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The Battle of Marawi: The Story of Marawi Siege

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Published: Mar 1, 2019

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The fighting filipinos: give me ten thousand filipinos and i shall conquer the world – macarthur.

World War 2

Did the Japanese really conquer the Philippines? Well, they certainly beat the American and Philippine professional forces and toppled the government. But by the time General Douglas MacArthur landed American troops to retake the Philippines from the Japanese in October 1944, the Japanese Imperial forces only controlled 12 of the 48 provinces in the archipelago.

After the surrender of the Philippines to the Japanese in May, 1942, a vast array of guerrilla forces sprang up to fight the occupiers. U.S. and Filipino officers and soldiers, local leaders and citizens across the major islands, North to South, lead groups ranging from just a hundred or so to thousands of resistance fighters. MacArthur was in awe of their success and the tactics learned from the fierce native fighters of the Philippines have influenced the U.S. military to this day.

Some of the first guerrilla fighters to organize during the Japanese invasion were called the Hunters ROTC. Cadets of the Philippine Military Academy, lead by Cadet Terry Adivoso who were unable to join the U.S. Army Forces Far East (USAFFE) because they were too young, came together and began recruiting other cadets and willing fighters.

Originally numbering about 300, the Hunters operated in southern Luzon Island (the large northern island of the Philippines) and especially around Manila, the country’s capitol. In one early action, they raided the Japanese occupied Union College and absconded with over 100 old Enfield rifles.

By later 1942, the Allied Intelligence Bureau and the U.S. military were in contact with many of the Philippine’s guerrilla groups and helped them, by sending supplies and supplying intelligence.

Many of the groups they coordinated with were lead by USAFFE officers or soldiers who had risen up, after evading capture by the Japanese, to lead resistance from the Philippine’s various jungle, mountain, and urban regions. They would lead groups of men both American soldiers and native soldiers or citizens who wished to fight.

In one remarkable mission, U.S. Rangers and Alamo Scouts, along with Filipino guerrillas freed some 500 American and Allied POWs from a camp near Cabanatuan City on Luzon. Of the 133 American soldiers, only two were killed, and only about two dozen injuries were reported among the 250-280 Filipinos who participated. They killed hundreds of Japanese soldiers in the daring raid and rescued men, whom were soon to be executed, by the Japanese.

Propaganda_poster_depicts_the_Philippine_resistance_movement

One guerrilla force the Americans worked with closely was the Wa Chi, a group of Chinese-Filipinos (immigrants and decedents) who fought to protect ethnic Chinese from Japanese cruelty. This group numbered about 700 men.

One skill these guerrilla groups had was in developing underground networks. They organized local intelligence gathering, secret radio transmitters, and had informants in the Second Philippine Republic (the Japanese-backed puppet government).

Another guerrilla group and one that worked with far less coordination with U.S. forces was the Hukbalahap. They were a communist group that hoped to spread their message and gain control of the Philippines after the Japanese had been defeated and indeed fought the Philippine government and U.S. forces for years after World War II ended. Their full title was Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon or People’s Army Against the Japanese. They started operations with 500 men and grew to over 15,000 by the time the Japanese were defeated.

Various rebel groups in the Visayas, the central islands of the Philippines, worked with varying degrees of coordination with U.S. forces. One group, the Black Army, lead by Ruperto Kangleon played a crucial role in supporting U.S. operations, especially MacArthur’s invasion of Leyte island and the surrounding area.

One captain in the Black Army on Leyte was Captain Nieves Fernandez, the only female guerrilla commander in the Philippines. Once a schoolteacher, Fernandez now commanded 110 men. She specialized in improvised weaponry and even used a homemade shotgun. She was also a superb marksman and killed over 200 Japanese soldiers. The Japanese, in turn, put a 10,000 Peso price on her head.

In the Southern Philippines, mostly on the large island of Mindanao, the Moro population, the Muslim minority of the archipelago (the majority religion in Mindanao, though most of the rest of the Philippines in Catholic) who had been fighting an ongoing war with the Philippine government and the U.S. were also fighting hard against the Japanese. Their guerrilla groups were often very success, but also quite ruthless. One group, made up of some 20,000 Muslims and Christians, was called the Moro-Bolo. Their flag depicted a bolo, a traditional knife of the Philippines, and a kris, a fabled fashion of sword popular over the centuries with Muslims, in the Philippines and Indonesia.

Another Moro guerrilla group lead by Datu Busran Kalaw was approached by the Japanese who sought to play on their oriental ties to gain solidarity from them. In response, Kalaw constantly attacked the Japanese, who sent a large force to crush the stubborn Moros. None of those Japanese soldiers survived.

“Give me ten thousand Filipinos and I shall conquer the world!” said MacArthur (source: wikipedia.org), so taken was he by the resilience and strength of the native guerrilla forces against the Japanese. The U.S. officially recognized 277 guerrilla units and 260,715 individual fighters, mostly those associated with the Philippine Commonwealth. In reality, there were probably well over one million guerrillas resisting the Japanese. Many groups would fight for decades after the war to gain recognition from the U.S. and the veteran’s benefits that came with it.

American officers who led guerrilla forces in the Philippines used what they learned from Filipino fighters in the formation of the U.S. Special Forces, in the post-war period.

By Colin Fraser for War History Online

Life of a Soldier Essay | Short & Long| 100, 150, 200, 300 & 500 Words

The life of a soldier is one that’s filled with sacrifices, bravery, and selflessness. They serve on the frontline. They stay away from their loved ones for long periods of time. Soldiers often go through unimaginable experiences in order to protect their country and its citizens. Let’s read amazing examples of Life of a Soldier Essay.

