he did his homework in

Grammarflex

What’s the Past Tense of Do?

• December 19, 2022

What’s the past tense of “do”?

Is it do , does , did or done ? What’s the past tense of the verb to do ? If you want the short answer:

Verb forms of do

Definitions first: the verb to do is defined as, “to perform, take part in, or achieve something: “That was a really stupid thing to do .” “What are you doing over the weekend?”

1. To do is present tense (first, second, third person pl. and sing. subjects): What does he do for a living?

2. Doing is the present participle : I’m doing the dishes right now.

3. Does is the third-person singular present: He does the shopping on Wednesdays.

4. Will do is the future tense: I will do the lawn mowing tomorrow.

5. Did is the simple past tense for all subjects: I did nothing all day.

6. Done is the past participle for all subjects: I’ve done all of my work for the day.

Is do an irregular verb?

Regular verbs in English end in -ed in each of their past tense forms. Do , in its past tense forms, does not end in -ed (read: did and done ). The verb do has numerous verb conjugations, much like these other irregular verbs in English:

When to use did vs does ?

The difference between did vs does is:

Does is simple present tense: He does his schoolwork once he gets home from school.

Did is the simple past tense: He did his homework when he got home from school.

Did and does refer to different points in time: does is present; did is past. This is not the only difference between did and does : does is only used in the third person singular case. Do (present simple) and did (past simple) are used for all other subjects, be it singular or plural.

When to use did vs done ?

We’ve covered that the simple past tense of ‘ do ‘ is did . We also know that does is simple present, and only used in the third person singular. That leaves the past participle, done (rhymes with won ). When is it correct to use did vs done ?  This is a question on the distinction between the past tense vs the past participle . To see the difference in their use, compare these sentences:

He did a lot of homework today. (simple past)

He has done a lot of homework today. (past participle)

The second sentence places the helping verb , has , written in italics. That’s to highlight the importance of the role of has in this sentence—try removing ‘ has ‘, and see what turns out: ‍

He done a lot of homework today.

This is incorrect English, and is not a proper sentence or thought. Without helping verbs, participles cannot stand alone as a fully-functioning verb and part of speech. Participles are forms of verbs , and they participate in various aspects of speech: they act like adjectives by modifying nouns, and pair with auxiliary verbs to show tense, subject, count and so on. Importantly, ‘ done ‘ and other participles cannot, on their own, reflect tense, and so, they require helping verbs:   had / have , should , would , could , and so forth.  

Examples of the present tense verb do used in context

The following sentences show the correct use of the verb do in context:

1. Do you play cricket? – No, I don’t.

2. What does he do for a living?

3. I do my homework as soon as I get home.

4. Do you know what time it is?

5. I didn’t do anything wrong.

Sentences examples of the verb does in context

1. Henry does all of his chores once he returns home from school.  

2. He doesn’t want any chocolate.

3. She does her homework as soon as she gets home.

4. I’m sure that he does .

5. Does Amy walk home from school?

Examples of the word did used in sentences

The following sentences show the correct use of did in context:

1. Did you order anything for dinner?

2. I did not want to hear about it.

3. She did her homework as soon as she got home.

4. I did the dishes every day.

5. Did Tim pay for his ticket last night?

Examples of done (past participle) in context

The following sentences show the correct use of done in context:

1. She had done homework for three hours after she got home.

2. This has been done before.

3. She did everything she could to make sure it was done by the deadline.

4. Have you ever done anything weird?

5. I’ve never done yoga, and I’m not sure if they do, but I’m sure that he does.

Origin of the verb do

From etymology online on do (v.):

To perform, execute, achieve, carry out, bring to pass by procedure of any kind,” etc., Middle English do , first person singular of Old English don “make, act, perform, cause; to put, to place,” from West Germanic *doanan .

Learn more about verbs

• What are regular and irregular verbs?
• Transitive and intransitive verbs?
• What are verbs?
• Past tense of spread?
• What’re personal pronouns?
• What’s the difference between they’re, their, and there?
• Whose vs who’s?

Sources  

• Merriam-Webster, definition of do.
• Etymology online, origin of do.

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do in English – auxiliary and main verb

Is do an auxiliary or a main verb.

The verb do can be an auxiliary verb or a main verb in English.

1. do as a main verb

1.1. do as a main verb in simple present (do, does, don't, doesn't), 1.2. do as a main verb in simple past (did, didn't), 1.3. do as a main verb – past participle (done), 1.4. do as a main verb (present progressive, gerund, present participle) – (doing), 2. do as an auxiliary, 2.1. do as an auxiliary in negations in the simple present.

I do n't do my homework in the evenings.*

2.2. do as an auxiliary in negations in the Simple Past

I did n't do my homework yesterday evening.**

2.3. do as an auxiliary in quesions in the Simple Present

Do you like rugby? – Does he like rugby?

2.4. do as an auxiliary in quesions in the Simple Past

Did you see Peggy yesterday? When did you get up this morning?

2.5. do with the negative imparative

Do n't sing under the shower.

* Here we use do in the negative sentence as an auxiliary and do as a main verb .

** Here we use did in the negative sentence as an auxiliary and do as a main verb .

• You are here:
• Grammar Explanations
• Modal Auxiliaries

Pasco-Hernando State College

• Complex Sentences (Subordination)
• Punctuation
• Simple Sentences
• Compound Sentences (Coordination)
• Compound/Complex Sentences
• Problems with Sentences

Related Pages

• Commas After Introductory Words
• Commas Before Coordinating Conjunctions

What are Complex Sentences?

A complex sentence contains an independent clause and a dependent clause. Independent clauses can function as a complete sentence, while dependent clauses cannot. A dependent clause in a complex sentence must contain a subordinating conjunction . There are two ways to structure a complex sentence: beginning with the independent clause and beginning with the dependent clause.

