in India requires a comprehensive approach that involves structural reforms, strengthening of institutions, and a change in societal attitudes towards corruption. It requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including the government, civil society, and citizens, to build a more transparent, accountable, and fair society.

Reducing corruption in India is a complex and challenging task that requires a multi-faceted approach. Here are some steps that can be taken to decrease corruption in India.

Strengthening institutions such as the judiciary, law enforcement agencies, and anti-corruption bodies can help reduce corruption. These institutions should be provided with adequate resources, training, and autonomy to perform their functions effectively.

Greater transparency in government functioning can help prevent corruption. Measures such as public disclosure of government contracts, budgets, and decision-making processes can help reduce opportunities for corruption.

Encouraging citizen participation and creating channels for feedback is another method that can help in the eradication of corruption. This can be done by promoting citizen engagement in decision-making processes, creating whistleblower protection laws, and establishing grievance redressal mechanisms.

Strict enforcement of laws and regulations is critical to reducing corruption. This requires political will to prosecute corrupt officials and to ensure that they are held accountable for their actions.

Promoting ethical leadership can help reduce corruption by ensuring that leaders at all levels of government are selected based on their integrity and track record of ethical behavior.

The use of technology can help reduce corruption. For example, e-governance systems, online portals for filing complaints, and digital payment systems can reduce opportunities for corruption.

Educating the public about the negative effects of corruption and promoting ethical behavior is crucial to reduce corruption. This can be done through awareness campaigns, education in schools and colleges, and public service announcements.

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Data Administrator

Database professionals use software to store and organise data such as financial information, and customer shipping records. Individuals who opt for a career as data administrators ensure that data is available for users and secured from unauthorised sales. DB administrators may work in various types of industries. It may involve computer systems design, service firms, insurance companies, banks and hospitals.

Bio Medical Engineer

The field of biomedical engineering opens up a universe of expert chances. An Individual in the biomedical engineering career path work in the field of engineering as well as medicine, in order to find out solutions to common problems of the two fields. The biomedical engineering job opportunities are to collaborate with doctors and researchers to develop medical systems, equipment, or devices that can solve clinical problems. Here we will be discussing jobs after biomedical engineering, how to get a job in biomedical engineering, biomedical engineering scope, and salary. 

Ethical Hacker

A career as ethical hacker involves various challenges and provides lucrative opportunities in the digital era where every giant business and startup owns its cyberspace on the world wide web. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path try to find the vulnerabilities in the cyber system to get its authority. If he or she succeeds in it then he or she gets its illegal authority. Individuals in the ethical hacker career path then steal information or delete the file that could affect the business, functioning, or services of the organization.

GIS officer work on various GIS software to conduct a study and gather spatial and non-spatial information. GIS experts update the GIS data and maintain it. The databases include aerial or satellite imagery, latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates, and manually digitized images of maps. In a career as GIS expert, one is responsible for creating online and mobile maps.

Data Analyst

The invention of the database has given fresh breath to the people involved in the data analytics career path. Analysis refers to splitting up a whole into its individual components for individual analysis. Data analysis is a method through which raw data are processed and transformed into information that would be beneficial for user strategic thinking.

Data are collected and examined to respond to questions, evaluate hypotheses or contradict theories. It is a tool for analyzing, transforming, modeling, and arranging data with useful knowledge, to assist in decision-making and methods, encompassing various strategies, and is used in different fields of business, research, and social science.

Geothermal Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as geothermal engineers are the professionals involved in the processing of geothermal energy. The responsibilities of geothermal engineers may vary depending on the workplace location. Those who work in fields design facilities to process and distribute geothermal energy. They oversee the functioning of machinery used in the field.

Database Architect

If you are intrigued by the programming world and are interested in developing communications networks then a career as database architect may be a good option for you. Data architect roles and responsibilities include building design models for data communication networks. Wide Area Networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), and intranets are included in the database networks. It is expected that database architects will have in-depth knowledge of a company's business to develop a network to fulfil the requirements of the organisation. Stay tuned as we look at the larger picture and give you more information on what is db architecture, why you should pursue database architecture, what to expect from such a degree and what your job opportunities will be after graduation. Here, we will be discussing how to become a data architect. Students can visit NIT Trichy , IIT Kharagpur , JMI New Delhi . 

Remote Sensing Technician

Individuals who opt for a career as a remote sensing technician possess unique personalities. Remote sensing analysts seem to be rational human beings, they are strong, independent, persistent, sincere, realistic and resourceful. Some of them are analytical as well, which means they are intelligent, introspective and inquisitive. 

