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94 Online Learning Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on online learning, 👍 good online learning research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting online learning research titles, 💡 simple online learning essay ideas, ❓ research questions for online learning.

Reasons Why Face-To-Face Education Is Better Than Online Learning
Pros and Cons of Online Learning
Online Learning vs. In-Person Learning
Distance Learning: Advantages and Disadvantages
Online Learning Technologies
Distance Learning vs. The Traditional Classroom
Online Learning During the Pandemic
Traditional vs. Virtual Learning Environment With the development of the ICT system, the traditional learning environments are in the process of developing new virtual spaces designed for learning.
Online Learning and Students’ Mental Health Mental health is an aspect that attracts significant attention from researchers interested in investigating the connection between the lack of social interactions.
Online Classes: Computer Literacy and Knowledge The aim of the paper is to prove that educational establishments should change their policies to introduce online classes.
Why More and More Students Are Taking Online Classes? In the recent days, online learning has acquired a lot of popularity in many countries. Online enrollment is convenient to most students and many people opt to apply this strategy.
Distance Learning and Social Change Distance learning can be defined as a form of education where learners can learn wherever they are through the use of technology.
Information Technology Enabled Online Learning This paper investigates on the aspect of Information Technology – enabled online learning and the relevant technologies that are utilized.
Technology, Distance Education, and Its Quality This paper examines major issues associated with technology and distance learning and how they impact on the quality of education offered to learners.
Learning Methods: Online Learning Online learning takes place without the physical presence of the instructor. It is a structured learning which involves online teaching in absence of the instructor.
Benefits, Challenges, and Opportunities of Distance Learning This paper will explore the question of the extent distance learning can be used as an effective tool for promoting equal educational opportunities.
Learner Isolation in Distance Education Research demonstrates that distance education is the “magic bullet” in addressing nursing shortage issues and ensuring that nurses have the opportunity to advance their skills.
Hidden Curriculum in Online Classes The hidden curriculum both for online and face-to-face classes specifies the necessity to obey rules, standards, and laws, listen to people who have more knowledge and experience.
The Social Interaction in an Online Learning Community The modern online education needs adjustments related to the facilitation of independent learning, student collaboration, and minimization of the role of the teacher.
Distance Learning for Addressing Nurse Shortage Distance education could be embraced to teach more individuals and address the current predicament of the nursing shortage.
Past and Current Trends in Distance Education Distance learning has been evolving as time goes by and this means that there are certain trends that need to be looked at.
Education Theory for Online Learning Teaching online entails the development of instructions for students and delivering them through technological gadgets.
Online Learning as an Integral Component of the Education System The essay will examine how online learning has become an integral component of the education system and the benefits it offers compared to the physical classroom model.
The Benefits of Taking Online Classes The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the majority of public and private sectors, including the education system.
Analysis of Cultural Disconnect in Virtual Learning Environments There has been a cultural disconnect in learning environments in education. Language is the most significant contributor to cultural disconnect within the educational centers.
Theories, Tools, and Principles of Online Learning Modern technology has changed education designs. Using a range of new communications and network tools it is easy to design an online education platform.
Zines Distance Learning Education and Before You Go Magazine The review of zines Distance Learning Education and Before managed to underline their significance for the modern population in terms of their functions and characteristics.
Online Learning and Education Course Reflections The course on online learning and the application of information technologies has demonstrated to me that educators should help students reduce extraneous processing.
Adobe Connect GoToMeeting in Distance Learning The study has focused on the impacts of implementing Adobe Connect Gotomeeting in distance learning as a collaboration tool and its impact on instructions and learning.
Continuing Education and Online Learning Effectiveness
Difference Between Classroom Learning and Online Learning
Online Learning Spanish Lesson on Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns
Convergent and Divergent Thinking of Online Learning
Online Learning and Traditional Learning: An Outlook Into the Past and the Future of Education
Tips for Successful Online Learning
Online Learning and Forecast Combination in Unbalanced Panels
Effective Online Learning Content Delivery
Global Opportunities for Education via Online Learning
Kalman Filtering and Online Learning Algorithms for Portfolio Selection
Overcoming Asynchronous Online Learning Limitations
Generalized Feature Embedding for Supervised, Unsupervised, and Online Learning Tasks
Online Learning for Students With Disabilities
Study Curriculum and Instruction With an Emphasis on Online Learning
The Knowledge Gradient Algorithm for a General Class of Online Learning Problems
Examining the Factors That Influence How Instructors Provide Feedback in Online Learning Environments
Students’ Achievement Emotions and Online Learning in Teacher Education
Success Factors for Self-Paced Online Learning in Business
Improving Online Learning: Student Perceptions of Useful and Challenging Characteristics
Online Learning: Anywhere Anytime Education for Specialist Nursing
Increasing Student Engagement With Online Learning Platforms
Writing and Online Learning Tools
Oracle-Based Robust Optimization via Online Learning
Online Learning Event for Adult Learners
Online Learning, Research, and Services
The Value and Effectiveness of Online Learning
False Concepts Surrounding the Online Learning Environment
E-Learning, Its Effects, Advantages, Disadvantages and Why People Use It
How Important Is Technology in Online Education? Benefits, Challenges, and Impact on Students
The Benefits of Online Training in Schooling
10 Minute School – One of the Largest and Best Online Education Platforms
Role of Digital Library in Support to Teaching and Learning: A Study
Benefits and Challenges for the Online Learner
Students’ Online Learning Challenges During the Pandemic
The Effects of an Online Learning Environment
Students’ Motivations and Barriers to Online Education
The Different Roles Within an Online Learning Environment
The Trends Towards Online Learning
The Benefits and Drawbacks of Online Learning
Planning Strategies and Time Management Essential in Online Learning
Can Online Learning Bend the Higher Education Cost Curve?
How Can Technology Improve Online Learning?
What Are the Biggest Challenges Facing Online Learning Today?
Is Online Learning Accessible to All?
Why Is Online Learning a Very Effective Way for Students to Study?
What Is the Impact of Online Learning on Students?
Is Online Learning as Effective as In-Person Learning?
What Are the Key Factors for Making Online Learning Effective in Education?
How Can the CoI Framework Support Positive Online Learning?
What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Online Learning?
How Is Effective Online Learning in This Time of Pandemic?
Is Online Learning More Effective Than Classroom?
What Is the Environment of Online Learning?
How Does Online Learning Affect Students’ Academic Performance?
What Are the Best Practices for Online Teaching and Learning?
Why Is Online Learning More Accessible?
How Is Academic Performance Measured in Online Learning?
Is Online Learning Effective in Educating Students?
What Is the Impact of Online Learning on the Quality of Education?
Why Is Online Learning Harder for Students?
How Can We Make Online Learning More Effective?
What Are the Negative Impacts of Online Learning?
Is Online Learning the Future of Education?
How Do Students Feel About Online Learning?
What Makes a Good Online Learning Environment?

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StudyCorgi . "94 Online Learning Essay Topics." May 10, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/online-learning-essay-topics/.

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These essay examples and topics on Online Learning were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on December 26, 2023 .

196 Online Education Research Topics & Essay Examples

📝 online education research papers examples, 🎓 simple research topics about online education, 👍 good online education essay topics to write about, ⭐ interesting topics to write about online education, ✅ easy online education topics for an essay, 🏆 best online education essay titles, ❓ online education research questions.