Beginning a sentence with an independent clause

A complex sentence that begins with its independent clause requires a subordinating conjunction but not a comma.

• Complex sentence: Nick watched cartoons after he did his homework.
• Independent clause: Nick watched cartoons
• Dependent clause: after he did his homework

In the above example, the dependent clause contains the subordinating conjunction after .

Beginning a sentence with a dependent clause

A complex sentence that begins with its dependent clause requires both a subordinating conjunction and a comma. The subordinating conjunction will appear at the beginning of the dependent clause, and the comma will separate the two clauses.

• Complex sentence: After he did his homework , Nick watched cartoons.
• Dependent clause: After he did his homework

In the above example, the comma separates the dependent clause After he did his homework from the independent clause Nick watched cartoons .

Subordinating conjunctions

There are many subordinating conjunctions. Here is a list of some common ones:

• Even though

The subordinating conjunction determines what the relationship is between the independent clause and the dependent clause.

• Example: Nick watched cartoons after he did his homework.
• Example: Nick watched cartoons before he did his homework.

Notice how in the examples above, the subordinating conjunction changes the meaning of the sentence.

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• English (UK)

Did he does his homework? or Did he do his homework? Which one is the correct sentence? See a translation

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• English (US)

"Did he do his homework" is correct. Verb after did need to be in its base form.

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History Cooperative

The Homework Dilemma: Who Invented Homework?

The inventor of homework may be unknown, but its evolution reflects contributions from educators, philosophers, and students. Homework reinforces learning, fosters discipline, and prepares students for the future, spanning from ancient civilizations to modern education. Ongoing debates probe its balance, efficacy, equity, and accessibility, prompting innovative alternatives like project-based and personalized learning. As education evolves, the enigma of homework endures.

Table of Contents

Who Invented Homework?

While historical records don’t provide a definitive answer regarding the inventor of homework in the modern sense, two prominent figures, Roberto Nevelis of Venice and Horace Mann, are often linked to the concept’s early development.

Roberto Nevelis of Venice: A Mythical Innovator?

Roberto Nevelis, a Venetian educator from the 16th century, is frequently credited with the invention of homework. The story goes that Nevelis assigned tasks to his students outside regular classroom hours to reinforce their learning—a practice that aligns with the essence of homework. However, the historical evidence supporting Nevelis as the inventor of homework is rather elusive, leaving room for skepticism.

While Nevelis’s role remains somewhat mythical, his association with homework highlights the early recognition of the concept’s educational value.

Horace Mann: Shaping the American Educational Landscape

Horace Mann, often regarded as the “Father of American Education,” made significant contributions to the American public school system in the 19th century. Though he may not have single-handedly invented homework, his educational reforms played a crucial role in its widespread adoption.

Mann’s vision for education emphasized discipline and rigor, which included assigning tasks to be completed outside of the classroom. While he did not create homework in the traditional sense, his influence on the American education system paved the way for its integration.

The invention of homework was driven by several educational objectives. It aimed to reinforce classroom learning, ensuring knowledge retention and skill development. Homework also served as a means to promote self-discipline and responsibility among students, fostering valuable study habits and time management skills.

Why Was Homework Invented?

The invention of homework was not a random educational practice but rather a deliberate strategy with several essential objectives in mind.

Reinforcing Classroom Learning

Foremost among these objectives was the need to reinforce classroom learning. When students leave the classroom, the goal is for them to retain and apply the knowledge they have acquired during their lessons. Homework emerged as a powerful tool for achieving this goal. It provided students with a structured platform to revisit the day’s lessons, practice what they had learned, and solidify their understanding.

Homework assignments often mirrored classroom activities, allowing students to extend their learning beyond the confines of school hours. Through the repetition of exercises and tasks related to the curriculum, students could deepen their comprehension and mastery of various subjects.

Fostering Self-Discipline and Responsibility

Another significant objective behind the creation of homework was the promotion of self-discipline and responsibility among students. Education has always been about more than just the acquisition of knowledge; it also involves the development of life skills and habits that prepare individuals for future challenges.

By assigning tasks to be completed independently at home, educators aimed to instill valuable study habits and time management skills. Students were expected to take ownership of their learning, manage their time effectively, and meet deadlines—a set of skills that have enduring relevance in contemporary education and beyond.

Homework encouraged students to become proactive in their educational journey. It taught them the importance of accountability and the satisfaction of completing tasks on their own. These life skills would prove invaluable in their future endeavors, both academically and in the broader context of their lives.

When Was Homework Invented?

The roots of homework stretch deep into the annals of history, tracing its origins to ancient civilizations and early educational practices. While it has undergone significant evolution over the centuries, the concept of extending learning beyond the classroom has always been an integral part of education.

Earliest Origins of Homework and Early Educational Practices

The idea of homework, in its most rudimentary form, can be traced back to the earliest human civilizations. In ancient Egypt , for instance, students were tasked with hieroglyphic writing exercises. These exercises served as a precursor to modern homework, as they required students to practice and reinforce their understanding of written language—an essential skill for communication and record-keeping in that era.

In ancient Greece , luminaries like Plato and Aristotle advocated for the use of written exercises as a tool for intellectual development. They recognized the value of practice in enhancing one’s knowledge and skills, laying the foundation for a more systematic approach to homework.

The ancient Romans also played a pivotal role in the early development of homework. Young Roman students were expected to complete assignments at home, with a particular focus on subjects like mathematics and literature. These assignments were designed to consolidate their classroom learning, emphasizing the importance of practice in mastering various disciplines.

READ MORE: Who Invented Math? The History of Mathematics

The practice of assigning work to be done outside of regular school hours continued to evolve through various historical periods. As societies advanced, so did the complexity and diversity of homework tasks, reflecting the changing needs and priorities of education.