Paragraph and Short Essay on Life of Soldiers | 100 Words

The life of soldiers is filled with immense bravery and sacrifice. They selflessly dedicate themselves to protecting their nation and citizens. Soldiers undergo harsh training to develop the skills. Their lives need a great discipline. They face numerous challenges and dangers while on duty in remote areas. They are also posted in conflict zones. Their commitment to duty and their unshakeable loyalty are honorable. Soldiers often spend time away from their families and loved ones. They endue physical and emotional hardships. Their service deserves our utmost respect and gratitude.

Soldier Essay- Life of Soldiers | 150 Words

Soldiers are the unsung heroes of our society. They risk their lives every day to protect their country and its citizens. Their tough job often goes unnoticed and unappreciated. We should always honour these brave people as they sacrifice so much for us. We cannot easily imagine what it means to be a soldier. They face several physical challenges. They also face tough emotional tolls during training. Serving in combat zones is dangerous but soldiers face them happily. The sacrifices that our soldiers make for us cannot be repaid. Their bravery and dedication to serving their country is truly awe-inspiring. Soldiers are trained to be self-sufficient in all aspects of life. Soldiers sacrifice their time with family and friends for months or even years at a time. They miss important milestones such as birthdays and weddings. The emotional stress they endure can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), causing difficulties adjusting back into civilian life. We owe to them, and we should honour their sacrifices.

Short Essay on Life of Soldiers edumantra.net

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Essay on Soldiers- Life of Soldiers- 200 Words

Being a soldier is not merely an occupation, but it is self-sacrificing. It goes beyond ordinary limits and requires extraordinary bravery and unwavering selflessness. The lives of courageous people are brimming with strength and goodness, representing the genuine essence of heroism. The journey opted by these brave souls is not a simple one. It is filled with demanding obstacles that necessitate unwavering commitment and resolute determination. Soldiers have to bravely face unforeseen hardships, setting themselves apart from ordinary individuals. Every aspect of their existence is tested physically and mentally. Soldiers never go on the battlefield without prior preparation. Instead, they build their strength through intense and extended training that suits the toughest individuals. Their preparation involves demanding physical efforts and pushing their bodies to their limits. But it’s not just their physical strength that is tested, their mental fortitude is also examined. Through hard work and challenges, soldiers develop sharpened mental abilities and unwavering determination that surpasses ordinary limits of endurance. Despite these challenges, many soldiers find fulfillment in serving their country. The bonds formed between comrades-in-arms become unbreakable as they rely on each other for survival daily. Being a part of something larger than oneself gives purpose to their lives. We must remember that behind every uniform lies an individual who has willingly put themselves in harm’s way for our safety and security.

Paragraph on the Life of Soldiers – 300 Words

The life of a soldier serves as a shining example of courage, sacrifice, and unwavering dedication. It is a life that requires selflessness and a steadfast commitment to protecting our nation and its citizens. From the moment they put on their uniform, soldiers embark on a journey filled with challenges and responsibilities. Their days are characterized by rigorous training, as they work hard to improve their physical and mental abilities to face any situation that may arise. Whether it’s marching under the scorching sun, enduring harsh weather, or adapting to unfamiliar surroundings, soldiers confront it all with resilience and determination. Soldiers serve in different parts of the world. This can be emotionally tough for them as they miss significant events, which hold great importance in their personal lives. These demands for being soldiers are also immense. Soldiers serve as the protectors of our nation, risking their lives to guarantee our safety and security. They carry the burden of responsibility with unwavering determination. Understanding that their actions can have a significant impact on the lives of numerous people. Every soldier plays a crucial role, joining forces to preserve peace and safeguard against potential dangers. Even in the face of these challenges, soldiers take immense pride in serving their countries and safeguarding their citizens from external dangers. They forge powerful connections with their comrades, who become like family in moments when loved ones are distant. Indeed, the life of a soldier is a challenging journey. However, amidst the difficulties they face, they find purpose and significance. Their unshakable commitment to protect their nation and its people is strong proof of their enduring devotion. As they bravely step into the unpredictable battle, each footstep carries an unspoken promise, a silent vow to overcome challenges and succeed against all odds. In conclusion, the life of a soldier is undoubtedly challenging, yet it deserves utmost respect and admiration for the sacrifices they willingly make every single day to ensure our safety.

Paragraph on the Life of Soldiers edumantra.net

The Real Life Heroes – Soldiers

Nobody knows what it takes to be associated directly with the defennce services of any country and what boils up every drop of my blood misinformed conversations that give birth to misinformed opinions and baseless rumours. I have heard so many educated, suited booted gentleman and ladies take absolute rubbish and demean the Indian Army. Talking about one such recent conversation that I overheard is where two men will discussing the Uri terror attacks that killed our brave soldiers on the front. In a matter of fact manner, they discussed how the families of the martyrs will get nifty amount as compensation. I should have reacted, given it back to those men. But I stood there completely numb. What could I have possibly told those men for whom the army seemed just a four lettered word? How many minds can I change? How do I make the word outside the Indian army see the reality that army personnel and their families live with? Hailing from a family that has served our country and guarded our borders for their generations, I believe that every citizen must respect the olive graius my grandfather, father, uncles and brothers are all into chose duty over self dedicated their lives to the country. Growing up, I always had a sit of complaints from my father. Trust me, I still do. he never made it to my or my sister’s parent – teacher meets, never saw us participate in any school event, never took us school books shopping. I don’t have a count of how many of my birthday parties he missed. My sister often thus me how once our father didn’t ever know which lass was she studying in and stood lost in her school. But now all this nagging and complaining has turned into a sense of pride. I’m proud to be an Army officer’s daughter. I don’t feel bad to see my fellow mates enjoying with their fathers. I don’t feel sad anymore now when the end of his leave approaches because now I know what that uniform means and embodies/personifies. In my father’s words, “That uniform there is my pride of honour, a well-deserved fruit of four years of rigorous military training, a commitment to my nation. It is more than a job to me. It is my life.” I see that passion in very man in uniform. For me disrespect to that uniform is a personal assault. Yes, I see my father is Late Sh. Col. Kaviranjan Kumar, Capt. Vikram Batra in garud commando Gursevak Singh, in every NSG commando, in every soldier. Yes, it hurts when people so insensitively, callously and casually comment on the free ration facility, CSD, pension and get the so called perks that Army personals. Remember most of the time; they don’t live through their entire life to avail them. Every individual here can’t be forced to respect the Indian Army but all I want from all to respect is that fact that in times of distress whether armed attacks or natural calamities, you all are protected, safeguarded by men in that uniform leaves behind his family and in worst case scenario, even lays down his life for you, your family and our country. JAI HIND!

