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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, conceptualising corporate social responsibility (csr) and corporate social investment (csi): the south african context.

Social Responsibility Journal

ISSN : 1747-1117

Article publication date: 2 August 2011

With globalisation pressures and increasing burdens on governments to provide comprehensive social services, there is now a need to better understand how firms play their part in sharing these burdens. Views vary from those who believe that CSR and CSI are distractions from profit maximisation to those who argue that participation in such activities contributes to positive social transformation and also benefits participating firms themselves. This paper seeks to conceptualise these debates.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper largely utilises a literature review to derive the research conclusions. Specifically, it examines how CSR, CSI and the socially responsible investment (SRI) index has been used to evaluate corporate behaviour in South Africa, as a novel way of addressing pressing development problems.

CSI has emerged from the specificities of South African historical development, and it has arguably been driven primarily by legislation and industry charters. It is in this context that CSI, with its paraphernalia of the SRI Index and social capital market, promises to present a new and radical way of addressing developmental problems.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the few studies examining the phenomenon of corporate social investment from a developing economy context.

South Africa
Developing economies
Social responsibility
Developing countries

Hinson, R.E. and Ndhlovu, T.P. (2011), "Conceptualising corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social investment (CSI): the South African context", Social Responsibility Journal , Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 332-346. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471111111154491

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Corporate Social Responsibility Business Studies Grade 12 Notes, Questions and Answers

Find all Corporate Social Responsibility Notes, Examination Guide Scope, Lessons, Activities and Questions and Answers for Business Studies Grade 12. Learners will be able to learn, as well as practicing answering common exam questions through interactive content, including questions and answers (quizzes).

Table of Contents

Topics under Corporate Social Responsibility

Social Responsibility
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
The Triple Bottom Line
Corporate Social Investment (CSI)

The Importance of Social Responsibility in Business

Social responsibility has become increasingly important for businesses as they strive to create value not only for their shareholders but also for the communities and environments in which they operate. Here we summarise the concept of social responsibility, its link to the triple bottom line, how businesses can contribute to their communities, and the socio-economic challenges they face. It also discusses ways businesses can address these issues and improve the well-being of their employees and the community at large.

Social Responsibility and the Triple Bottom Line

Social responsibility refers to the ethical obligation of businesses to act in the best interests of their stakeholders, including employees, customers, communities, and the environment.

The triple bottom line, encompassing people, planet, and profit , is a framework that emphasizes the importance of considering social and environmental factors alongside financial performance. By focusing on the triple bottom line, businesses can ensure that they are making a positive impact on society and the environment while still pursuing profitability.

Business Contributions to the Community

Businesses can contribute to their communities in various ways, including:

Charitable contributions : Donating funds to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and charitable causes.
Community education : Supporting educational initiatives and providing resources to local schools and institutions.
Employment : Creating job opportunities and offering internships for community members.
Employee volunteer programs : Encouraging employees to volunteer their time and skills to support community projects and initiatives.

Socio-economic Challenges and Social Responsibility

Businesses often face socio-economic challenges that can hinder their social responsibility efforts, such as HIV/AIDS, unemployment, poverty, and human rights issues. To address these challenges, businesses can:

Implement policies and programs to support employees affected by HIV/AIDS.
Offer training and skills development opportunities to combat unemployment and poverty.
Promote diversity and inclusion to uphold human rights within the organization.

Improving Stakeholder Well-being

Businesses can contribute time and effort to improve the well-being of employees and the community by:

Offering competitive wages and benefits.
Providing a safe and healthy working environment.
Encouraging work-life balance and offering flexible working arrangements.
Investing in employee development and training.
Participating in community development projects.
Sponsoring local events and initiatives.
Collaborating with local governments and organizations to address pressing social and environmental issues.

Social responsibility is an essential aspect of modern business operations. By embracing the triple bottom line, addressing socio-economic challenges, and actively contributing to the well-being of their stakeholders, businesses can create lasting value and drive positive change in their communities and beyond.

Corporate Social Responsibility: A Comprehensive Overview

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gained prominence in recent years as businesses increasingly recognize the need to engage in sustainable practices and contribute positively to society. We summarise the concept of CSR, its nature and purpose, key components, and the impact of CSR on businesses and communities.

Understanding Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate social responsibility, or CSR, refers to the voluntary initiatives taken by businesses to integrate social, environmental, and ethical considerations into their operations and decision-making processes.

CSR goes beyond compliance with legal requirements and involves a commitment to creating positive impacts on the various stakeholders, including employees, customers, communities, and the environment.

The Nature and Purpose of CSR

CSR is an essential aspect of modern business strategy, reflecting the growing awareness of the need for businesses to consider the long-term consequences of their actions on society and the environment.

The primary purpose of CSR is to ensure that businesses operate responsibly and contribute to sustainable development, thereby creating value for both the company and its stakeholders.

Components of CSR

Some key components of CSR include:

Environment : Businesses should minimize their environmental footprint by implementing sustainable practices, reducing waste, and conserving resources.
Ethical behavior : Companies should adhere to ethical standards in their operations, such as fair labor practices, transparent supply chains, and anti-corruption measures.
Corporate social investment : Businesses can invest in social initiatives that benefit their communities, such as education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation.
Health and safety : Companies should prioritize the well-being of their employees by maintaining a safe and healthy working environment and promoting wellness initiatives.