The Influence of Educational Philosophers

While the roots of homework extend to ancient times, the ideas of renowned educational philosophers in later centuries further contributed to its development. John Locke, an influential thinker of the Enlightenment era, believed in a gradual and cumulative approach to learning. He emphasized the importance of students revisiting topics through repetition and practice, a concept that aligns with the principles of homework.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, another prominent philosopher, stressed the significance of self-directed learning. Rousseau’s ideas encouraged the development of independent study habits and a personalized approach to education—a philosophy that resonates with modern concepts of homework.

Homework in the American Public School System

The American public school system has played a pivotal role in the widespread adoption and popularization of homework. To understand the significance of homework in modern education, it’s essential to delve into its history and evolution within the United States.

History and Evolution of Homework in the United States

The late 19th century marked a significant turning point for homework in the United States. During this period, influenced by educational reforms and the growing need for standardized curricula, homework assignments began to gain prominence in American schools.

Educational reformers and policymakers recognized the value of homework as a tool for reinforcing classroom learning. They believed that assigning tasks for students to complete outside of regular school hours would help ensure that knowledge was retained and skills were honed. This approach aligned with the broader trends in education at the time, which aimed to provide a more structured and systematic approach to learning.

As the American public school system continued to evolve, homework assignments became a common practice in classrooms across the nation. The standardization of curricula and the formalization of education contributed to the integration of homework into the learning process. This marked a significant departure from earlier educational practices, reflecting a shift toward more structured and comprehensive learning experiences.

The incorporation of homework into the American education system not only reinforced classroom learning but also fostered self-discipline and responsibility among students. It encouraged them to take ownership of their educational journey and develop valuable study habits and time management skills—a legacy that continues to influence modern pedagogy.

Controversies Around Homework

Despite its longstanding presence in education, homework has not been immune to controversy and debate. While many view it as a valuable educational tool, others question its effectiveness and impact on students’ well-being.

The Homework Debate

One of the central controversies revolves around the amount of homework assigned to students. Critics argue that excessive homework loads can lead to stress, sleep deprivation, and a lack of free time for students. The debate often centers on striking the right balance between homework and other aspects of a student’s life, including extracurricular activities, family time, and rest.

Homework’s Efficacy

Another contentious issue pertains to the efficacy of homework in enhancing learning outcomes. Some studies suggest that moderate amounts of homework can reinforce classroom learning and improve academic performance. However, others question whether all homework assignments contribute equally to learning or whether some may be more beneficial than others. The effectiveness of homework can vary depending on factors such as the student’s grade level, the subject matter, and the quality of the assignment.

Equity and Accessibility

Homework can also raise concerns related to equity and accessibility. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have limited access to resources and support at home, potentially putting them at a disadvantage when it comes to completing homework assignments. This disparity has prompted discussions about the role of homework in perpetuating educational inequalities and how schools can address these disparities.

Alternative Approaches to Learning

In response to the controversies surrounding homework, educators and researchers have explored alternative approaches to learning. These approaches aim to strike a balance between reinforcing classroom learning and promoting holistic student well-being. Some alternatives include:

Project-Based Learning

Project-based learning emphasizes hands-on, collaborative projects that allow students to apply their knowledge to real-world problems. This approach shifts the focus from traditional homework assignments to engaging, practical learning experiences.

Flipped Classrooms

Flipped classrooms reverse the traditional teaching model. Students learn new material at home through video lectures or readings and then use class time for interactive discussions and activities. This approach reduces the need for traditional homework while promoting active learning.

Personalized Learning

Personalized learning tailors instruction to individual students’ needs, allowing them to progress at their own pace. This approach minimizes the need for one-size-fits-all homework assignments and instead focuses on targeted learning experiences.

The Ongoing Conversation

The controversies surrounding homework highlight the need for an ongoing conversation about its role in education. Striking the right balance between reinforcing learning and addressing students’ well-being remains a complex challenge. As educators, parents, and researchers continue to explore innovative approaches to learning, the role of homework in the modern educational landscape continues to evolve. Ultimately, the goal is to provide students with the most effective and equitable learning experiences possible.

Unpacking the Homework Enigma

Homework, without a single inventor, has evolved through educators, philosophers, and students. It reinforces learning, fosters discipline and prepares students. From ancient times to modern education, it upholds timeless values. Yet, controversies arise—debates on balance, efficacy, equity, and accessibility persist. Innovative alternatives like project-based and personalized learning emerge. Homework’s role evolves with education.

How to Cite this Article

There are three different ways you can cite this article.

1. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper , use:

<a href=" https://historycooperative.org/who-invented-homework/ ">The Homework Dilemma: Who Invented Homework?</a>

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• Writing Tips

Grammar: When to Use Do, Does, and Did

3-minute read

• 12th August 2022

Verbs are essential to creating complete sentences, as they help us express physical actions ( She jumped in the puddle) , mental actions ( He thought about puppies) , and states of being ( I am hungry) .

There are several types of verbs that can each be written in different tenses, so they can be tricky to work with, especially if English isn’t your first language . We’ve put together a guide to help you use one of the most common verbs, do , in your writing . Read on below to learn more!

Action Verbs

As the name suggests, action verbs are used to express actions completed by the subject of a sentence. The base verb do is conjugated according to the tense:

1. Present Tense

In the present tense, do takes the form do or does, depending on the subject:

Consider the following examples:

We do our homework every night.

   She does her homework every night.

2. Past Tense

In the simple past tense , the base verb do takes the form did with all subjects:

   We did our homework last night.

   She did her homework last night.

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary , or helping verbs, are used with another base verb to create negative sentences, questions, or add emphasis. Here’s how do should be used as an auxiliary verb:

1. Negative Sentences

Following the same subject–verb pairings introduced above, we combine the auxiliaries do , does , and did with the adverb not to create negative sentences:

   We do not do our homework every night.

