how to cite references on poster presentation

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APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: Posters & Conference Sessions

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Citing Conference sessions, Poster abstracts, and Poster presentations

Conference sessions, poster abstracts, and poster presentations follow a significantly different format than other types of APA references.

• The author of the work is always listed first.
• Next, the FULL date of the conference is listed in the date area, so if a conference is held over several days, you need to list the date the conference starts, through the date the conference ends.
• Next add the title of the work and put it in italics, then add (in square brackets), whether it's a [Poster session], a [Poster abstract], or a [Conference session] and then add a period.
• In the source area share 1) the name of the conference or organization - or both (comma), 2) the name of the city or town the conference was held (comma), 3) the abbreviation of the state or the region (depending on the country) (comma), 4) the country the conference was held.
• Lastly share the URL of the WORK (not the conference in general) as a live hyperlink. 

Examples: 

Conference session : .

Hinck, J., Brewington, J., & Harding, K. (2018, September 12-14). Nurse educators - Making a difference in self and others to strengthen networks and partnerships [Conference session]. National League for Nursing, Chicago, IL, United States.  https://tinyurl.com/37bx7uku  

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Hinck, et al., 2018). 

Poster Abstract :

Jackson, C., McCalmont, J., Ward, J. Solanki, E., Seguin, R., & Perry, C. K. (2017, October 10). Mujeres fuertes y corazones saludables: Adaptation of the Strong Women - Healthy Hearts (SWHH) program for rural Latinas using an intervention mapping approach [Poster Abstract]. 2017 Oregon Public Health Association Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, United States.  https://tinyurl.com/y2panrdm  

(Jackson, et al., 2017). 

Poster Presentation :

NOTE: Because the poster presentations of this conference were presented in a journal, there are actually two ways you could cite this particular poster abstract, either way is acceptable in APA .  

Option 1 - Referencing ONLY the poster abstract itself : 

Leckenby, S., & Acklaghi, H. (2017, November 19-23). Is point-of-care troponin enough in decision making process in emergency departments [Poster Presentation]. ACEM ASM 2017 "Impossible is Just a Perspective" Darling Harbour, Sydney, Austalia.   https://tinyurl.com/cpkjbsu5

(Leckenby & Acklaghi, 2017). 

Option 2 - Referencing the poster abstract within the actual journal & supplement that printed the conference abstract : 

Leckenby, S., & Acklaghi, H. (2018). Is point-of-care troponin enough in decision making process in emergency departments [Poster Presentation]. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 30 (S1), 43-44.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12962  

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Page References

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (7th Edition). Please refer to page 332-333 of the APA Manual (7th Edition) for more information.

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Characteristics of References

• Provides the reader with information about who conducted the research, when it was published and the journal that published the work.
• Provides detailed information about author names, article title, journal name, volume, issue and page numbers so that readers can easily find the source of the information.
• Acknowledges the scientist(s) who conducted the research and/or the journal article where the research was originally published.  

The References (or Bibliography) section should list all the sources of information that were used in the poster.   This section appears at the end of the poster.   The References section ( Figs. 2 and 8 ) typically contains all journal articles (i.e., primary sources) but it can also contain secondary sources (e.g., newspapers, documentaries, government reports).   References tell the reader where the original data, information, technique, and/or method can be obtained, who conducted the work and when the paper was published.    

In posters, in-text citations are used to tell the reader where information was obtained.   An in-text citation should appear after every sentence in the poster that describes the work of others.   This includes all sentences that describe discoveries, findings, data, information, experiments, results, techniques, methods, dates, locations, etc.  

In-text citations can be done using either (1) superscript numbers or (2) authors last name, followed by year published.  

• Polar bear cubs were 25% larger when fed a high-protein diet compared to high-sugar diet. 1      
• Polar bear cubs were 25% larger when fed a high-protein diet compared to high-sugar diet (Jones and Smith, 2018).  

The “1” and “Jones and Smith, 2018” both refer to the same journal article:   E.J. Jones and W. A. Smith (2018), Journal of Natural Science, Vol. 53, Issue 12, pages 36-45.   Both types of in-text citations are acceptable for use in posters.   Authors typically choose superscript numbers to save space.      

Formatting References

You have likely been taught about MLA (Modern Language Association of America) or APA (American Psychological Association) formatting and style guide in middle or high school.   Many of you are likely proficient in these styles.   For most posters you likely will not follow the MLA nor APA styles when citing your sources.   There is a practical explanation for why these two styles often are not used in a poster. It is because there are thousands of different professional scientific societies around the world and each society has its own preferred formatting style that they use in publications for their journals and conferences.   Therefore, citation styles will vary depending on where a poster is presented.   In fact, many scientists use software, that, with a click of a button, will transform all of their citations into the proper style and format for any journal or conference.

Nonetheless, we provide 15 examples below of how one could cite primary sources (examples 1-5 below) and secondary sources (examples 6-15 below) of information in a scientific poster.  

Figure 8. References List

Citing Primary Sources

Peer-reviewed journal articles are considered primary sources.   Patents and Published Technical Reports from Government Agencies and Universities are also considered primary sources of information.   Five examples of how to cite primary sources are numbered below 1-5.  

1. Journal Article in Print:   Most journals are printed on paper others are entirely available online.   Authors Names. (Year Published in parenthesis). Article Title.   Journal Name, Volume Number (Issue Number in parenthesis): Page Numbers.  

1A. Journal Article with one or two authors:

McMurran, M. and Christopher, G. (2009). Bayes factors increases criminal sentence recommendations. Legal & Criminological Psychology, 14(1):101-107.

1B. Journal Article with more than two authors:  

Post, E., et al. (2009). Genome studies of quorum sensing organisms. Science, 325(5946):1355-1358.

2. Online Journal Article:   These journals are electronic and not printed on paper.   Authors Names. (Year Published in parenthesis). Title of article. Journal name. Volume number and or page numbers.   Include complete URL link in full or DOI if known.    

Dionne, M.S. and Schneider, D.S. (2002). Adaptive mutability in targeted microRNA infections. Genome Biol. 3:10.3559. http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/4/reviews/1010  

3. Government Technical Report in Print: Author names or name of organization. (Year Published in parenthesis). Report title.   Report Number. Name of government agency that published report, Place of publication.  

Smith, G.I. and Chen Y.P. (2018). Growth stages and tolerable fire intervals for Georgia’s native vegetation data sets. Report no. 247. U.S. Department of Interior. New York, NY, USA.

4. Government Technical Report Published Online: Author names or name of organization. (Year Published in parenthesis). Report title.   Report Number. Name of government agency that published report. Place of publication.   Date retrieved followed by complete URL link in full or DOI if known.  

Spandone, H.K. et al. (2017). Energy futures for Midwestern wind farms. Report no. C2.4715.12. U.S. Department of Energy. Washington D.C., USA.   Retrieved on February 15, 2017 from https://www.energy.gov/science-innovation/energy-sources/renewable-energy/wind

5. Patent : Author names. Date in parenthesis. Title of patented item, technique, method or process. Patent number.

Odell, J.C. (1970, April). Process for batch culturing. U.S. patent 484,363,770.

Citing Secondary Sources

Secondary sources report on and interpret results that have been presented in primary sources.   Secondary sources include books, documentaries, magazines, newspapers, podcasts, webpages from government agencies and universities.   Ten examples of how to cite secondary sources are numbered below 6-15.      

6. Book Chapter : Authors names. (Date of publication in parenthesis). Chapter title, page numbers. Editors of book, Book Title, Place of publication.   Name of publisher.  

Forman, M.S., and Valsamakis, A. (2003). Specimen collection, transport, and processing: virology, p. 1227-1241. Murray, P.R., et al. (Eds.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 8th ed, Washington, D.C. Penguin Press.  

Anderegg, D. (2007). Nerds: Who they are and why we need more of them. New York, NY. Jeremy P. Tarcher, Penguin Press.  

8. Magazine Article in Print :

Road map to a great deal. (2009, October). Consumer Reports, 74(10), 44-47.

9. Magazine Article Published Online :

Taibbi, M. (2009, September 3). Sick and wrong. Rolling Stone, 1086, 58-65. Retrieved on February 22, 2020 from http://www.rollingstone.com  

10. Newspaper Article in Print:

Lucchetti, A. & Craig, S. (2009, September 11). Morgan Stanley taps new boss. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A16.  

11. Newspaper Article Published Online :

Moran, S. (2009, September 7). If you don’t snooze, you lose: Most Americans aren’t getting enough sleep. And for both adults and students, there are health consequences. Star Tribune. Retrieved on August 6, 2019 from http://www.startribune.com /  

12. Podcast :

Nature (Producer). (2009, July 16). Moon gazing in the Southern hemisphere, Audio podcast. Retrieved on November 5,2009, from http://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/index-2009-07-16.html  

13. Documentary, Video or Movie :

Donner, R. & Lee, S. (Producers), & Hood, G. (Director). (2009). X-Men Origins: Wolverine [DVD]. USA: Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation.  