Remote sensing scientists use remote sensing technology to support scientists in fields such as community planning, flight planning or the management of natural resources. Analysing data collected from aircraft, satellites or ground-based platforms using statistical analysis software, image analysis software or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a significant part of their work. Do you want to learn how to become remote sensing technician? There's no need to be concerned; we've devised a simple remote sensing technician career path for you. Scroll through the pages and read.

Budget Analyst

Budget analysis, in a nutshell, entails thoroughly analyzing the details of a financial budget. The budget analysis aims to better understand and manage revenue. Budget analysts assist in the achievement of financial targets, the preservation of profitability, and the pursuit of long-term growth for a business. Budget analysts generally have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics, or a closely related field. Knowledge of Financial Management is of prime importance in this career.

Underwriter

An underwriter is a person who assesses and evaluates the risk of insurance in his or her field like mortgage, loan, health policy, investment, and so on and so forth. The underwriter career path does involve risks as analysing the risks means finding out if there is a way for the insurance underwriter jobs to recover the money from its clients. If the risk turns out to be too much for the company then in the future it is an underwriter who will be held accountable for it. Therefore, one must carry out his or her job with a lot of attention and diligence.

Finance Executive

Product manager.

A Product Manager is a professional responsible for product planning and marketing. He or she manages the product throughout the Product Life Cycle, gathering and prioritising the product. A product manager job description includes defining the product vision and working closely with team members of other departments to deliver winning products.  

Operations Manager

Individuals in the operations manager jobs are responsible for ensuring the efficiency of each department to acquire its optimal goal. They plan the use of resources and distribution of materials. The operations manager's job description includes managing budgets, negotiating contracts, and performing administrative tasks.

Stock Analyst

Individuals who opt for a career as a stock analyst examine the company's investments makes decisions and keep track of financial securities. The nature of such investments will differ from one business to the next. Individuals in the stock analyst career use data mining to forecast a company's profits and revenues, advise clients on whether to buy or sell, participate in seminars, and discussing financial matters with executives and evaluate annual reports.

A Researcher is a professional who is responsible for collecting data and information by reviewing the literature and conducting experiments and surveys. He or she uses various methodological processes to provide accurate data and information that is utilised by academicians and other industry professionals. Here, we will discuss what is a researcher, the researcher's salary, types of researchers.

Welding Engineer

Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues. 

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems. 

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software. 

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description:  A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials. 

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth. 

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs. 

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story. 

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook. 

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion. 

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article. 

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or  MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.  

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications. 

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product. 

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans. 

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party. 

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems. 

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack 

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process. 

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Corruption in Public Life

Syllabus: Challenges of Corruption

Source: Indian Express

Context: The CBI has registered an FIR against former finance secretary Arvind Mayaram for alleged cheating, criminal conspiracy, and corruption.

• Previously, Jharkhand IAS officer Pooja Singhal was suspended for misappropriation of funds in MGNREGA

What is the case agains Mayaram?

He is accused of extending undue favours to the UK-based company De La Rue by giving a three-year extension to its “expired contract” for the supply of exclusive colour shift security thread for Indian currency notes when he was finance secretary.

What is Corruption?

Corruption refers to  unethical behaviour, which is characterized by misuse of public or organizational power , causing harm not only to organizations but also to society.

• The word corrupt is from the Latin word ‘corruptus’ meaning to break or destroy
• Corruption is an important manifestation of the failure of ethics
• Corruption misuse of entrusted power for private gain

The Wheel of corruption:

In India, corruption, and abuse of office are aggravated by the following factors:

• The colonial legacy of unchallenged authority , the propensity to exercise power arbitrarily – easy to deviate from ethical conduct
• Enormous asymmetry of power – eco, social inequalities, caste legacy, 90% workforce in unorganized sector
• Policies after independence – e.g. State subsidies, and beneficiary-oriented programmes in the situation of asymmetry of power converted public servants into patrons, citizens into mendicant
• Over-centralization increases corruption – a large number of functionaries b/w citizens and decision-makers diffuses accountability
• Quality of politics – criminal-politician nexus
• Politicians secure votes through money, and muscle power & criminals enter politics to interfere in crime investigation, monetary gain creates “acceptance” for criminals to enter politics

Impact of Corruption:

Two approaches to deal with corruption and abuse of office

• Overemphasis on values, and character – assume values must be restored to fight Corruption
• Have the belief that most humans are fundamentally decent but a small proportion cannot reconcile individual goals with the goals of society. For such persons, we must deal with them firmly
• The creation of institutions and the designing of incentives are crucial for promoting the ethical conduct of civil servants
• Need systemic reform Holistic approach
• Punitive measures as a deterrent
• Preventive measures to reduce opportunities

