essay about a market

Essay on Markets: Top 4 Essays | Economics

In this essay we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Markets 2. Features of the Markets 3. Elements 4. Performance.

Essay on Markets  

Essay # 1. meaning of markets :.

The term market structure refers to the type constituents and nature of an industry. It includes the relative and absolute size of firms, active in industry, easiness in the entry into business, the demand curve of the firm products etc.

There are two extremities of the market structure on this basis, on one end there is a market of perfect competition and on the other perfect monopoly market. In between these two extremities there are monopolistic competition, oligopoly, duopoly etc.

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In common usage the word market designates a place where certain things are bought and sold. But when we talk about the word market in economics, we extend our concept of market well beyond the idea of single place to which the householder goes to buy something. For our present purpose, we define a market as an area over which buyers and sellers negotiate the exchange of a well- defined commodity. For a single market to exist, it must be possible for buyers and sellers to communicate with each other and to make meaningful deals over the whole market.

Several economists have attempted to define the term market as used in economics.

Some of them are as under:

According to Curnot, “Economists understand by the term market not any particular market-place in which things are bought and sold, but the whole of any region in which buyers and sellers are in such free intercourse with one another that the price of the same goods tends to equality easily and quickly.”

In the eyes of Prof. Chapman, “The term market refers not necessarily to a place but always to a commodity and the buyers and sellers who are to direct competition with one another”.

In simple words, the term market refers to a structure in which the buyers and sellers of the commodity remain in close contact.

Essay # 2. Features of the Markets:

On the basis above-mentioned definitions we can mention following main features of the market:

(i) Commodity:

For the existence of market, a commodity- essential this is to be bought and sold. There cannot be a market without commodity.

(ii) Buyers and Sellers:

Buyers and sellers are also essential for market. Without buyers and sellers the sale-purchase activity cannot be conducted which is essential part of a market.

(iii) Area:

There should be an area in which buyers and sellers of the commodity live in. It is not essential that the buyers and sellers should come to a particular place to transact the business.

(iv) Close Contact:

There should be close contact and communication between, buyers and sellers. This communication may be established by any method. For example, in olden days this contact and communication was possible only when the buyers and sellers of a particular commodity could come at a particular place.

But now with the developed means of communication physical presence of buyers and sellers at one particular place is not essential. They can contact with, each other through letters, telegrams, telephones, etc. In the boundary of a market we include only those buyers and sellers who can maintain regular close contacts.

For instance, India’s farmers (or sellers of grains) have no close contacts with the consumers (or buyers) of England, hence though they are the buyers and sellers of grains yet do not come under the purview of a market.

(v) Competition:

There should be some competition among buyers and sellers of the commodity in a market.

Essay # 3. Elements of Market Conduct:

(a) seller and buyer concentration:.

Here, seller concentration means in certain industry the number of active firms is very limited and these few firms produce a large part of the total supply. In other words, there firms possess the market power in a sense that any one of these firms can affect the market price by making change in the quantity of its product.

In full competition, each firm produces a very small part of the total production. Hence, it cannot affect the market price. In this type of market, the seller concentration is zero. So, as we move from the perfect competitive market towards pure monopolist market, the quantity of seller concentration increases.

(b) Market Power:

Every competitive firm attempts to get market power by making difference in the product. From economic point of view difference in the product or product heterogeneousness affects the market, structure significantly. In the position of homogeneous product when a seller makes even a slight change in the price of product the consumers begin to purchase the product sold by other producers.

In other words the firm producing homogeneous product has to face the perfectly elastic demand curve. On the contrary in the position of heterogeneous products any single firm can increase some price without being affected due to the preferences of the consumer.

(c) Product Differentiation:

In the perfect competition market all firms sell the same or homogeneous product. But in the market, in reality a single product is sold by the different producers, claiming that all products (such as toothpaste) are not same. The producers bring variety by means of brand name, packaging, size, colour, taste, weight etc. In spite of no locational differences, variety is seen by means of retailer service, home delivery, credit facility etc.

(d) Barriers in Entry:

Seller’s concentration indicates that how some firms acquire dominance in an industry, consequently the real competition between the firms is lessened or limited. If there are some barriers in the entry of new firms, then the prospective competition is also limited.

The types of such barriers are as follows:

(i) Cost profit to the present firm which is not available to the new firms.

(ii) Legal barriers in entry.

(iii) Product difference and advertisement etc. cause the presence of strong preference among consumers for the products sold by the established firms.

(e) Other Elements:

Apart from these main elements, there are some other elements to be considered. One of them is the growth rate of market demand. In this situation the firms are somewhat idle. On the contrary in a rapidly growing industry the firms also become more competitive. In the growing market every firm is struggling and striving for more demand.

If there is more elasticity of the price demand of a product, the firm will be motivated to lessen the price in order to increase ones portion in the total sale. In the condition of oligopoly when a firm decreases price other firms also do the same. Then all firms derive benefit in the condition of more elastic demand. If the product demand is inelastic no firm will tend to change price.