14. Personal Web Page : In most instances a web page is not used as a reference in a poster.  

Wilson, E.O. (1999, September). Biological Diversity: The Oldest Human Heritage, New York State Museum, Albany. Retrieved on July 12, 2020 from https://eowilsonfoundation.org/e-o-wilson/  

15. Web Page of Organization or Group of Authors : In most instances, a webpage is not used as a reference in a poster.  

National Museum of American History. (2006, July 7). National museum of American history displays recent hip-hop acquisitions. Retrieved from https://americanhistory.si.edu  

Scientific Posters: A Learner's Guide Copyright © 2020 by Ella Weaver; Kylienne A. Shaul; Henry Griffy; and Brian H. Lower is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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• A Research Guide
• Citation Guides
• Citation Basics

Useful Tips How to Cite a Presentation

How to cite a conference presentation – a short explanation, how to cite a presentation in apa style.

• In-text citations
• Reference List

How to compile a reference list

• The author’s or presenter’s name should be written starting with the surname then the initial of the first name separated by a comma then end with a period. If there is another name, write the first initial of the second name after the first. For example, “Brown, PK.”
• This should be followed by year it was presented or published online. The year should be written in round brackets. If you are not sure of the year, then ignore it and replace with the date you accessed the presentation online. For example, “Brown PK. (2017)”
• State the presentation title. This should be done in italics. After which the format of the presentation should be written in square brackets.
• If you accessed the presentation online, you should include the phrase Retrieved from before adding the website.

How to Cite a Poster Presentation in AMA

How to cite a presentation in mla.

• Use footnotes and endnotes
• Writing the name of the author or presenter
• Add information about the lecture or conference
• Include the digital medium used

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Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition.

Chapter 12 papers and poster sessions presented at meetings.

Created: October 10, 2007 ; Last Update: August 5, 2020 .

• Sample Citation and Introduction
• Citation Rules with Examples

Chapter 3 Conference Publications

• Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings

The general format for a reference to an unpublished conference paper or poster session, including punctuation:

- for a paper:

- for a poster session:

• Examples of Citations to Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings

Papers and poster sessions presented at meetings include both items that were presented but never published and items for which any subsequent publication is unknown. If subsequent publication is known, cite the published form rather than the meeting paper or poster session.

Begin the reference with information on the author(s) and title of the paper or poster session; use the same format as that used for conference papers. See Chapter 3 Conference Publications for details. Use the phrases "Paper presented at:" and "Poster session presented at:" to connect author and title information with meeting information.

Although author affiliation is an optional part of a citation, including it in references to unpublished papers and poster sessions is very helpful to the reader because compilations of papers and poster sessions can be difficult to locate.

Examples provided in this chapter are primarily from material distributed at various conferences. No attempt was made to ascertain whether or not subsequent publication occurred, as would normally be done before citation.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings .

Continue to Examples of Citations to Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings .

• Citation Rules with Examples for Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.

Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Conference Proceedings (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)

Author of Paper or Poster Presented (required)

General rules for author.

• List names in the order they appear in the text
• Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
• Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials following each surname
• Give all authors, regardless of the number
• Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space
• End author information with a period

Specific Rules for Author

• Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them
• Other surname rules
• Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle
• Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name
• Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III
• Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
• Options for author names

Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Other surname rules.

Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).

Options for author names.

Examples for Author

1. standard paper presented with a separate name for the conference, 2. standard paper presented without a separate name for the conference, 3. standard poster presented with a separate name for the conference, 4. standard poster presented without a separate name for the conference, 5. paper/poster author with optional full name, 6. paper/poster with optional limit to the first six authors, 7. paper/poster author with designation of rank within a family, 8. paper/poster author with a prefix or particle in the surname, 9. paper/poster author with compound surname, 10. paper/poster with both a person and an organization as author, author affiliation for paper or poster presented (optional), general rules for author affiliation.

• Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
• Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
• Use commas to separate parts of the affiliation
• Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
• Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
• Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless it is the affiliation of the last author, then use a period

Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

• Abbreviations in affiliations
• E-mail address included
• Organizational names for affiliations not in English
• Names for cities and countries not in English

Abbreviations in affiliations.

E-mail address included.

Organizational names for affiliations not in English.

Names for cities and countries not in English.

Examples for Author Affiliation

11. paper/poster with author affiliation, 12. paper/poster with author affiliation including e-mail address, title of paper or poster presented (required), general rules for title.

• Enter the title of a paper or poster as it appears in the original document
• Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
• Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
• Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it

Specific Rules for Title

• Titles not in English
• Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character

Titles not in English.

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Examples for Title

13. paper/poster title containing a greek letter or other special character, 14. paper/poster in a language other than english, connective phrase for paper or poster presented (required), general rule for connective phrase.

• Use the words "Paper presented at" or "Poster session presented at" followed by a colon and a space to connect information about the paper or poster with information on the conference proceedings

Examples for Connective Phrase

Conference proceedings for paper or poster presented (required).

Follow the instructions in Chapter 3 to enter proceedings citation information

Examples for Conference Proceedings

15. paper/poster with optional specific location of the conference added, language for paper or poster presented (required), general rules for language.

• Give the language of the paper or poster if not English
• Capitalize the language name
• Follow the language name with a period

Examples for Language

Notes for paper or poster presented (optional), general rules for notes.

• Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself
• Complete sentences are not required

Specific Rules for Notes

• Sponsorship note
• Other types of material to include in notes

Sponsorship note.

Other types of material to include in notes.

Examples for Notes

16. paper/poster with sponsorship note.

• 17. Paper/poster with other supplemental note

Patrias K. Computer-compatible writing and editing. Paper presented at: Interacting with the digital environment: modern scientific publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the Council of Science Editors; 2003 May 3-6; Pittsburgh, PA.

Bernhardt A, Weiss C, Breuer J, Kumpf M, Sieverding L. The clinical relevance of an elevated lactate level after surgery for congenital heart disease. Paper presented at: Myocardial cell damage and myocardial protection. 3rd International Symposium on the Pathophysiology of Cardiopulmonary Bypass; 2000 Dec 16; Aachen, Germany.

Hu X, Gao Z, Xu F, Liu N. A novel approach to harvesting lymphatic endothelial cells from human foreskin dermis. Paper presented at: 8th TESI Annual Meeting; 2005 Oct 22-25; Shanghai, China.

Thabet A. Clinical value of two serial pulmonary embolism-protocol CT studies performed within ten days. Paper presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.

Chasman J, Kaplan RF. The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in dementia. Poster session presented at: Excellence in clinical practice. 4th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology; 2006 Jun 15-17; Philadelphia, PA.

Charles L, Gordner R. Analysis of MedlinePlus en Espanol customer service requests. Poster session presented at: Futuro magnifico! Celebrating our diversity. MLA `05: Medical Library Association Annual Meeting; 2005 May 14-19; San Antonio, TX.

Muto A, Funakubo K. Efficacy of transarterial embolization using NBCA-LPD for acute arterial bleeding in patients with coagulopathy. Poster session presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.

Rao RM, Lord GM, Choe H, Lichtman AH, Luscinskas FW, Glimcher LH. The transcription T-bet is required for optimal proinflammatory trafficking of CD4+ T cells. Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.

Rosenberg, Steven A. Human cancer immunotherapy: progress and problems. Paper presented at: Cancer Vaccines 2005: Barriers, Endpoints & Opportunities; 2005 Oct 5-7; New York, NY.

Cronin, James T.; Haynes, Kyle J. Parasitoid and host movement and population dynamics in a heterogeneous prairie landscape. Paper presented at: 13th International Entomophagous Insects Workshop; 2003 Jul 27-31; Tucson, AZ.

Boggi U, Del Chiaro M, Croce C, Gremmo F, Sgambelluri AF, Cappelli C, et al. Mesenteric portal vein resection during pancreatectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: is it worthwhile? Paper presented at: 29th National Congress of the Italian Association for the Study of the Pancreas (AISP); 2005 Sep 15-17; Bologna, Italy.

Hubert JM, Renoult E, Chammas M Jr, Mourey E, Feuillu B, Frimat L, Cormier L, Prevot L, Hestin D, Kessler M. Purely laparoscopic robotic (Da Vinci®) live donor nephrectomy: experience in 37 cases. Poster session presented at: 24th Annual World Congress of Endourology; 2006 Aug 17-20; Cleveland, OH.

Sarna A, Pujari S, Sengar AK, Garg R, Katke S, van Dam J. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and its principal determinants in HIV-infected adults in India. Poster session presented at: NIMH/IAPAC International Conference on HIV Treatment Adherence; 2006 Mar 8-10; Jersey City, NJ.

Van Assche FA. The relation of EBCOG with scientific organisations in Europe. Paper presented at: 9th Congress of the European Society of Contraception; 2006 May 3-6; Istanbul, Turkey.