TIP: Identifying CSR Programs in Scenarios

When analyzing given scenarios or statements, look for evidence of businesses engaging in CSR activities, such as implementing environmentally friendly practices, supporting community projects, or promoting workplace diversity.

The Impact of CSR on Business and Communities

CSR has significant positive impacts on both businesses and the communities they serve. For businesses, adopting CSR practices can lead to:

Improved brand reputation and customer loyalty.
Increased employee engagement and job satisfaction.
Greater operational efficiency and cost savings.
Enhanced ability to attract and retain top talent.
Reduced risk of regulatory fines and legal disputes.

For communities, CSR initiatives can result in:

Greater access to essential services, such as education and healthcare.
Job creation and economic growth.
Environmental conservation and preservation of natural resources.
Improved living conditions and overall quality of life.

Corporate social responsibility is a vital aspect of contemporary business strategy that benefits both companies and the communities they serve. By integrating social, environmental, and ethical considerations into their operations, businesses can create lasting value, drive positive change, and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Corporate Social Investment (CSI): A Comprehensive Overview

Corporate Social Investment (CSI) has emerged as a vital component of modern business practices. In this article, we will delve into the meaning, nature, and purpose of CSI, explore its focus areas, and discuss its impact on businesses and communities. We will also distinguish between CSI and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to help readers understand their unique roles in shaping a company’s social and environmental commitments.

Understanding Corporate Social Investment

CSI refers to a company’s voluntary initiatives and financial contributions aimed at supporting social, economic, and environmental causes within their communities.

These investments go beyond the company’s legal obligations and are driven by a genuine commitment to making a positive impact on society.

The Nature and Purpose of CSI

The primary purpose of CSI is to create shared value for both businesses and the communities in which they operate.

By investing in social causes, companies can improve their reputation, foster strong relationships with stakeholders, and contribute to the well-being of their communities . CSI initiatives also demonstrate a company’s commitment to ethical and sustainable business practices, which can enhance brand loyalty and attract new customers.

CSI Focus Areas

Corporate Social Investment initiatives typically focus on four key areas:

Community : Supporting local communities through initiatives such as infrastructure development, education, and healthcare programs.
Rural development : Investing in projects aimed at improving the quality of life in rural areas, including agriculture, water and sanitation, and access to essential services.
Employees : Offering employee assistance programs, professional development opportunities, and promoting diversity and inclusion within the workplace.
Environment : Implementing eco-friendly practices, supporting conservation efforts, and reducing the company’s environmental footprint.

Identifying CSI Projects in Scenarios

In real-life scenarios, companies may undertake various CSI projects such as building schools, providing scholarships, supporting local sports teams, or organizing environmental cleanup campaigns.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) vs. Corporate Social Investment (CSI)

CSR and CSI are often used interchangeably, but they represent distinct concepts within a company’s social and environmental commitment. CSR refers to the broader integration of social, economic, and environmental concerns into a company’s business operations and decision-making processes. In contrast, CSI focuses specifically on voluntary investments and initiatives aimed at supporting social and environmental causes.

The Impact of CSI on Businesses and Communities

CSI initiatives can have a significant impact on both businesses and communities.

For businesses, CSI can improve their reputation, increase brand loyalty, and attract new customers.
For communities, CSI projects can enhance the quality of life, create job opportunities, and address pressing social and environmental issues.

Differences between CSR and CSI

While both CSR and CSI contribute to a company’s social and environmental commitment, they differ in their scope and focus. CSR encompasses a company’s overall approach to managing its social, economic, and environmental impact, while CSI specifically targets voluntary investments and initiatives that support social and environmental causes.

Corporate Social Investment plays a crucial role in modern business practices, allowing companies to create shared value for themselves and their communities. By understanding the nature, purpose, and focus areas of CSI, businesses can effectively contribute to the well-being of their stakeholders and drive positive change in their communities and beyond.

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Benefits of CSR (or CSI) to the Business – Positive Impact

Header image for Benefits of CSR to the business. Positive impact of csr on business. Advantages of csr or csi. csr exam questions business studies

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Social Investment (CSI) are closely connected. CSI is a part of CSR, and they both promote responsible business. That is why, when it comes to their advantages to businesses, there is hardly a difference between the two.

Thus, the benefits of CSR listed below, also apply to CSI.

Table of Contents

What is the Positive Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on a Business?

Attract employees: The company may attract more experienced employees, which could increase its productivity.
Low staff turnover : The business can experience a lower staff turnover because it prioritizes the health and safety of its employees.
Teamwork : CSI projects encourage teamwork among the employees of a business.
Public image: A business can develop a good public image for looking after its employees and conducting itself in a responsible way.
Marketing strategy : Social responsibility and social investment projects can be used as a marketing strategy to promote a company’s products or services.
Customer loyalty : Successful CSR can promote customer loyalty, resulting in increased sales.
Socio-economic issues : CSI projects help to solve socio-economic issues such as unemployment and poverty.
Tax rebates : Businesses may get tax advantages such as tax rebates from SARS ( South African Revenue Services ).
Less likely to be forced by government: If a company voluntarily engages in CSR, the government is less likely to force the matter on them through legislation.
Community support : Businesses that engage in community development enjoy the goodwill and support of communities.

Exam answers for the benefits of CSR to the business.