Related News:

UK-based company De La Rue kickbacks to Indian bureaucrats were revealed through Panama Paper leaks (2016). Hence it becomes important to know the different paper leaks

About Printing of Currency notes

Bank notes are printed at four currency presses , two of which are owned by the Government of India through its Corporation, Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Ltd. (SPMCIL) and two are owned by the Reserve Bank , through its wholly owned subsidiary, Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Ltd

Insta Links

A step towards fighting corruption

Mains Links

Q. Fighting corruption is often seen as a crucial step towards building better public institutions and improving the quality-of-service delivery. Comment. (10M)

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Corruption in public life, introduction.

A corrupt person is one who acts in a crooked or dishonest way because of monetary gratification or empowerment. Therefore, corruption in public life could be construed to mean the use of public office, either political public office or civil service office, to gain illegal monetary gratification or for power. Corruption among public office holders take many forms including embezzlement of public funds, contract inflation, failure to follow due process, misappropriation of public funds, conversion of public property for personal use, bribe giving and taking, nepotism, and covers up of crime.

The Chronic Effects of Corruption in Public Life

Corruption is rife in public places in many countries, especially developing countries where political office holders wield disproportionate amounts of power. Corruption in public life can be likened to an octopus; spreading its ugly tentacles to every sector of public life or like cancer; eating deep into every fabric of the society. Corruption is difficult to eradicate because it works through a system that is essentially corrupt in all facets and therefore difficult to isolate and eradicate. In countries with the worst cases of corruption in public life, it affects the police, the judiciary, the civil service, the political office holders, government agencies, and even the military. It is no exaggeration to say that corruption under develops countries that are afflicted by it. Corruption diverts public funds that are meant for the development of critical infrastructure and public service into private accounts thereby leading to stunted industrial and economic growth, obsolete, inadequate and decaying infrastructure and widespread poverty. A clear indicator of the negative effects of corruption in nations is ridiculous income inequality among the populace. Several countries including Brazil, India, and China have been severely affected by massive corruption in public places at one time in the history of each of these nations. Many African countries such as Nigeria are currently being affected by this menace. Also many rebellions and insurgencies that have arisen in many countries worldwide were attributable to the dire socio-economic conditions occasioned by widespread corruption in public life.

Corruption in public life is a worldwide phenomenon but it is more pronounced and of greater impact in developing countries with fragile economies and weak institutions. Corruption in developing nations negates all attempts to achieve meaningful economic or industrial growth or attain set national objectives. The most damaging aspect of corruption in public life is that it lulls peoples sense so that they are no longer affronted by flagrant violation of public trust, instead believing that ill-gotten wealth is now a normal way of life. By so doing, corruption erodes the social and moral norms that were held sacred not too long ago. In Nigeria for instance, siphoning public funds was once regarded as ‘taking one’s share of the national cake.’ Corruption tarnishes a country’s image thereby discouraging foreign investment. It has been noted that nations that have abundant natural resources are especially prone to corruption. Public officials seem to be particularly susceptible to corruption due to the enormous power and resources that are vested in their care.

The Role of Transparency International in Fighting Corruption in Public Life

Transparency International (TI), an international organization, based in Berlin and formed with the aim of fighting corruption worldwide publishes annual reports based on its international watch list. It must be noted that because of its secretive nature, corruption is impossible to measure with any degree of accuracy but informed estimates exist. Transparency International says that the cost of corruption to developing countries is about 1.2 trillion US dollars annually. The organization further lists North Korea, Afghanistan, Somalia and Sudan as the most corrupt countries in the world in its 2014 edition of its corruption perceptions index.

Most countries recognize the danger that corruption poses to the society and therefore make efforts to curb the menace. These efforts include the setting up of special anti-corruption government agencies, enactments of laws aimed at curtailing corrupt practices and revision of due processes in governance as well as the investigation and prosecution of corrupt public office holders. International agencies and organizations such as the United Nations Economic Commission, International court of Justice and Transparency International are also involved in the fight against corruption. However, the battle is far from being won at present because corrupt governments tend to have a lukewarm attitude to fighting corruption as well as the fact that corruption is not only difficult to unearth but also hard to isolate and eliminate.

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Guest Essay

My Story Was Told in ‘Hotel Rwanda.’ Here’s What I Want the World to Know Now.

By Paul Rusesabagina

Mr. Rusesabagina is the president and founder of the Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation.