Fettouh HI, Morsy HA, El Shenoufy A, Agabo H, Fettouh IA. Laparoscopic right donor nephrectomy using non-absorbable locking clips to control the renal vein. Poster session presented at: 24th Annual World Congress of Endourology; 2006 Aug 17-20; Cleveland, OH.

Joseph MA, Harlow SD, LaRosa JH. Ethnic differences in menstrual cycle length and variability in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN). Poster session presented at: 2nd Women's Health NIH Interdisciplinary Research Symposium; 2005 Oct 20; Bethesda, MD.

Dell'Accio F, De Bari C, El Tawil NM, Barone F, Mitsiadis TA, O'Dowd J, Pitzalis C. Activation of WNT and BMP signaling in adult human articular cartilage following mechanical injury. Paper presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.

Prakken BJ, de Kleer I. Autoimmunity or immune deficiency? On the role and function of regulatory T cells in chronic arthritis. Paper presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.

Martin M, Del Cacho E, Lopez E, Tuset M, Codina C, Miro JM, Ribas J. Adverse side effects and nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. Poster session presented at: NIMH/IAPAC International Conference on HIV Treatment Adherence; 2006 Mar 8-10; Jersey City, NJ.

Bryan-Rest LL. The "clear sinus sign" revisited in the multislice CT ERA. Paper presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.

Ruiz Mondejar R, Donate MJ, Pastor H, Hernandez I, Lorenzo J, Virseda JA, Gimenez J. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy, an initial experience of 14 cases in a Spanish general hospital. Poster session presented at: 24th Annual World Congress of Endourology; 2006 Aug 17-20; Cleveland, OH.

Atkinson RP; ARCHeR Trial Collaborators. Final 1-year composite endpoint results for the ARCHeR Trials: ACCULINK for revascularization of carotids in high-risk patients. Paper presented at: 129th Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association; 2004 Oct 3-6; Toronto, ON.

Thabet A (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA). Clinical value of two serial pulmonary embolism-protocol CT studies performed within ten days. Paper presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.

Barron D (Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK), Enion DS (Blackburn Royal Infirmary, Blackburn, UK), Bollen SR (Blackburn Royal Infirmary, Blackburn, UK). Femoro-tibial dislocation and the radiologist. Poster session presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.

Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. [email protected]). Computer-compatible writing and editing. Paper presented at: Interacting with the digital environment: modern scientific publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the Council of Science Editors; 2003 May 3-6; Pittsburgh, PA.

Greek letters may be written out if special fonts are not available

Wang H, Unadkat JD, Mao Q. Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and 17β -estradiol. Poster session presented at: 2nd Women's Health NIH Interdisciplinary Research Symposium; 2005 Oct 20; Bethesda, MD.

Wang H, Unadkat JD, Mao Q. Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and 17beta -estradiol. Poster session presented at: 2nd Women's Health NIH Interdisciplinary Research Symposium; 2005 Oct 20; Bethesda, MD.

Superscripts or subscripts may be enclosed within parentheses if fonts are not available

Bradford I, Mackie A, McCauley E, Cadigan P, Cook A. Pre-operative diagnosis and staging of symptomatic breast disease using 99m technitium scintimammography. Paper presented at: Symposium Mammographicum 2000; 2000 Oct 4-6; York, UK.

Bradford I, Mackie A, McCauley E, Cadigan P, Cook A. Pre-operative diagnosis and staging of symptomatic breast disease using (99m) technitium scintimammography. Paper presented at: Symposium Mammographicum 2000; 2000 Oct 4-6; York, UK.

Price AG, Lockhart JC, Mc Lean JS, Ferrell WR. Proinflammatory role for AT 1 receptors in the rat synovium. Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.

Price AG, Lockhart JC, Mc Lean JS, Ferrell WR. Proinflammatory role for AT(1) receptors in the rat synovium. Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.

Villagra F (Hospitales Zarzuela y Monte Principe, Madrid, Spain), Aroca A, Gomez R, Cazzaniga M, Larraya FG, Rodriguez M, Herraiz JI, Romera G, Soler V, Simo S, Arjona D. Cirugia de la coartacion de aorta (COA) asociada a defectos septales ventriculares (DSV) significativos (COA + DSV). Paper presented at: 1st Congreso Nacional de Cardiologia Pediatrica; 2003 May 23-24; Seville, Spain. Spanish.

Beganyi N (Fovarosi Onkormanyzat Uzsoki utcai Korhaz, Fovarosi Onkoradiologiai Kozpont, Budapest, Hungary). Mezoillesztesi technikak rosszindulatu fej-nyaki daganatok sugarkezeleseben. Paper presented at: A Magyar Sugarterapias Tarsasag Kongresszusa; 2005 Oct 13-15; Kaposvar, Hungary. Hungarian.

Wu HH. [Care of rheumatoid arthritis treated with acupuncture]. Paper presented at: [5th National Symposium of Acupuncture Anesthesia and Acupuncture Analgesia]; 1994 Sep 20-24; Wuhan, China. Chinese.

with translation

Villagra F (Hospitales Zarzuela y Monte Principe, Madrid, Spain), Aroca A, Gomez R, Cazzaniga M, Larraya FG, Rodriguez M, Herraiz JI, Romera G, Soler V, Simo S, Arjona D. Cirugia de la coartacion de aorta (COA) asociada a defectos septales ventriculares (DSV) significativos (COA + DSV) [Surgery for coarctation of the aorta (COA) associated with significant septal ventricular defect]. Paper presented at: 1st Congreso Nacional de Cardiologia Pediatrica [1st National Congress of Pediatric Cardiology]; 2003 May 23-24; Seville, Spain. Spanish.

Beganyi N (Fovarosi Onkormanyzat Uzsoki utcai Korhaz, Fovarosi Onkoradiologiai Kozpont, Budapest, Hungary). Mezpillesztesi technikak rosszindulatu fej-nyaki daganatok sugarkezeleseben [Field-matched techniques of radiotherapy for head and neck tumors]. Paper presented at: A Magyar Sugarterapias Tarsasag Kongresszusa [Congress of the Hungarian Radiotherapy Society]; 2005 Oct 13-15; Kaposvar, Hungary. Hungarian.

Hilbelink DR, Hu X. Use of a point-to-point method to morph image of the Visible Human Project. Paper presented at: 3rd Visible Human Project Conference; 2000 Oct 5-6; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

Rosenberg SA. Human cancer immunotherapy: progress and problems. Paper presented at: Cancer Vaccines 2005: Barriers, Endpoints & Opportunities; 2005 Oct 5-7; New York, NY. Conference sponsored by the Cancer Research Institute, New York.

Rookus MA, Brohet RM, Andrieu N, Antroniou AC, Chang-Claude J, Easton DF, Peock S, Nogues C, van Leeuwen FE, Goldgar DE. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study (IBCCS). Paper presented at: 3rd International Symposium on the Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer; 2005 Jun 22-26; Molde, Norway. Main conference sponsors were Affymetrix, Agilent Technologies, Applied Biosystems, AstraZeneca, Novartis Oncology, Pfizer, and Roche Diagnostics.

17. Paper/Poster with other supplemental note

Hu X, Gao Z, Xu F, Liu N. A novel approach to harvesting lymphatic endothelial cells from human foreskin dermis. Paper presented at: 8th TESI Annual Meeting; 2005 Oct 22-25; Shanghai, China. TESI = Tissue Engineering Society International.

18. Paper/Poster for a Cancelled Conference

Joubert, D. J. (2020, May 10–15). Best Practices for Dealing with Biomedical Data [Conference session canceled]. 12th Annual Congress of Data Scientist, Paris, France.

• Cite this Page Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-. Chapter 12, Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings. 2007 Oct 10 [Updated 2020 Aug 5].
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• Nov 14, 2023

How to effectively incorporate citations into your scientific poster

Imagine this: You're fervently collating your latest research into a visually compelling scientific poster. You’ve written your attention-grabbing title , picked a cohesive colour scheme , and planned a logical layout for your content. ✨

Suddenly, you encounter a problem — what do you do about citations and references? 🤔

You have so many “essential” papers, your poster is sure to look cluttered. So, should you include them?

It’s a divisive subject! A recent poll we conducted on LinkedIn revealed a striking split among our audience: 60% believed yes, posters should have references, while the other 40% thought no.

We believe references and citations on scientific posters are optional, not mandatory! But if you choose to include them, we have 3 simple tips to create a clean, reader-friendly and award-winning design . 🔬

The problem with citations and references

We understand that references can demonstrate credibility and integrity, and provide a thread for those interested to pull at for additional information.

However, it's also true that they can turn your poster into a hot mess if not handled properly. 🫣

Disrupt the flow of text. 📝

Fragment your sentences. 💔

Clutter your poster reducing negative space. 🫨

Decrease readability. 😵‍💫

And reduce visual appeal. 🙅🏽‍♀️

The challenge of including citations without compromising readability and aesthetics is real. AND we get it! Formatting citations and references can be a nightmare at the best of times!