Exam Questions for the Benefits of CSR/CSI to a Business

When the question only asks for the advantages of csr/csi.

Describe FOUR positive effects of Corporate Social Responsibility programmes for businesses in your area.
Discuss the benefits of Corporate Social Investment (CSI) for businesses.

When you are allowed to name advantages or disadvantages of CSR/CSI

Critically assess the role of CSR in the business.
Evaluate the impact of CSI on businesses.
Discuss the impact of Corporate Social Investment (CSI) on R-TOYZ as a business.

Let the marks guide you. Typically, each benefit listed, in a full, descriptive sentence, counts for TWO (2) marks. If a question is out of EIGHT (8) marks , you must list FOUR benefits .

Essay questions may ask you to “ evaluate the impact of CSR .” If you are preparing to write an essay on CSR, be prepared to list at least FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages .

Test Yourself

You can download the flash cards below to help you with your exam revision. Practice answering both question cards and adding more answers if you can. You will find more on my Facebook page: Nonjabulo SA . Share them with your friends and test each other online.

1. Describe FOUR positive effects of Corporate Social Responsibility programmes for businesses in your area.

Exam practice question, describe the positive effects of csr to the business

2. Discuss the impact of Corporate Social Investment (CSI) on R-TOYZ as a business.

Exam practice question, discuss the impact of corporate social investment on the business

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What Are the Outcomes of Corporate Social Irresponsibility (CSI)? The Disconnect Between CSI Theory and CSI Practice

First Online: 25 June 2021

Cite this chapter

Irina Surdu 8 &
Giulio Nardella 9

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Governance, Leadership and Responsibility ((PSGLR))

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Corporate social irresponsibility may, indeed, be one of the “grand challenges” of international business and management research. Corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) is broadly assumed to lead to performance decline and reputational damage for those firms involved in acts of wrongdoing. The overview of extant research presented in this chapter illustrates how and why these assumptions are not always supported, therefore explaining, at least in part, the many examples of irresponsible firm behavior observed in business practice. The chapter points to the discrepancies between CSI theory and CSI practice , followed by a discussion concerning the opportunities and challenges associated with acts of irresponsible firm behavior, particularly during times of crises and disruptions. The discussion captures key managerial and policy implications around curtailing corporate social irresponsibility.

Corporate social irresponsibility (CSI)
Performance outcomes
Organizational reputation
Stakeholder expectations
ESG (Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance)
Crises and disruptions

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Surdu, I., Nardella, G. (2021). What Are the Outcomes of Corporate Social Irresponsibility (CSI)? The Disconnect Between CSI Theory and CSI Practice . In: Sörensson, A., Tesfaye, B., Lundström, A., Grigore, G., Stancu, A. (eds) Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability during the Coronavirus Crisis. Palgrave Studies in Governance, Leadership and Responsibility. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73847-1_4

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Home — Essay Samples — Business — Corporate Social Responsibility — Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Corporate Social Responsibility (csr)

Categories: Corporate Social Responsibility Structure

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Published: Sep 25, 2018

Words: 535 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Introduction, types of csr, importance of csr.

Environment-Focused Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) This type of CSR focuses on reducing detrimental effects of the corporation’s operations on the environment. The corporation innovates in its manufacturing stage to reduce the production of environment harming by-products. It also promotes the use of non-renewable energy sources to prevent harm caused to the environment by burning of fossil fuels.
Community-Based Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) The corporation joins hands with other organizations (usually Non-Profit ones) to ensure the welfare of a local community’s people. These organizations either fund or receive funding from corporations to perform tasks that can improve the living conditions of the community’s people.
Human Resource (HR)-Based Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporations focus on the well-being of their own staff and improve their living conditions. The companies may extend compassionate leaves like paternity leaves so that the employee can look after his newborn. They can also provide medical insurance to their employees to take care of accidents caused due to occupational hazards.
Charity Based Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) In a charity-based CSR, corporations donate to organizations or individuals (usually through a charity partner) to improve their financial condition and for their general upliftment. This is the most common form of a CSR activity. Most corporations provide direct financial support to organizations or individuals who require such assistance.
Increased employee’s loyalty and retention.
Gaining legitimacy and access to markets.
Less litigation
Increased quality of products and services.
Bolstering public image and enhanced brand value.
Less volatile stock market.
Avoiding state regulations.
Increased customer loyalty.
Improved quality of life and changing habits.
Capacity building creates wealth and employment.
Balanced eco-system.
Waste management.
Clean and green environment

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The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility

< Previous chapter

28 Conclusion

Andrew Crane is the George R. Gardiner Professor of Business Ethics in the Schulich School of Business at York University. He has a Ph.D. in Management from the University of Nottingham, and was previously Chair in Business Ethics and Director of the UK's first MBA in CSR in the International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at Nottingham University Business School.

Abagail McWilliams, Associate Dean and Professor in the College of Business, University of Illinois at Chicago

Dirk Matten holds the Hewlett-Packard Chair in Corporate Social Responsibility at the Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto. He holds a doctoral degree and the habilitation from Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Germany. He is interested in CSR, business ethics and comparative management. He has published widely, including in Academy of Management Review, Journal of Management Studies, Organization Studies, and Business Ethics Quarterly.

Jeremy Moon is Professor of Corporate Social Responsibility and Director of the International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility at Nottingham University Business School.