Essay # 4. Market Performance:

Market performance means the evaluation of the derivation of the behaviour of any industry when it behaves differently than the established superior laws of the market. It is assumed that in the position of the perfect competition only an industry can perform well. But when the market is derivated from the condition of perfect competition, then the market behaviour also changes. Now the question arises, as to how a market performance can be evaluated in any industry?

Certain acceptable indicators are as follows:

1. Profitability:

All firms have an objective like profitability, profit maximisation or satisfactory level of profit. But profitability in any industry does not depend only upon the performance of the firm. It also depends upon monopolist power, product diversity, or inefficient use of resources etc. Economists have used the hypothesis of normal profit. It is the rate of profit which makes the firm not to leave the industry. The performance level affects the quantity of profit significantly.

2. Productivity:

It is an index of production of per unit input used, if more production is possible by the same units then there is growth in productivity. Growth in production is an indicator of efficient performance of an industry.

But this index is also not without practical shortcomings. Till we cannot keep the other factors stable, it is difficult to measure productivity of certain means/ inputs, like labour on capital. Besides this the units of labour, capital, or land are heterogeneous, so when a change occurs in the quantity of an input, there is also a change in its quality. For example when we recruit more workers, first we recruit more skilled ones and then the less skilled.

Information about the performance of an industry can be derived from its growth rate also. The measure of growth rate of an industry can be known from the product, employment and wealth creation. But every index creates problems in measuring the performance.

For example, it is possible that in an industry more and more people get employment, or there is a rapid rate of wealth accumulation. But it is also possible that the resources are not efficiently used. Likewise when the growth rate is high we do not have information of production cost, whether it is more or less.

4. Effect on Index:

Now the question arises whether the market structure affects the indexes of market performance. Profitability is one of the many indicators of performance. For example in perfect competition, a firm earns normal profit in long term while in monopoly or market having monopolist power, the firm earns extra-normal profit in long term also.

Excessive seller concentration, barriers in entry and product difference can make firm earn more profit in long term also. Likewise we take growth index. Both in monopoly and oligopoly markets firm produces less than its capacity or there is a position of extra capacity.

5. Ill Effects on Firm Growth:

Thus, the growth of the firm is affected adversely. Productivity and efficiency are associated with each other. In the position of monopoly and oligopoly a firm has extra capacity which means inefficient use of resources and low level of productivity. Lastly, the social performance of a firm is also affected by market structure. In monopoly and perfect competition, consumer and labour, both are exploited. Growth in competition decreases the power of exploitation of the producers.

6. Social Performance:

The performance level of an industry can be evaluated in the item of many social bases. These social bases can be income redistribution or other indicators of social welfare. For example the social performance of the medicine industry can be measured by the decrease in the illness period or death rate.

If the expansion/growth of any industry results in decrease of present inequalities of income in society, or it helps in reducing poverty or unemployment then the performance level of the industry can be called high.

Market Structure Conduct Performance Interrelations:  

In micro economics the equilibrium of the firm and industry is studied. On the contrary industrial economics is more related to change in market structure, resulting in the changes of market behaviour or firm’s behaviour, which ultimately affect their market performance. So, industrial economics can be studied with the help of structure conduct performance approach or model.

Complexity of Interrelations:

According to the economists, the interrelations between the structures, conduct performance are sufficiently complex. To conclude it can be said that market structure affects the behaviour of a firm and behaviour of a firm affects its performance (profitability) in the market.

Related Articles:

• Markets under Monopolistic Competition | Markets
• Monopoly and Perfect Competition | Markets | Economics
• Characteristics of a Perfect Competition | Market | Economics
• Aspects of Monopolistic Competition | Markets

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How to Describe a Market in a Story

By A.W. Naves

Are you writing a chapter set in a busy market? Make it vivid by using the tips below on how to describe a market in a story. We’ve included 10 adjectives that you use.

1. Bustling

Lively, busy ; full of activity and energy.

“The market was bustling with vendors and shoppers, all haggling for the best deals.”

“The bustling market was so infectious that you couldn’t help but get caught up in the excitement.”

How it Adds Description

The word “bustling” suggests that the market is crowded with people, vendors, and goods, all in a constant state of motion. It can create a feeling of chaos or suspense as the characters navigate through the crowds to reach their destination or it can serve as a backdrop for an important event or conversation between characters.

2. Colorful

Vibrant, vivid ; full of bright colors and hues.

“The market was a riot of color , with vendors selling fruits and vegetables in every shade.”

“The colorful displays of merchandise and goods were a feast for the eyes.”

The word “colorful” implies that the market is full of different types of people, goods, and experiences. It suggests that the market could be home to unsavory characters or illegal activities that foreshadow a pivotal scene in the story where a character faces a challenge or obstacle that must be overcome.