And this task only becomes that much harder when you apply it to a scientific poster, with limited space.

Tip 1: Choose your in-text citation style wisely

Unlike a journal article, the referencing style for a scientific conference poster is often not dictated. So the choice is up to you!

And what a difference it can make. Let's take a look.👇

Avoid (author, date) in-text citation styles for a scientific poster.

While (author, date) citation styles are common, they can easily clutter and disrupt the smooth flow of text on your scientific poster!

Some common styles are:

APA (American Psychological Association)

Harvard referencing

MLA (Modern Language Association)

And the list goes on.

Don’t get us wrong, these styles certainly have their place. In fact, they are often required for journal submissions and University assessments. But here is the problem, they take up too much space! So we recommend you steer clear of all (author, date) in-text citation styles for scientific posters.

Use footnotes, endnotes or a numbered citation style instead!

Just like a well-placed puzzle piece 🧩 footnotes, endnotes and numbered citations seamlessly integrate into the text, offering the necessary source information without overloading the text. ✨

So, what’s the difference between a footnote, endnote and numbered citation, you ask?

Well when it comes to a scientific poster a footnote and an endnote are indistinguishable. A footnote appears at the bottom of the page containing the sentence to which it refers. Whilst endnotes are lists at the end of the document , similar to a reference list or bibliography.

Since a scientific poster is only one page, both terms can be used interchangeably.

A numbered citation style, such as Vancouver referencing, has the same principle. And can either be written in line with the text within rounded brackets (1) or using superscript¹.

As you can see, that small little superscript number does not overwhelm the sentence, drastically increase the amount of text or clutter the poster. However it does still provide appropriate recognition to previous work and give both you and the reader essential sources to refer to, if needed.

We recommend to use footnotes, endnotes or a numbered citation style, for your scientific poster.

Tip 2: Use only 3-4 essential references

This may be the most important tip! We recommend limiting the number of references to a maximum of 3 to 4, focusing on the most impactful and relevant sources to your research. 🔬

There are two main ways to do this:

Reduce the amount of content on your poster! ✅ Distil your introduction, methods and conclusion down to the core points and avoid introducing too many new concepts. This makes your poster more accessible and automatically decreases the number of references required. Talk about win win!

Reduce the number of references per finding! ✅ In contrast to a manuscript or a literature review, where you cite every single paper that has came to the same conclusion, instead just cite the first original paper, or the most impactful to your work. This will limit the number of necessary citations and references.

Tip 3: Format your reference list to be as concise as possible

Unfortunately, your reference list can get long—wayy too long—taking up valuable real estate on your poster if you are not careful. 🙃

Here are our top tips to minimise your reference list:

Reduce the number of references We said it before, and we’ll say it again! Limit yourself to 3 or 4 necessary references. This will, as you guessed, give you more space in your reference list.

Keep text small As long as it’s readable the text of your reference list can be smaller than your body text, if needed.

Stick to the essentials Format your references to be as concise as possible and include only the necessary information, such as:

✍🏻 First author

📗 Journal details

So, there you have it! Creating a clean, clutter-free poster with appropriate citations is entirely achievable. 🙌 The key lies in selecting the right style to seamlessly incorporate them into your scientific poster, reserving citations for only the absolutely essential references and formatting your reference list to be super-duper concise.

Still feel like you want some extra help?

We’ve only just scratched the surface on what makes a clean and clutter-free poster!

Here at Animate Your Science, we’ve developed a whole online course: How to Design an Award-Winning Scientific Poster to take you through the key design principles of designing a poster. With nothing but positive reviews from academics all over the world, we think you will love our award-winning formula too.

You can go at your own pace, with only 3 hours of learning across 33 video lessons, you can arm yourself with the skills and knowledge to create your own captivating scientific posters. As a bonus, we also include 8 templates & downloads for you! 🤩

Learn more about our online scientific poster here or contact our team today to maximise your research poster’s impact. ✨

Related Posts

How to Design an Award-Winning Scientific Conference Poster

Best examples of scientific posters

How to deliver an engaging scientific poster presentation: Dos and Don’ts!

Scholarly Publication and Posters

• Publishing Your Work
• Style Guides
• Managing Your References
• Writing Guides
• Proposal and Submission Process
• Planning the Poster
• Producing the Poster
• Presenting the Poster
• Citing Your Sources

What and how to cite

Citing your poster in your cv.

When doing research, you are often building on the work of others and will sometimes take an idea, fact or quotation from someone else's work such as a book or article. If you are including such ideas/facts/quotations on your poster, you must cite your sources to give credit to other researchers and writers and so others can trace your research or retrieve the source material. The same is true for other kinds of sources such as pictures or other graphics that may be incorporated into the design of your poster.

If you have a handout to accompany your poster, you may list your references on that. If not, you should list them in small type at the bottom of the poster.

Different meeting sponsors/organizations may have differing styles for formatting citations. Use the style required in the abstract/poster guidelines or your research advisor

• Citation Management Visit the Citation Management Guide for more information on how to cite in APA, AMA, etc. style and how to manage citations.

Posters presented at meetings include both items that were only presented in this way or those which were followed by a publication. If you do follow a poster with a publication, cite that subsequent work on your CV rather than the meeting poster.

Regardless of the style you follow, elements for the citation will be the same: Author name(s), title of the poster, title of the conference/meeting, date, location. The conference may also have a descriptive "name" as well as a title.

In APA Style

Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day).  Title of contribution  [Description of contribution]. Title of Symposium/Conference, Location. URL (optional)

Matson, E. (2018, November 5).  Drones and autonomous vehicles: The latest new technology to come with potential threat  [Poster presentation]. Dawn or Doom 2018 Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.

Pearson, J. (2018, September 27-30).  Fat talk and its effects on state-based body image in women  [Poster presentation]. Australian Psychological Society Congress, Sydney, NSW, Australia. http://bit.ly/2XGSThP 

[ Purdue OWL ]

In AMA Style

Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of poster. Poster presented at: Name of conference; Month, Day Year; City, State abbreviation.

Smyth ME, Caurdy-Bess L. Legal aid for children: a medical-legal partnership supported by CATCH funding. Poster presented at: 2010 Medical-Legal Partnership Summit; March, 2010; Arlington, VA.

Pasternak B. Carvedilol vs metoprolol succinate and risk of mortality in patients with heart failure: national cohort study. Paper presented at: European Society of Cardiology Congress; August 31, 2014; Barcelona, Spain.

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AMA Style (11th ed): Citing Your Sources

• Reference List
• References Within Your Paper
• Manuscript styling
• Videos and tutorials

Basic rules for all AMA citations

Anonymous works:

If there is no named author, follow the citation style for the item, and omit the author name field.  If the item is really authored by a person going by the name Anonymous, use the word "Anonymous" as if it were a complete name of the author, and then use the appropriate style.

Author names in all references:

For materials with 1-6 authors or editors, list all author or editor names.

For materials with 7 or more authors or editors, list the first three, then abbreviate with et al. 

Capitalization of titles in reference list:

For journal article titles and book chapters: capitalize the first letter of the first word, proper names, names of trials or study groups, and abbreviations. For titles of books and government documents, capitalize the first letter of each major word, but not articles, prepositions of less than 3 letters, conjunctions, or infinitives.

(note: No guidance is provided regarding capitalization for titles of conference materials, titles of journals, or other titles used in AMA citations.)

Titles of journals :

Use PubMed journal abbreviations. You can find these by using the citing tool within PubMed, or search the NLM Catalog for journal titles to locate the preferred abbreviation. If no abbreviation is found in PubMed or the NLM Catalog, consult section 13.10 of the AMA Manual of Style for standard abbreviations for individual words used in a title.

Non-scholarly or non-peer-reviewed materials appearing in journals (editorials, letters to the editor, comments, interviews, etc.):

Unlike prior editions of AMA style, the 11th edition has removed the suggestion to indicate special types of materials within journals. Cite all materials published in journals using the article style.

Use of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.):

"Nonhuman artificial intelligence, language models, machine learning, or similar technologies cannot be listed as authors because these technologies do not qualify for authorship." (quotation from AMA Manual, section 5.1.12). According to a strict reading of the Manual, AI programs should never appear in a reference list as an author or creator of content. Instead, AMA suggest that writers place an acknowledgement into the acknowledgement section of the manuscript or describe how AI was used in the Methods section of the manuscript. The primary goal of the AMA Manual of Style is to share the official JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) guidance for formatting manuscripts for JAMA, so this is helpful in this context. However, it is difficult to put into place in coursework, where assignments typically do not include either an acknowledgements or Methods section. When writing for a class, review  the syllabus or  speak with the faculty member to determine if you are allowed to use AI tools, then use the guidance on this page to appropriately describe use of AI in your written assignments.