Donald S. Siegel, Foundation Professor of Public Policy and Management and Director, School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University

Published: 02 September 2009
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As a field of inquiry, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is still in an embryonic stage. The study of CSR has been hampered by a lack of consensus on the definition of the phenomenon, unifying theory, measures, and unsophisticated empirical methods. Globalization has also added to the complexity of CSR issues to be addressed. Despite these concerns, there is still some excellent research on this topic, which has been gathered in this volume. Specifically, this volume contains findings from numerous experts in a wide variety of social science disciplines and fields in business administration, who have summarized the body of CSR literature and also outlined an agenda for additional research. It is important to note that CSR practices and product features are not always totally transparent and observable to the consumer and other stakeholders. This makes it difficult for consumers and other stakeholders to evaluate the firm's social performance.

Introduction

Despite these concerns, there is still some excellent research on this topic, which we have gathered in this volume. Specifically, the volume contains findings from numerous experts in a wide variety of social science disciplines and fields in business administration, who have summarized the body of CSR literature and also outlined an agenda for additional research.

Given that we have included many perspectives on CSR, readers with a specific ideological or disciplinary orientation will encounter chapters that correspond with their view of CSR. At the same time, they will also be exposed to new perspectives on CSR.

We suspect that most business schools academics who teach courses in CSR or who conduct research on this topic will find the conclusion that firms can ‘do well by doing good’ quite appealing. Neoclassical economists will also accept this argument, especially if it can be framed in such a way as to justify the existence of a rational, economic justification for ‘doing good’ (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001) . Conversely, such academics will dislike the call for broader involvement in social responsibility, such as corporate citizenship implies.

On the other hand, those academics who advocate government intervention in the realm of CSR may ‘dislike’ the positive relationship between doing good and doing well, because it obviates the need for additional regulation vis‐à‐vis CSR. Conversely, they will support the notion, which was discussed in several chapters, for additional discretionary spending on CSR by business.

We hope this heterogeneity in perspectives and paradigms results in rich discussion and additional interdisciplinary research on this topic. From a practitioner standpoint, there may be very different reactions from US businesses (which emphasize stockholder rights) and non‐US businesses (which may emphasize a balance of stakeholder rights). Some mutual understanding may lead to more consistency of CSR actions globally.

The authors in this volume provide insights on many concepts and descriptions of the state of knowledge and practice of social responsibility over a wide range of countries and regions. With that in mind, we review some of the important contributions of this volume.

Defining Corporate Social Responsibility and Related Concepts

In addition to having no consensus definition of CSR, there are multiple related concepts and terms that are sometimes used interchangeably with CSR. CSR is typically used to consider and or evaluate the effects of business on society, beyond the traditional role of seeking to maximize profits. These may include such effects as support of charitable and educational organizations, hiring and training of hard‐core unemployed, non‐discrimination in employment, improved workplace safety, development of green technologies, use of non‐animal testing processes, increased consumer protection, and transparency in reporting. Definitions of CSR can be found in this volume in the chapters by Carroll; Dunfee; Frederick; Mackey, Mackey, and Barney; Orlitzky; and Salazar and Husted.

The definition of CSR often depends on motivation, that is, whether an effect such as the development of a green technology was motivated by a concern for the environment or simply as a means to reduce the cost of environment compliance (deceasing costs and increasing profits). Motivation is inherently unobservable, therefore a related concept, corporate social performance (CSP), which is defined in terms of observed CSR policies, processes, and outcomes, was developed. This concept has several weaknesses, not least of which is its reliance on the concept of the ill‐defined CSR. However, many researchers have used this concept, rooted in sociology, to test the relationship between firms doing good (CSP) and doing well (corporate financial performance or CFP). Definitions of CSP are found in chapters by Melé and Orlitzky, while definitions of CFP are found in chapters by Carroll and Orlitzky.

While also sometimes used interchangeably with CSR, corporate citizenship (CC), which has its roots in political science, is a broader concept than CSR. It considers the role of corporations as social institutions and their ability to respond to non‐market pressures, especially in a global context. In this volume, discussions of CC are found in the chapters by Frederick, Melé, Orlitzky, and Windsor.

Another related, but not synonymous concept, is that of socially responsible investing (SRI), which has roots in religion, ethics, economics, and political science. SRI differs from the other concepts addressed in this volume, because it is a way for stakeholders to control the socially responsible behavior of managers by determining the incentives for such behavior. A definition of SRI is found in the chapter by Kurtz.

Reviewing and Expanding Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility

A dominant perspective in CSR research and practice is the business case, which has its roots in economics, especially the theory of the firm. The business case is that firms ‘do well’ (financially) by ‘doing good’ (acting responsibly). The mechanism by which ‘doing good’ is translated into ‘doing well’ has been open to discussion, both from a theoretical perspective and based on a critique of the empirical evidence. Kurucz, Colbert, and Wheeler address the means by which firms benefit by ‘doing good’ and argue for ‘building a better case’, which ‘would extend beyond the economic’ in their chapter.

Another economic concept, agency theory, has been used to argue against managers engaging in CSR. This perspective, advanced by Friedman (1970) , asserts that managers who engage in CSR are acting in their own self‐interest, rather than in the interest of shareholders (the owners of the firm). Therefore, CSR is not good business practice. Salazar and Husted extend this analysis by outlining an agency theory model, where the pursuit of CSR can be an appropriate business practice.