3. Traditional

Classic, old-fashioned ; keeping with long-established customs or practices.

“The market was filled with traditional crafts and goods, made by skilled artisans using age-old techniques.”

“The traditional foods on offer at the market were a throwback to an earlier time.”

The word “traditional” suggests that the market has been established for a long time and adheres to customary or historical practices. It implies a sense of familiarity, consistency, and reliability, and may connote a slower pace of change or resistance to innovation. It may emphasize a sense of nostalgia or loss if the market is being threatened by outside forces or changing times.

Loud, raucous ; full of shrill sounds and commotion.

“The market was noisy with the sounds of vendors shouting and people bargaining for deals.”

“The noisy market could sometimes be an assault on the senses.”

The word “noisy” insinuates that shoppers are talking loudly, vendors are calling out to potential customers, and various sounds of merchandise being sold can be heard. It can create a sense of tension or chaos in the scene or reveal something about the character’s personality or perspective, such as if they find the noise overwhelming or energizing.

Unusual, unfamiliar ; not of native origin.

“The market was filled with exotic spices and fruits from far-off lands.”

“The exotic textiles and fabrics on display were unlike anything I had ever seen before.”

The word “exotic” suggests that the items being sold there are unusual. This can create a sense of intrigue and interest in the market, as well as imply that the characters in the story may be exposed to new and exciting experiences. The market might also be used as a source of valuable items or information that the characters need to progress in a quest or to solve a mystery.

6. Aromatic

Fragrant, perfumed ; full of pleasant smells.

“The spices and herbs at the market were aromatic , wafting through the air and tantalizing the senses.”

“The aromatic odor of freshly baked bread filled the market, drawing in buyers with its delicious scent.”

The word “aromatic” is often used to describe the pleasant, distinctive smell of certain foods, spices, and herbs. It creates a sensory experience for the reader, allowing them to imagine the scents and flavors of the various products being sold. This can help to create a sense of atmosphere and set the scene for the action that is to come.

7. Multicultural

Diverse, varied ; reflecting different cultures and ethnicities.

“The market was a multicultural hub of activity, with vendors and shoppers from all over the world.”

“The multicultural atmosphere of the market was a celebration of diversity and inclusivity.”

The word “multicultural” indicates that the market in the story is diverse and includes people from many different backgrounds. This can lead to interesting encounters, conflicts, or collaborations between those who visit the market. It may also suggest that the story will touch on themes of cultural identity, diversity, and inclusivity.

Loud, thunderous ; full of busy sounds.

“The market was a noisy cacophony of sounds with shoppers haggling and chatting.”

“The noisy atmosphere of the market was a reflection of its lively and bustling character.”

The word “noisy” conveys a sense of chaos, commotion, and activity. It can be used to show a character who is trying to navigate through a crowded market to reach a specific stall, or trying to eavesdrop on a conversation to gather information with the noise and activity making it more difficult for them to find their way. This can add depth and texture to the story.

9. Eclectic

Diverse, varied ; combining elements from a variety of sources.

“The market was an eclectic mix of goods from around the world, with vendors selling everything from handmade jewelry to exotic spices.”

“The eclectic atmosphere of the market was a testament to its diversity and inclusivity.”

The word “eclectic” describes a market that is composed of a diverse range of items, styles, or sources. It suggests that the market is not just a typical place to buy goods, creating opportunities for the plot to develop in unexpected ways, such as the character discovering an important clue, meeting a key character, or encountering a major obstacle.

10. Organic

Natural, unprocessed ; grown or produced without synthetic chemicals.

“The market was a haven for organic produce, with farmers selling fresh fruits and vegetables grown without pesticides or other chemicals.”

“The organic market was a welcome break from the processed and packaged foods found in most grocery stores.”

The word “organic” suggests that the products sold at a market are natural and wholesome. It conveys themes of health, sustainability, and consumerism in a story. A character seeking healthy food options or trying to live a more sustainable lifestyle might be drawn to the organic market as a source of high-quality, environmentally friendly products.

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100+ Marketing Essay Topics

Crafting an outstanding marketing essay is a journey that often begins with selecting a compelling topic. At WriteOnDeadline, we understand the importance of this initial step. That’s why we’ve dedicated this post to sharing inspiring marketing essay topics that will not only ignite your passion but also appeal to your professors.

Table of Contents

What is a Marketing Essay?

A marketing essay is a unique academic document that delves into various facets of marketing analysis, strategies, concepts, and applications. It requires students to explore, critically analyze, and present arguments on marketing theories, market strategies, consumer behavior, product promotion, or other related themes. These essays not only test your knowledge of marketing principles but also your ability to research, analyze trends, and convey complex ideas succinctly.