   She did not do her homework last night.

Note that we can combine the auxiliary and the adverb to create the contractions don’t , doesn’t , and didn’t . You simply remove the space between the two words and replace the letter o in not with an apostrophe (’).

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Contractions are more common in conversations and informal writing and typically shouldn’t be used in formal writing (e.g., academic or business).

2. Questions

To create questions, the auxiliary is combined with the infinitive of another verb in this way: auxiliary verb + subject + infinitive verb .

●  Simple present questions:

Do they sell children’s books?

Does he speak English?

Note that the third person verb speaks isn’t spelled with the s when paired with the auxiliary to form a question.

●  Simple past questions:

Did you buy anything at the bookstore?

Did he learn how to speak English?

Note that did indicates the past tense, so the main verbs don’t also take the past tense (i.e., bought and learned ).

3. Emphasis

In positive sentences, we can also combine the auxiliaries do , does , and did with the main verb to emphasize that something is true:

   We do sell children’s books.

   He did learn to speak English.

Try saying these sentences aloud and adding emphasis to the auxiliary terms with your tone. It adds a dramatic effect!

Proofreading and Editing Services

Hopefully, this guide will help you feel more confident when using different forms of the verb do in your writing. If you’re still learning or want to be sure your work is error-free, our editors are ready to help. You can upload a free trial document today to learn more!

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• 📝 VOCABULARY
• 🚀 GAMES/ACTIVITIES

Simple Past Tense (Did) – With Explanations Pictures and Exercises

Simple past tense (past simple tense) is a verb tense that describes completed actions or past habits before now. It is also used to talk about a series of events in the past. “Did” is the helping verb of simple past tense. For affirmative (positive) sentences we use past simple form of a verb.

Table of Contents

⬤ Formation of simple past tense

⬤ which auxiliary (helping verb) to use for simple past tense, ⬤ positive (affirmative) sentences, ⬤ negative sentences, ⬤ interrogative sentences, ⬤ sentence forms in simple past tense, ⬤ what are the regular verbs, ⬤ what are the irregular verbs, ⬤ explanations and usages of simple past tense.

• ⬤Using “was”, “were” to talk about past states.

⬤ What are the time expressions in simple past tense?

⬤ time adverbs exercise, ⬤ images and example sentences, ⬤ a conversation example, ⬤ translate these sentences, ⬤ sentence scramble game, ⬤ example sentences about simple past tense, ⬤ questions and with answers.

For affirmative sentences we use the formation of “verb + ed” . For negative sentences and questions we use the auxiliary “did” or “did not”. See the chart below to learn the structure of simple past tense.

Examples with Pictures Dialogue exercise Sentence scramble game Translation exercise

The auxiliary verb in simple past tense is “ did “. However we use “ was-were ” to talk about a state in the past. Examples:

• I walked in the park.
• I didn’t walk in the park.
• Did you walk in the park?
• I was in the park.
• I wasn’t in the park.
• Were you in the park?

For the formation of positive sentences in simple past tense we add “ -ed “, “ -ied ” or just “ -d ” to the verb. We do not use “ did ” for the positive sentences.

• I asked a question.
• She studied maths.
• She cleaned her room.
• Jack repaired the car last week.
• A traffic accident happened yesterday.

For the formation of negative sentences in simple past tense we use “ not ” together with “ did “. The short form is “ didn’t ”

• He did not want tea.
• We didn’t wait for the bus.
• I didn’t use your pen.
• Susan didn’t lie.

For the formation of question sentences (interrogative) in simple past tense we put “ did ” before the subject.

• Did you enjoy your holiday.
• Did she write an email.
• Where did Yuto go?
• What did Ali want?

Regular verbs are the verbs that gets “ -ed “, “ -ied ” or “ -d ” for the the past simple forms.

Irregular verbs are the verbs which don’t get “ -ed “, “ -ied ” or “ -d ” to form past simple form or past participle form. There are a number of irregular verbs which needs to be memorized. Because the formation has no standard rule. Some verbs have the same form as bare form, past simple form or past participle form. For example “cut, put, let, hit”.

• (+) I  visit ed  my uncle. 
• (-) I  didn’t visit  my uncle yesterday. 
• (?) Did you visit your uncle yesterday? 
• (+) They found the cat.
• (-) They didn’t find the cat.
• (?) Did they find the cat?

SIMILAR PAGES: ❯❯ Learn verb to be here ❯❯ Learn simple present tense here ❯❯ Learn present continuous tense here ❯❯ Learn future simple tense (will) here ❯❯ Learn be going to future tense here ❯❯ Learn past continuous tense here ❯❯ Learn present perfect tense here

Let’s go on with the explanations, usages and time adverbs of simple past tense:

⬤ 1- Finished actions in the past

Simple Past Tense is used to describe a finished action in a specific time in the past. Examples: I  watched  a film yesterday.  I  did n’t watch a film yesterday.  Last year, I  traveled  to Italy.  Last year, I  did n’t travel to Italy.  She  washed  her hands.  She  did n’t wash her hands.  I bought a hat yesterday. Did you like your cake? Where did you go? What did Ethan say? How did she get 100 points in the exam?

⬤ 2- A series of finished actions.

Simple Past Tense is also used to describe past actions that happen one after the other. The series of actions are all expressed in simple past tense. Examples: I  went out,  walked  to the park, and  watched  the sky silently.

He  arrived  from the airport at 11:00,  looked  for someone to ask the way, and called  a taxi.

⬤ 3- Past habits

We can also use simple past tense to talk about habits in the past. Examples: I  always played  basketball when I was a child. He  often played  the guitar. They never  went  to school, they always  skipped . She  worked  at the hospital after school.