An alternative theory is that of stakeholder management, which has its roots in ethics (rights and justice). Stakeholder theory posits that many stakeholders, not just shareholders, are affected by the actions of firms, and therefore also have rights. The chapters by Melé and Carroll constitute an in‐depth analysis of stakeholder theory.

A more extensive and inclusive theory of CSR (sometimes referred to as CC) has its roots in political science and argues that business firms are citizens, with both rights and responsibilities. The responsibilities of firms include both the economic and social welfare of other citizens. This concept extends the responsibilities of firms beyond those of stakeholders to all citizens. This conceptualization is especially important in developing countries where the governments might not offer protection of human rights and there may be insufficient regulation of environmental, employment, and consumer impacts. A discussion of these issues is found in the chapters by Frederick, Levy and Kaplan, Melé, Millington, Scherer and Palazzo, and Visser.

Levels of Analysis

One of the most challenging aspects of developing a unified theory of CSR is that studies of this phenomenon have been conducted at numerous levels of aggregation: individual actor (manager or employee), organization, industry, nation, region, and global. Each of these levels of analysis is represented in this volume.

Individual actors are at the center of the controversy surrounding CSR. While firms may be legal entities and may be thought of as having identities and citizenship rights, it is individual managers who make decisions about firms' actions, including allocating resources to CSR. Several motives for engaging in CSR have been recognized, including personal preference, career enhancement, stakeholder coercion, moral leadership, reputation building and profit enhancement. Mackey, Mackey, and Barney examine the correlation between managers' commitment to socially responsible causes and the activities of the firm, while Salazar and Husted propose a model for creating incentives for managers to engage in CSR. Windsor's chapter is devoted to examining how responsible management is taught.

Most CSR studies have been based on the firm as the unit of observation. This is entirely appropriate, since most CSR‐related decisions are made at the corporate level. Furthermore, while there is substantial turnover among senior managers, large firms continue to operate and affect our lives. It is also easier to identify actions with the firm rather than with individual decision‐makers. Carroll presents a comprehensive history of firm‐level CSR. In examining the business case for CSR, Kurucz, Colbert, and Wheeler analyze the creation of firm value through CSR. Kurtz examines the foundations of SRI and how shareholders can affect the behavior of the firms they own, that is, the role of shareholder activism in promoting CSR by the firm.

In recent years, differences in the provision of CSR across countries have been of interest to both researchers and managers. Donaldson examines differences in corporate governance between American firms (where shareholder interests dominate) and European firms (where other groups' interests are also considered). Moon and Vogel examine differences in the business and government interface between the United States and Western European countries and how these differences affect the provision of CSR in these countries. Visser offers an analysis of CSR in developing countries and draws several conclusions regarding how CSR provision differs in developed and developing countries.

The incidence and nature of CSR in a global context is also a fruitful area of research and discourse because technology improvements have opened up markets throughout the world to Western‐style business with its attendant benefits and costs. Because many countries do not provide sufficient government and legal protection for consumers, employees, and the environment, businesses or firms that operate globally are expected to recognize and respond to greater responsibilities than they may have to in their (developed) home country. Scherer and Palazzo explain these expectations. Millington explains how the recent phenomenon of the global supply chain has created pressure on large multinational firms to set the standards for CSR behavior by their suppliers that often operate in developing countries—what he terms ethical supply chain management (ESCM).

Drivers of CSR

One of the issues central to CSR, but often left unexamined, is what ‘drives’ CSR? That is, where does the idea of responsibility originate? Several of the chapters in this volume address this issue in some detail.

One relatively well‐recognized driver of CSR is the consumer. Smith examines how consumers can drive CSR behavior through both positive ethical consumerism (support for products that are produced by responsible firms) and negative ethical consumerism (boycotting firms that act irresponsibly). Steger is more reserved in his support for consumers as drivers, pointing out that consumers are still generally reluctant to support CSR and may punish laggards, but not reward pioneers in CSR. Williams and Aguilera compares consumer attitudes towards CSR across cultures, postulating that there are significant differences.

Another well‐recognized driver of CSR is the manager. The manager as agent for the stockholders (principals) of the firm has control over the resources and can determine how those resources are allocated. Therefore, managers, and especially CEOs, can strongly influence CSR behavior (Waldman et al. , 2006) . This is at the heart of most of the controversy surrounding CSR. Proponents of CSR assert that managers should exercise moral leadership, as proposed in Swanson's chapter. Opponents believe that there is an agency problem when managers engage in CSR or more generally, that ‘investment’ in CSR constitutes an inefficient use of corporate resources. Salazar and Husted examine this tension. Williams and Aguilera discuss differences in CSR attitudes and behaviors across different cultures. Pruzan discusses a spiritual‐based perspective of CSR which implies that managers are—and should be—the drivers of CSR.

The lack of government regulation and legal protections in much of the world is another recognized driver of CSR. In developing countries and regions, firms must take over many of the social functions of government so that there is a stable economy, a viable workforce, and a globally sustainable environment in which to conduct commerce. This driver is discussed in several chapters, but most explicitly analyzed in the Visser chapter. Hanlon argues that unmet social needs create a means for firms to develop relationships with stakeholders that benefit the firm (building reliance on firms rather than governments).