Online Courses Versus Traditional Courses Today, there are more online courses as opposed to traditional courses because of the growing number of people and the convenience that comes with online courses.
Online Education in the USA Online education is one of the modern elements used in learning all over the world, especially in the United States of America.
Online Education and Classroom Learning Comparison This presentation targets to show that classroom education is a better option for effective learning as opposed to online education. The demand for online education has risen rapidly.
Electronic Education: Advantages and Disadvantages This research paper delves into the causes and effects of electronic education. It seeks to explore a problem-solving ethical strategy.
Online and Blended Learning Benefits Blended learning is an appropriate approach for language learning, as it supports the activities that promote student engagement.
Online and Face-to-Face Graduate Program The mixture of online and face-to-face education elements will provide the students with a wide scope of advantages that cannot be gained when the online approach predominates.
Efficient Interaction in Distance Learning Classroom Recent trends indicate that learners and instructors have regarded distance-learning classrooms as efficient methods of learning, where technology supports active learning.
E-Learning for College Students and Employees Even through e-learning involves the use of electronic materials, it has several advantages over the traditional face-to-face form.
Strong Distance Learning Systems and Their Elements The distance learning system is also termed a distributed learning system as it involves the decentralization of resources at a number of places.
Interaction in Online Learning Environment Interaction is crucial to address in the online learning environment and it is accompanied by the aspect of the provision of constructive and responsive feedback.
Online Assessment Systems in Education In the field of education, technology has allowed educational institutions to expand their reach primarily by allowing schools to launch online courses and conduct online classes.
College Teaching: Effectiveness of E-Learning The effectiveness of distance learning has been an important topic of debate between educators. It is important to evaluate the effectiveness and suitability of E-Learning.
Online Education and Courses It Offers Working people are better placed with online education. This article explains why online education is ideal for you.
Distance Learning Replacing Traditional Classes Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic there have been many discussions surrounding the future of online education replacing the traditional form of education.
Lack of Student Engagement Within Online Learning Lack of student engagement is declining within online learning, and there are multiple factors contributing to the development of this tendency.
Introduction Into E-learning Making the process of knowledge acquisition or modification less resource-consuming but more outcome-driven is among the global priorities of the educational system.
Distance Learning Overview While remote learning has become more popular due to developing technology and the necessity to keep the distance, it is still a work in progress.
Type of Education Is Better: Online or Classroom-Based The articles included in the annotated bibliography provide a thorough study of which type of education is better, online or classroom-based learning.
Distance Learning Replacing Traditional Classes The article presents the author's reasoning on the topic of whether online learning can replace traditional education.
Online Learning vs. Face-To-Face Learning The global education system has been characterized by face-to-face learning. It is better than online learning because it offers opportunities for building relationships.
Online Learning Impact on Students From Low-Income Backgrounds Students from low-income backgrounds are affected negatively by distance learning. This form of education presents various challenges to this group of learners.
Should Distance Learning Replace Traditional Education Distance learning provides safety, flexibility, and the customization of the learning experience, it should not replace traditional education that ensures effective communication.
Effectiveness of Online and Traditional Education Forms Education is an ever-evolving field that often endures transformations to provide students with a better learning experience.
E-Learning: Strengths and Weaknesses for Students The paper offers a brief comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of switching to online learning, an analysis of the development of students' abilities in this format.
E-Learning Based on Gamification for Autism The present paper aims at analyzing the current approaches to gamification in e-learning with a special focus on autism spectrum disorder students.
Online and On-Ground Education This paper aims to compare and contrast online and on-ground education and indicate which of the two is more appropriate in the modern world.
Distant Education or Traditional Education Essay aims to analyze and study both types of education to compare and highlight key features. The traditional method of teaching consists in full-time attendance at institution.
Distance Learning in Saudi Arabia The benefits of distance learning have been known to the world as long as technological advancements made such learning possible.
Academic Honesty in Virtual Environment The current situation in the world has forced many students and teachers to move the learning process to a virtual environment.
Online and On-Campus Learning Difference This essay aims to compare online and on-campus courses and present advantages as well as disadvantages for each of the learning methods.
Remote Classes Due to COVID-19: How This Affects International Students in the United States The recorded COVID-19 incident has compelled institutions of higher learning in the United States to offer remote classes to their students.
Challenges of Online Learning First-generation families are significantly challenged by online learning because of the language barrier, lack of resources, and lack of support.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Courses Companies, educational institutions, tutors choose the introduction of e-education worldwide, online classes are more suited to teaching their employees and students.
Online Education is Better than Traditional Education This essay will focus on the advantages of distance learning, as well as possible rebuttal counterarguments regarding this education method.
E-Learning and IVC in the Universities of Saudi Arabia This proposal explores distance learning techniques, opportunities and difficulties encountered by students in applying distance learning systems.
Online Learning Environment in Three Arab Countries This research examines four universities in three Arab countries using a Likert scale from 2007-2009 to assess their perception towards applying online learning environments.
Aspects of Online Education In online education, students learn when they are in remote areas at their own convenient time, so long as they can access a reliable connection to the Internet.
The Concept of Multiple Intelligences The concept of multiple intelligences is very important in education because it conceptualizes intelligence as a complex of many factors.
Massive Open Online Courses' Effects on Higher Learning The advent of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has drawn mixed reactions from various education stakeholders.
Online Scholarly Discussions: Online Learning The principles of a scholarly discussion in an online environment underscore the rules of etiquette that should be observed for productive sessions.
Online Learning Student’s Experiences Article by Ellis The article is aiming at using qualitative data to measure different perceptions and experiences of students using e-learning systems.
Online Course Nursing 534 Overview Being an online course, Nursing 534 can be enhanced with the use of the activities, tools, and strategies that have been suggested in this paper.
MyLabsPlus: The Online Teaching and Learning Program MyLabsPlus is a lively online teaching and learning program that has been created to help different people across the world.
Why Online Education is the Best Option Education is an essential aspect of human life because it prepares individuals to live in a highly competitive environment.
Online Education Vs. Education in Traditional Classroom In recent years, there have been radical changes in terms of technology and innovation in every industry, and the education sector has not been an exception.
Studying at School vs. Studying Online Schoolchildren in many countries have been transferred to studying at home, and communication with classmates and teachers takes place online.
EdX: Online Learning Platform With online learning, the “product categories” are the courses that are divided by the subjects, for instance, arts, humanities, and others.
Lack of Student Engagement Within Online Learning The effectiveness of online learning primarily depends on the level of student engagement, and a lack thereof is detrimental to the overall process.
Online and Face-To-Face Classes Comparative Analysis Online classes seem to be more convenient than the face to face classes. This is because online classes have more advantages than face-to-face classes.
Leading in a Distance Education Environment The traditional educational system curriculum differs from the distance education program. Many typical activities such as lecturing do not suit the online learning systems.
In-Person Learning and Online Education Online learning and traditional in-person learning differ greatly and the former has shown to often be more convenient, flexible, and less costly.
Benefits of Online Learning to Students Although online education is a relatively recent development, it facilitates learning among students more effectively than the conventional face-to-face classroom.
Learning in an Online Environment Comprehending students' attitudes, facilitators' experiences, and the latest trends in institutions determine positive progress for online learning.
Online Education in Canada Before Covid-19 Pandemic Online education was already an established concept in many nations, including Canada, before 2020 and the advent of COVID-19.
Issues of Remote Education Remote education can have significant disadvantages, especially considering its increased prominence in the contemporary world.
Online Classes Vs. Traditional Classes: The Comparison of Benefits and Challenges For Students The paper compares online classes and traditional classes in the postsecondary education setting with the emphasis put on the benefits and challenges experienced by the students.
The Online Education Effectiveness The emergence of online education is a development that can revolutionize the field. Its benefit lies in the controversy between conventional and modern levels of interaction.
Traditional and Online Learning Methods at University Level The paper argues the separate use of both traditional and online learning methods is equally effective at the university level.
Traditional and Online Styles of Education This essay will examine the similarities and differences between traditional and online styles of education in the context of college.
Issue of Online Education Online education is an important issue concerning people all over the world and requires finding new ideas for increasing its quality and providing access for all populations.
Ways of Improving Online Learning This paper gives propositions to solve the problem for elementary school – the introduction of new creative approaches to teaching that will increase children's interest in learning.
Tracking E-Learning through Published Papers E-learning is an interesting and natural development of learning and teaching. The use of technology creates more opportunities and approaches to learning.
Distance Education in Virtual High School Electronic, virtual, or distance education is a good alternative for students to learn topics that do not require discussion in real-time.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Online Learning Verses Face-to-Face Learning for University Students A majority of the research that has already been done has leaned heavily towards the strengths that online learning offers compared to eLearning.
Is Online Learning As Good as Face-to-Face Learning? The question of whether online education is as good as face-to-face learning depends on the individuals’ needs, the field of education, and personal levels of motivation.
How to Become a Successful Online Learner Online students should have this intrinsic motivation to become smarter, expand their horizons, and rise in their personal development.
Online Education as Effective Approach to Learning Online education is a significant approach to learning as there are more opportunities to manage time properly and pay more attention to additional knowledge.
Traditional and Online Learning Strategies Traditional and online learning strategies are based on different principles, which is why there are a variety of differences between these educational approaches.
Literature Review on Online Learning Challenges From COVID-19 Challenges, which workers in the field of education faced in emergency online teaching during the pandemic, can be transformed into opportunities to be used in online learning.
“Perceived Stress Among Students in Virtual Classrooms...” by AlAteeq The researchers examined perceived stress levels among students during the COVID-19 outbreak and the closure of learning institutions in KSA.
Online Learning as a New Trend in Education Online learning became a trend corresponding to the demands of the contemporary world where time and other resources are limited.
Virtual School Versus Brick-and-Mortar School Virtual schools engage students in active learning and online communication. Brick-and-mortar schools are known for their face-to-face setting and practical approach to study.
Online and Classroom Learning: A Comparative Essay With the COVID-19 pandemic affecting most areas of life worldwide, the toll on the education system as we know it was inevitable.
Distance Learning Can Substitute Face-to-Face Traditional Educational System in Wyoming Distance learning can replace the face-to-face traditional education K-12 system in Wyoming, and there are many benefits to this approach.
Aspects of Transition to Online Courses The paper states that the outbreak of the pandemic has forced people to lockdown and study online. It has been challenging to adjust to the new conditions of learning.
Discussion of Online Education The changes to the sphere of education brought by the modern problems required the establishment to take immediate measures that the organizations did not thoroughly study yet.
The Impact of Virtual Learnings (VLEs) on Student Learning The topic of choice is the impact of the virtual learning environment (VLEs) on student learning. The current global COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the selection of this topic.
Distance Learning for Students with High Behavioral Needs Tomaino et al.'s study on "assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of distance learning for students with DDBN” is framed around the theme of online learning.
Classroom Walkthrough Instrument in Virtual School Classroom walkthroughs are a tool for observing teachers in the learning environment. They are usually carried out by teachers or other educational experts.
Traditional and Virtual Learning During Quarantine The shift towards virtual learning was slowly happening, but the quarantine made the process abrupt and mandatory, exposing numerous disadvantages.