⬤ Using “was”, “were” to talk about past states.

If you want to talk about a past state or condition we use “was, were”. The negative form is “was not, were not” or “wasn’t weren’t”. To make questions we use “was/were” before the subject.

⬤ I lived in London. ⬤ I was in London.

Examples (did) Sally worked at the hospital. Sally didn’t work at the hospital. Did Sally work at the hospital? Where did Sally work?

Examples (was-were) Sally was at the hospital. Sally wasn’t at the hospital. Was Sally at the hospital? Where was Sally?

⬤ yesterday   I went to the cinema yesterday.  ⬤ last  week, last  year, last  Sunday, last month etc. He bought a car last week.  ⬤ two years ago , four days ago , three minutes  ago etc. I saw her five minutes ago. ⬤ in 1995, in 2003 etc. I had an accident in 2014.

You can see the simple past tense time adverbs below. Click on the cards and tell the meaning of them in your native language..

You can learn simple past tense with images and example sentences below.

Here is a dialogue to learn simple past tense. You can make similar conversations.

Did you win the match yesterday?

Yes, we did.

How was the game?

I don’t know.

What do you mean?

Didn’t you play?

Actually I didn’t.

I had a traffic accident

so I spent the night at a hospital.

We won the match.

My teammates dedicated the goals to me.

Well. Your team needs you. Get well soon.

You will see random examples of simple past tense below. Try to translate them into your own language.

You will see scrambled words of simple past tense sentences. Click on them in order to make a sentence.

You can see many sentences below to learn simple past tense.

➔ 10 examples of about simple past tense

• I listened to the new pop album yesterday. It’s great.
• She liked the film but she didn’t like the music.
• There was a problem with the plug.
• I was happy to see her with a smile in her face.
• Her parents travelled by train from Istanbul to Moscow.
• I phoned you four times last night but you were out.
• There were many workers waiting outside.
• We walked along the beach yesterday. It was lovely.
• I had a problem. So I asked to my mother about it.
• Last week I was in Paris. I stayed in a hotel.

Read the questions and the answers below to learn how to use about simple past tense.

➔ 10 questions and answers about simple past tense

• Did you like the film? Yes, I liked it very much.
• Did they give her a present after the ceremony? Yes, they gave her a new camera.
• When did you start playing the guitar? I started playing the guitar when I was nine.
• Was there a guard at the door? No. They let us in.
• When did you leave school? I left school when I was sixteen.
• Who invented the radio? Guglielmo Marconi invented it.
• When did you give your first concert? We gave our first concert in a wedding in Liverpool.
• How many sandwiches did he eat? He ate 3 sandwiches.
• Were you with Sally when she had an accident? Yes, I was.
• What did she do with the book? She sat on a bench and started reading.

External resources: You can go to British Council page and study simple past tense , or watch a video from the popular movies about past simple tense .

related pages

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After doing/having done his homework, he watched TV

• Thread starter angelene001
• Start date Nov 26, 2019

angelene001

Senior member.

• Nov 26, 2019

Can the word "after" be followed by either the present participle or the perfect participle without any change in meaning? 1. After doing his homework, he watched TV. 2. After having done his homework, he watched TV. Is it similar to "after" + the past simple/ the past perfect, where we can use the past perfect but it isn't necessary because the word "after" makes the order of the events clear: 1. After he did his homework, he watched TV. 2. After he had done his homework, he watched TV.  

Edinburgher

Thank you. What I've found in the grammar book (Grammarway 4) is: After taking/ having taken his Master's degree, he applied for a job. However, when I checked the key to the exercises in the same book, I found only "After doing" or just "Having done" as the correct answers. Just as you say. And that's what I've always thought: After doing, Having done, After somebody had done,  

he did his homework

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Gase: Ability to help Tannehill big reason he took Dolphins’ job

Adam Gase knew he had found the right place when the Miami Dolphins hired him to be their coach after last season. He did his homework and believed the Dolphins gave him the best opportunity for success. Right now, he … Continued

He did his homework and believed the Dolphins gave him the best opportunity for success. Right now, he is looking smart, with the Dolphins on a five-game winning streak and in second place in the AFC East with a 6-4 record.

‘It just seemed like the right place for me’

“For me, this is a place that I targeted, just kind of what I had envisioned as far as the coaching staff and things like that and the setup of kind of the direction we were looking to,” Gase told Bruce Murray and Brady Quinn on the SiriusXM Blitz. “Obviously, Ryan (Tannehill) being here, a young quarterback that I felt like could be a guy that I could help, that was very attractive to me as far as just the personnel right out of the gate. … It just seemed like the right place for me.”

Gase has been impressed with how Tannehill has handled the constant changes with the Dolphins’ offense since he joined the team as a first-round draft pick in 2012.

‘There’s little details that kind of are coached differently’

“I’m the third guy that has come in here with him and that’s tough,” Gase said. “When you’re constantly learning playbooks, it seems like it’s simple, the same concepts, but the terminology starts changing, there’s little details that kind of are coached differently. And when you’re a quarterback and you’re thinking and you’re not reacting and it’s not kind of automatic, it slows you down just a small amount, but it’s enough in this league.

“And when you see guys that are able to be in the same system for a long period of time, you see them have success, because we always say, ‘Know your outs. … Where are your outs if something goes disastrous.’ And when guys know the offense like the back of their hand, and that’s through repetition, and over time, that’s where you can avoid getting hit, getting sacked, turning the ball over. That’s why you see these guys that are in offenses five-six years, they don’t turn the ball over a lot.”

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Trump’s Newest Venture? A $60 Bible.

His Bible sales pitch comes as he appears to be confronting a significant financial squeeze, with his legal fees growing while he fights a number of criminal cases and lawsuits.