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Long Essay on Soldiers- 500 + Words

Introduction

Soldiers are the unsung heroes who dedicate their lives to protect our nation and its citizens. They leave their families, homes, and comfort behind to serve in a profession that demands courage, discipline, and sacrifice. The life of a soldier is not easy; it involves facing dangerous situations every day, serving in different parts of the world away from family and friends, and enduring physical as well as emotional hardships. Let’s read the life and daily routine of soldiers during peacetime and wartime while exploring their roles in society.

What is the life of a soldier like?

The life of a soldier is not for the faint-hearted. It’s a challenging and demanding job that requires discipline, courage, and determination. Soldiers are responsible for protecting their country’s citizens from threats both foreign and domestic. A soldier’s life can be physically exhausting as they have to undergo rigorous training to endure harsh weather conditions, long hours of standing guard duty with little sleep or rest in between. They must also learn combat techniques such as hand-to-hand combat and marksmanship. Apart from physical demands, soldiers have to face psychological challenges too. The fear of being deployed into dangerous situations can cause significant stress on individuals and their families back home. Moreover, deployment means leaving behind family members who may depend on them emotionally or financially. A military family has to deal with frequent relocations due to deployments which can cause upheaval in children’s education and social lives. Despite all these challenges, soldiers find fulfillment in serving their country selflessly. They form strong bonds among themselves through shared experiences that last a lifetime. The life of a soldier is one filled with sacrifices but it’s also an honorable profession where individuals get the opportunity to serve something greater than themselves – their nation!

The Importance of Soldiers in Our Society

Soldiers are essential pillars of society, and their contribution is immeasurable. These brave men and women put their lives on the line to defend our country’s sovereignty and ensure that citizens can live in peace. They play a vital role in safeguarding the nation against both external and internal threats. The sacrifices made by soldiers often go unnoticed, but they have a profound impact on society as a whole. We owe them not only our respect but also our gratitude for their service. Their unwavering commitment to duty is inspiring and serves as an example for future generations. In times of war or conflict, soldiers are called upon to risk everything to protect us from harm. They serve with bravery, discipline, and selflessness – qualities that embody what it means to be a hero. Moreover, even during peacetime, soldiers continue working tirelessly behind the scenes- training new recruits or participating in humanitarian missions. A soldier’s job doesn’t end when he or she leaves military service; instead, they continue serving society through various roles such as law enforcement officers or emergency responders. Their experience makes them valuable assets in these professions. All told, soldiers’ contributions cannot be overstated – they provide security for all those who call this country home while sacrificing so much personally along the way. For this reason alone we should honor them every chance we get!

The different stages of a soldier’s life

The life of a soldier is not just about fighting in wars. It involves different stages that have their own challenges and rewards. The first stage is joining the military, which requires passing physical and mental tests. Once accepted, soldiers go through basic training to develop teamwork skills and learn essential combat tactics. After completing basic training, soldiers move on to specialized training for their chosen military occupational specialty (MOS). This includes learning advanced weapons handling techniques, medical procedures or intelligence gathering strategies. The next stage involves being deployed overseas where soldiers are faced with various threats like enemy fire and improvised explosive devices (IEDs). They must always be alert to protect themselves while fulfilling their mission as directed by higher-ups. Once a soldier has completed his/her term of service, they transition back into civilian life. Some may choose to pursue higher education utilizing the GI Bill benefits or find employment through job placement programs offered by Military Transition Centers. Throughout all these stages of a soldier’s life, discipline plays an important role in shaping one’s character. Soldiers learn self-discipline and develop leadership qualities that can help them succeed later in life whether it be inside or outside the military community.

How does being a soldier affect one’s personal life?

Being a soldier is not just a job, it’s a lifestyle that affects every aspect of one’s life. Soldiers have to be prepared for long periods of separation from their families and loved ones, which can cause emotional distress and strain on relationships. Furthermore, soldiers often face physical and mental challenges that can impact their personal lives. The trauma they experience during combat or training may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues. Additionally, the rigorous military schedule requires soldiers to maintain high levels of physical fitness and adhere to strict rules regarding behavior both on and off duty. This means that social activities are limited compared to civilians’ lives outside the military. Moreover, being deployed in unfamiliar territories puts immense pressure on soldiers as they must constantly adapt to new environments while maintaining their duty responsibilities. As such, some soldiers may find it challenging to readjust back into civilian life once they leave the service. Being a soldier has significant impacts on one’s personal life due to its demands both physically and emotionally.