Choosing the Right Marketing Essay Topic: A Mini Guide

Selecting a topic for your marketing essay should be a strategic process. Here’s a quick guide on how to do it:

Start by understanding the requirements for your assignment, as these will narrow down your scope. Then, brainstorm areas of interest within marketing, considering current trends, controversial issues, or gaps in research that intrigue you. Always opt for a topic that resonates with your passions but also challenges you—this balance will make your writing process enjoyable and academically rewarding. Validate your chosen topic by researching initial literature, ensuring there’s enough information available. Finally, seek feedback from peers or instructors before finalizing your topic, ensuring it’s compelling and feasible.

Exciting Marketing Essay Topics to Consider

Choosing a topic can be daunting, so we’ve compiled a diverse list of 30 engaging areas you could explore in your marketing essay.

Understanding Consumer Behavior

• The psychological triggers behind impulsive buying
• How cultural differences influence purchasing decisions
• The impact of social media on consumer behavior

Digital Marketing Strategies

• The effectiveness of influencer marketing
• SEO tactics that dominate current digital marketing
• Evaluating the success of email marketing

Branding and Brand Management

• The journey of building a resilient brand image
• Celebrity endorsements and their impact on brand perception
• Crisis management: Reviving a tarnished brand

Ethical Considerations in Marketing

• Exploring the effects of deceptive advertising
• Ethical marketing: Is honesty more profitable?
• The societal impact of marketing unhealthy food to children

Innovation in Marketing

• How virtual reality is reshaping marketing experiences
• The role of artificial intelligence in personalized marketing
• Sustainable marketing: Shifting towards eco-friendly practices

Global Marketing

• Overcoming cultural barriers in international marketing
• Strategies for Successful Global Brand Expansion
• Localizing products in foreign markets: Best practices

Content Marketing

• The power of storytelling in content marketing
• Strategies for Effective Content Marketing
• Measuring the impact of content marketing

Challenges in Marketing

• Combating digital ad fraud: Strategies and practices
• Navigating marketing strategies during political unrest
• The future of marketing in post-pandemic retail

Foundations of Marketing

• Evolution and transformation of marketing through the ages
• The core principles of marketing and why they matter
• A comparative analysis of the marketing mix: 4Ps vs. 7Ps

Consumer Behavior Insights

• Analyzing the role of emotions in buying decisions
• Generational marketing: How baby boomers and millennials differ in their purchase behaviors
• The increasing role of social proof in the digital age

Trends in Digital Marketing

• The rise and implications of voice search marketing
• Augmented reality: The next big thing in online marketing?
• Chatbots and their effectiveness in customer engagement

Branding Dynamics

• The science behind memorable logos and brand colors
• Merging brands: Challenges and rewards of brand consolidation after M&As
• The anatomy of a successful brand launch

Social Media Marketing

• TikTok and its revolutionary impact on digital marketing strategies
• The ongoing battle for organic reach on Facebook
• Strategies to optimize user engagement on Instagram

Ethics and Morality in Marketing

• The thin line between persuasion and manipulation in advertising
• Greenwashing: Deceptive eco-friendly marketing and its consequences
• Marketing to vulnerable populations: Ethical implications and safeguards

Marketing in the Age of Technology

• Internet of Things (IoT) and its implications for marketers
• Predictive analytics: Harnessing big data for targeted marketing campaigns
• Blockchain technology and its potential uses in marketing

Relationship Marketing

• Building brand loyalty in the era of instant gratification
• Customer relationship management (CRM) tools and their efficacy in retaining consumers
• The art and science of customer journey mapping

Integrated Marketing Communications

• The role of public relations in holistic marketing strategies
• Offline and online marketing synergy: Best practices
• Crafting compelling brand narratives through transmedia storytelling

Niche and Guerrilla Marketing

• The rise of pet influencers: Analyzing niche marketing strategies
• Effective guerrilla marketing campaigns of the last decade: A case study approach
• The balance between risk and reward in ambush marketing

Future of Marketing

• Preparing for the metaverse: Next-generation digital marketing strategies
• The role of biometrics in personalized marketing campaigns
• Adapting to the post-cookie era: New strategies for online ad targeting

Retail and E-commerce Marketing

• The resurgence of pop-up shops in the e-commerce era
• Omnichannel marketing: Bridging the gap between offline and online retail
• Consumer psychology behind free shipping and its impact on online sales

B2B Marketing

• The unique challenges and rewards of B2B influencer marketing
• Crafting compelling case studies as a B2B marketing tool
• Account-based marketing (ABM): Tailored strategies for high-value clients

Marketing and Psychology

• The power of color in influencing consumer choices
• Understanding the anchoring effect in pricing strategies
• Decoding the paradox of choice: Does more variety deter buyers?

