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The Language of Speech and Writing
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International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature
Ali Alsaawi, PhD
Speaking and writing are the most important communicative tools among human beings. While speaking is considered to be older and more widely employed, spoken and written language have not been treated equally. Spoken language is seen as the natural productive tool among people that is more common and normal, whereas written language is seen as being intricate and complicated due to its extensive rules. Therefore, spoken language has attracted the attention of researchers to a greater extent compared to written language due to the belief that spoken language has primacy over written language. This paper is an attempt to shed some light on these two communicative elements and the differences between them. A self-reflection, based on Dewey's (1997) groundbreaking work, is presented in terms of when/where spoken or written language is more appropriate as a medium of communication. It can be argued, therefore, that both speaking and writing are important means of communication without prioritising one over the other; yet, conventions are the real indicators as to which medium of communication is more appropriate.
Karl-Heinz Pogner
Speaking and writing are generally considered to be the active or productive skills of language usage, although there is also some debate about the definition of the term "productive" in this application. As discussed in Chapters 1 and 4, listening and reading are also very active processes, even though they are labelled as passive or receptive. With this disclaimer, this chapter is designed to give an overview of the global language production models and to discuss their applications to the specific fields of business and technology. The reading and writing chapters have an important overlap since reading processes depend on a written text. While Chapter 4 deals more with psycholinguistic evidence about the reader in his relationship with the text, this chapter deals more with the writer and her relationship with the text; however, all three factors--reader, writer, and text--contribute to the operationalization of the concept of readability. The chapter first addresses the psycholinguistic aspects of language production processes and the evidence for the operation of the language generator, a crucial element in that process. Writing and speaking have some aspects in common in the planning or conceptualization of the message; however, the formulation or execution of the message is different for the writing and speaking processes. In this chapter, the writing process is discussed before the speaking process, even though those processes are acquired in the opposite order in an individual's personal development because it is more difficult to become skillful at written communication than at oral communication. You, as business managers and engineers need to be sure that what you write and what you say is clearly understood. Therefore, the issue of readability and its parallel for listening are reviewed. In addition, this chapter briefly examines how the use of computers can be used to support effective writing and communication practices. Chapter Contents 5.1Psycholinguistics and the Language Production Processes 5.2Writing and Speaking Processes 5.2.1Writing 5.2.2Speaking 5.2.3Reviewing and Revision 5.3Similarities Between Writing and Speaking 5.4Differences Between Writing and Speaking 5.4.1Generalizations 5.4.2Linguistic Aspects 5.5Readability: Implication for the Writer 5.6Use of Computers in Writing and Communication 5.7Conclusion and Implications for the Business Manager and Engineer
Language and Speech
Niyi Akinnaso
farshad panhwar
Marcia Farr
careemah choong
Johannes Kabatek
This chapter is dedicated to the relationship between spoken and written Galician, which will be discussed in two different parts: a first one that refers to historical aspects and a second one concentrating on the current differences and mutual influences between orality and writing. The chapter departs from some theoretical notions that allow for a clear distinction as to the medial difference between the spoken and the written code and the conceptual difference between what is generally associated with both: what Koch and Oesterreicher (2001) call the " language of immediacy " and the " language of distance ". The diachronic part will first discuss the emergence of a written variety in medieval Gali-cian and then trace the basic evolution of the Galician language with regards to the tension between oral and written communication. It will be shown how the history of modern written Galician (from the first texts of the so-called " pre-rexurdimento " onwards) is marked by a process of " diaphasic differentiation " (Kabatek 1997a): here, the selection of elements considered to be adequate for the written language and the " sorting out " of others as well as the stylistic differentiation and widening of a certain range of written varieties will be focused. Some remarks on the orthographic debates will open the second part. The remainder of the text will be dedicated to the relationship between the contemporary written and spoken standards and the respective non-standard varieties. Galician language, orality and literacy, spoken and written language, or-thography, Rexurdimento, medieval Galician, written code, diaphasic differentiation , language of immediacy, language of distance
Pragmatics &# 38; Cognition
Alexander Kravchenko
Traditionally, writing is viewed as a code that stands in one-to-one correspondence to spoken language, which is therefore also viewed as a code. However, this is a delusion, which is shared by educators and has serious consequences for cognition, both on individual and on social levels. Natural linguistic signs characteristic for the activity of languaging and their symbolizations (graphic markings) are ontologically different phenomena; speech and writing belong to experiential domains of different dynamics. These dynamics impact differently on the linguistic/behavioral strategies of individuals and communities, viewed as second- and third-order living systems operating in a consensual domain, as structure-determined systems. Failure to acknowledge this contributes to the spread of functional illiteracy in modern societies, which may lead to cognitive/communicative dysfunction. Technology-enhanced new literacies challenge the value of traditional written culture, raising questions about the relationship between speech and writing and their roles in human evolution Keywords: consensual domain, phenomenology, speech, structural determinism
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the section Writing your draft speech. You also need to know what sort of speech you are writing because this will help you prepare notes as you research for the speech and decide on the points. There are different types of speeches, although some can be both. 1. an INFORMATIVE speech, where you want to inform or tell your audience about a ...
speech writing and delivery, including books on using humor, motivating your audience, word choice and presentation. Works consulted We consulted these works while writing the original version of this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout's topic, and we encourage you to do your own
Two objectives to speech writing o Making a good impression o Leaving your audience with two or three takeaway points Pick a format and stick to it o Examples: Opening, body, and conclusion speech A problem-solution speech Do not bounce around o Pick 2-3 main points to address Write the speech as you would talk
The ways you use language and vocabulary when writing the words of a speech will depend on the audience the purposeand you are writing for ; for example, in a speech to a group of teachers and parents giving your views on a recent proposal, formal language is most appropriate. Tips for writing a speech . Language - think about: •
Note: Use this information to tailor the language and information in the speech for the specific audience. Outlining a Speech Just as you would outline an essay before writing it, you should also outline a speech to organize your main points before delivering them. The most basic structure of a speech includes the opening, the body, and the ...