The Many Different Roles of Soldiers

Soldiers play many different roles in our society, and their duties vary depending on the branch they serve in. For instance, soldiers in the infantry may be involved in direct combat or peacekeeping missions. In contrast, soldiers serving as engineers or medical professionals may work behind the scenes to support military operations. The roles of soldiers also extend beyond military service. Many veterans continue to serve their communities through volunteering and advocacy efforts. They bring valuable skills such as leadership, teamwork, and resilience to these endeavors. In addition to their primary duties, soldiers often take on additional responsibilities based on their rank or expertise. These can range from training new recruits to managing logistics for large-scale operations. Regardless of their specific role within the military or civilian world, all soldiers share a common bond forged through shared experiences and dedication to serving others. Their sacrifices help ensure that we enjoy freedom and security every day.

The Daily Life of a Soldier

The daily life of a soldier is highly structured and disciplined. Soldiers follow strict routines designed to maximize their efficiency and minimize the risks associated with their duties. Each day begins early for soldiers, usually before sunrise. They start with physical training such as running, calisthenics, and other exercises to maintain their fitness levels. Afterward, they have breakfast in the mess hall or canteen. Once the morning routine is complete, soldiers attend briefings where they receive updates on current operations and are assigned tasks for the day ahead. These tasks vary depending on the specific role of each soldier within their unit. Throughout the day, soldiers carry out a variety of duties that may include patrols, reconnaissance missions, training exercises or maintenance work on equipment. In between these activities, there is often downtime when soldiers can rest or catch up on paperwork. Mealtimes are also strictly regimented in order to ensure all soldiers receive proper nutrition throughout their deployment. Dinner is typically served early evening allowing time for any additional preparations needed before bed. While it may seem mundane at times; The daily life of a soldier requires discipline and dedication towards serving one’s country under stressful circumstances every single day.

The Training and Preparation Required to Become a Soldier

Becoming a soldier is not an easy feat. It requires rigorous training and preparation to ensure that every soldier can fulfill their duties effectively. The first step in becoming a soldier is meeting the basic eligibility requirements, which may vary depending on the country’s military standards. Once qualified, aspiring soldiers undergo several months of intense training focused on physical fitness, combat skills, and discipline. They are trained to handle various weapons and equipment used on the field while also receiving education about ethics and values essential for any soldier. The process includes mental conditioning as well since soldiers must be able to make sound judgments even under extreme stress or pressure. This aspect of training can separate the best from others as it takes immense patience, dedication, and focus. Physical endurance is crucial in this profession; hence candidates go through grueling exercises designed to build stamina and strength needed when serving in active duty. During this phase, trainees are pushed beyond their limits by instructors who simulate real-life scenarios that one might face during combat situations. In addition to physical fitness regimes, prospective soldiers need extensive knowledge of warfare tactics such as strategy development & execution, map reading & navigation techniques etc. All these skills are honed over time with proper guidance from experienced trainers. Being a member of the armed forces demands commitment coupled with hard work both physically and mentally. Nevertheless, those who put themselves forward for service will be rewarded with ample opportunities for personal growth while serving their country bravely.

Soldiers are the backbone of any nation. They dedicate their lives to protecting our country, and they deserve immense respect for everything they do. The life of a soldier is not an easy one, as it requires hard work, discipline, and sacrifice. From training camps to deployment on battlefields, soldiers go through many different stages in their career. Their personal lives may also be affected due to the nature of their job. However, despite all these challenges and sacrifices that come with being a soldier, there is no greater honor than serving your country. Soldiers play many different roles in society beyond just defending our borders – from providing aid during natural disasters to helping maintain peace within communities. We must always appreciate the dedication and bravery of our soldiers who put themselves at risk every day so that we can live safely and peacefully. It’s essential that we continue to support them in any way possible. Writing an essay on the life of soldiers allows us to recognize their invaluable contribution towards ensuring national security and peacekeeping missions across the globe. We ought always to remember how much we owe them for keeping us safe even when they have so much at stake themselves!

Army Transformation Roadmap (ATR) 2040

STRATEGY REFRESH AND BASECAMP ASSESSMENT

The Army Transformation Roadmap (ATR), which was officially launched on 19 July 2010, is the embodiment of the Philippine Army’s aspiration to transform itself into a world-class Army that serves the Filipino people and secures the land. It is an 18-year strategic plan with reform initiatives intended to set a strategic direction for the Philippine Army (PA) to achieve its vision of becoming a world-class Army that is a source of national pride by 2028. Since its launching, the ATR underwent four Strategy Refreshes and Basecamp Assessments: the first was in 2010, after nearly six months from its launch where the intermediate goal for 2013 of “a disciplined and motivated army capable of addressing all internal security threats” was established (AGSMO, ATR 2028, 2010). In 2013, during its ATR Basecamp Assessment, the PA was able to achieve the said intermediate goal (AGSMO, 2013). It then set an intermediate goal for 2016, which was to become “a well-equipped Army that has established a respectable image in Southeast Asia.” The 2016 ATR Basecamp Assessment manifested that the PA was able to partially achieved such strategic goal (AGSMO, 2016). That year’s ATR Strategy Refresh also set an intermediate goal for the PA of becoming a “modern and respectable Army in Asia by 2022.” The fourth Strategy Refresh and Basecamp Assessment, which was held in 2022, identified the program’s gaps and needs in order to keep abreast of the PA’s vision. The 2022 ATR Basecamp Assessment also indicated the PA’s low performance in accomplishing the original intents of the 13 Strategic Objectives set forth during the 2016 ATR Strategy Refresh. Various factors including the COVID-19 Pandemic attributed to these low performance indicators that affected the attainment of the PA’s 2022 intermediate goal (AGSMO, 2022).