This week, the world will again turn its eyes toward Rwanda. April 6 marks 30 years since the start of one of the most horrific events in modern history, the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Nearer in time but not unrelated, it has been just over one year since I left Rwanda and returned to the United States, released from prison after 939 days in captivity .

I have not yet spoken at length about what those years in a Rwandan prison were like, or about the daily reality for Rwandan political prisoners who, like me, found themselves behind bars for exercising their freedom of expression. It has been a long year of physical and emotional recovery that has allowed me finally to put pen to paper again, and I expect the healing process will last the rest of my life.

The experience of being kidnapped, tortured, imprisoned and silenced by those whom I had used my voice to criticize is difficult to describe. At many times during my captivity I believed I would be silenced for good, and that I would never again see my wife, my children and my grandchildren. But today I am a free man. And as we face this important and difficult milestone, I feel grateful to be able to join with my fellow Rwandans and reflect on what, if anything, we can take from this terrible chapter of our shared history.

For me and for so many Rwandans, the 1994 genocide remains the focal point of my life. The months of April to July 1994 were a time of incomprehensible horror, in which our beautiful country was dragged into hell by brutal violence and killings on a scale previously unimaginable. At some points in the crisis, as many as 10,000 people were butchered in a day, primarily by machetes and other crude weapons. Even now, three decades later, and even for those of us who saw the killings firsthand, it is impossible to process the depravity and the gravity of the loss.

At the time, I was the manager of the Hôtel des Mille Collines in Kigali, Rwanda’s capital, where I tried to protect not only my own young family but also the 1,268 people who sought shelter within the walls of the hotel. Their bravery, and our daily macabre dance with death, became the backdrop of the 2004 film “Hotel Rwanda.” This film brought to the screen our compromising, negotiating and begging with our would-be executioners to try to keep the waiting militia at bay.

This experience is still difficult for each one of us to relive. I am grateful to have survived it. I am also grateful for the two personal lessons I decided to take from living through this atrocity. The first: Never, ever, ever give up. This is what sustained me when I was kidnapped in August 2020 by an operative of the Rwandan intelligence services and wrongfully detained in Rwanda on charges of terrorism and other crimes, along with others who were critical of the current government. The second: Words are our most effective weapons when we are confronted by those who seek to oppress and victimize others.

Both of these lessons are on my mind today, as the world considers the state of Rwanda 30 years after the genocide brought us to our knees.

Now Rwanda is viewed by many nations as an important global partner — a partner that has bravely rebuilt itself into a thriving and inclusive modern society. But it is increasingly difficult to remain blind to the jailing — and even the disappearances and killings — of those who criticize or challenge the Rwandan government’s power. Independent journalists, human rights advocates and opposition political parties are nearly absent from the landscape of Rwandan civil society today. This is not a reconciled or inclusive society; it is an authoritarian state.

The rest of the world should stop looking the other way. As a global community, we are being confronted with the rise of authoritarianism and the co-opting of institutions meant to support basic liberties, such as the freedom of press, speech and association. Throughout the world, politics is being used as a tool to promote division, and in some cases violence, in order to gain or maintain power. We continue to see the fundamental human rights that we fought so hard for being upheld only for certain people in certain circumstances. And, as is so often the case, the vulnerable members of society are the ones who pay the greatest price. Rwanda, which today lacks strong democratic institutions and free and fair elections, is not immune to these problems.

I believe that it becomes the role of those of us who have been empowered by our circumstances to speak out, to act as a check on abuses of power and to resist the erosion of our fundamental rights. It is imperative to speak against those who seek to reduce civic space and basic freedoms for their own political gain, choose to fuel violence for profit and openly engage in brutal wars for material wealth. This becomes our work, even if speaking out puts us in the direct line of fire, as it has for me and my family.

Thirty years on from the Rwandan genocide, there is still cause for hope. We can see young Rwandans all over the world continuing to advocate genuine reconciliation and the building of a democratic Rwanda, despite the overt risks of doing so. We can see the bravery and unfailing resolve of the women of Iran and Afghanistan and those who support them. We can see the open resistance of people in Myanmar, Ukraine, Syria and Sudan standing up to tyranny and oppression. Their courage reminds us that it is our collective duty to counter autocratic regimes and policies and promote equality and, above all, peace.

This is my prayer, and hope, for the next 30 years, for Rwanda and beyond.

Paul Rusesabagina served as manager of the Hôtel des Mille Collines in Kigali during the Rwandan genocide, a story later told in the film “Hotel Rwanda.” In 2005, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George W. Bush. He is the president and founder of the Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

The interactive effect between economic uncertainty and life history strategy on corrupt intentions: a life history theory approach.