Wattenbarger Community College's Distance Learning System It is important to build an effective distance learning process, that will meet the educational standards of Wattenbarger Community College.
Is Online Learning as Good as Face-to-Face Learning? Educational institutions provide access not only to traditional classroom methods of teaching but also to online studying. Analysis of online learning and face-to-face learning.
Online Learning vs. Face-to-Face Learning This study assesses the differences in online and face-to-face learning perception among students with various characteristics and belonging to different groups.
Online Learning vs. Face-to-Face Learning Principles Online learning does not equal face-to-face studying because it may lack such components as cooperation, development of motivation, success in academic performance, etc.
Online Education After COVID-19 The pandemic of COVID-19 has significantly influenced the educational sphere in many countries as most schools and universities had to switch to an online format.
“Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis”: Article Critique The work “Online Learning” reveals the importance of obtaining education through the Internet – a widely discussed topic due to the situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Online vs. Face-to-Face Classes The online format is suitable in almost all but a few aspects. First, the child needs socialization. Second, the student needs the opportunity to have authentic experiences.
Classroom vs. Online Education: The Conundrum of Computerized Learning The essay explores the advantages of online learning and tries to reinforce the idea that computerized teaching could replace its offline alternatives.
Online and Traditional Classes: Comparative Analysis Online classes are more effective than traditional classes because of lower costs, students learning at their own pace, gaining technical skills, and flexibility.
Face-to-Face and Online Teaching Comparison This annotated bibliography aims to discuss four articles devoted to the topic of the comparison of face-to-face and online teaching.
Creating Interaction in Online Learning by Downing et al. The article “Creating interaction in online learning: a case study” by K. J. Downing et al. reviews research on remote interaction between students and teachers.
Online Studying vs. Traditional Face-to-Face Learning Although online studying and face-to-face learning have a similar principle – obtaining new information, traditional face-to-face studying is better.
Online Education in an International University There are many benefits to online education, but the challenges of studying online are notable in their own rights.
Causes of Significant Fall in Online Learning This essay paper will look at four significant causes of decline in students participating or even dropping online courses or classes.
Remote Learning: Negative Impacts of Remote Learning Most educational institutions had to cope with the changes by introducing a remote learning system that would allow students to attend classes.
Issue of Imposing Lower Prices for Remote Instruction It is not reasonable to advocate for imposing lower prices for remote instruction. It should be maintained at the same prices as online learning.
Online and Traditional Education: Comparative Analysis Despite all the modern advantages that online education may have, traditional teaching is more effective, disciplined, and valuable.
Determining the Risk to Benefit Ratio and Online Studies Classes The goal of determining the risk to benefit ratio is in defining the harm that the research subjects may be subjected to in comparison to the benefits and online studies challenge.
Online Classes as a Better Method of Learning Online classes help students with different learning styles; they contribute to pupils’ success in school, letting them study at their own pace.
The Effectiveness of Online and Face-to-Face Learning Despite e-learning’s extensively proclaimed advantages, it is not as effective as traditional offline instruction, which finds support in experts’ opinions.
Distance Learning During Covid-19 The study redefines the idea of distance learning and explores higher education distance learning supply in Canada, the US, and France using COVID-19 secondary data.
Researching of Benefits of Online Learning E-learning allows many people to learn new knowledge quickly because it is the most accessible. E-learning has many advantages that make it the most convenient way to learn.
Analysis of Onsite Classes for Colleges By and whole, many advantages of distance education provide more opportunities for more satisfactory academic performance and enhanced well-being of the students.
Online Learning: Positive and Negative Sides Online learning provides people with freedom, flexibility, and at a lesser cost. However, it does not provide physical interaction between students and teachers.
Online Classes vs. Traditional Classes In comparison with the traditional educational process, online classes offer resource savings, customization of the educational trajectory, and technical skills.
Online and On Campus Life in College: Comparison This essay will compare and contrast online and on-campus life in college in terms of experience and education.
Meaningful Learning from Sustained Online Communication This paper provides a brief analysis of different approaches to assessing the effectiveness of online learning through discussion boards encouraging adults to embrace learning.
Instructional Methods in Online and Traditional Classes There has been an emergence of blended learning within the last decade, where teachers are engaged in online and traditional classes.
Online Operations and Program Management Strategies This paper examines emerging online operations and program management strategies that can be used by a variety of personnel seeking to increase their efficacy with online students.
Education and Online Learning: Pros and Cons This essay outlines some of the advantages and disadvantages of online learning. There are various opportunities to work on the challenges to reap the maximum out of this approach.
Factors of Motivation of Distance Education Teachers are motivated to participate in Distance Education due to their ability to facilitate it as well as the freedom it provides; however, increased workload discourages them.
Online Learning Environment and Student Engagement The study's main research area is investigating the lack of student engagement in the online learning environment.
Features of Face-to-Face Classes & Online Learning While face-to-face classes provide live communication, online education offers convenient conditions and forming of computer skills.
Lack of Student Engagement in an Online Learning Environment The core emphasis of this project is the low engagement levels in student online learning zones which include how lack of student engagement affects online learning.
Management of Online Education Program The paper aims to establish the beneficial effects of distance learning and provide suggestions to practice on educational websites platforms.
Distance Learning: Advantages and Disadvantages The research paper aims to thoroughly analyze the advantages and disadvantages of distance learning compared to traditional in-person classes.
Distance Education and Process of Accreditation This essay aims to determine the basic processes an educational institution must go through to accredit its distance programs.
Accreditation of Distance Learning Organizations There is a wide variety of processes, requirements, requests, and conditions that organizations in New York that practice distance learning should adhere to obtain accreditation.
Online Learning vs. In-Person Education Although both in-person and online instruction methods are similar in many ways, they vary significantly in how students interact with teachers and class accessibility.
Online Learning After Covid-19 Pandemic With the evolution of education, it is nearly impossible to eliminate technology use. The Covid-19 pandemic led to the wide adoption of e-learning.
Distance Learning for Equal Education The paper discusses to what extent distance learning can be utilized as a powerful tool for improving equal educational opportunity, rather than as an inferior system.
K-12 Education Change in Educating Young People During the COVID-19 Pandemic This paper is an annotated bibliography of the articles devoted to the K-12 education change in light of the experience of educating young people during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Classroom vs. Online Education Today, classroom education and distance learning, or online education, are the primary methods of delivering instruction to school, college, and university students.
Traditional or Online Education: What Is Better? Now, with the rise in popularity of online education, debates about whether it can replace traditional approaches have been initiated in society.
Traditional or Online Education: What Is Better? In recent years, COVID-19 has significantly impacted traditional education and demonstrated the benefits and challenges of the online approach.
Online Education and Changes in the Field The paper discusses the situation in online education. Changes in education associated with online formats are a factor in the growth of skilled professionals.
Online Learning Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic The pandemic has caused educational issues, the most considerable of which is the amount of independent work for children.
What Is Better: Traditional or Online Education? The paper presents annotated bibliography about online and offline education, benefits of online education, it's role and differencies between online and offline education.
What Is Better: Traditional or Online Education? As the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world, bringing with it massive lockdowns, the issue of the competition between traditional and online education became most prominent.
Traditional and Online Education The paper provide annotated bibliography about traditional and online education and its advantages and disadvantages.
Traditional vs. Online Education: Pros and Cons Traditional learning provides students with the skills to socialize in the community. On the other hand, online learning has advantages because of the flexibility of the process.
Distance Learning in Kuwait as Response to COVID-19 The study examines how the concept of distance learning is implemented in Kuwait from educational and legal perspectives to promote its productive use during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Learning via Online Classes vs Traditional Classroom The paper states that there are parallels and contrasts between traditional face-to-face classrooms and online courses regarding academic achievement.
Online Learning and Differential Learning This paper discusses pros and cons of online learning and differential learning to propose a change of the educational system.
AusEducation’s Domestic and International Students: Challenges in Online Learning This report aims to explore domestic and international students' experiences' issues in online learning and offer solutions for the AusEducation platform to address them.
Adverse Effects of Virtual Learning on Academic Performance The introduction of computer technology in education has evolved to include more online learning than attending physical classrooms.
“Learning in the Age of SARS-COV-2” Article by Bawa The SARS-COV-2 pandemic has influenced multiple domains, including the field of education. The research analyzes how Emergency Remote Teaching affects students.
Online Education and Digital-Based Teaching Strategies The COVID pandemic has substantially affected the educational system, making online education an effective alternative to conventional educational patterns.
Open Online Education: Student Dropout and Retention Strategy This paper aims to redefine student dropout and retention strategy in open online education. The discussion included an inquiry about the benefits of free online education.
Why Students Prefer Classroom Learning to Online Learning This paper investigates the benefits and disadvantages of online and physical learning. The benefits of physical outweigh those of online learning.
Impact of Electronic Learning on the Educational Performance The paper aims to investigate the influence of online learning on student academic achievements, emphasizing also mathematics courses.
Online Education and Its Operational Attractions To Traditional and Non-traditional College Students
Front Line Strategies for Improving Student Success in Online Education
Traditional Brick and Mortar Education vs. Modern Remote Online Education
Adult Learning Through Online Education
Online Education and Organizational Transformation
Adult Learners and Online Education
Exercise Your Mind With Online Education
Online Education and Policy Makers
Internal and External Assessments of Post University Online Education
Face Education vs. Online Education
Online Education and Its Impact on College Students
All the Benefits and Opportunities of Online Education
Comparing the Similarities and Differences Between Traditional Education and Online Education
Leading Online Education From Participation to Success
Successful Strategies for Online Education
The Benefits and Disadvantages of the Growing Popularity of Online Education in the United States of America
Online Education and Its Effect on Students Individual
The Relationship Between Plagiarism and Online Education
Comparing and Contrasting the Advantage and Disadvantages of Online Education
Online Education: Balancing School With Other Life Responsibilities
The Purpose, History, and Benefits of Online Education
Online Education and Social Networking
Internal And External Assessments Of Post University Online Education
Leading Online Education from Participation to Success
Online Education and Its Operational Attractions to Traditional and Non-Traditional College Students
Online Education System Implementation
How Online Education Aids Professional Development
Online Learning: A 21st Century Approach to Education
Reviewing the Tools that Make Online Education Tick
Exploring Gamification as a Teaching Tool in Online Education
Development of Online Technology and the Advantages of E-Learning
How Online Learning Can Reduce the Cost of Higher Education
How Online Education Impacts Corporate Training
The Impact of Online Learning in Adult Education
Ethical Issues in Online Learning
What Are the Main Advantages, Positive and Negative Results of Online Education?
What Are the Methods of Introducing an Online Education System?
What Are the Differences Between Online Education and Conventional Education?
What Are the Consequences and Problems of Online Education?
How To Maintain a Balance Between the School of Online Education and Other Life Responsibilities?
What Are the Differences Between Online Education and Traditional Education?
What Are Online Learning Management Systems?
Can Online Education Replace Classrooms
What Are the Popular Online Education Programs for Adults and Students?
Can Online Education Replace Traditional Education
How To Prepare for Online Education?
Does Educational Level Matter in Adopting Online Education?
What Are the Positive and Negative Aspects of Online Education?
How the Increased Popularity of Online Education Will Reflect on the Traditional Education Methods?
How Does Adult Learning Take Place Through Online Education?
What Are the Causes and Effects of Online Education?
How To Choose a School for Online Education?
What Are the Similarities Between Academic and Online Education?
What Are the Similarities Between Traditional Education and Online Education
What Impact Does Online Education Have On Students?