Nevertheless, this year’s ATR Strategy Refresh paved the way to consider an alternative approach, the Strategic Thinking Process (Carolin, 2013), that complemented the Performance Governance System or PGS AGSMO, ATR 2028, 2010) in crafting the strategic objectives for the ATR. The PGS which is an adaptation of Harvard’s Balanced Scorecard Approach has been used by the PA since 2010 as a framework to transform itself into a strategy-focused organization. It “ensures clear linkages to be established between the strategic objectives of the ATR and the actions and decisions of our leadership” (Army, 2003). The Strategic Thinking on the other hand, which was facilitated by a third-party consultant, the Singapore-based firm, Reyes-Tacandong & Co. Strategic Processes, Inc. headed by Dr. Ho Sun Yee, offered “a thought process used by our leaders to formulate, articulate, and communicate a coherent vision and strategy for the organization” (Carolin, 2013). It guided the PA’s senior leaders and strategic planners involved in the process in developing the PA’s Future Strategic Profile that resulted to the determination of the PA’s Future Driving Force, which is Capability, and the identification of 19 Critical Issues, five of which are Highly Critical (RT Co. SPI, 2022) that the PA should addressed effectively and efficiently in the medium-term in order to realize its vision in 2028. The future driving force and the highly critical issues became the basis in the formulation of the strategic objectives for the renewed ATR that will guide the PA’s capability and organizational developments using the PGS. The PA strategic planners were also able to determine during the Strategy Refresh two common mistakes in the execution of the ATR - the silo mindsets of our Program Directors (PDs) and the misalignment of the ATR to the rolling strategic plans promulgated by our PA leadership. Rectifying these errors by breaking the silo mentalities of the PDs and ensuring its alignment to the PA’s key strategic documents particularly the PA Operating Concept (PAOC), Landpower Maneuver Concept (LMC), Medium-Term Capability Development Plan (MTCDP), Program Objective Memorandum (POM), and the newly-developed Army Strategic Planning Guidance (ASPG) along with other transformation documents published by the two Major Services (PAF and PN) and Higher Headquarters, the refreshed ATR aims to be more responsive, abreast, and realistic in forecasting its future strategic performance and monitoring its past execution.

Hence, the 2022 ATR Strategy Refresh resulted to a more vibrant and vividly redefined vision that sets the PA’s transformation journey not just for 2028 but for another 18-year strategic horizon- ARMY 2040: WORLD-CLASS. MULTI-MISSION READY. CROSS-DOMAIN CAPABLE.

ARMY 2040 VISION

The ARMY 2040 Vision is a clear mental picture of what we wanted our organization should be in the future. The PA could not waste for another 18-year horizon to really attain this vision. Confluence of events may have hampered in the past decade after the ATR was launched to fully achieve the intermediate goals of each basecamp, but the end goal of becoming a world-class Army that is a source of national pride by 2028 is still in the offing and necessitates for us to refocus our time and energy to reach that end goal. Because by attaining that goal in 2028, it will provide the PA the jumping board that will catapult us towards our vision for 2040—World-Class. Multi-Mission Ready. Cross-Domain Capable.

World-Class —the PA adopted this term as our method of internal focusing in order to achieve performance excellence while we sustainably embed the good governance system in our organization. Being a world-class Army means that our organization has adaptive and technology-driven systems and processes that can drive effectiveness and efficiency in producing highly professional and fully-mission capable fighting force with globally-competitive capabilities that can establish a credible land-based defense posture in order to better serve the people and secure the land , like the Singaporean Army.

Multi-Mission Ready —Operational Readiness of PA units to operate in both Internal and External Defense Mission Areas is high and can sustain the Operational Tempo (OPTEMPO) required by the Joint Force of the AFP.

Cross-Domain Capable —The evolution of the security environment into multidomain spectrum necessitates us to transform our land-based capabilities into globally competitive capabilities that are responsive, lethal, survivable, and sustainable for cross-domain operations as part of the Joint Force of the AFP.

PEOPLE, READINESS, AND TRANSFORMATION

Similar to the U.S. Army ATR, our ARMY 2040 Vision consists also of “three interdependent elements that are much more than the equipment we desired to have- People, Readiness, and Transformation” (Army, 2003). We consider our Philippine Army to be composed of People- officers, enlisted personnel, civilian human resource, retirees, and our families. Our people are the central figures of everything we aspire for in our Army Transformation Roadmap. They are our inspiration to pursue the ATR no matter what challenges may lie ahead in our transformation journey. Thus, in everything we plan and do for the ATR, we must always consider the primacy of the role of our people especially the soldiers in pursuing substantively the strategic objectives we set. “Units do not train, they do not stay ready, they do not grow and develop leaders, they do not sacrifice and they do not take risks on behalf of the Nation—people do. Without highly skilled, competent, dedicated people, it does not matter how lethal our weapons are or how strategically responsive our formations grow. The Army is People” (Army, 2003).

As embodied in the PA Program Objective Memorandum 2023-2028, the Readiness Condition (REDCON) of every Key Measurement Area (KMA) in the Medium- Term Force Structure that we desire to come up by 2028 will dictate the status of the capability of our Operational Army. Being the future driving force of the PA, our capability development must be geared towards attaining fully-mission capable rating in all five KMAs coupled with sustainable combined military exercises that will seek to address the different threat scenarios in multi-domain security environment, involving both the Active and Reserve components of the PA. The lessons we learned from the post-World War II wars including that of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine War remind us to consider “perpetuating” rather than “winning” as our strategic objective in case a superior adversary invades our country. The current wars are conducted like an “infinite game” in which the objective is to perpetuate the game and the player whose will and resources drains first falls out from the game (Sinek, The Infinite Game, 2019). Thus, the desired Readiness for our vision is a fully-mission capable fighting force composed of active and ready reserve components that can perpetuate a war until the invader drains out his will and resources and leaves our country.