In developed countries, government may be a driver of CSR. Moon and Vogel discuss ways in which governments can actively encourage firms to engage in CSR, for example, through the establishment of non‐binding codes and standards. Alternatively, firms might choose CSR as a way to escape formal regulation. Whether through the stick or the carrot, governments may be effective in encouraging CSR.

Social Auditing and Reporting

One area where proponents of CSR have prevailed is in auditing and reporting. The premise behind the support for reporting is that managers will be encouraged to perform more responsibly if they must report on results, and shareholder activists can use the information in reports to invest responsibly. Owen and O'Dwyer discuss the growth and development of corporate social and environmental reporting. Kuhn and Deetz outline the critical theorists' critique of social audits and reports. Buchholtz, Brown, and Shabana discuss the role of legislation in establishing standards for auditing and reporting and the need for global guidelines.

Information Asymmetry and the Strategic Use of CSR

These chapters underscore the importance of information relating to CSR practices. More generally, we believe that the role of information asymmetry in CSR is a fruitful area of research ( see Baron, 2001 , and Fedderson and Gilligan, 2001 , for theoretical analyses and Siegel and Vitaliano, 2007 , for empirical evidence). It is important to note that CSR practices and product features are not always totally transparent and observable to the consumer and other stakeholders. This makes it difficult for consumers and other stakeholders to evaluate the firm's social performance.

As noted in Fedderson and Gilligan (2001) , the degree of asymmetric information regarding internal operations can be mitigated by the company or by ‘activists’ and/or/‘non‐governmental organizations’ (NGOs). It is interesting to note that McDonalds, Motorola, and Nike now publish ‘annual CSR reports’. One can view this activity as a form of advertising, especially for more general types of CSR. However, stakeholders may perceive this information as biased, since it is presented by incumbent managers and not an independent source. Therefore, NGOs may emerge to fill this gap. Additional evidence is needed on how consumers and other stakeholders respond to these efforts.

More generally, the field would greatly benefit from more research on precisely how firms matrix decisions regarding CSR into their business and corporate‐level strategies. There is now mounting empirical evidence ( Russo and Fouts, 1997 ; Reinhardt, 1998 ; Siegel and Vitaliano, 2007 ) that it is consistent with strategic theories of CSR and rational, profit‐seeking management decision‐making. However, others may view this evidence quite differently. They may perceive this stylized fact as indicative of the notion that CSR is a ‘fraud’ or a ‘smokescreen’, used to disguise other irresponsible behavior. In this regard, it is interesting to note that firms such as Enron and Philip Morris were actively involved in social responsibility.

An interesting recent paper by Strike, Gao, and Bansal (2006) examines this tension between responsibility and irresponsibility. The authors assert that firms can simultaneously be socially responsible and socially irresponsible (e.g. Philip Morris). Based on a strategic/resource‐based‐view framework, they examine whether international diversification influences the propensity of firms to be socially responsible and socially irresponsible. More specifically, the authors demonstrate that firms diversifying internationally create value by acting responsibly and destroy value by acting irresponsibly.

The field of CSR remains wide open and we hope that these authors have expanded your horizons. Hope springs eternal.

Baron, D. 2001 . ‘ Private Politics, Corporate Social Responsibility and Integrated Strategy ’. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy , 10: 7–45. 10.1162/105864001300122548

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Feddersen, T. , and Gilligan, T. 2001 . ‘ Saints and Markets: Activists and the Supply of Credence Goods ’. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy , 10: 149–71. 10.1162/105864001300122584

Friedman, M. 1970. ‘The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits’. New York Times Magazine , 13 Sep.

McWilliams, A. , and Siegel, D. 2001 . ‘ Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective ’. Academy of Management Review , 26(1): 117–27. 10.2307/259398

Reinhardt, F. 1998 . ‘ Environmental Product Differentiation ’. California Management Review , 40, summer: 43–73.

Russo, M. V. , and Fouts, P. A. 1997 . ‘ A Resource‐Based Perspective on Corporate Environmental Performance and Profitability ’. Academy of Management Journal , 40: 534–59. 10.2307/257052

Siegel, D. S. , and Vitaliano, D. 2007 . ‘ An Empirical Analysis of the Strategic Use of Corporate Social Responsibility ’. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy , 17(3): 773–92.

Strike, V. M. , Gao, J. , and Bansal, T. 2006 . ‘ Being Good while Being Bad: Social Responsibility and the International Diversification of U.S. Firms ’. Journal of International Business Studies , 37(6): 850–62. 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400226

Waldman, D. , Siegel, D. S. , and Javidan, M. 2006 . ‘ Components of CEO Transformational Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility. ’ Journal of Management Studies , 43(8): 1703–25. 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00642.x

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BUSINESS STUDIES GRADE 12 TERM 3 SBA TASK 2021

BUSINESS STUDIES GRADE 12 TERM 3 TASK 2021

THE STRUCTURE OF PAPER 1 AND PAPER 2 AS PER CIRCULAR S11 OF 2017

NOV PAPER GRADE 12: BUSINESS STUDIES PAPER 1 DURATION: 2 HOURS TOTAL MARKS: 150

NOVEMBER PAPER 2 GRADE 12 BUSINESS STUDIES DURATION: TWO HOURS TOTAL MARKS: 150

PAPER ONE & TWO SUB-TOPIC TO BE COVERED FOR NOVEMBER PAPER

INSTRUCTIONS TO LEARNERS

Human rights, inclusivity and environmental issues
Social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility and corporate social investment
Presentation and data response
Read the instructions of each question and respond appropriately.
Collect resources on your responses to answer QUESTIONS 1.1 & 1.2
You are required to submit your completed task to your teacher for assessment.
You must adhere to the submission date to avoid unnecessary penalties