Emerging Markets

• Strategies for introducing a product in a newly developing market
• Navigating marketing challenges in BRICS countries
• The role of cultural sensitivity in marketing to emerging economies

Marketing in Healthcare

• Ethical considerations in direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising
• Marketing strategies for telemedicine in a post-pandemic world
• The role of content marketing in healthcare: Educating and promoting

Non-Profit Marketing

• Challenges and strategies for marketing without a profit motive
• The power of storytelling in non-profit marketing campaigns
• Mobilizing social media influencers for charitable causes

Experiential Marketing

• Crafting unforgettable brand experiences for consumers
• Measuring the return on investment (ROI) of experiential marketing campaigns
• The shift from product marketing to experience marketing

Marketing Analytics

• The promise and pitfalls of marketing attribution models
• Utilizing machine learning for predictive marketing analytics
• Integrating qualitative insights into a data-driven marketing strategy

Sustainability in Marketing

• Strategies for marketing eco-friendly products to skeptical consumers
• The long-term benefits of sustainable supply chain marketing
• Authenticity in green marketing: Beyond the buzzwords

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Useful References

To ensure your marketing essay is grounded in credible information, consider these authoritative sources:

• American Marketing Association – Journals and insights from leading marketing experts.
• Google Scholar – Access a wide range of scholarly articles on various marketing topics.
• HBR (Harvard Business Review) – Explore articles from industry leaders and academics.
• The Journal of Consumer Research – Find in-depth studies on consumer behavior.
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Essay on Market: Meaning, Concepts and Types

After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Meaning of Market 2. Concepts of Market 3. Types.

Essay on the Meaning of Market:

A market, in common parlance, means a place or locality where things are brought and sold and where buyers and sellers personally meet to affect purchase and sale. However, for a student of economics, the term market has no reference to a place, where things are bought and sold. It refers to a commodity and buyers and sellers of that commodity (e.g., wheat).

In fact the market must be thought of not as a geographic place but as any getting together of buyers and sellers in person, by mail, telephone, telegraph or any other means of communication. A market is a group of existing and potential buyers or users of a product or service. Marketing is the one function of management which has to be more concerned with what is going on outside the organization than with what is happening internally.

Every business organization has its market, that is to say, the group of existing and potential buyers or users of its goods and services. A market may consist of a mere handful of people (e.g. specialist collectors of a certain type of antique items) or it may consist of millions (e.g. consumers of breakfast eatables).

Essay on the Concepts of Market :

ADVERTISEMENTS:

The various concepts of marketing developed so far are discussed below:

(1) Distribution of goods and service concept :

It is a traditional concept of marketing according to which marketing is an economic activity that facilitates the distribution (or flow) of goods and services from producer to consumer. This concept has no concern with the production activities of the goods.

(2) Delivery of standard of living concept :

According to this concept, marketing includes all those activities that create and give a better standard of living to the society.

The producer tries to know the customer’s needs and plans his production accordingly. In this way, customers get quality goods at cheaper rates and thus better standard of living is delivered to the society.

(3) Creation of utility concept :

Marketing is an activity that creates form, place, time and ownership utility.

To elaborate, marketing consists in moving goods from the manufacturer, in a form in which they are required at a time when they are required, to the place where they are to be used and for those who are to use them for various purposes.

(4) Generation of revenue concept:

Marketing should generate revenue or income for the firm. Marketing consists of all activities which are performed with a view to allow the firm to earn maximum profit not by increasing the selling price, but by reducing production and selling costs and other overheads.

(5) Social system concept of marketing :

Marketing is a total system of interacting business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute, want satisfying products and services to present and potential customers which are a part and parcel of society.

(6) Concept of customer satisfaction – modern concept :

The modern concept of marketing emphasises the identification and the complete satisfaction of customer’s needs.

It is based on two fundamental concepts:

(i) That the company policies and operations should be customer oriented and

(ii) That the goal of the firm should be profitable sales.

Essay on the Types of Markets:

The markets may be classified on the following basis:

(a) The product sold in the market:

E.g., cloth market, jute market, share market, grain market, etc.

(b) Nature and volume of selling:

E.g., a wholesale market, where goods are sold in large quantities to dealers, and a retail market where goods are sold in small quantities to consumers.

(c) The nature of dealings:

E.g., a spot market where goods are bought and sold immediately and a forward/ future market where actual purchasing and selling may take place at some future time/date as agreed by the buyer and the seller.

(d) Regulated and Municipal markets:

A regulated market is one that is controlled by an association. If the municipality owns and controls the market, it is called a municipal market.

(e) Area covered:

Depending upon the area covered, it may be a home/local market, national market or an international market.

(f) Time-interval:

Depending upon the time interval, it may be a short period market (e.g., money market) or a long period (or term) market (e.g., capital market).

(g) Economic concept:

On the basis of economics, it may be a perfect market or an imperfect market. Perfect market refers to perfect competition and imperfect market refers to absence of perfect competition and existence of monopoly.

(h) Seller’s position:

Depending upon seller’s position, it may be a primary/local market, secondary/central market or a terminal market.

In the case of local market farmers sell their surplus produce to traders in the village. In the case of central market, wholesalers sell to retailers and in the case of terminal market, consumers buy from retailers or local dealers.