There are two Transformation Pathways that will lead us to our ARMY 2040 Vision- Organizational Development (OD) Pathway and the Capability Development (CD) Pathway. The OD Pathway will guide us towards addressing the highly critical issues of our internal capacity or “factory” (systems and processes) in order to drive profound changes in our Institutional Army. While the CD Pathway will lead us towards transforming our fighting force into a highly professional and fully-mission capable Operational Army that is world-class, multi-mission ready, and cross-domain capable fighting force. It is in these pathways that the strategic objectives for the ATR 2040 are laid down logically to effect transformation in our military organization.

In essence, the efficacy of our ARMY 2040 Vision is determined by how well the interdependency of these three elements—People, Readiness, and Transformation—are undertaken by us in order to sustain our efforts in pursuing the ATR.

THE TEN STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF ATR 2040

There are 10 Strategic Objectives (SOs) that are laid down logically in the two pathways that we set for the ATR 2040. These SOs are incorporated in the ATR 2040 Strategy Map and the Army Performance Scorecard series 2022.

SOs for the OD Pathway (Support Process Perspective):

1. Adopt Technological Advancements to Contribute to Landpower Capabilities

2. Leverage Purposive Alliances, Partnerships, and Stakeholder Support

3. Pursue Integrated, Interoperable, and Secured Management Information System

SOs for the OD Pathway (Core Approaches Perspective):

4. Enhance Comprehensive Human Resource Management

5. Strengthen Effective Reserve Component as Part of the Total Army

6. Build-up Reliable Sustainment Support Across the Depth of Operating Environment

7. Ensure Responsive Doctrine Development and Training System

These SOs for the OD Pathway will address the Five Highly Critical Issues identified in the Strategic Thinking Process- Human Resource, Research and Development (R&D), Reserve Force, Training, and Sustainment.

SO for the CD Pathway (Strategic Focus Perspective):

8. Develop Modern Landpower Capabilities for Internal and External Defense

This SO for the CD Pathway embodies the POM-based 25 Capabilities for 20232028 that will address the capability gaps and enhance the PA capability which is its Driving Force by attaining an R2 REDCON rating for its Medium-Term Force Structure.

SOs for the Outcome (Impact Perspective):

9. Credible Land-Based Defense Posture

10. Professional Army

These SOs will establish the jumping board that will catapult our transformation towards the realization of our ARMY 2040 Vision.

ENHANCED BUDGET DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS

There are two important features developed recently that can complement and add value to the Strategy Execution Management Process (SEMP) of the ATR 2040: The Enhanced Budget Development Framework (EBDF) and the Risk Management Process (RMP). These two strategy management tools will enhance the mechanism of the SEMP by ensuring that the hierarchy of PAPs (Programs, Activities, and Projects) intended for Organizational Development and Capability Development during the Army budget development process will always be distinguished, well-defined, and aligned to the Strategic Programs that will run the Performance Measures of the Army Scorecard while taking control of the risks identified during the management of its strategy execution. The EBDF tool will also guide the Program Directors (PDs) in sourcing appropriate transformation funds that can be allocated for their respective Strategic Programs. While, the RMP will provide the PDs a proactive way of determining and mitigating risks that can hamper the implementation of their respective Programs by embedding Risk Treatment Plans in their respective Program Management Plans (PMPs).

ENHANCED ARMY GOVERNANCE PATHWAY (AGP) AND THE ATR GOVERNANCE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

To sustain the ATR 2040 especially at the grassroots level of the PA, revisions were made in the Army Governance Pathway (AGP), a performance management tool designed to embed the strategy execution mechanism of the PGS in all units of the Philippine Army. The AGP developed in 2014, is an adaptation of the Performance Governance System developed by the Institute for solidarity in Asia (ISA), to institutionalize good governance, sustain strategy alignment and drive results. It is composed of a four-stage certification process: Initiation, Compliance, Proficiency, and Institutionalization. The revised AGP series 2022 will address gaps and issues identified during its implementation. The four focus areas:

1. Streamline the evaluation and validation process

2. Provide better and clearer definitions to terms and concepts

3. Provide templates to documentary requirements

4. Improve the overall implementation of the AGP

These revisions will rationalize and focus the effort and resources of AGSMO and GSMOs in elevating the status of offices and units that have yet to attain the AGP Institutionalized status as the Army push towards its ATR2040 objectives.

Likewise, with the help of the PA Multi-Sector Advisory Board (MSAB), an ATR Governance Feedback Mechanism was established for the ATR’s Internal Stakeholders. The main objective of this feedback platform is to gauge the genuine sense of our troops and personnel in the implementation of the ATR in our organization. As advised by the PA MSAB members, there is a need to move beyond traditional models of governance to one that is more open, inclusive, and responsive where inputs are sought on a regular basis, including from the lowest units. We also believe that a two-way feedback mechanism can develop positive results that will help drive profound changes in the systems and processes of the PA by bringing about greater transparency and accountability in our actions and decisions.

The Army Transformation Roadmap (ATR) has gone a long way since its implementation in 19 July 2010. The Philippine Army (PA) had witnessed different approach and appreciation of its implementation by the different Commanding Generals, Philippine Army (CGPAs) since the time of LtGen. Emmanuel Bautista, the ATR’s CGPA forebear who continues to be its beacon even after long he retired from active military service. There were challenges and birth pains especially after the PA’s initiation to the PGS but we were able to hurdle those challenges and effected profound change in the attitudes of our soldiers that they continue to display up to this time the core values of Honor, Patriotism, and Duty to the Filipino people that they served and in the Philippine Islands that they secured. This is manifested by the continuing high Net Trust Rating (NTR) of the PA published by respectable social survey firms in the country since the implementation of the ATR.