QUESTION 1: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY & CSI South Africa was brought to a standstill by the recent protests, which began on July 10, 2021 and escalated to mass looting of shops, malls, and the destruction of business property. 1.1 Bearing the above statement in mind, answer the following questions: 1.1.1Conduct a research on any THREE reasons except politics for the looting of shops, malls and the destruction of business property in Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal.(3) 1.1.2 Suggest Corporate Social Investment projects in which businesses can deal with EACH reason mentioned in QUESTION 1.1.1. (2) Use the table below as a GUIDE to answer QUESTION 1.1.1 & 1.1.2.

1.2 Explain how the looting of shops and malls will affect businesses in terms of the relationship between social responsibility and Triple bottom line. (5)

QUESTION 2: HUMAN RIGHTS 2.1 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow.

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2.1.1 Identify TWO categories of rights that HCL promotes. Motivate your answer by quoting from the scenario above. (4) Use the table below as a GUIDE to answer QUESTION 2.1.1.

2.1.2 Suggest ONE other way in which HCL can deal with any of the category of rights identified in QUESTION . 2.1.1. (1)

QUESTION 3: DIVERSITY ISSUES 3.1 Conduct a research on any business of your choice and answer the following questions. 3.1.1 Name any FIVE diversity issues that affect the chosen business. (5) 3.1.2 Explain how the chosen business deals with EACH of the diversity issue named in QUESTION 3.1.1. (5) 3.1.3 Discuss the benefits of diversity in the workplace. (5)

QUESTION 4: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 4.1 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow.

4.1.1 Quote the responsibilities of the employer, employee and the business in protecting human health and safety in the workplace from the scenario above. (3) Use the table below as a GUIDE to answer QUESTION 4.1.1.

4.1.2 Name the committee that is represented by Jan, Elsie, Thula and Craig. Explain another role of this committee. (2)

QUESTION 5: PRESENTATION AND DATA RESPONSE 5.1 Read the scenario below and answer the questions that follow.

5.1.1 Quote factors that Charlie considered before, during and after his presentation. (3) Use the table below as a GUIDE to answer QUESTION 5.1.1.

5.1.2Suggest TWO areas of improvement that Charlie should consider in his next presentation. (2) 5.1.3 Quote TWO aspects Charlie considered when designing a multimedia presentation from the scenario above. (2) 5.1.4 Explain other aspects that Charlie must consider when designing a multimedia presentation. (3) 5.1.5 Identify the visual aid used by Charlie. Motivate your answer by quoting from the scenario above. (2) 5.1.6 Advise Charlie on the advantages of the visual aid identified in QUESTION 5.1.5. (3) [50]

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Describe the Differences Between CSR and CSI
Describe the Differences Between CSR and CSI
Benefits of CSR (or CSI) to the Business
CSI-CSR environmental dynamic model
Quiz card: Differences between CSR and CSI. Practice differentiating
Benefits of CSR (or CSI) to the Business