• 1 Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, China
• 2 Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Why do some people show more corruption when facing uncertain environment?The present study aimed to give a plausible answer from an evolutionary perspective: this might be rooted in people's different life history strategies (slow vs. fast). The present study measured the participants' corrupt intentions by a hypothetical scenario and primed the feeling of economic environmental uncertainty by requiring the participants to read economic uncertainty (vs. neutral) materials. It is revealed that the participants with fast life history strategies had stronger corrupt intentions after reading materials about economic uncertainty than reading neutral materials. In addition, the desire for power mediated the interactive effect between life history strategy and economic uncertainty on corrupt intentions for fast life history strategists. This finding was discussed for its theoretical and practical implications from the perspective of life history theory.

Keywords: Economic uncertainty, life history strategy, Desire for power, corrupt intentions, evolutionary psychology perspective

Received: 25 Dec 2023; Accepted: 11 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Sai and Zhu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Lei Zhu, Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Arvind Kejriwal In Jail, Minister Resigns, Quits AAP Citing "Corruption"

"i joined aap after seeing its strong message on fighting corruption. today, the party has found itself in the middle of corrupt practices. that's why i have decided to quit," said delhi minister raaj kumar anand.

Delhi Minister Raaj Kumar Anand has resigned from both his post and the Aam Aadmi Party

Delhi Minister Raaj Kumar Anand has resigned from both his post and the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) over what he called was the party's downfall from an anti-corruption group to a party "that's involved in corruption", a clear reference to the Delhi liquor policy case and the arrest of key leaders including AAP chief and Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal and his former deputy Manish Sisodia.

Soon after Mr Anand made the huge announcement, AAP leader Saurabh Bharadwaj in a press conference alleged Mr Anand was made to quit "under pressure" by the BJP.

Mr Anand, however, did not indicate or allude to coming under pressure as alleged by Mr Bharadwaj.

"I joined AAP after seeing its strong message on fighting corruption. Today, the party has found itself in the middle of corrupt practices. That's why I have decided to quit," said Mr Anand, who was the social welfare, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes minister.

"Today, I am very sad, so I have come to share my sorrow. I came into politics when Arvind Kejriwal had said that rajniti badlegi toh desh badlega (if politics changes, the country will change). Rajniti toh nahi badli, lekin rajneta badal gaye (politics has not changed, but politicians have)," Mr Anand said.

Mr Anand, the MLA from Patel Nagar, is the first Delhi government minister to quit from his post and the AAP as a direct result of the arrest of Mr Kejriwal and the entire liquor policy case.

He also alleged the AAP of discriminatory practices in staffing leadership positions in the party.

"There is no Dalit MLA or councillor in the Aam Aadmi Party. Dalit leaders are not even appointed to leadership positions. I follow the principles of Baba Saheb Ambedkar. If I cannot work for Dalits, then there is no point in being in the party," Mr Anand told reporters in Delhi.

Mr Anand's house was searched by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) in a customs-linked money laundering case in November 2023. The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence in a complaint to a local court had alleged false declarations in imports for customs evasions of over Rs 7 crore. The ED then filed a complaint against Mr Anand.

With the Chief Minister in jail, it is unclear how the vacant portfolio will be assigned.

Delhi Minister Atishi is one of the key AAP leaders who is carrying on Mr Kejriwal's battle while he is in jail. Atishi last week alleged the BJP is using pressure tactics to force AAP leaders to join the BJP, a comment that drew a defamation notice against her.

"The BJP has approached me through someone very close. They have asked me to join the BJP and said this will save my political career. They have threatened that if I don't switch over, ED will arrest me within a month," Atishi had said, after which the Delhi BJP unit sent her a defamation notice.

The Delhi High Court on Tuesday rejected Mr Kejriwal's challenge to his March 21 arrest in the liquor policy case.

The ED has alleged Mr Kejriwal and two of his colleagues, including Mr Sisodia, allegedly took kickbacks while framing the now-scrapped liquor policy.

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The ED alleged the policy provided an impossibly high profit margin of nearly 185 per cent for retailers and 12 per cent for wholesalers. Of the latter, six per cent was to be recovered by the AAP as bribes, which amounted to over Rs 600 crore, the ED alleged. This was then allegedly used as poll expenses.

Mr Kejriwal and the AAP have repeatedly denied all the allegations. They have claimed a political conspiracy against the Chief Minister, who is a high-profile member of the Opposition bloc INDIA.

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