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Argumentative Essay: Online Learning and Educational Access

Conventional learning is evolving with the help of computers and online technology. New ways of learning are now available, and improved access is one of the most important benefits available. People all around the world are experiencing improved mobility as a result of the freedom and potential that online learning provides, and as academic institutions and learning organisations adopt online learning technologies and remote-access learning, formal academic education is becoming increasingly legitimate. This essay argues the contemporary benefits of online learning, and that these benefits significantly outweigh the issues, challenges and disadvantages of online learning.

Online learning is giving people new choices and newfound flexibility with their personal learning and development. Whereas before, formal academic qualifications could only be gained by participating in a full time course on site, the internet has allowed institutions to expand their reach and offer recognized courses on a contact-partial, or totally virtual, basis. Institutions can do so with relatively few extra resources, and for paid courses this constitutes excellent value, and the student benefits with greater educational access and greater flexibility to learn and get qualified even when there lots of other personal commitments to deal with.

Flexibility is certainly one of the most important benefits, but just as important is educational access. On top of the internet’s widespread presence in developed countries, the internet is becoming increasingly available in newly developed and developing countries. Even without considering the general informational exposure that the internet delivers, online academic courses and learning initiatives are becoming more aware of the needs of people from disadvantaged backgrounds, and this means that people from such backgrounds are in a much better position to learn and progress than they used to be.

The biggest argument that raises doubt over online learning is the quality of online courses in comparison to conventional courses. Are such online courses good enough for employers to take notice? The second biggest argument is the current reality that faces many people from disadvantaged backgrounds, despite the improvements made in this area in recent years – they do not have the level of basic access needed to benefit from online learning. In fact, there are numerous sources of evidence that claim disadvantaged students are not receiving anywhere near the sort of benefits that online learning institutions and promoters are trying to instigate. Currently there are many organisations, campaigns and initiatives that are working to expand access to higher education. With such high participation, it can be argued that it is only a matter of time before the benefits are truly realised, but what about the global online infrastructure?

There is another argument that is very difficult to dispel, and that is the response of different types of students to the online learning paradigm. Evidence shows that there are certain groups of students that benefit from college distance learning much more than other groups. In essence, students must be highly motivated and highly disciplined if they are to learn effectively in their own private environment.