How to cite information when there is no guidance on this website:

This website attempts to summarize over 500 pages of content from the AMA Manual and cannot cover all. Read the AMA Manual of Style, section 3, to find guidance for citing many other types of publications. If there is no guidance in the Manual on your specific type of publication-- which there may be, the Manual does not include everything-- adapt an existing AMA citation style.

General format: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal. Year of publication;volume(issue):complete page numbers or e-locator. DOI (if not provided, omit and replace with an accessed date and a URL)

Note that there is no period at the end of the DOI or URL in online journal article citations.

Print journal article:

Towfighi A, Markovic D, Ovbiagele B. Utility of Framingham coronary disease risk score for predicting cardiac risk after stroke.  Stroke. 2012;43(11):2942-2947.

Journal article viewed online with DOI available:

Towfighi A, Markovic D, Ovbiagele B. Utility of Framingham coronary disease risk score for predicting cardiac risk after stroke. Stroke . 2012;43(11):2942-2947. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.668319

Journal article viewed online, but the journal does not use DOI:

Ng L, Karunasinghe N, Benjamin CS, Ferguson LR. Beyond PSA: are new prostate cancer biomarkers of potential value to New Zealand doctors? N Z Med J. 2012;125(1353). Accessed April 15, 2020. https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal-articles/beyond-psa-are-new-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-of-potential-value-to-new-zealand-doctors/

Artificial Intelligence (A.I.)

"Nonhuman artificial intelligence, language models, machine learning, or similar technologies cannot be listed as authors because these technologies do not qualify for authorship." (quotation from AMA Manual, section 5.1.12). No AI programs should ever appear in the numbered reference list. AMA suggests that writers place an acknowledgement into the acknowledgement section of the manuscript or describe how AI was used in the Methods section of the manuscript. This advice is difficult to put into place in coursework, where assignments typically do not include either an acknowledgements or Methods section. When writing for a class, review  the syllabus or  speak with the faculty member to determine if you are allowed to use AI tools, then use this guide to get ideas for how to acknowledge the source.

"Section 5.2.1.1 Acknowledgment of Use of Artificial Intelligence and Language Models in Writing and Editing

Authors should report the use of artificial intelligence, language models, machine learning, or similar technologies to create content or assist with writing or editing of manuscripts in the Acknowledgment section or the Methods section if this is part of formal research design or methods. This should include a description of the content that was created or edited and the name of the language model or tool, version and extension numbers, and manufacturer. (Note: this does not include basic tools for checking grammar, spelling, references, etc.)."

Strict interpretation of this for publication in a journal:

In 1-5 sentences, describe what you used AI to do in the manuscript, with enough information to explain the actual model used. Place this in the Methods section if the AI content was important to the methods. Otherwise, place in the Acknowledgements section. The AMA Manual does not provide any examples. Here are two examples created by a USC librarian that attempt to fulfill the AMA rules:

"On August 3, 2023, I used AI to summarize five research papers, to help me determine which idea was least studied and focus my topics for this essay. I used ChatGPT, model 3.5, made by OpenAI, hosted at https://chat.openai.com/."

"I used Bard, release 2023.07.13, made by Google and hosted at https://bard.google.com/, to edit my manuscript. I uploaded my original writing and asked Bard to reduce the word count and make the language more formal. I also used Bard to determine which of the data points I had collected would be the most useful for including as figures, and used its advice to create figure 1 and table 2."

Potential ways to acknowledge use of AI tools in a written document for a course:

There is no guidance on this from the AMA Manual. As typical with this style, when no guidance exists, try to follow the basic rules of the style while respecting the underlying goal of any citation system: to acknowledge the use of other's ideas, thoughts, and opinions. While AI might not be a person, it’s still not you, so its ideas and work needs to be acknowledged. Based  on this, here are some options that might work:

- While your assignment may not require you to include a formal Methods section, you could decide to include one anyway. You could describe all the methods used to create this assignment: searching for literature, using modeling software, collaboratively editing with a colleague, etc., alongside how you used AI, and which model you used.

- Add a few sentences about your use of AI and the model (as recommended by AMA) into another section of the assignment. If you used AI to generate ideas, perhaps this acknowledge would fit into the introduction. If you used AI to edit the paper, this might be acknowledged in the conclusion. 

- AMA style requires a numbered reference list. You could add an unnumbered bullet point to the start or end of your reference list that acknowledges the use(s) of AI in your assignment and provides the model number as instructed by AMA.

Books and chapters

General format: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of book . Edition number (if beyond first). Publisher name; year of publication. To indicate online access, add the word Accessed and the date you accessed the item, then the URL.

While some books and book chapters may have assigned DOIs, book citations do not include DOIs, only URLs and accessed dates. If a book has editors instead of or in addition to authors, their names are indicated with "eds." after the author field names.

Print book:

Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, et al . Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation: Including Pathophysiology and Clinical Applications . 5th ed. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott William and Wilkins; 2012. 

Entire edited print book:

Alldredge BK, Corelli RL, Ernst ME, et al., eds. Koda-Kimble and Young’s Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs. 10th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013.

Chapter within an edited book in print:

Relling MV, Giacomini KM. Pharmacogenomics. In: Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC, eds. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics . 12th ed.  McGraw-Hill; 2011: 145-168.

Book viewed online:

Suchmacher M, Geller M. Practical Biostatistics. Elsevier; 2012. Accessed November 5, 2012. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780124157941

Edited book viewed online :

Brunton LL, Blumenthal DK, Murri N, Hilal-Danden R, Knollmann BC, eds. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics . 12th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2011. Accessed November 4, 2012. https://www.accesspharmacy.com/resourceToc.aspx?resourceID=28

Chapter within an edited book viewed online:

Relling MV, Giacomini KM. Chapter 7. Pharmacogenomics. In : Brunton LL, Blumenthal DK, Murri N, Hilal-Danden R, Knollmann BC, eds. Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics . 12th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2011. Accessed October 4, 2012. https://www.accesspharmacy.com/content.aspx?aID=16659580

Conference presentations

If materials presented at a conference are published elsewhere as a book, issue of a journal, or other medium, AMA instructs you to cite them using that reference style. Only use this style for materials not formally published as part of another publication.

General format: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of poster.  Poster presented at: Name of conference; Month, Day Year; City, State abbreviation.

Pasternak B. Carvedilol vs metoprolol succinate and risk of mortality in patients with heart failure: national cohort study. Paper presented at: European Society of Cardiology Congress; August 31, 2014; Barcelona, Spain. Morales M, Zhou X. Health practices of immigrant women: indigenous knowledge in an urban environment. Paper presented at: 78th Association for Information Science and Technology Annual Meeting; November 6-10, 2015; St Louis, MO. Accessed March 15, 2016. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2857070.2857108

• If the conference is held outside the US, replace "City, State" with City, Country.
• The manual instructs you to use this to cite any type of presentation occurring at a conference, using any special name the conference chose to use. To cite a poster, a presentation, a keynote address, a panel, a lecture, etc., replace the word 'paper' in the phrase  "Paper presented at."
• Add the Accessed date and the DOI (preferred) or the accessed date and URL (if DOI not available) for materials you viewed online.

Government or agency reports

3.13.2 Special Materials: Government or Agency Reports provides this format for citing reports issued by a department or agency of a government.

(1) name of author (if given); (2) title of bulletin in italics; (3) name of issuing bureau, agency, department, or other governmental division; (4) date of publication; (5) page numbers (if specified); (6) publication number (if any); (7) series number (if given); (8) online accessed date (if applicable); and (9) web address (if applicable).

3.15.5 Electronic References:Government/Organization Reports provides this guidance for citing Government/Organization reports: "These reports are treated much like electronic journal and book references: use journal style for articles and book style for monographs."

• There is no guidance provided in the Manual for how to differentiate between "reports issued by a department or agency of a government" or a "government/organization report," and so there is no way to determine which of these is "more correct." Be consistent in your choices for citation in your document and within content: if you cite two articles from MMWR, use the same style for each.
• While some online-issued government reports include DOIs, AMA style requires the accessed date and URL.
• The example in the Manual for Government or Agency Reports includes semicolons between each field; the worked examples in the Manual show semicolons, colons, periods, and commas between fields, and there is no explanation for how or why to use each diacritical mark.. In creating examples, the diacritical marks used in the Manual were used as guides.