• Share full article

By Michael Gold and Maggie Haberman

• March 26, 2024

Before he turned to politics, former President Donald J. Trump lent his star power and celebrity endorsement to a slew of consumer products — steaks, vodka and even for-profit education, to name just a few.

On Tuesday, Mr. Trump, the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, added a new item to the list: a $60 Bible.

Days before Easter, Mr. Trump posted a video on his social media platform in which he encouraged his supporters to buy the “God Bless the USA Bible,” named after the ballad by the country singer Lee Greenwood, which Mr. Trump plays as he takes the stage at his rallies.

“All Americans need a Bible in their home, and I have many. It’s my favorite book,” said Mr. Trump, who before entering politics was not overtly religious and who notably stumbled while referencing a book of the Bible during his 2016 campaign. “It’s a lot of people’s favorite book.”

Though Mr. Trump is not selling the Bible, he is getting royalties from purchases, according to a person familiar with the details of the business arrangement.

Priced at $59.99, plus shipping and tax, the “God Bless the USA Bible” includes a King James Bible and a handwritten version of the chorus of Mr. Greenwood’s song, and copies of the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, the Declaration of Independence and the Pledge of Allegiance.

In his video, Mr. Trump expressed his approval of the book’s blend of theology with foundational American political documents, framing that mix as central to the political call that has been his longtime campaign slogan, Make America Great Again.

“Religion and Christianity are the biggest things missing from this country,” Mr. Trump said. Later, he added, “We must make America pray again.”

As he runs for president this year, Mr. Trump has framed his campaign as a crusade to defend Christian values from the left. He often makes false or misleading claims that Democrats are persecuting Christians. Last month, he told a religious media convention that Democrats wanted to “tear down crosses.”

His Bible sales pitch comes as he appears to be confronting a significant financial squeeze. With his legal fees growing while he fights four criminal cases and a number of civil lawsuits, Mr. Trump is also being required to post a $175 million bond while he appeals his New York civil fraud case — a hefty amount, though one that is significantly smaller than the $454 million penalty imposed in the case.

According to the Bible’s website, Mr. Trump’s “name, likeness and image” are being used “under paid license from CIC Ventures LLC.”

The Trump campaign did not immediately respond to questions about the business arrangement. But CIC Ventures is also connected to another product Mr. Trump has hawked while campaigning: $399 “Never Surrender” sneakers that he announced at a sneaker convention in Philadelphia last month.

Michael Gold is a political correspondent for The Times covering the campaigns of Donald J. Trump and other candidates in the 2024 presidential elections. More about Michael Gold

Maggie Haberman is a senior political correspondent reporting on the 2024 presidential campaign, down ballot races across the country and the investigations into former President Donald J. Trump. More about Maggie Haberman

Our Coverage of the 2024 Elections

Presidential Race

Barack Obama and Bill Clinton will campaign alongside President Biden at a fund-raiser in New York , in an effort to amplify a message of Biden’s legislative achievements .

Trump Media, now publicly traded, could present new conflicts of interest  in a second Trump term.

Donald Trump cast Robert F. Kennedy Jr.  as a liberal democrat  in disguise  while also seeming to back the independent presidential candidate as a spoiler for the Biden campaign.

Other Key Races

Tammy Murphy, New Jersey’s first lady, abruptly ended her bid for U.S. Senate, a campaign flop that reflected intense national frustration with politics as usual .

Kari Lake, a Trump acolyte running for Senate in Arizona, is struggling to walk away from the controversial positions  that have turned off independents and alienated establishment Republicans.

Ohio will almost certainly go for Trump this November. Senator Sherrod Brown, the last Democrat holding statewide office, will need to defy the gravity of the presidential contest  to win a fourth term.

When will Trump pay his $175 million appeals bond? Here's what's next in his civil fraud case

NEW YORK — Former President Donald Trump got a break this week when an appeals court cut down the amount of money he needs to put up to pause collection while he appeals a $454 million-plus judgment in his New York civil fraud case.

Here’s a look at what happened and what could happen next:

What's the judgment? How did we get here?

The judgment reflects the $355 million — plus interest and growing daily — that state Judge Arthur Engoron ordered Trump to pay after a monthslong trial .

The trial stemmed from a lawsuit brought by state Attorney General Letitia James. She claimed that Trump, his company and key executives engaged in fraud by pumping up the tycoon-turned-politician’s fortune on financial statements that helped secure loans and insurance.

Trump, now once again the presumptive Republican presidential nominee , denied the allegations, as did his co-defendants. The defense said bankers and insurers used the unaudited statements only to inform their own assessments of Trump’s finances, rather than basing business decisions on them. He says the documents understated his wealth, anyway.

Engoron ruled last month for the attorney general. Trump appealed .

What did the appeals court do?

A five-judge panel of appeals judges agreed Monday to put the collection on hold if Trump puts up $175 million within 10 days. It was a considerable reprieve, especially given that one of the judges had turned down Trump’s earlier offer of a $100 million bond.

Under New York law, someone can hold off enforcement of a judgment during an appeal by posting a bond — essentially, a guarantee that the money will be paid if the appeal fails — or otherwise covering the amount owed. The idea is to ensure that people who have won judgments will be able to collect if they’re upheld.

Usually, that means the whole amount, but appeals courts can consider whether debtors would suffer an irreparable loss if they covered the judgment but later won their appeals, explains Jay Auslander, a New York lawyer who specializes in collecting big judgments.

Trump, for example, suggested on social media last week that he’d have to sell or mortgage properties, “perhaps at Fire Sale prices, and if and when I win the Appeal, they would be gone. Does that make sense?”

His lawyers said he was unable to arrange a bond for the full $454 million-plus. They said potential underwriters were requiring 120% of the judgment, or over $557 million, in collateral and would take only cash or other liquid assets, not real estate.