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The effects of online education on academic success: A meta-analysis study

Published: 06 September 2021
Volume 27 , pages 429–450, ( 2022 )

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Hakan Ulum ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-6935 1

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of online education, which has been extensively used on student achievement since the beginning of the pandemic. In line with this purpose, a meta-analysis of the related studies focusing on the effect of online education on students’ academic achievement in several countries between the years 2010 and 2021 was carried out. Furthermore, this study will provide a source to assist future studies with comparing the effect of online education on academic achievement before and after the pandemic. This meta-analysis study consists of 27 studies in total. The meta-analysis involves the studies conducted in the USA, Taiwan, Turkey, China, Philippines, Ireland, and Georgia. The studies included in the meta-analysis are experimental studies, and the total sample size is 1772. In the study, the funnel plot, Duval and Tweedie’s Trip and Fill Analysis, Orwin’s Safe N Analysis, and Egger’s Regression Test were utilized to determine the publication bias, which has been found to be quite low. Besides, Hedge’s g statistic was employed to measure the effect size for the difference between the means performed in accordance with the random effects model. The results of the study show that the effect size of online education on academic achievement is on a medium level. The heterogeneity test results of the meta-analysis study display that the effect size does not differ in terms of class level, country, online education approaches, and lecture moderators.

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1 Introduction

Information and communication technologies have become a powerful force in transforming the educational settings around the world. The pandemic has been an important factor in transferring traditional physical classrooms settings through adopting information and communication technologies and has also accelerated the transformation. The literature supports that learning environments connected to information and communication technologies highly satisfy students. Therefore, we need to keep interest in technology-based learning environments. Clearly, technology has had a huge impact on young people's online lives. This digital revolution can synergize the educational ambitions and interests of digitally addicted students. In essence, COVID-19 has provided us with an opportunity to embrace online learning as education systems have to keep up with the rapid emergence of new technologies.

Information and communication technologies that have an effect on all spheres of life are also actively included in the education field. With the recent developments, using technology in education has become inevitable due to personal and social reasons (Usta, 2011a ). Online education may be given as an example of using information and communication technologies as a consequence of the technological developments. Also, it is crystal clear that online learning is a popular way of obtaining instruction (Demiralay et al., 2016 ; Pillay et al., 2007 ), which is defined by Horton ( 2000 ) as a way of education that is performed through a web browser or an online application without requiring an extra software or a learning source. Furthermore, online learning is described as a way of utilizing the internet to obtain the related learning sources during the learning process, to interact with the content, the teacher, and other learners, as well as to get support throughout the learning process (Ally, 2004 ). Online learning has such benefits as learning independently at any time and place (Vrasidas & MsIsaac, 2000 ), granting facility (Poole, 2000 ), flexibility (Chizmar & Walbert, 1999 ), self-regulation skills (Usta, 2011b ), learning with collaboration, and opportunity to plan self-learning process.

Even though online education practices have not been comprehensive as it is now, internet and computers have been used in education as alternative learning tools in correlation with the advances in technology. The first distance education attempt in the world was initiated by the ‘Steno Courses’ announcement published in Boston newspaper in 1728. Furthermore, in the nineteenth century, Sweden University started the “Correspondence Composition Courses” for women, and University Correspondence College was afterwards founded for the correspondence courses in 1843 (Arat & Bakan, 2011 ). Recently, distance education has been performed through computers, assisted by the facilities of the internet technologies, and soon, it has evolved into a mobile education practice that is emanating from progress in the speed of internet connection, and the development of mobile devices.

With the emergence of pandemic (Covid-19), face to face education has almost been put to a halt, and online education has gained significant importance. The Microsoft management team declared to have 750 users involved in the online education activities on the 10 th March, just before the pandemic; however, on March 24, they informed that the number of users increased significantly, reaching the number of 138,698 users (OECD, 2020 ). This event supports the view that it is better to commonly use online education rather than using it as a traditional alternative educational tool when students do not have the opportunity to have a face to face education (Geostat, 2019 ). The period of Covid-19 pandemic has emerged as a sudden state of having limited opportunities. Face to face education has stopped in this period for a long time. The global spread of Covid-19 affected more than 850 million students all around the world, and it caused the suspension of face to face education. Different countries have proposed several solutions in order to maintain the education process during the pandemic. Schools have had to change their curriculum, and many countries supported the online education practices soon after the pandemic. In other words, traditional education gave its way to online education practices. At least 96 countries have been motivated to access online libraries, TV broadcasts, instructions, sources, video lectures, and online channels (UNESCO, 2020 ). In such a painful period, educational institutions went through online education practices by the help of huge companies such as Microsoft, Google, Zoom, Skype, FaceTime, and Slack. Thus, online education has been discussed in the education agenda more intensively than ever before.

Although online education approaches were not used as comprehensively as it has been used recently, it was utilized as an alternative learning approach in education for a long time in parallel with the development of technology, internet and computers. The academic achievement of the students is often aimed to be promoted by employing online education approaches. In this regard, academicians in various countries have conducted many studies on the evaluation of online education approaches and published the related results. However, the accumulation of scientific data on online education approaches creates difficulties in keeping, organizing and synthesizing the findings. In this research area, studies are being conducted at an increasing rate making it difficult for scientists to be aware of all the research outside of their expertise. Another problem encountered in the related study area is that online education studies are repetitive. Studies often utilize slightly different methods, measures, and/or examples to avoid duplication. This erroneous approach makes it difficult to distinguish between significant differences in the related results. In other words, if there are significant differences in the results of the studies, it may be difficult to express what variety explains the differences in these results. One obvious solution to these problems is to systematically review the results of various studies and uncover the sources. One method of performing such systematic syntheses is the application of meta-analysis which is a methodological and statistical approach to draw conclusions from the literature. At this point, how effective online education applications are in increasing the academic success is an important detail. Has online education, which is likely to be encountered frequently in the continuing pandemic period, been successful in the last ten years? If successful, how much was the impact? Did different variables have an impact on this effect? Academics across the globe have carried out studies on the evaluation of online education platforms and publishing the related results (Chiao et al., 2018 ). It is quite important to evaluate the results of the studies that have been published up until now, and that will be published in the future. Has the online education been successful? If it has been, how big is the impact? Do the different variables affect this impact? What should we consider in the next coming online education practices? These questions have all motivated us to carry out this study. We have conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis study that tries to provide a discussion platform on how to develop efficient online programs for educators and policy makers by reviewing the related studies on online education, presenting the effect size, and revealing the effect of diverse variables on the general impact.

There have been many critical discussions and comprehensive studies on the differences between online and face to face learning; however, the focus of this paper is different in the sense that it clarifies the magnitude of the effect of online education and teaching process, and it represents what factors should be controlled to help increase the effect size. Indeed, the purpose here is to provide conscious decisions in the implementation of the online education process.

The general impact of online education on the academic achievement will be discovered in the study. Therefore, this will provide an opportunity to get a general overview of the online education which has been practiced and discussed intensively in the pandemic period. Moreover, the general impact of online education on academic achievement will be analyzed, considering different variables. In other words, the current study will allow to totally evaluate the study results from the related literature, and to analyze the results considering several cultures, lectures, and class levels. Considering all the related points, this study seeks to answer the following research questions:

What is the effect size of online education on academic achievement?

How do the effect sizes of online education on academic achievement change according to the moderator variable of the country?

How do the effect sizes of online education on academic achievement change according to the moderator variable of the class level?

How do the effect sizes of online education on academic achievement change according to the moderator variable of the lecture?

How do the effect sizes of online education on academic achievement change according to the moderator variable of the online education approaches?

This study aims at determining the effect size of online education, which has been highly used since the beginning of the pandemic, on students’ academic achievement in different courses by using a meta-analysis method. Meta-analysis is a synthesis method that enables gathering of several study results accurately and efficiently, and getting the total results in the end (Tsagris & Fragkos, 2018 ).

2.1 Selecting and coding the data (studies)

The required literature for the meta-analysis study was reviewed in July, 2020, and the follow-up review was conducted in September, 2020. The purpose of the follow-up review was to include the studies which were published in the conduction period of this study, and which met the related inclusion criteria. However, no study was encountered to be included in the follow-up review.