But these high NTRs do not reflect totally if the profound changes that we desired to achieve in the internal capacity of our organization for its Institutional Army and in our capability-the PA’s driving force- for its Operational Army, were also attained. The Basecamp Assessments in the Strategy Refresh of 2016 and 2022 suggested otherwise— the intermediate goals set in 2013 for 2016 Basecamp and in 2016 for 2022 Basecamp were not fully attained. Thus, we need to refocus our time and energy to address the highly critical issues in our organization amidst a challenging multi-domain security environment that hampered our transformation journey. In this we were able to come up from this year’s Strategy Refresh a redirected Army Transformation Roadmap, the ATR 2040. It will sustain what we had gained and envisioned in the ATR 2028 and look towards 2040 as we aligned it to the PA’s key strategic documents. There are now high hopes among us that we can realize our vision of becoming a world-class Army by 2028 as we continuously developed performance metrics that measures what really matters for each of the strategic objectives set in the ATR 2040 and break the silo mindsets of the measure owners as they organized into active cross-functional teams.

But lest we forget, the ideas in our ATR 2040 are just ideas; they must be executed appropriately and timely in order to bring to life the ARMY 2040 Vision that we want to attain: World-Class. Multi-Mission Ready. Cross-Domain Capable. As famous author John Doerr wrote, “Ideas are easy; execution is everything.” (Doerr, 2018) So, we must make sure that the ATR 2040 will be a “living document intended to reflect the dynamic nature of our Army transformation” (Army, 2003). An executable document that is reflective of our earnest desire to pursue profound changes in our internal capacity and capability as a military organization so that transformation will perpetuate one vision after another, as our legacy to the future generations of the Philippine Army.

REFERENCES:

AGSMO, P. (2010). ATR 2028. Taguig City: AGSMO, PA.

AGSMO, P. (2013). AAR Strategy Refresh. Taguig City: AGSMO, PA.

AGSMO, P. (2016). AAR Strategy Refresh. Taguig City: AGSMO, PA.

AGSMO, P. (2022). AAR Strategy Refresh. Taguig City: AGSMO, PA.

Army, U. (2003). Executive Summary. The Army Transformation Roadmap, 1-35.

Babilonia, C. L. (2022). The Tale of Two Armies: Mastering The Philippine Army’s Roles and Proposing a Structure for Capability Development. Jacinto Papers, OG5, PA Issue 1 Vol. 3, October 2022, 11-17.

Carolin, D. W. (2013). Leadership Pure and Simple. USA: McGraw-Hill.

Doerr, J. (2018). Measure What Matters. New York: Portfolio/ Penguin.

Maxwell, J. C. (2011). The 5 Levels of Leadership. New York: Hatchett Book Group.

OG10, P. (2022). Philippine Army Program and Budget Development Guidance (PBDG) 2023 . Taguig City: OG10, PA.

OG5, P. (2021). Program Objective Memorandum (POM) 2023-2029. Taguig City: OG5, PA.

OG5, P. (2022). ARMY STRATEGIC PLANNING GUIDANCE: Force 2040: Strategically Focused, Operationally Proficient, Institutionally Responsive. Taguig City: OG5, PA.

RT Co. SPI. (2022). Strategic Thinking Process Outputs. Metro Manila: RT Co. SPI.

Sinek, S. (2009). Start With Why. USA: Portfolio/ Penguin.

Sinek, S. (2019). The Infinite Game. USA: Portfolio/ Penguin.

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

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ABOUT THE ATR 2040

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What is ROTC?

If there are three words which can fully encompass the definition of Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), it will be: defense, preparation, and nation.

ROTC is primarily defined as a military-allied program that is propounded in various universities and colleges, whether international or local. According to Moody (2020), it equips students with military trainings as they earn their respective degrees. To be more specific, this program is inclined to prepare them to serve the country.

In the local setup, ROTC is legally articulated in Sections 38-39 of the Republic Act No. 7077, which is also known as the Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act of 1991. It is also said to be in accordance with the 1987 Constitution and the National Defense Act.

The five basic learnings and competencies in ROTC are lead, shoot, move, navigate, and communicate, in line with the Department of Military Science and Tactics of University of the Philippines Diliman (2020).

Considering its goal to strengthen the national defense of the Philippines, it is indeed perfect in picture. The former mismanagement and the currently planned mandate of the said program, however, are something to be alarmed of.

We need more military power, pro-ROTC Filipinos say

The decades-long civil war between the Philippine military troops and terrorists in the Southern part of the archipelago urges many to support the mandatory ROTC to senior high school and college students.

A 2019 Pulse Asia survey on Filipinos showed that 1,440 out of 1,800 are in favor of the implementation of ROTC. Meanwhile, 207 respondents disagreed with the proposal.

Geopolitical tension between Philippines and China, as well, instills fear of war rooting the highly-contested West Philippine Sea. The World Bank Data records Beijing’s value of active military personnels at 2,695,000 in 2018, as Manila fell short with 153,350.

Secretary Delfin Lorenzana of the Department of National Defense (DND) expressed support to the Mandatory ROTC following vice presidential aspirant Sara Duterte’s calls for obligatory military service of Filipinos 18 and above.

"We in the DND support the mandatory military service of 18-year-old Filipinos. There are several advantages: First, the military will have a ready and steady trained pool of reservists to defend the country and do HADR (humanitarian assistance and disaster relief) work; second, the training and discipline that they will acquire will make them better citizens; third, service to the country will be inculcated in them," says Lorenzana.