MMRW is a journal that publishes reports from the US CDC. Based on the rules of AMA Style, you could choose to cite reports from MMWR as a Government Report or a Journal Article. Here is the same report in both styles:

Selik RM, Mokotoff ED, Branson B, Owen SM, Whitmore S, Hall HI. Revised Surveillance Case Definition for HIV Infection- United States, 2014 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014;1-11: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Accessed January 5, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6303.pdf

Selik RM, Mokotoff ED, Branson B, Owen SM, Whitmore S, Hall HI. Revised Surveillance Case Definition for HIV Infection- United States, 2014. MMWR. 2014;63(3):1-11. Accessed January 5, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6303.pdf

The Government Accountability Office is a federal office charged with assessing the function of federal government. They publish reports in the form of monographs. Based on the rules of AMA Style, you could choose to cite reports from this office as a Government Report or Monograph style:

Covid-19:Federal Efforts Could be Strengthened by Timely and Concerted Actions . United States Government Accountability Office. September 21, 2020. GAO-20-701. Accessed January 5, 2021. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/709934.pdf

United States Government Accountability Office. Covid-19:Federal Efforts Could be Strengthened by Timely and Concerted Actions. Government Publication Office; 2020. Accessed January 5, 2021. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/709934.pdf

In citing data from a website, include the following elements, if available, in the order shown:

■ Authors’ surnames and initials, if given, or name of the group who made the site

■ Title of the specific item cited. If none is given, use the name of the organization responsible for the site.

■ Name of the website

■ [Date published]

■ Updated [date]

■ Accessed [date]

■ URL (verify that the link still works as close as possible to publication)

There is no guidance in the Manual on how to separate elements (using periods, commas, semicolons, etc.); the example above is directly copied from the Manual. The examples below use the diacritical marks as shown in one example in the Manual, separating each field with a period.

Warfarin. Drug Information Online: Drugs.com. September 1, 2012. Updated January 23, 2020. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://www.drugs.com/cons/warfarin.html

DrugBank Online. Acetaminophen. DrugBank Online. June 13, 2005. Updated January 5, 2021. Accessed January 5, 2021. https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00316

Additional citation types

Package insert s and prescribing information

Name of drug. Type of material. Company Name; year of publication. To indicate online access, add the accessed date and URL.

Lamasil. Package insert. Sandoz Pharmaceutics Corporation; 1993.

Lovenox. Prescribing information. s anofi - aventis U.S. LLC. Accessed April 15, 2020. https://products.sanofi.us/Lovenox/Lovenox.pdf

Drug Monographs . AMA style does not provide rules for citing drug monographs. These are suggested by the Norris Library and were created by adapting the book and website styles, as these contain similar pieces of information.

Print drug monographs

Author AA. Title of monograph being cited . Editor AA, ed. Title of book . Edition (if beyond first). Publisher name; year of publication.

Online drug monographs

Title of monograph. Title of book of monographs . Title of compendia where book is found (only include if different than book title). Pub lished date. Updated date. Accessed date. URL

Lisinopril. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug I nformation 2014 . American Society of Health - System Pharmacists, Inc.; 2014.

Lisinopril. AHFS DI (Adult and Pediatric) . Lexicomp. Updated March 11, 2016. Accessed May 11, 2016. https://online.lexi.com/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid /complete_ashp /414040

Inventor names, inventor; assignee company, assignee. Title of patent. Patent issued agency and number. Date patent was grant ed.

Abram AZ, Fuchsuber L, inventors; Stiefel Research Australia, assignee. Foamable suspension gel. US Patent 8,158,109. April 17, 2012.

Note: this example is for a patent that was granted by the US Patent Office. To cite a patent issued by a different patent office, use this same style but replace the words "US Patent" with the issuing body: WIPO Patent.   You may instead need to cite a patent application. Use the same style, but replace the words "US Patent" with "US Patent Application."

Personal communications:

AMA Style states that personal communications such as phone calls, emails, conversations, etc. are not included in the reference list. However, you should cite these materials parenthetically within the text. Provide the name and highest academic degree of the author, type of communication, and date sent. If this would compromise patient anonymity, replace the name with a title and remove the day of communication.

Individuals on this new experimental drug should not take aspirin. (Sara P. Norris, M.D., email communication, November 3, 2012.)

For all five patients I have seen with this rare disorder, I have prescribed Interferon. (Physician at LAC + USC Healthcare Network, phone call, October 2012).

Common questions about AMA

What is a DOI?:

A DOI is a Digital Object Identifier. It is a series of letters and numbers that identifies a specific online item. Depending on the publisher, DOIs may be registered through international clearinghouses and function as web links or may not. AMA style allows you to choose to display DOIs in references in two ways, with or without the https://.  doi:10.1001/jama.2017.13737 and  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.13737 are both acceptable, and used interchangeably throughout the Manual when a DOI is included in a reference. When you discuss a DOI in writing, capital letters are used to denote that this is an abbreviation. When using a DOI in a citation, AMA Style requires all lowercase: doi.

Including words/phrases like "Paper presented at", "Date Accessed," "Date Updated," etc. in the citations: AMA Style sometimes requires the use of these "helper phrases" in the reference; in other cases, they are used in examples to show you where to place the information and will be deleted in your final completed citation. AMA Style is not particularly consistent nor logical in its choices to include or exclude "helper phrases" in citations. Examine both the example citation format and the worked examples citing a specific item to determine what to include.

Use Online or Print style?

AMA Style requires you to cite the version of an item you read. An article might be available online and in a print journal. If you read the online copy, cite it using the online citation format. If you read the print item, use the print format.

The URL is incredibly long-- do I need to include the whole thing? AMA Style's main preference is for you to include the entire and functional URL. However, if a URL is very long and breaks across lines, you may remove portions of the lengthy URL as long as the reader would reasonably be able to access the item from the short URL and information from the citation itself.

Here is an example of when and how to edit URLs:

is a citation to a drug monograph appearing in the book AHFS DI (Adult and Pediatric) available on the online database Lexicomp. The URL provided by Lexicomp for this monograph is actually much longer (it is https://online-lexi-com.libproxy1.usc.edu/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/complete_ashp/414040?cesid=aNQswQkZlPy&searchUrl=%2Flco%2Faction%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dlisinopril%26t%3Dname%26va%3Dlisinopril). If you paste the short URL provided in this citation into your browser, you will arrive at the table of contents of the book AHFS DI (Adult and Pediatric) and can then look for the monograph described in this citation (Lisinopril).

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The 11th edition of the AMA Manual of style was created by the American Medical Association for the health, medical and scientific fields. This is a quick visual guide only. You must consult Chapter 3 in the online AMA manual for detailed explanations.

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Presentations

For further information go to ama manual 3.13.9 meeting presentations and other unpublished material..

References to unpublished material may include articles or abstracts that have been presented at a society meeting and published as part of the meeting proceedings or materials.

3.13.9.1 Items Presented at a Meeting.

UPDATE:  Guidance has been added to chapter  3.13.9.1 , Items Presented at a Meeting, to provide an example of how to cite materials from a virtual or hybrid meeting. This addition was made  May 26, 2022 .

Oral or poster presentations follow these formats. Note that example 4 is a virtual meeting. Hybrid meetings can list the location, the meeting URL, both, or neither depending on what information is available and how the author viewed the content.

1.  Pasternak B. Carvedilol vs metoprolol succinate and risk of mortality in patients with heart failure: national cohort study. Paper presented at: European Society of Cardiology Congress; August 31, 2014; Barcelona, Spain.

2.  Minocchieri S, Berry CA, Pillow J. Nebulized surfactant for treatment of respiratory distress in the first hours of life: the CureNeb study. Abstract presented at: Annual Meeting of the Pediatric Academic Society; May 6, 2013; Washington, DC. Session 3500.

3.  Nevidomskyte D, Meissner MH, Tran N, Murray S, Farrokhi E. Influence of gender on abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the community. Poster presented at: Vascular Annual Meeting; June 5-7, 2014; Boston, MA.

4.  McNamee JJ, Gillies MA, Barrett NA, et al; for the REST Investigators. The REST Trial: ultra-low tidal volume ventilation & extracorporeal CO2 removal. Presented at: Critical Care Reviews; October 4, 2021.  https://criticalcarereviews.com/meetings/eccr21

Once these presentations are published, they take the form of reference to a book, journal, or other medium in which they are ultimately published, as in example 5 (see  3.12.1 , References to Books, Complete Data, and  3.11.1 , References to Journal Articles, Complete Data):

4.  Huang G-M, Huang K-Y, Lee T-Y, Tzu-Ya Weng J. An interpretable rule-based diagnostic classification of diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetes patients.  BMC Bioinformatics.  2015;16(suppl 1):S5. Selected articles from the Thirteenth Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Conference (APBC 2015). doi:10.1186/1471-2105-16-S1-S5

In example 4, the entire journal supplement is dedicated to publishing articles from a meeting.

5.  Resnick ML. The effect of affect: decision making in the emotional context of health care. In:  Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care: Bridging the Gap . Human Factors and Ergonomics Society; 2012:39-44.

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• As with research papers, it is important to give credit to sources referred to in an academic poster, i.e. books, articles, newspapers, websites, images, etc.
• Refer to the citation guides from the link below for examples of how to cite different types of sources in different styles.
• Generally speaking, choose the citation style for the discipline your poster represents. For example, with a science poster you might use CSE style; for the disciplines of Education or Social Work, APA; for History, Chicago style, etc.
• Important: If you have any doubts about which citation style to use, consult with your faculty supervisor.