The Trump Organization’s top lawyer, Alan Garten, said in a sworn statement that posting the full amount could affect the company’s ability to retain employees, meet obligations and otherwise sustain its business. Trump, meanwhile, said on his Truth Social platform that he has almost $500 million in cash but wants the option of spending some on his campaign.

James’ office, meanwhile, had filed notice of the judgment, a technical step toward potentially moving to collect.

What does Trump plan to do now?

Shortly after learning of the appeals court’s decision, Trump said he would swiftly come up with a bond, equivalent securities or cash.

Various companies offer appeals bonds, for a fee. They typically also require collateral.

“The bonding company is not going to put up a bond unless they’re assured that they’re going to get paid back if they have to pay,” says Gregory Germain, a Syracuse University College of Law professor whose focuses include commercial law and bankruptcy.

Collateral can come in various forms, such as providing cash or pledging an investment account or, at least in theory, real estate.

Before Monday’s ruling, Trump insurance broker and friend Gary Giulietti told the appeals court in a sworn statement that major underwriters generally won’t issue a single bond for over $100 million. State lawyers have suggested Trump could get bonds from multiple sources. That has happened in other cases.

As for Trump’s coffers, he could reap a windfall from his stock in his social media company. Share prices shot up Tuesday during Trump Media & Technology Group Corp.’s first day of trading on the Nasdaq exchange.

Trump holds a nearly 60% stake in the company, which could be worth billions of dollars if gains hold. For now, though, the company’s “lock-up” provision prevents insiders from selling their newly issued shares for six months.

What has Trump done in other cases?

Earlier this month, Trump obtained a $91.6 million appeals bond to cover money that a federal civil court jury awarded to writer E. Jean Carroll . She alleges that Trump sexually assaulted her in the 1990s and then defamed her when she publicly accused him in 2019. He denies all of Carroll’s claims and is appealing.

Federal Insurance Co., a unit of the insurance giant Chubb, underwrote that bond. It covers 110% of the $83.3 million owed.

After an earlier but related federal civil trial involving Carroll, Trump put more than $5.5 million in cash in a court escrow account while appealing the jury verdict in that trial .

If the verdict is upheld on appeal, that money will cover the judgment. Anything left over would go back to Trump.

If the verdict is ultimately overturned, he’ll get the full amount back.

Associated Press writer Michael R. Sisak contributed to this report.

Watch CBS News

Trump's bond is now $175 million in fraud case. Here's what the New York attorney general could do if he doesn't pay.

By Katrina Kaufman , Graham Kates

Updated on: March 25, 2024 / 7:46 PM EDT / CBS News

Former President Donald Trump and other defendants in his fraud case won an appeal Monday to have their bond reduced , requiring them now to put up $175 million within 10 days to pause enforcement of a $464 million judgment against them . If Trump fails to post bond, it could leave some of his prized real estate and other assets vulnerable to seizure by the state.

The bond was lowered from $464 million on the day that a 30-day grace period for payment expired. New York Attorney General Letitia James had indicated her office would pursue Trump's assets if he failed to post bond.

"If he does not have funds to pay off the judgment, then we will seek judgment enforcement mechanisms in court, and we will ask the judge to seize his assets," she said during a February interview with ABC News.

Attorneys for Trump wrote in a March 18 filing in the case that it was a "practical impossibility" for the defendants to secure such a large bond. 

"Very few bonding companies will consider a bond of anything approaching that magnitude," wrote the lawyers, Alina Habba, Clifford Robert, Christopher Kise and John Sauer. They noted that surety providers often require collateral up to 120% to guarantee the bond, driving the amount Trump might need over $500 million.

Trump claimed to have nearly $500 million in cash in a Truth Social post on March 22. In depositions and testimony in 2023,  he claimed to have between $300 and $400 million.

JD Weisbrot, managing director of the surety operation at Risk Strategies, said Trump's options for amassing the full $464 million were "frankly very limited."

"The issue is that this type of bond is very hazardous in nature to a surety company. And why is that? It's a demand instrument, the bond guarantees that in the event that the defendant loses the appeal, that the sum be immediately made available to the plaintiff," Weisbrot said.

As a result, Weisbrot said surety companies want liquid assets as collateral, specifically cash or a letter of credit, and not hard assets like real estate.

The judgment stems from a civil case in which a judge found Trump and others connected to his company liable for a decade-long scheme to use falsified real estate and net worth valuations to obtain favorable loan and insurance rates. The judge concluded Trump and others gained more than $364 million through the scheme.

Bruce Lederman, an attorney who specializes in real estate law  for the New York firm DL Partners, said James' office has a range of options to choose from in its effort to enforce the judgment if Trump fails to post bond.

Once the deadline passes, "the attorney general can start enforcement proceedings, which could include sending restraining notices, could include sending executions to the sheriff for real property, could include tying up security accounts, could include sending notices to companies that they can't make any payments to Donald Trump personally, or any of the children, the boys, against whom judgments are entered," said Lederman, referring to Trump's adult sons Eric and Donald Trump Jr.

To execute on Trump's real property, James could get judicial liens against the properties.  In New York, the process to sell a property takes 63 days. The sheriff's office must publicly post notice of sale in three places in the town or city where the property is located, and the notice must be published four times throughout that period. After 63 days, there is a sheriff's sale, typically on the courthouse steps. 

However, untangling the web of ownership of some of Trump's properties may be challenging. In the event of sale, there are also loans and mortgages that could impact how much the state can even collect - not to mention the disputed valuation of Trump's properties, an issue that was at the heart of the civil fraud trial.

For properties located outside of Manhattan, James has to enter the judgment with local jurisdictions — even those as near as suburban Westchester County, New York, where her office registered the judgment on March 6. 