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• Core Concepts of Marketing: Top 8 Concepts

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Essays on Market Segmentation and Retailers' Competing Strategies

This dissertation focuses on exploring U.S. food retailers’ strategic interactions and the impacts on consumers. Specifically, I examine food retailers’ strategies on segmenting consumers, conducting price discrimination, and designing their product portfolio in the context of the U.S. yogurt market. The first essay examines the segmentation strategies employed by food retailers, with a focus on the use of advanced machine learning techniques (i.e., K-means clustering) to group consumers based on various characteristics, including demographics and purchase history. The second essay applies the data-driven market segmentation obtained in the first essay to a second-degree price discrimination model. The third essay relaxes the implicit assumption made in the first two essays that consumers’ choice set is fixed, and studies a non-price strategy, namely, adjusting assortment, that is adopted by food retailers in response to regulations. By analyzing the retailers’ strategies on market segmentation and responses to regulations, this dissertation aims to shed light on the strategic interactions of food retailers and consumers, and the competitive landscape of food market in general.

Understanding the strategies employed by food retailers is of utmost importance in agricultural and food economics as it directly influences consumers and their purchasing decisions. The food retail industry in the U.S. is highly competitive, with retailers continuously devising tactics to attract and retain customers. Dimensions of competition such as pricing strategies, product assortment, promotional activities, and customer service can significantly impact consumers’ choices and behaviors. Investigating the strategies employed by food retailers not only provides insights into their business operations but also sheds light on how these strategies affect consumers.

The first essay explores the application of machine learning methods in consumer segmentation under different information environments. Machine learning methods become popular in economic and marketing research, partly because of their flexibility in application. Although recent studies apply these advanced methods to various topics including water, housing, health, and food markets, much is less known about using machine learning methods to facilitate firms’ market segmentation decisions. Using Nielsen Consumer Panel data, I show that K-means clustering, one of the unsupervised learning methods, can be applied to conduct market segmentation. From the retailers’ perspective, incorporating more consumer information (i.e., purchase history) leads to the change in segments consumers belong to.

The second essay assesses the effectiveness of data-driven market segmentation in enhancing price discrimination models. Price discrimination models are commonly adopted by firms to optimize revenue and profitability by customizing prices to different customer segments. Existing studies often rely on exogenous assumptions for consumer segmentation, which may or may not be applicable in practice. This study advances the existing literature by replacing the consumer segment assumption with data-driven market segmentation obtained through K-means clustering. The results are then applied to the second-degree price discrimination model to analyze how sensitive the firms optimal profits are under different consumer information environments. The findings reveal that adding consumer information to consumer segment leads to a more inelastic demand for the consumer segments and an increase in firm’s profits.

The third essay focuses on the non-price strategies retailers adopt to respond to the Unit Pricing Regulation (UPR). UPR requires retailers to display unit prices in addition to product prices and helps consumers make more informed decisions. Despite extensive research on consumers perceptions of unit prices, little is known about retailers price and non-price responses under intensified price competition brought by UPR. Relying on the geographic variation in UPR implementation across U.S. states, we use product-store-level scanner data on the U.S. yogurt market and identify UPR effects on store product offerings and pricing. We find that mass merchandisers reduce product offerings under UPR. Grocery stores that belong to a retail chain entirely under UPR add brands, while other grocery stores make no significant assortment responses. UPR price effects are limited for mass merchandisers as well as grocery stores. Using a structural demand model, we find that the average consumer surplus falls under UPR, highlighting an unintended policy effect.

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• Doctor of Philosophy
• Agricultural Economics

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• West Lafayette

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Advisor/supervisor/committee co-chair, additional committee member 2, additional committee member 3, usage metrics.

• Agricultural economics

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Economics Revision Essay Plans

Last updated 17 Dec 2019

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Essay on Stock Market

Students are often asked to write an essay on Stock Market in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Stock Market

What is the stock market.

The stock market is a place where stocks are bought and sold. A stock is a share of ownership in a company. When you buy a stock, you are becoming a part-owner of that company.

How Does the Stock Market Work?

The stock market is a complex system, but the basic idea is that buyers and sellers come together to agree on a price for a stock. The price of a stock is determined by supply and demand. When there are more buyers than sellers, the price of the stock goes up. When there are more sellers than buyers, the price of the stock goes down.

Why Do People Invest in Stocks?

People invest in stocks for a variety of reasons. Some people invest to make money. They buy stocks that they believe will go up in value, and then they sell them for a profit. Other people invest to save for retirement. They buy stocks that they believe will provide them with a steady income in the future.

Risks of Investing in Stocks

Investing in stocks is not without risk. The value of stocks can go down as well as up. This means that you could lose money if you invest in stocks. However, over the long term, the stock market has historically provided a good return on investment.

250 Words Essay on Stock Market

What is a stock market.