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Best Practices for Citing Images: SFU Guide

This guide from SFU shows some best practices for citing images in APA, MLA, and CSE styles.

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Posters and Presentations: Referencing

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• Referencing your poster Click here to download a PDF version of the Referencing Your Poster document

Referencing on your poster

It is important to gain clarification from your lecturer about their expectations around referencing on your poster.

Read your assessment instructions carefully, including the marking criteria - which may give you tips and hints for how your poster should be presented and referenced.

Make sure to leave enough space to account for your in-text references and reference list on any poster you design. Generally, a reference list is presented in a box on the poster itself, or is the final slide in a Powerpoint presentation.

As always your in-text citations and reference list need to be formatted properly according to the style for your discipline.

• Referencing Guide This guide will help you identify and use the correct referencing style to acknowledge the information sources you use in your writing.

Citing in Orals

Most referencing style guides are designed for written works, so it is difficult to find advice on how to cite your sources when you are speaking in an oral presentation.

Paraphrasing: For the words you speak, if an "in-text" citation would be needed you will need to mention the authors in the sentence: "As Thompson and DePaul mentioned in 2020, children will learn to…"

Quoting: Draw attention to the direct quote with your words: "Wang et al. stated, and I quote, 'little can be done.'" "As Winston Stuart said, 'this is only the first step.'"

Some disciplines (for example, law) have specific conventions for the kind of oral presentation you are delivering. Check with your lecturer to see if there are conventions you should be following.

• Further examples of citing in orals If you need further explanation and examples on citing in orals, look at this quick FAQ.
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Answered By: Hacherl Research & Writing Studio Last Updated: Apr 27, 2020     Views: 171019

The APA website provides guidance on citing poster presentations here:  https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/conference-presentation-references

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• Leeds Harvard referencing examples

Leeds Harvard: Poster

Reference examples, conference poster.

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the author). Year.  Title . [Poster]. Event name (if applicable), date, location (for where the poster was exhibited).

Brooks, I. 2013.  Paper chains and octopuses: an activities based information skills session . [Poster]. Librarians' Information Literacy Annual Conference, 25-27 March, The University of Manchester Library.

Poster viewed online

Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the author). Year.  Title . [Online poster]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Smith, R. 2013.  Did you know? Marketing information literacy training . [Online poster]. [Accessed 5 May 2017]. Available from:  http://www.slideshare.net/

If no author is identifiable, start the reference with the title of the poster, followed by the year.

Citation examples

Author and date.

When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author’s name and the year of publication in brackets.

It was emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent (Jones, 2017).

If you have already named the author in the text, only the publication year needs to be mentioned in brackets.

Jones (2017) emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent.

Three or more authors

If a source has three or more authors, the name of the first author should be given, followed by the phrase "et al."

It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al., 2017).

Jones et al. (2017) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.

Leeds Harvard does not use ibid to refer to previously cited items. If you are citing the same item twice in a row (i.e. you do not cite any other items in the text between the two citations) you must write the full citation again. As usual, if you are directly quoting or paraphrasing specific ideas, you should include a page number (if there is one). 

Jones et al. (2017, p.24) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent and argued that referencing is a key part of academic integrity (2017, p.27). Furthermore, having a broad range of references in a text is an indicator of the breadth of a scholar's reading and research (Jones et al., 2017, p.14).

Corporate author

If the item is produced by an organisation, treat the organisation as a "corporate author". This means you can use the name of the organisation instead of that of an individual author. This includes government departments, universities or companies. Cite the corporate author in the text the same way as you would an individual author.

According to a recent report, flu jabs are as important as travel vaccines (Department of Health, 2017).  

Common issues

When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.

Skip straight to the issue that affects you:

• Online items
• URL web addresses
• Multiple authors
• Corporate author(s) or organisation(s)
• Multiple publisher details
• Editions and reprints
• Missing details
• Multiple sources with different authors
• Sources written by the same author in the same year
• Sources with the same author in different years
• Two authors with the same surname in the same year
• The work of one author referred to by another
• Anonymising sources for confidentiality
• Identifying the authors’ family name (surname)

Write Like a Scientist

A Guide to Scientific Communication

Formatting references

The references section is the very last section of a journal article or research proposal. For a poster, you can choose to insert an abbreviated reference directly into the text (instead of a citation) or you can have a references section. This poster section can fall at the end of the introduction (if that is the only place that you need to cite others’ work) or at the end/bottom of your poster.

Like when formatting citations, the most important thing to do when creating your reference list is to be consistent .

• If you used the author-date citation format, your references should be listed in alphabetical order (by the last name of the first author of the paper).
• If you used a number format, your references should be listed in numerical order.

Most disciplines have a preferred format, and each journal will use a particular style. If your professor does not specify which style you should use, choose one that is used in a journal in your discipline and use it consistently throughout your paper.

Because there are so many possible types, this site will not describe exactly how to format your references section. Our best recommendation is to always use a citation tool such as Zotero , which will automatically format all of your citations and references for you in the style you specify. Using such a tool may seem tedious at first, but it will save you hours of work when its time to construct your references page.

To find more details on how exactly to format your references, check a style guide in your discipline. You can find some of these guides on our external resources page.

Reference formatting possibilities for a journal article or research proposal are given in the box below. There is never one, universally accepted style for a given discipline, so these are only provided as examples of possible formats you could use.

So, what are the actual differences among these and other styles? The boxes below outline the similarities and differences among all of the styles above (which, remember, is not nearly an exhaustive list of all the styles that could be used).

In addition, many styles differ in type of indentation (not shown) and whether or not the word “and,” the symbol “&,” or only a space is used to separate the last author’s name from the previous authors’.

*Note that although most styles require sentence case, some do ask for title case.

Each journal also has its own standard abbreviation, to prevent confusion between similar titles. The Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) provides an exhaustive list of these standard abbreviations, which can be accessed here thanks to the University of Leeds (UK).

For a poster , references should generally adopt condensed versions of what is shown above. For example, a reference could look like:

Chourney, K et al. (2010). J Proteome Res 9: 6615-6622.

leaving out the title and replacing all but one author with “et al.”

We said it at the beginning of this section but it’s worth repeating: the key is consistency . Consult a style guide for your journal of choice to determine exactly how you would like to format your references; but in all cases within a work, format the references in the same way!

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Answered By: Charlotte Beyer, MSIS, AHIP Last Updated: Nov 02, 2022     Views: 63734

Author Name. Name of Presentation. Poster or Paper presented at: Name of Conference; Date of Conference; Location of Conference.

Beyer CM. Building Together: Collaborating with faculty to integrate information literacy into a first year interprofessionalism course. Poster presented at: The Medical Library Association Annual Meeting; May 20, 2014; Chicago, IL.

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Comments (6)

• I am accustomed to seeing the precise dates of the conference in the reference: eg, May 1-3, 2014. by Amy D on Jan 23, 2017
• I checked the manual, and you can put the exact date of the presentation (ex. May 20), or the dates of the conference (ex. May 18-22). Either is acceptable. Remember that if the poster topic turns into a published paper, you cite the paper. by Charlotte Beyer on Jan 23, 2017
• What about for in-text citation of a scientific poster? How would that be cited? by Megan on Oct 18, 2023
• In AMA style, an in-text citation is indicated by a superscript number that coordinates with the full citation at the end of your paper. This page from Purdue Owl demonstrates how this is done: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/ama_style/index.html by Jaena Manson, Scholarly Communciations Librarian on Oct 19, 2023
• As per AMA style, do you have to list all the authors or just the first 3 or the presenting author? Thank you by Aparna on Nov 30, 2023
• In AMA style, you need to list all the authors unless there are more than 6 authors. In those cases, you would list the first 3 authors then put "et al." afterward. by Samantha Loster, Electronic Resource Management Librarian on Nov 30, 2023

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EndNote 20/21 Guide / APA Referencing Guide

• About EndNote 20/21 and APA referencing
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Which fields are required to create conference paper,   poster and   presentation references in EndNote?

Important instructions:

• Capitalise the first word in the title and for a two-part title also capitalise the first word of the second part.  Proper nouns in the title require the first letter to be capitalised e.g. Culture: Why it's the hottest topic in business today.
• The Date field is for when the conference occurred.  Enter the month and date range e.g. October 21-25.
• The Location field is for where the conference was held, provide both the city and the country e.g. Brisbane, Australia.
• Remember when using the reference type Conference Paper to include the type of contribution in the Type field e.g. Paper presentation or Poster presentation.
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Article in Electronic Journal

When citing an article in an electronic journal, include a DOI if one is associated with the article.

DOIs may not always be available. In these cases, use a URL. Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function similarly to DOIs. These are preferable to ordinary URLs copied and pasted from the browser's address bar.

