Drug Use Normalization: A Systematic and Critical Mixed-Methods Review
Affiliation.
- 1 School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel.
- PMID: 27588528
- DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.700
Objective: Drug use normalization, which is a process whereby drug use becomes less stigmatized and more accepted as normative behavior, provides a conceptual framework for understanding contemporary drug issues and changes in drug use trends. Through a mixed-methods systematic review of the normalization literature, this article seeks to (a) critically examine how the normalization framework has been applied in empirical research and (b) make recommendations for future research in this area.
Method: Twenty quantitative, 26 qualitative, and 4 mixed-methods studies were identified through five electronic databases and reference lists of published studies. Studies were assessed for relevance, study characteristics, quality, and aspects of normalization examined.
Results: None of the studies applied the most rigorous research design (experiments) or examined all of the originally proposed normalization dimensions. The most commonly assessed dimension of drug use normalization was "experimentation." In addition to the original dimensions, the review identified the following new normalization dimensions in the literature: (a) breakdown of demographic boundaries and other risk factors in relation to drug use; (b) de-normalization; (c) drug use as a means to achieve normal goals; and (d) two broad forms of micro-politics associated with managing the stigma of illicit drug use: assimilative and transformational normalization.
Conclusions: Further development in normalization theory and methodology promises to provide researchers with a novel framework for improving our understanding of drug use in contemporary society. Specifically, quasi-experimental designs that are currently being made feasible by swift changes in cannabis policy provide researchers with new and improved opportunities to examine normalization processes.
Publication types
- Systematic Review
- Behavior, Addictive / diagnosis
- Behavior, Addictive / epidemiology*
- Behavior, Addictive / psychology*
- Databases, Factual / trends
- Forecasting
- Substance-Related Disorders / diagnosis
- Substance-Related Disorders / epidemiology*
- Substance-Related Disorders / psychology*
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Thesis Paper on Drug Addiction
Drug addiction has long been and still is a topical issue around the world. There are different reasons why people get addicted and various levels to which people become dependent on drugs. Some people start taking them because of pure curiosity, others so as to improve their athletic performance or reduce stress and get rid of depression. It doesn't matter why people start, the main thing here is to get help at the right time and not to ruin their life and health. When people start taking drugs, with time the way their brain functions and looks is altered. First of all, drug taking causes elevation of dopamine level in brain, which results in the feeling of pleasure. Brain remembers this event and wants it repeated. So, the drug a person takes eventually reaches the significance that other physiological needs have. As a result, the person's abilities to think clearly, control behavior, exercise good judgment and feel well without drugs intake becomes affected. This, in its turn, causes problems in relations with family, friends, at work or in university. It is extremely important to recognize drug addiction at the right moment, preferably in the beginning, so as not to spoil social relationships and health. It is necessary to understand that the sooner the problem will be attended, the better it is for the treatment progress. There are certain symptoms of drug abuse: when drug is getting people into legal trouble, if because of it people start neglecting their responsibilities, when they use drugs under dangerous conditions, and when they cause problems in relationships.
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Philosophers and psychologists have been attracted to two differing accounts of addictive motivation. In this paper, we investigate these two accounts and challenge their mutual claim that addictions compromise a person’s self-control. First, we identify some incompatibilities between this claim of reduced self-control and the available evidence from various disciplines. A critical assessment of the evidence weakens the empirical argument for reduced autonomy. Second, we identify sources of unwarranted normative bias in the popular theories of addiction that introduce systematic errors in interpreting the evidence. By eliminating these errors, we are able to generate a minimal, but correct account, of addiction that presumes addicts to be autonomous in their addictive behavior, absent further evidence to the contrary. Finally, we explore some of the implications of this minimal, correct view.
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The potential developments mentioned in this report raise issues that are likely to become important for policymakers within Member States and will require careful consideration at European level in regard to the EU's role. They raise important questions for both drug policy and human rights and may have implications for the future regional role of the EU in developing policies, monitoring the activities of Member States and taking appropriate action with regard to Member States' policies.
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