A stock market is a place where people buy and sell shares of companies. When you buy a share of a company, you are essentially becoming a part-owner of that company. The value of your share will go up if the company does well, and it will go down if the company does poorly.

How Does a Stock Market Work?

Stock markets are typically regulated by government agencies. These agencies set rules and regulations to ensure that the markets are fair and orderly. When you buy or sell a share of stock, you do so through a stockbroker. Stockbrokers are licensed professionals who help investors buy and sell stocks.

Why Invest in the Stock Market?

There are many reasons why people invest in the stock market. Some people invest to make money, while others invest to save for retirement or to build wealth for their families. The stock market can be a volatile place, but over the long term, it has historically been a good investment.

Risks of Investing in the Stock Market

There are also risks associated with investing in the stock market. The value of your investments can go down as well as up, and you could lose money. It is important to understand the risks involved before you invest in the stock market.

The stock market can be a complex and confusing place, but it can also be a rewarding one. If you are considering investing in the stock market, it is important to do your research and understand the risks involved. You should also consider seeking the help of a financial advisor.

500 Words Essay on Stock Market

A stock market is a place where people can buy and sell stocks. Stocks are pieces of ownership in a company. When you buy a stock, you are essentially becoming a part-owner of that company. Companies issue stocks to raise money to grow their business.

The stock market is a regulated marketplace where buyers and sellers of stocks can come together to trade. The price of a stock is determined by supply and demand. When there are more people who want to buy a stock than there are people who want to sell it, the price goes up. When there are more people who want to sell a stock than there are people who want to buy it, the price goes down.

Types of Stock Markets

There are two main types of stock markets: primary and secondary. In a primary market, companies sell stocks to investors for the first time. In a secondary market, investors buy and sell stocks that have already been issued.

Benefits of Stock Market

The stock market can be a great way to grow your wealth over time. When companies do well, their stock prices go up, and you can sell your stocks for a profit. The stock market can also be a good way to save for retirement.

Risks of Stock Market

The stock market is not without its risks. Stock prices can go down as well as up, and you could lose money if you sell your stocks at a lower price than you paid for them. It is important to do your research before you invest in any stock.

How to Invest in Stock Market

If you are interested in investing in the stock market, there are a few things you need to do first. You need to open a brokerage account, which is an account that allows you to buy and sell stocks. You also need to learn about the different types of stocks and how to analyze them. Once you have done your research, you can start investing in stocks.

The stock market can be a great way to grow your wealth over time, but it is important to understand the risks involved before you invest. If you do your research and invest wisely, you can increase your chances of success.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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IMF Working Papers

Emde central bank interventions during covid-19 to support market functioning.

Author/Editor:

Kelly Eckhold ; Julia Faltermeier ; Darryl King ; Istvan Mak ; Dmitri Petrov

Publication Date:

May 17, 2024

Electronic Access:

Free Download . Use the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view this PDF file

Disclaimer: IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.

This paper examines emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) central bank interventions to maintain financial stability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through empirical analysis and case study reviews, it identifies lessons for designing future programs to address challenges faced in EMDEs, including less-developed financial markets and lower levels of institutional credibility. The focus is on the functioning of the financial markets that are key to maintaining financial stability—money, securities, and FX funding markets. Several lessons emerge, including: (i) objectives should be well-specified and communicated to facilitate eventual exit; (ii) intervention triggers should prioritize liquidity metrics over prices; (iii) actions should be sufficiently large to address market dysfunction; (iv) the risks of fiscal dominance and moral hazard should be minimized; and (v) program design should incentivize self-liquidation by appropriate pricing or through short-term operations that quickly liquidate. While interventions may increase risks to central bank balance sheets, potentially challenging policy solvency and operational independence, a well-designed framework can significantly mitigate these risks.

Working Paper No. 2024/101

9798400275845/1018-5941

WPIEA2024101

Please address any questions about this title to [email protected]

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Guest Essay

Let’s All Take a Deep Breath About China

By Rory Truex

Dr. Truex is an associate professor at Princeton University whose research focuses on Chinese authoritarianism.

The amygdala is a pair of neural clusters near the base of the brain that assesses danger and can help prompt a fight-or-flight response . A prolonged stress response may contribute to anxiety, which can cause people to perceive danger where there is none and obsess about worst-case scenarios.

America’s collective national body is suffering from a chronic case of China anxiety. Nearly anything with the word “Chinese” in front of it now triggers a fear response in our political system, muddling our ability to properly gauge and contextualize threats. This has led the U.S. government and American politicians to pursue policies grounded in repression and exclusion, mirroring the authoritarian system that they seek to combat.

Congress has moved to force the sale of TikTok , the Chinese-owned social media application; some states have sought restrictions on Chinese individuals or entities owning U.S. land and on Chinese researchers working in American universities ; and the federal government has barred certain Chinese technology firms from competing in our markets. These measures all have a national security rationale, and it is not my intention here to weigh the merits of every one. But collectively they are yielding a United States that is fundamentally more closed — and more like China in meaningful ways.