In order to access the studies in the meta-analysis, the databases of Web of Science, ERIC, and SCOPUS were reviewed by utilizing the keywords ‘online learning and online education’. Not every database has a search engine that grants access to the studies by writing the keywords, and this obstacle was considered to be an important problem to be overcome. Therefore, a platform that has a special design was utilized by the researcher. With this purpose, through the open access system of Cukurova University Library, detailed reviews were practiced using EBSCO Information Services (EBSCO) that allow reviewing the whole collection of research through a sole searching box. Since the fundamental variables of this study are online education and online learning, the literature was systematically reviewed in the related databases (Web of Science, ERIC, and SCOPUS) by referring to the keywords. Within this scope, 225 articles were accessed, and the studies were included in the coding key list formed by the researcher. The name of the researchers, the year, the database (Web of Science, ERIC, and SCOPUS), the sample group and size, the lectures that the academic achievement was tested in, the country that the study was conducted in, and the class levels were all included in this coding key.

The following criteria were identified to include 225 research studies which were coded based on the theoretical basis of the meta-analysis study: (1) The studies should be published in the refereed journals between the years 2020 and 2021, (2) The studies should be experimental studies that try to determine the effect of online education and online learning on academic achievement, (3) The values of the stated variables or the required statistics to calculate these values should be stated in the results of the studies, and (4) The sample group of the study should be at a primary education level. These criteria were also used as the exclusion criteria in the sense that the studies that do not meet the required criteria were not included in the present study.

After the inclusion criteria were determined, a systematic review process was conducted, following the year criterion of the study by means of EBSCO. Within this scope, 290,365 studies that analyze the effect of online education and online learning on academic achievement were accordingly accessed. The database (Web of Science, ERIC, and SCOPUS) was also used as a filter by analyzing the inclusion criteria. Hence, the number of the studies that were analyzed was 58,616. Afterwards, the keyword ‘primary education’ was used as the filter and the number of studies included in the study decreased to 3152. Lastly, the literature was reviewed by using the keyword ‘academic achievement’ and 225 studies were accessed. All the information of 225 articles was included in the coding key.

It is necessary for the coders to review the related studies accurately and control the validity, safety, and accuracy of the studies (Stewart & Kamins, 2001 ). Within this scope, the studies that were determined based on the variables used in this study were first reviewed by three researchers from primary education field, then the accessed studies were combined and processed in the coding key by the researcher. All these studies that were processed in the coding key were analyzed in accordance with the inclusion criteria by all the researchers in the meetings, and it was decided that 27 studies met the inclusion criteria (Atici & Polat, 2010 ; Carreon, 2018 ; Ceylan & Elitok Kesici, 2017 ; Chae & Shin, 2016 ; Chiang et al. 2014 ; Ercan, 2014 ; Ercan et al., 2016 ; Gwo-Jen et al., 2018 ; Hayes & Stewart, 2016 ; Hwang et al., 2012 ; Kert et al., 2017 ; Lai & Chen, 2010 ; Lai et al., 2015 ; Meyers et al., 2015 ; Ravenel et al., 2014 ; Sung et al., 2016 ; Wang & Chen, 2013 ; Yu, 2019 ; Yu & Chen, 2014 ; Yu & Pan, 2014 ; Yu et al., 2010 ; Zhong et al., 2017 ). The data from the studies meeting the inclusion criteria were independently processed in the second coding key by three researchers, and consensus meetings were arranged for further discussion. After the meetings, researchers came to an agreement that the data were coded accurately and precisely. Having identified the effect sizes and heterogeneity of the study, moderator variables that will show the differences between the effect sizes were determined. The data related to the determined moderator variables were added to the coding key by three researchers, and a new consensus meeting was arranged. After the meeting, researchers came to an agreement that moderator variables were coded accurately and precisely.

2.2 Study group

27 studies are included in the meta-analysis. The total sample size of the studies that are included in the analysis is 1772. The characteristics of the studies included are given in Table 1 .

2.3 Publication bias

Publication bias is the low capability of published studies on a research subject to represent all completed studies on the same subject (Card, 2011 ; Littell et al., 2008 ). Similarly, publication bias is the state of having a relationship between the probability of the publication of a study on a subject, and the effect size and significance that it produces. Within this scope, publication bias may occur when the researchers do not want to publish the study as a result of failing to obtain the expected results, or not being approved by the scientific journals, and consequently not being included in the study synthesis (Makowski et al., 2019 ). The high possibility of publication bias in a meta-analysis study negatively affects (Pecoraro, 2018 ) the accuracy of the combined effect size, causing the average effect size to be reported differently than it should be (Borenstein et al., 2009 ). For this reason, the possibility of publication bias in the included studies was tested before determining the effect sizes of the relationships between the stated variables. The possibility of publication bias of this meta-analysis study was analyzed by using the funnel plot, Orwin’s Safe N Analysis, Duval and Tweedie’s Trip and Fill Analysis, and Egger’s Regression Test.

2.4 Selecting the model

After determining the probability of publication bias of this meta-analysis study, the statistical model used to calculate the effect sizes was selected. The main approaches used in the effect size calculations according to the differentiation level of inter-study variance are fixed and random effects models (Pigott, 2012 ). Fixed effects model refers to the homogeneity of the characteristics of combined studies apart from the sample sizes, while random effects model refers to the parameter diversity between the studies (Cumming, 2012 ). While calculating the average effect size in the random effects model (Deeks et al., 2008 ) that is based on the assumption that effect predictions of different studies are only the result of a similar distribution, it is necessary to consider several situations such as the effect size apart from the sample error of combined studies, characteristics of the participants, duration, scope, and pattern of the study (Littell et al., 2008 ). While deciding the model in the meta-analysis study, the assumptions on the sample characteristics of the studies included in the analysis and the inferences that the researcher aims to make should be taken into consideration. The fact that the sample characteristics of the studies conducted in the field of social sciences are affected by various parameters shows that using random effects model is more appropriate in this sense. Besides, it is stated that the inferences made with the random effects model are beyond the studies included in the meta-analysis (Field, 2003 ; Field & Gillett, 2010 ). Therefore, using random effects model also contributes to the generalization of research data. The specified criteria for the statistical model selection show that according to the nature of the meta-analysis study, the model should be selected just before the analysis (Borenstein et al., 2007 ; Littell et al., 2008 ). Within this framework, it was decided to make use of the random effects model, considering that the students who are the samples of the studies included in the meta-analysis are from different countries and cultures, the sample characteristics of the studies differ, and the patterns and scopes of the studies vary as well.

2.5 Heterogeneity

Meta-analysis facilitates analyzing the research subject with different parameters by showing the level of diversity between the included studies. Within this frame, whether there is a heterogeneous distribution between the studies included in the study or not has been evaluated in the present study. The heterogeneity of the studies combined in this meta-analysis study has been determined through Q and I 2 tests. Q test evaluates the random distribution probability of the differences between the observed results (Deeks et al., 2008 ). Q value exceeding 2 value calculated according to the degree of freedom and significance, indicates the heterogeneity of the combined effect sizes (Card, 2011 ). I 2 test, which is the complementary of the Q test, shows the heterogeneity amount of the effect sizes (Cleophas & Zwinderman, 2017 ). I 2 value being higher than 75% is explained as high level of heterogeneity.

In case of encountering heterogeneity in the studies included in the meta-analysis, the reasons of heterogeneity can be analyzed by referring to the study characteristics. The study characteristics which may be related to the heterogeneity between the included studies can be interpreted through subgroup analysis or meta-regression analysis (Deeks et al., 2008 ). While determining the moderator variables, the sufficiency of the number of variables, the relationship between the moderators, and the condition to explain the differences between the results of the studies have all been considered in the present study. Within this scope, it was predicted in this meta-analysis study that the heterogeneity can be explained with the country, class level, and lecture moderator variables of the study in terms of the effect of online education, which has been highly used since the beginning of the pandemic, and it has an impact on the students’ academic achievement in different lectures. Some subgroups were evaluated and categorized together, considering that the number of effect sizes of the sub-dimensions of the specified variables is not sufficient to perform moderator analysis (e.g. the countries where the studies were conducted).