Issues surrounding the mandatory program

The supposed mandatory program was made compulsory after a student of University of Santo Tomas (UST) Mark Chua was kidnapped and killed for exposing corruption behind the ROTC.

Chua with his fellow cadet, Romulo Yumul, disclosed ROTC anomalies on The Varsitarian titled “Struggle Against the System” in its Feb. 21, 2001 issue.

Chua and Yumul formally filed a complaint against corruption surrounding the UST-ROTC, a ground for the relief of Maj. Demy Tejares.

Mark Chua was found lifeless in Pasig River on March 18, 2001 after the story was published. In 2004, ROTC cadet Arnufo Aparri Jr. was found guilty of killing Chua.

Ever since, college students were free to choose between ROTC, Literary Training, and Civil Welfare Training System through the Republic Act 9163, or the National Service Training Program Act of 2001.

Opposition solons resist proposals of reviving the mandatory ROTC as it will “violate their constitutional right,” add expenses to parents and students by buying costly uniforms, and “only teaches obedience to abusive ROTC officials.”

Essay on Philippines

Students are often asked to write an essay on Philippines in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Philippines

Geography of the philippines.

The Philippines is a country in Southeast Asia. It is made up of over 7,000 islands. It is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Celebes Sea, and the Philippine Sea. The country’s capital is Manila.

Climate of the Philippines

The Philippines has a tropical climate. It has two seasons: the rainy season from June to November, and the dry season from December to May. The country often experiences typhoons, especially during the rainy season.

People and Culture

The Philippines is known for its rich culture. The people are called Filipinos. They speak Filipino and English. The country is known for its festivals, music, and dance. Filipinos are also known for their hospitality.

Economy of the Philippines

The Philippines’ economy is growing. It is based on agriculture, industry, and services. The country is known for its production of rice, coconuts, and fish. It also has a booming tourism industry.

Wildlife in the Philippines

The Philippines is home to a wide range of wildlife. It has many unique animals like the Philippine eagle, tarsier, and the water buffalo. The country also has beautiful coral reefs that are home to many fish and other sea creatures.

Also check:

Paragraph on Philippines
Speech on Philippines

250 Words Essay on Philippines

Introduction to the philippines.

The Philippines is a beautiful Southeast Asian country. It is an archipelago, which means it’s made up of many islands. In fact, there are more than 7,000 islands in the Philippines! The country is famous for its stunning beaches, vibrant culture, and friendly people.

Geography and Climate

The Philippines is located in the Pacific Ocean, near countries like Vietnam and Indonesia. The country has a tropical climate. This means it is warm all year round. Sometimes, the Philippines experiences typhoons, which are powerful storms.

Culture and People

Filipinos, the people of the Philippines, are known for their warm hospitality. They love to celebrate and have many festivals throughout the year. One of the biggest is Sinulog, a colorful event with music and dance. The main language is Filipino, but English is also widely spoken.

Food and Cuisine

Filipino food is a mix of many influences. Rice is a staple, often served with meat, vegetables, or seafood. A popular dish is adobo, which is meat marinated in vinegar and soy sauce.

Wildlife and Nature

The Philippines is home to many unique plants and animals. You can find tarsiers, small primates with big eyes, and the Philippine eagle, one of the largest eagles in the world. The country also has beautiful coral reefs, perfect for diving and snorkeling.

In conclusion, the Philippines is a fascinating country with a rich culture, diverse wildlife, and stunning landscapes. It’s a place full of adventure and beauty, waiting to be explored.

500 Words Essay on Philippines

The Philippines is a beautiful country in Southeast Asia. It is made up of more than 7,000 islands. These islands are home to many people and different types of plants and animals. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila. The country is known for its beautiful beaches, rich history, and delicious food.

The Philippines is located in the Pacific Ocean, near the equator. This means it has a tropical climate. It is hot and humid all year round. The country is divided into three main parts: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Luzon is the biggest island and it is where Manila, the capital city, is located. The country is surrounded by water and has many mountains, forests, and rivers.

Because the Philippines is in the Pacific Ring of Fire, it has many volcanoes and experiences earthquakes. Despite these natural hazards, the Philippines is rich in natural resources like minerals, forests, and marine life.

The Philippines has a mix of different cultures because of its history. It was a Spanish colony for over 300 years, then it was ruled by the United States. Today, the Philippines is an independent country.

Filipinos are known for their hospitality and friendliness. They love to celebrate and have many festivals throughout the year. The official language is Filipino, but many people also speak English.

Food and Festivals

Filipino food is a mix of different flavors. Rice is a common food, often eaten with meat or fish. Some famous dishes include adobo, sinigang, and lechon.

The Philippines is also known for its colorful festivals. These festivals often include parades, dances, and lots of food. Some popular festivals are Sinulog in Cebu, Ati-Atihan in Aklan, and Pahiyas in Quezon.

The economy of the Philippines is growing. It is based on agriculture, manufacturing, and services. The country is one of the world’s biggest producers of coconuts, rice, and fish. Many Filipinos also work overseas and send money back to their families. This is a big part of the country’s income.

The Philippines is a country full of natural beauty, rich history, and friendly people. Its location and climate make it a unique place to live and visit. Despite the challenges it faces, the Philippines continues to grow and develop. It is a country that is proud of its culture and heritage.

In conclusion, the Philippines is a fascinating country with a lot to offer. Whether you’re interested in its geography, culture, food, or economy, there’s something for everyone to learn and enjoy.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Essay on Philippine Revolution
Essay on Philippine Politics Then And Now
Essay on Philippine Politics And Governance

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!