Conversational Speech. You should write the speech like you talk and then edit it for grammar. Follow these writing tips to make your speech as conversational as possible: Use short sentences of 20 words or fewer. We usually do not use long sentences in a conversations. Short sentences—even sentence fragments—are fine for a speech.
There are approximately 150 words in each speaking minute. If you have seven minutes for a speech, you will prepare approximately 1,050 words. Consider this time schedule as a guide: 5-10% Introduction (50-115 words) 80% Body (850 words) 10-15% Conclusion (115-150 words) Tips for Writing Your Speech.
9.4 Outlining Your Speech 171 HOW TO Evaluate Your Speech Using Your Preparation Outline 176 SAMPLE PREPARATION OUTLINE 176 QUICK CHECK Two Types of Speech Outlines 180 10 Introducing Your Speech 183 10.1 Purposes of Introductions 185 QUICK CHECK Does Your Introduction Accomplish Its Purpose? 188 10.2 E!ective Introductions 188
Delivering your speech Once you have decided what your speech is about, you need to think about how you are going to deliver it. There are lots of things to consider. . . • Style: remember this is a speech not an essay; there should be a mixture of sentence lengths. • Vocabulary: be aware you are talking to adults as well as to your peer group.
The Basic Structure of a Speech Mr. Harpine (2008) All speeches contain at least three parts: An Introduction A Body A conclusion In the Introduction, you state the topic of your speech. You tell the audience the main points of your speech. In other words, you say what you are going to speak about. In the Body, you speak about each point in ...
convictions, and style, can help create a speech that can be a "seamless garment" when delivered by the Member. Writing For The Spoken Word: The Distinctive Task of The Speechwriter Writing effective speeches requires a constant awareness of the distinction between the written and the spoken word: the speechwriter must learn to "write ...
audience the order of the speech without mentioning a vehicle for the AGD in your roadmap or transitions. It is a common practice used by advanced speakers, but it is not required. At the middle school level, it is reasonable to write a roadmap like the example above without the vehicle (metaphor) because you are still learning how to write a ...
COURSE TITLE: SPEECH WRITING . ENG414 COURSE GUIDE ii ENG414 SPEECH WRITING Course Team Dr. Adesina B. Sunday (Developer/Writer) - UI Dr. I. Omolara Daniel (Editor/Programme Leader) -NOUN Mr. Theodore O. Iyere (Coordinator) - NOUN COURSE GUIDE. ENG414 COURSE GUIDE ...
"Here, write a speech for the boss." Resist fear. Avoid being glum. Abandon anxiety. The task may be far simpler than imagined. Speechwriting, as the experts note, is a talent that uses certain basic principles. When these principles are followed, the result can be satisfying for everyone: the speaker, the audience and you, the writer.
2. Now start writing whatever ideas come to mind when you think about this concept. Try to write short phrases instead of paragraphs. 3. After each phrase is written, turn the page slightly so that your writing forms a spiral around the middle of the page. 4. Keep writing and turning the page for at least 10 minutes. Don't stop to think—just ...
Pdf Description. Page 1 : Speech Writing, , A speech is an effective way of communicating a message to a, large audience. It is one of the ways of spreading awareness, regarding social issues or giving information regarding other, important issues. As a form of writing, a speech is similar to an, article except that it begins with a formal ...
formal setting and occasion. Gerson and Gerson (2000) discuss oral presentation under the following headings: The impromptu speech. The memorised speech. The manuscript speech. The extemporaneous ...
A speech is often more persuasive than other forms of writing. You are trying to persuade your audience that your point of view is valid, and sometimes encourage them to join you. Here are some tips for how to make your speech persuasive: Write in the first person (write from your own perspective) Use personal and inclusive pronouns:
Speech Writing Format Notes for Class 11 English. Speech Writing Format is a critical part in the study of English. In India, it is taught in 11th class. Therefore the class 11 Notes for English topic Speech Writing Format have been compiled by teachers and field experts. They explain the complete chapter of Speech Writing Format in one-shot ...
Speech, Writing and Thought Presentation is often referred to collectively as Dis-course Presentation (see Semino and Short 2004: 2), where 'discourse' refers to a 'connected series of utterances by which meaning is communicated' (OED online). Note, though, that thought is rather different from speech and writing. For one thing,
This book explores the dominance of spoken language in everyday communication. Yet most societies value writing more than speech. Most examinations test knowledge by means of reading and writing tasks and most examinations, including the driving test, cannot be passed without competence in the use of written language.
The most common parts of speech are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. This handout will provide only a basic overview of each. For further information, see the UVU Writing Center's handouts on these specific topics. Nouns. A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.