2.6 Interpreting the effect sizes

Effect size is a factor that shows how much the independent variable affects the dependent variable positively or negatively in each included study in the meta-analysis (Dinçer, 2014 ). While interpreting the effect sizes obtained from the meta-analysis, the classifications of Cohen et al. ( 2007 ) have been utilized. The case of differentiating the specified relationships of the situation of the country, class level, and school subject variables of the study has been identified through the Q test, degree of freedom, and p significance value Fig. 1 and 2 .

3 Findings and results

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect size of online education on academic achievement. Before determining the effect sizes in the study, the probability of publication bias of this meta-analysis study was analyzed by using the funnel plot, Orwin’s Safe N Analysis, Duval and Tweedie’s Trip and Fill Analysis, and Egger’s Regression Test.

When the funnel plots are examined, it is seen that the studies included in the analysis are distributed symmetrically on both sides of the combined effect size axis, and they are generally collected in the middle and lower sections. The probability of publication bias is low according to the plots. However, since the results of the funnel scatter plots may cause subjective interpretations, they have been supported by additional analyses (Littell et al., 2008 ). Therefore, in order to provide an extra proof for the probability of publication bias, it has been analyzed through Orwin’s Safe N Analysis, Duval and Tweedie’s Trip and Fill Analysis, and Egger’s Regression Test (Table 2 ).

Table 2 consists of the results of the rates of publication bias probability before counting the effect size of online education on academic achievement. According to the table, Orwin Safe N analysis results show that it is not necessary to add new studies to the meta-analysis in order for Hedges g to reach a value outside the range of ± 0.01. The Duval and Tweedie test shows that excluding the studies that negatively affect the symmetry of the funnel scatter plots for each meta-analysis or adding their exact symmetrical equivalents does not significantly differentiate the calculated effect size. The insignificance of the Egger tests results reveals that there is no publication bias in the meta-analysis study. The results of the analysis indicate the high internal validity of the effect sizes and the adequacy of representing the studies conducted on the relevant subject.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect size of online education on academic achievement after testing the publication bias. In line with the first purpose of the study, the forest graph regarding the effect size of online education on academic achievement is shown in Fig. 3 , and the statistics regarding the effect size are given in Table 3 .

The flow chart of the scanning and selection process of the studies

Funnel plot graphics representing the effect size of the effects of online education on academic success

Forest graph related to the effect size of online education on academic success

The square symbols in the forest graph in Fig. 3 represent the effect sizes, while the horizontal lines show the intervals in 95% confidence of the effect sizes, and the diamond symbol shows the overall effect size. When the forest graph is analyzed, it is seen that the lower and upper limits of the combined effect sizes are generally close to each other, and the study loads are similar. This similarity in terms of study loads indicates the similarity of the contribution of the combined studies to the overall effect size.

Figure 3 clearly represents that the study of Liu and others (Liu et al., 2018 ) has the lowest, and the study of Ercan and Bilen ( 2014 ) has the highest effect sizes. The forest graph shows that all the combined studies and the overall effect are positive. Furthermore, it is simply understood from the forest graph in Fig. 3 and the effect size statistics in Table 3 that the results of the meta-analysis study conducted with 27 studies and analyzing the effect of online education on academic achievement illustrate that this relationship is on average level (= 0.409).

After the analysis of the effect size in the study, whether the studies included in the analysis are distributed heterogeneously or not has also been analyzed. The heterogeneity of the combined studies was determined through the Q and I 2 tests. As a result of the heterogeneity test, Q statistical value was calculated as 29.576. With 26 degrees of freedom at 95% significance level in the chi-square table, the critical value is accepted as 38.885. The Q statistical value (29.576) counted in this study is lower than the critical value of 38.885. The I 2 value, which is the complementary of the Q statistics, is 12.100%. This value indicates that the accurate heterogeneity or the total variability that can be attributed to variability between the studies is 12%. Besides, p value is higher than (0.285) p = 0.05. All these values [Q (26) = 29.579, p = 0.285; I2 = 12.100] indicate that there is a homogeneous distribution between the effect sizes, and fixed effects model should be used to interpret these effect sizes. However, some researchers argue that even if the heterogeneity is low, it should be evaluated based on the random effects model (Borenstein et al., 2007 ). Therefore, this study gives information about both models. The heterogeneity of the combined studies has been attempted to be explained with the characteristics of the studies included in the analysis. In this context, the final purpose of the study is to determine the effect of the country, academic level, and year variables on the findings. Accordingly, the statistics regarding the comparison of the stated relations according to the countries where the studies were conducted are given in Table 4 .

As seen in Table 4 , the effect of online education on academic achievement does not differ significantly according to the countries where the studies were conducted in. Q test results indicate the heterogeneity of the relationships between the variables in terms of countries where the studies were conducted in. According to the table, the effect of online education on academic achievement was reported as the highest in other countries, and the lowest in the US. The statistics regarding the comparison of the stated relations according to the class levels are given in Table 5 .

As seen in Table 5 , the effect of online education on academic achievement does not differ according to the class level. However, the effect of online education on academic achievement is the highest in the 4 th class. The statistics regarding the comparison of the stated relations according to the class levels are given in Table 6 .

As seen in Table 6 , the effect of online education on academic achievement does not differ according to the school subjects included in the studies. However, the effect of online education on academic achievement is the highest in ICT subject.

The obtained effect size in the study was formed as a result of the findings attained from primary studies conducted in 7 different countries. In addition, these studies are the ones on different approaches to online education (online learning environments, social networks, blended learning, etc.). In this respect, the results may raise some questions about the validity and generalizability of the results of the study. However, the moderator analyzes, whether for the country variable or for the approaches covered by online education, did not create significant differences in terms of the effect sizes. If significant differences were to occur in terms of effect sizes, we could say that the comparisons we will make by comparing countries under the umbrella of online education would raise doubts in terms of generalizability. Moreover, no study has been found in the literature that is not based on a special approach or does not contain a specific technique conducted under the name of online education alone. For instance, one of the commonly used definitions is blended education which is defined as an educational model in which online education is combined with traditional education method (Colis & Moonen, 2001 ). Similarly, Rasmussen ( 2003 ) defines blended learning as “a distance education method that combines technology (high technology such as television, internet, or low technology such as voice e-mail, conferences) with traditional education and training.” Further, Kerres and Witt (2003) define blended learning as “combining face-to-face learning with technology-assisted learning.” As it is clearly observed, online education, which has a wider scope, includes many approaches.

As seen in Table 7 , the effect of online education on academic achievement does not differ according to online education approaches included in the studies. However, the effect of online education on academic achievement is the highest in Web Based Problem Solving Approach.

4 Conclusions and discussion

Considering the developments during the pandemics, it is thought that the diversity in online education applications as an interdisciplinary pragmatist field will increase, and the learning content and processes will be enriched with the integration of new technologies into online education processes. Another prediction is that more flexible and accessible learning opportunities will be created in online education processes, and in this way, lifelong learning processes will be strengthened. As a result, it is predicted that in the near future, online education and even digital learning with a newer name will turn into the main ground of education instead of being an alternative or having a support function in face-to-face learning. The lessons learned from the early period online learning experience, which was passed with rapid adaptation due to the Covid19 epidemic, will serve to develop this method all over the world, and in the near future, online learning will become the main learning structure through increasing its functionality with the contribution of new technologies and systems. If we look at it from this point of view, there is a necessity to strengthen online education.

In this study, the effect of online learning on academic achievement is at a moderate level. To increase this effect, the implementation of online learning requires support from teachers to prepare learning materials, to design learning appropriately, and to utilize various digital-based media such as websites, software technology and various other tools to support the effectiveness of online learning (Rolisca & Achadiyah, 2014 ). According to research conducted by Rahayu et al. ( 2017 ), it has been proven that the use of various types of software increases the effectiveness and quality of online learning. Implementation of online learning can affect students' ability to adapt to technological developments in that it makes students use various learning resources on the internet to access various types of information, and enables them to get used to performing inquiry learning and active learning (Hart et al., 2019 ; Prestiadi et al., 2019 ). In addition, there may be many reasons for the low level of effect in this study. The moderator variables examined in this study could be a guide in increasing the level of practical effect. However, the effect size did not differ significantly for all moderator variables. Different moderator analyzes can be evaluated in order to increase the level of impact of online education on academic success. If confounding variables that significantly change the effect level are detected, it can be spoken more precisely in order to increase this level. In addition to the technical and financial problems, the level of impact will increase if a few other difficulties are eliminated such as students, lack of interaction with the instructor, response time, and lack of traditional classroom socialization.