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PDF Grade 12 Term Two Chapter 6 Notes Csr and Csi 2019
CSR AND CSI CHAPTER 6 . 1 . BUSINESS STUDIES . GRADE 12 . TERM TWO . CHAPTER 6 . NOTES CSR AND CSI . 2019 . TABLE OF CONTENTS . TOPICS PAGES Exam guidelines for CSR and CSI 2 Terms and definitions 3 Meaning of social responsibility 4 Relationship between triple bottom line and social responsibility 4 Socio-economic issues 5
Corporate social irresponsibility: What we know and what we need to
As for firm antecedents, our review suggests that efforts have been made to understand the relationship between CSR and CSI. In this regard, some studies support the hypocrisy thesis, which supposes that past CSI increases CSR activities (Alsaadi, 2020), known as penance mechanisms (Kang et al., 2016; Kotchen & Moon, 2012).
Describe the Differences Between CSR and CSI
Critically analyse the differences between CSI and CSR. During your Business Studies exam, if you are asked to tabulate the answer, DO SO! Write your answers in a table and avoid losing marks unnecessarily. ... counts for TWO (2) marks. If you are preparing to write an essay on CSR, have THREE (3) differences prepared. In other words, prepare ...
Definition of Corporate Social Investment: CSI vs CSR
Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Deloitte describes CSR as "how a firm manages its business processes to generate stakeholder value while having a positive impact on the community and minimising any adverse impact on the environment.". In other words, CSR is how a business manages its operationsso that it makes profits ...
Doing good and doing bad: The impact of corporate social responsibility
1. Introduction. The corporate social performance (CSP) of a firm is comprised of both "doing good" through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and "doing bad" through corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) incidents (Carroll, 1979, Wood, 1991b).CSR has been widely acknowledged as a highly desired firm action that not only benefits communities but also helps firms ...
Corporate social responsibility and corporate social ...
"Corporate social responsibility ... CSI, while the final paper contributes toward a general theory of CSR and CSI and argues that a universal conception of CSR and CSI are feasible. The papers are: 10.1. ... Journal of International Business Studies, 21 (4) (1990), pp. 519-539. View in Scopus Google Scholar.
Chapter 6 Business Studies Grade 12 Notes ON CSR AND CSI
Chapter 6 csr and csi chapter business studies grade 12 term two chapter notes csr and csi 2019 table of contents topics exam guidelines for csr and csi terms. Skip to document. University; ... Essay Investment. Business Studies 100% (5) 3. Presentation and data response. Business Studies 100% (5) 32. 2024 Revised Legislation Notes.
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Learn the following•Meaning of CSR•Purpose of CSR•Components•Impact of CSR and CSI•Difference between CSR and CSICSR Audio read aloudhttps://youtu.be/houd7Nu...
CHAPTER-6-BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-12-NOTES-ON-CSR-AND-CSI
CSR AND CSI CHAPTER 6 BUSINESS STUDIES GRADE 12 TERM TWO CHAPTER 6 NOTES CSR AND CSI 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPICS Exam guidelines for CSR and CSI Terms and definitions Meaning of social responsibility Relationship between triple bottom line and social responsibility Socio-economic issues Strategies to deal with HIV/Aids, unemployment and poverty Ways in which businesses could contribute to ...
Corporate Social Investment (CSI) Notes and Exam Questions Business
On this page, grade 12 students learn and study for revision using REAL EXAM questions based on Corporate Social Investment (CSI) topic, using activities and engaging quizzes. Every South African grade 12 learner who wants to pass Business Studies subject with a distinction, needs to go through the valuable study resources on this page.
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Specifically, it examines how CSR, CSI and the socially responsible investment (SRI) index has been used to evaluate corporate behaviour in South Africa, as a novel way of addressing pressing development problems., - CSI has emerged from the specificities of South African historical development, and it has arguably been driven primarily by ...
Corporate Social Responsibility Business Studies Grade 12 Notes
January 8, 2024 by My Courses Editor. Find all Corporate Social Responsibility Notes, Examination Guide Scope, Lessons, Activities and Questions and Answers for Business Studies Grade 12. Learners will be able to learn, as well as practicing answering common exam questions through interactive content, including questions and answers (quizzes).
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This document provides an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social investment (CSI) for a Grade 12 business studies class. It includes definitions of key terms, an explanation of the relationship between social responsibility and the triple bottom line. It also discusses socio-economic issues businesses may face and strategies to address them, as well as ways ...
Benefits of CSR (or CSI) to the Business
Customer loyalty: Successful CSR can promote customer loyalty, resulting in increased sales. Socio-economic issues: CSI projects help to solve socio-economic issues such as unemployment and poverty. Tax rebates: Businesses may get tax advantages such as tax rebates from SARS ( South African Revenue Services ).
What Are the Outcomes of Corporate Social Irresponsibility (CSI)? The
Journal of International Business Studies, 50, 1283-1309. Article Google Scholar Wans, N. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and market-based consequences of adverse corporate events: Evidence from restatement announcements. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 35(2), 231-262.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): [Essay Example], 535 words
Introduction. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined as the voluntary activities undertaken by a company to operate in an economic, social and environmentally sustainable manner. The Government of Canada understands that responsible corporate behavior by Canadian companies operating internationally not only enhances their chances for ...
Conclusion
Introduction. As a field of inquiry, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is still in an embryonic stage. The study of CSR has been hampered by a lack of consensus on the definition of the phenomenon, unifying theory, measures, and unsophisticated empirical methods. Globalization has also added to the complexity of CSR issues to be addressed.
Business Studies Grade 12 Term 3 Sba Task 2021
QUESTION 1: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY & CSI. South Africa was brought to a standstill by the recent protests, which began on July 10, 2021 and escalated to mass looting of shops, malls, and the destruction of business property. 1.1 Bearing the above statement in mind, answer the following questions:
6
Chapter 6 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Social Investment (CSI) INTRODUCTION. All citizens, both individuals and businesses have a responsibility to take care of the immediate environment they live in. Individuals and business have an obligation to take care of their environment and the well-being of others.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): A Resource Guide
Corporate social responsibility, or CSR, refers to the belief that businesses have an obligation to society beyond their commitments to their stockholders or investors. In addition to generating profits, companies are expected to have some responsibility to stakeholders such as employees, customers, communities, and the environment.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Free Essay Example
Chapter 1 Introduction. Corporate Social Responsibility is a rapidly developing, key business issue. It is a concept that has attracted worldwide attention. Due to the demands for enhanced transparency and corporate citizenship, CSR started to embrace social, ethical as well as environmental challenges. Today, companies are aware of the social ...
Chapter-6- Business- Studies- Grade-12- Notes-ON-CSR-AND-CSI
Business notes csr and csi chapter business studies grade 12 term two chapter notes csr and csi 2019 table of contents topics exam guidelines for csr and csi. Skip to document. University; High School. ... Essays. 100% (5) 3. Presentation and data response. Business Studies. Essays. 100% (5) 10. Chapter 6 Business Studies Grade 12 Notes ON CSR ...
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an essential aspect of modern business practices. As consumers and investors increasingly prioritize companies that make a positive impact on society, many businesses have stepped up to the c..... Writing essays isn't many people's favorite part of studying for a qualification, but it's necessary.