When you are constantly anxious, no threat is too small. In January, Rick Scott, a senator from Florida, introduced legislation that would ban imports of Chinese garlic, which he suggested could be a threat to U.S. national security , citing reports that it is fertilized with human sewage. In 2017, scientists at McGill University wrote there is no evidence that this is the case. Even if it was, it’s common practice to use human waste, known as “biosolids,” as fertilizer in many countries, including the United States.

More recently, Senator Tom Cotton and Representative Elise Stefanik introduced legislation that would bar the Department of Defense from contracting with Tutor.com, a U.S.-based tutoring company, on the grounds that it poses a threat to national security because it was purchased by Primavera Capital Group, an investment firm based in Hong Kong. Their argument is that this could give the Chinese government backdoor access to the tutoring sessions and personal information of American military personnel who use the firm’s service.

The legislation does not mention that Tutor.com’s student data is housed in the United States , that it volunteered for a security review by the federal Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States and that it created additional levels of data security protection in coordination with the U.S. government. The bill also does not specify how exactly the Chinese government would get access to Tutor.com’s data or what use it would actually have for information on the tutoring sessions of U.S. military personnel.

Last summer, several Republican lawmakers cried foul over the “Barbie” movie because a world map briefly shown in the background of one scene included a dashed line. They took this as a reference to China’s “nine-dashed line,” which Beijing uses to buttress its disputed territorial claims in the South China Sea. According to Representative Jim Banks, this is “endangering our national security.” The map in the movie is clearly fantastical, had only eight dashes and bore no resemblance to China’s line. Even the Philippine government, which has for years been embroiled in territorial disputes with China in the South China Sea, dismissed the controversy and approved the movie’s domestic release.

Of course, the United States should actively confront President Xi Jinping of China about his repression at home and aggression abroad. As a scholar of China’s political system, I worry about how Mr. Xi has made his country even more authoritarian; about increasing human rights abuses in China, particularly those directed at the Uyghur population in Xinjiang ; about Beijing’s crackdown on Hong Kong, its threats toward Taiwan, its increasingly cozy relationship with Russia and its support for the war in Ukraine . America must remain alert to legitimate concerns about well-documented Chinese activities such as espionage and cyberattacks.

But should our policymakers really be focusing on Tutor.com, Chinese garlic or “Barbie”? Or should they concentrate on the more serious threats posed by China’s authoritarian system, or the many other issues that meaningfully affect the day-to-day lives of Americans?

Perhaps the most worrisome effect is that China anxiety is slowly creeping toward discrimination against Chinese Americans, a new “yellow peril.” We’ve already seen how an initiative begun during the Trump administration to target Chinese espionage led to unfair scrutiny of Chinese researchers and even Asian American government employees, leading to the program being terminated in 2022. And we saw how xenophobia during the pandemic triggered threats and attacks against Asian Americans. There also have been numerous reports of law enforcement officials interrogating Chinese students and researchers traveling to and from China on the grounds that they may be agents of the Chinese state. Again, this treatment — being brought in for questioning by the police or government officials — is something foreign scholars experience in China , where it is euphemistically referred to as “being invited for tea.”

Last year, state legislators in Texas proposed a bill that initially sought to prevent Chinese (as well as Iranian, North Korean and Russian) citizens and entities from buying land, homes or other real estate, citing concerns about the security of the food supply. Putting aside the fact that Chinese citizens are not the Chinese government, the actual amount of American farmland owned by Chinese entities is negligible — never exceeding 1 percent of farmland in any given American state as of 2021. The bill ultimately failed , but only after substantial pushback from the Chinese American community.

This China panic, also stirred up by both liberal and conservative U.S. media, may be influencing how average people perceive their fellow Americans of Chinese heritage. Michael Cerny, a fellow China researcher, and I recently surveyed over 2,500 Americans on the question of whether Chinese Americans who were born in the United States should be allowed to serve in the U.S. intelligence community. Roughly 27 percent said Chinese Americans’ access to classified information should be more limited than for other U.S. citizens, and 14 percent said they should be allowed no access at all.

This is overt racism, and while not the majority opinion, it is concerning that so many Americans are blurring the line between the Chinese government and people of Chinese ethnicity, mirroring the language of our politicians.

China is a formidable geopolitical rival. But there is no world in which garlic, “Barbie” or a tutoring site poses meaningful threats to American national security. Labeling them as such reveals a certain lack of seriousness in our policy discourse.

If the United States is to properly compete with China, it’s going to require healthy, balanced policymaking that protects U.S. national security without compromising core American values.

Let’s take a deep breath.

Rory Truex (@rorytruex) is an associate professor of politics and international affairs at Princeton University, where he teaches courses on Chinese politics and authoritarian rule.

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