In addition, COVID-19 pandemic related social distancing has posed extreme difficulties for all stakeholders to get online as they have to work in time constraints and resource constraints. Adopting the online learning environment is not just a technical issue, it is a pedagogical and instructive challenge as well. Therefore, extensive preparation of teaching materials, curriculum, and assessment is vital in online education. Technology is the delivery tool and requires close cross-collaboration between teaching, content and technology teams (CoSN, 2020 ).

Online education applications have been used for many years. However, it has come to the fore more during the pandemic process. This result of necessity has brought with it the discussion of using online education instead of traditional education methods in the future. However, with this research, it has been revealed that online education applications are moderately effective. The use of online education instead of face-to-face education applications can only be possible with an increase in the level of success. This may have been possible with the experience and knowledge gained during the pandemic process. Therefore, the meta-analysis of experimental studies conducted in the coming years will guide us. In this context, experimental studies using online education applications should be analyzed well. It would be useful to identify variables that can change the level of impacts with different moderators. Moderator analyzes are valuable in meta-analysis studies (for example, the role of moderators in Karl Pearson's typhoid vaccine studies). In this context, each analysis study sheds light on future studies. In meta-analyses to be made about online education, it would be beneficial to go beyond the moderators determined in this study. Thus, the contribution of similar studies to the field will increase more.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of online education on academic achievement. In line with this purpose, the studies that analyze the effect of online education approaches on academic achievement have been included in the meta-analysis. The total sample size of the studies included in the meta-analysis is 1772. While the studies included in the meta-analysis were conducted in the US, Taiwan, Turkey, China, Philippines, Ireland, and Georgia, the studies carried out in Europe could not be reached. The reason may be attributed to that there may be more use of quantitative research methods from a positivist perspective in the countries with an American academic tradition. As a result of the study, it was found out that the effect size of online education on academic achievement (g = 0.409) was moderate. In the studies included in the present research, we found that online education approaches were more effective than traditional ones. However, contrary to the present study, the analysis of comparisons between online and traditional education in some studies shows that face-to-face traditional learning is still considered effective compared to online learning (Ahmad et al., 2016 ; Hamdani & Priatna, 2020 ; Wei & Chou, 2020 ). Online education has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of online learning compared to face-to-face learning in the classroom is the flexibility of learning time in online learning, the learning time does not include a single program, and it can be shaped according to circumstances (Lai et al., 2019 ). The next advantage is the ease of collecting assignments for students, as these can be done without having to talk to the teacher. Despite this, online education has several weaknesses, such as students having difficulty in understanding the material, teachers' inability to control students, and students’ still having difficulty interacting with teachers in case of internet network cuts (Swan, 2007 ). According to Astuti et al ( 2019 ), face-to-face education method is still considered better by students than e-learning because it is easier to understand the material and easier to interact with teachers. The results of the study illustrated that the effect size (g = 0.409) of online education on academic achievement is of medium level. Therefore, the results of the moderator analysis showed that the effect of online education on academic achievement does not differ in terms of country, lecture, class level, and online education approaches variables. After analyzing the literature, several meta-analyses on online education were published (Bernard et al., 2004 ; Machtmes & Asher, 2000 ; Zhao et al., 2005 ). Typically, these meta-analyzes also include the studies of older generation technologies such as audio, video, or satellite transmission. One of the most comprehensive studies on online education was conducted by Bernard et al. ( 2004 ). In this study, 699 independent effect sizes of 232 studies published from 1985 to 2001 were analyzed, and face-to-face education was compared to online education, with respect to success criteria and attitudes of various learners from young children to adults. In this meta-analysis, an overall effect size close to zero was found for the students' achievement (g + = 0.01).

In another meta-analysis study carried out by Zhao et al. ( 2005 ), 98 effect sizes were examined, including 51 studies on online education conducted between 1996 and 2002. According to the study of Bernard et al. ( 2004 ), this meta-analysis focuses on the activities done in online education lectures. As a result of the research, an overall effect size close to zero was found for online education utilizing more than one generation technology for students at different levels. However, the salient point of the meta-analysis study of Zhao et al. is that it takes the average of different types of results used in a study to calculate an overall effect size. This practice is problematic because the factors that develop one type of learner outcome (e.g. learner rehabilitation), particularly course characteristics and practices, may be quite different from those that develop another type of outcome (e.g. learner's achievement), and it may even cause damage to the latter outcome. While mixing the studies with different types of results, this implementation may obscure the relationship between practices and learning.

Some meta-analytical studies have focused on the effectiveness of the new generation distance learning courses accessed through the internet for specific student populations. For instance, Sitzmann and others (Sitzmann et al., 2006 ) reviewed 96 studies published from 1996 to 2005, comparing web-based education of job-related knowledge or skills with face-to-face one. The researchers found that web-based education in general was slightly more effective than face-to-face education, but it is insufficient in terms of applicability ("knowing how to apply"). In addition, Sitzmann et al. ( 2006 ) revealed that Internet-based education has a positive effect on theoretical knowledge in quasi-experimental studies; however, it positively affects face-to-face education in experimental studies performed by random assignment. This moderator analysis emphasizes the need to pay attention to the factors of designs of the studies included in the meta-analysis. The designs of the studies included in this meta-analysis study were ignored. This can be presented as a suggestion to the new studies that will be conducted.

Another meta-analysis study was conducted by Cavanaugh et al. ( 2004 ), in which they focused on online education. In this study on internet-based distance education programs for students under 12 years of age, the researchers combined 116 results from 14 studies published between 1999 and 2004 to calculate an overall effect that was not statistically different from zero. The moderator analysis carried out in this study showed that there was no significant factor affecting the students' success. This meta-analysis used multiple results of the same study, ignoring the fact that different results of the same student would not be independent from each other.

In conclusion, some meta-analytical studies analyzed the consequences of online education for a wide range of students (Bernard et al., 2004 ; Zhao et al., 2005 ), and the effect sizes were generally low in these studies. Furthermore, none of the large-scale meta-analyzes considered the moderators, database quality standards or class levels in the selection of the studies, while some of them just referred to the country and lecture moderators. Advances in internet-based learning tools, the pandemic process, and increasing popularity in different learning contexts have required a precise meta-analysis of students' learning outcomes through online learning. Previous meta-analysis studies were typically based on the studies, involving narrow range of confounding variables. In the present study, common but significant moderators such as class level and lectures during the pandemic process were discussed. For instance, the problems have been experienced especially in terms of eligibility of class levels in online education platforms during the pandemic process. It was found that there is a need to study and make suggestions on whether online education can meet the needs of teachers and students.

Besides, the main forms of online education in the past were to watch the open lectures of famous universities and educational videos of institutions. In addition, online education is mainly a classroom-based teaching implemented by teachers in their own schools during the pandemic period, which is an extension of the original school education. This meta-analysis study will stand as a source to compare the effect size of the online education forms of the past decade with what is done today, and what will be done in the future.

Lastly, the heterogeneity test results of the meta-analysis study display that the effect size does not differ in terms of class level, country, online education approaches, and lecture moderators.

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Over the years, education has been changing since technology exists in our lives. The most notable factors that have led to the birth and subsequent development of open and distance learning and teaching have been the need to learn throughout life. However, we all ask...

The Reasons Why Students Prefer Online Classes to the Traditional Ones

Online learning has become more available over the past decade as potential students discover that they can find ways to obtain degrees while remaining within their work and life schedules, independent of their everyday obligations. Students' demand and college benefits of providing online education led...

The Advantages of Online Education Over Traditional Classes

The phrases, “do your homework,” “you need to be studying for that test you have tomorrow,” “don’t forget to make flashcards,” and “you can’t watch TV until your school work is finished” all derive from one of the biggest desires of the typical parent; the...

Comparison of Online and Traditional Classes

Throughout our existence on earth, we have given an inventor brain which has brought us such considerable amounts of opportunities and enabled us to flourish in our world. All of us tend to explore and learn new things due to our mind innate nature for...

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