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A24’s new ai-generated ‘civil war’ ads generate controversy.

New marketing art shows epic 'Civil War' battle scenes. There's just one problem.

By James Hibberd

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A24 has released a series of epic new posters touting its acclaimed film Civil War .

There’s just one problem. Well, perhaps more than one. Or none, depending on your point of view. We’ll explain.

Related Stories

Box office: 'civil war' draws blood to beat 'abigail' and stay no. 1 with $11m second weekend, critic's notebook: the compellingly packaged cowardice of 'civil war'.

Except … none of these scenes are actually in the movie. They’ve caused some to wonder if the campaign is giving potential moviegoers a false expectation of what they’ll see in the film. Civil War is A24’s most expensive production to date, costing around $50 million. Yet the images make the film look like a movie with twice that budget.

“None of this happens in the movie,” wrote one reader on A24’s Instagram post . “I don’t understand this campaign. U are selling a movie that doesn’t exist and it’s very bizarre. I love a24 with all my heart but i am so bloody confused about what happened with this film.”

The other potential issue is the images are artificial intelligence-generated, resulting in some backlash over the use of the technology. The AI work also resulted in some notable geographic and landmark mistakes and a bit of “uncanny valley” weirdness. For instance, the two Marina Towers buildings in Chicago are on the same side of the river in reality but are on opposite sides in the art. Meanwhile, a shot of wreckage in Miami shows a car with three doors. Some believe the giant swan in a Los Angeles lake is likewise an AI fail, but that’s probably meant to be a paddleboat — though it doesn’t really look like a paddleboat, either.

The ads were posted on Instagram and used as physical posters in a couple of locations. A source close to the movie said the images help imagine the nationwide impact of the film’s fictional war. “These are AI images inspired by the movie,” a source said. “The entire movie is a big ‘what if’ and so we wanted to continue that thought on social — powerful imagery of iconic landmarks with that dystopian realism.”

The recent Late Night With the Devil controversy seems like the closest comparison, if a rather imperfect one. The IFC Films/Shudder release used AI to help create some title cards for the 1970s-era late night talk show that’s in the film. The usage received strong backlash on social media. The film’s directors Cameron and Colin Cairnes defended the usage , saying, “In conjunction with our amazing graphics and production design team, all of whom worked tirelessly to give this film the ’70s aesthetic we had always imagined, we experimented with AI for three still images which we edited further and ultimately appear as very brief interstitials in the film.”

Ironically enough, before Civil War , Garland was perhaps best known for his 2014 directorial debut, Ex Machina , a film that warned about the dangers of AI.

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Cate blanchett, colin farrell and millie bobby brown in cannes immersive lineup, karlovy vary festival piles on angsty adaptations with franz kafka retrospective, jerry seinfeld says “disorientation replaced the movie business” and talks directorial film debut, anne hathaway recalls being asked to “make out” with 10 different men for chemistry test, eiza gonzalez talks ‘ministry of ungentlemanly warfare,’ ‘3 body problem’ season 2 and her real-life ‘ambulance’ sequel, david mamet calls hollywood’s diversity efforts “fascist totalitarianism”.

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Devin Haney vs. Ryan Garcia prediction, odds, start time, undercard, expert picks, PPV price, how to watch

The pair of rivals settle the score on saturday night in brooklyn.

Ryan Garcia's erratic behavior has overshadowed every storyline involving him and WBC junior welterweight champion Devin Haney. The rivals meet in the boxing ring on Saturday with only Haney eligible to win the title after Garcia missed weight on Friday.

A fight between two of boxing's top young stars has been swept up in the cyclone of Garcia's concerning mental state. Garcia's irregular behavior and obsession with conspiracy theories raised the question, "what happened to Ryan Garcia?" Most expect the implosion of a promising young boxer. Some viewers hope this is an elaborate ruse by Garcia, but missing weight by three pounds does not support that theory.

Garcia is coming off a knockout over Oscar Duarte in December, which was a bounce back from the first loss of his career in his highest-profile fight to date. Garcia was stopped via body shot against Gervonta "Tank" Davis where many questioned if he could have continued.

Haney looks laser-focused. The undefeated former undisputed lightweight champion has a legitimate beef with Garcia and is not sympathetic to his foe's unstable conduct. Saturday presents an opportunity for Haney to usurp Garcia's star power. Haney is the champion and more accomplished fighter; however, Garcia's aptitude for social media makes him the more globally recognized fighter. The odds favor Haney as the better fighter in almost every regard but Garcia's speed and signature left hook create just enough doubt and intrigue.

Haney has been on a roll in the last few years. He became undisputed lightweight king with a pair of victories over George Kambosos in Australia in 2022 before vacating the titles and moving up to 140 pounds. He earned the vacant strap with a thrashing of Regis Prograis last December.

"Ryan may have the speed but I have the timing," Haney said. "I just want to show how I am levels above this guy. Ryan is an average fighter with a big name. I am a proven fighter, proven champion [and] I was tested by some of the best fighters in the world. 

"I think Ryan is a C+ fighter and I'm an A+ fighter, so it's a mismatch. I am here for a reason. It's me versus greatness."

The only other fight of note on the undercard sees an interim title at stake in the flyweight division when John Ramirez battles David Jimenez. Ramirez is unbeaten at 13-0 with nine knockouts so far in his young career. The 27-year-old completed a perfect 2023 with a fourth-round knockout of Ronal Batista in October to earn his title shot. Jimenez, 32, is 15-1 with 11 KOs on his resume. Jimenez is on a three-fight win streak since his lone defat in January 2023 to Artem Dalakian.

Let's take a closer look at the rest of the undercard before getting to a prediction and pick on the main event.

Haney vs. Garcia fight card, odds

Viewing information.

Date:  April 20 |  Location:  Barclays Center -- Brooklyn, New York Start time: 8 p.m. ET How to watch:  DAZN PPV, PPV.com |  Price:  $69.99 with subscription, $79.99 without

Predictions

Campbell:  The puncher's chance that Garcia brings into the ring with him thanks to his sublime hand speed and reckless demeanor of late is a challenge that Haney will need to deftly avoid early on. But the longer this fight goes, the more chances Garcia's fledgling technique has in letting him down with the kind of mistake that a technical master like Haney can make him pay with ease. Once Garcia settles down from an inevitably aggressive start, it becomes only a matter of time before Haney times him with the kind of clean counter shot that could bring an immediate end to the fight.  Pick: Haney via KO8

Brookhouse:   There are two ways Ryan Garcia could conceivably defeat Devin Haney. Let's first look at the more complex of those paths to victory. In this case, Garcia has to be better than he has ever been while Haney has to have the worst night of his career, which means Garcia has also been pulling one of history's greatest troll jobs by making everyone believe he's in the middle of a mental health crisis and focusing on seemingly everything other than this, the biggest fight of his life.

The other path to victory for Garcia is far more simple. Focused or not. Mentally healthy or not. Just land his patented left hook flush to Haney's jaw in a way that keeps the champion down.

Haney has been buzzed in his career and his reaction was successful, though not inspiring. When Jorge Linares clipped him in the 10th round of their 2021 fight, Haney looked to just survive to the final bell, running and holding more than fighting. And Joseph Diaz's late pressure in the next fight seemed to trouble Haney a bit as well.

But Haney has gotten better and grown from those fights. He approached his two fights with George Kambosos without fear, as he did against Vasiliy Lomachenko and Regis Prograis.

As much as I've toyed with the idea, I can't pick Garcia to land the shot he needs for the knockout. Haney is not going to be defeated by head games. He is a boxer to his core, too focused to abandon his life's work and fight recklessly, and Haney is, skill-for-skill, simply better than Garcia. Unless Garcia lands a perfect punch, the real question is whether Haney simply tactically bludgeons him for a full 12 rounds or if he finishes Garcia off. I think we see the latter, possibly with Garcia somewhat voluntarily escorting himself out of the fight along the way. Pick: Haney via TKO10

Wise:  There is the possibility of some "crazy like a fox" at play here, but it's going to take a monumental effort from Garcia to prove it to everyone after the hellacious slog this has been. At every turn, it has felt as though Garcia has either not taken this seriously or rushed into a fight he knows he can't win. While Haney is not known for his power, he is arguably one of the best technically skilled fighters in the world. And with the openings that Garcia is bound to leave open when he tries to pick at Haney from a distance, Haney will punish him with vicious counter punching. Keep in mind, it's not as though Garcia has a rock chin after being flash knocked down by Luke Campbell in 2021. Unless the decision to stop cutting weight truly pays off early with power, Garcia is bound to get caught by something and not respond well when it happens. Pick: Haney via TKO6 

Who wins Devin Haney vs. Ryan Garcia, and which prop is a must-back?  Visit SportsLine now to see Peter Kahn's best bets for Ryan Garcia vs. Devin Haney on Saturday , all from the boxing specialist who has netted his followers a profit of nearly $4,000, and find out.

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