"The New York judgment can be filed in any state and is then entitled to full faith and credit under the Constitution," said Lederman, who noted that Trump's Mar-a-Lago club might be more complicated to seize than other properties. "Enforcement rights in other states would be based upon the law of the state where property is located. For example, Florida does not allow a sale of a primary residence." 

Adam Pollock,  a former New York assistant attorney general, said a restraining notice would limit Trump's ability to spend freely.

"A restraining notice … says, 'Don't spend money, don't transfer any property, until you pay us.' And for good reason. You shouldn't be out, you know, fueling up your jets with $20,000 of gas, when you owe the people in the state of New York nearly $500 million," said Pollock.

Pollock said James' office could get a bank execution and give it to a New York sheriff or marshal, who can then walk into a bank branch and drain Trump's account. A bank normally has to wait at least 27 days to turn over the money in an account — unless the plaintiff is the state of New York, in which case, the bank is supposed to transfer the funds immediately.

James can also sign an execution forcing Trump to turn over his personal property.

"If I have a judgment against you, I get to take any property I can find of yours. Whether it's your Rembrandt, your Rolls Royce, or your iPad, or like your 500 LLCs that you happen to own," said Pollock.

Trump, the presumptive Republican nominee for president, could ultimately end up among the one in 100 Americans whose pay is withheld so creditors can collect.

Adam Kaufmann, an attorney at Lewis Baach Kaufmann Middlemiss, said the state could garnish Trump's income and revenues from the Mar-a-Lago Club, for example.

"You could have a president of the United States having his wages garnished by a creditor," Kaufmann said.

• Donald Trump

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A question both Republican job applicants and potential Trump jurors must answer

Did Craig Counsell find the Cubs annoying? No, it turns out he was made for Chicago

Did you find the Chicago Cubs annoying? Craig Counsell, the new Cubs manager who was hired away from the Milwaukee Brewers , chuckled, exhaled, and quickly said: “no, no, no.” Still, as a longtime rival of his new club, he could appreciate the framing of the question.

Counsell took over the Brewers on May 4, 2015, coming down from the front office to apply what he learned across 16 years as a major-league infielder who survived on preparation and intelligence. At that time, the Cubs had hired Joe Maddon away from the Tampa Bay Rays , signed Jon Lester to a six-year, $155 million contract and assembled Baseball America’s No. 1 farm system. Coming off five consecutive fifth-place finishes, the Cubs had also participated in a Bloomberg Businessweek cover story that declared “a sports empire is in bloom.”

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“Look, when you’re in sports, when you lose, it’s annoying,” Counsell said. “The other team’s annoying. It’s the team that beat you. That’s not the word I would use.”

Counsell chooses his words carefully and expresses those words concisely. His ability to communicate and process information made him a quick study in Milwaukee’s dugout. His track record of results with a small-market franchise — five playoff appearances in the last six years — made him the highest-paid manager in the game. His decision to leave the Brewers — the hometown team that once employed his father — angered some fans in Wisconsin who viewed it as a betrayal.

Maybe it was Chicago all along.

The Cubs arguably did not sign a bigger free agent this past offseason, handing Counsell a five-year, $40 million contract and then mostly running back the same team that missed the playoffs by one game last season. There were targeted moves to bolster the bullpen ( Héctor Neris ) and the rotation ( Shota Imanaga ). Re-signing Cody Bellinger addressed several roster deficiencies. Another year of experience will benefit the organization’s strong nucleus of young talent. But the operating assumption is that Counsell will wring more from this group than David Ross.

All this makes you wonder what Counsell really thought of the Cubs. Maddon thoroughly enjoyed the spotlight. Theo Epstein was named “World’s Greatest Leader” by Fortune magazine. Cubs fans showed up to Miller Park/American Family Field in droves to drink beers and cheer against the Brewers. Cubs players and team officials made two separate trips to the White House to celebrate their 2016 World Series title.

“This is how it works,” Counsell said, “especially in that era when you played each other so much. When there’s a team that’s the best team — and they were the best team (in the division at that time) going to the playoffs and making good runs — you’re the team trying to figure out a way to beat them.

“When a team’s really good, you respect that. There’s a respect for that. Always. Every team has their thing and the way they do it. But they’re winning, so you respect that. That’s how I’ve always seen it. Frankly, I would like to think that I learned a lot from Joe Maddon.

“I got to manage a lot of games against Joe Maddon, and I learned a lot from him, for sure. I was always trying to understand. They’re winning, man. We got to figure out how to win. I’m going to watch the team that’s winning a lot.”

Maddon’s breakthrough meant Counsell didn’t have to answer questions about 1908 and come up with theories as to why the Cubs hadn’t won a championship in more than a century. Jed Hoyer, Epstein’s longtime general manager in Chicago, oversaw the rebuild that produced all the healthy signs that Counsell looked for in his next organization. Ross also did an admirable job of maintaining a competitive, focused clubhouse atmosphere that will continue.

Still, that rivalry burned bright enough that Willson Contreras was once caught on camera yelling “F— you!” at an unidentified Brewer in the dugout. Kris Bryant saw some of the Cubs Way reflected back at him when the Brewers began their ascent: “They seem like a fun group over there having a lot of fun. Sure, it can get a little annoying, but we do the same thing.”

In terms of annoying, Counsell delivered this classic one-liner after the Cubs postponed a 2017 game at Wrigley Field on what wound up being a beautiful afternoon in Chicago: “First time for us that we’ve had players treated for sunburn after a rainout.”

That sarcastic side of Counsell’s personality surprised Cubs pitcher Justin Steele , who until this spring training had always viewed the manager as extremely serious and calculating.

“Across the way, playing against him, I didn’t think he would have as good a sense of humor and be as talkative as he is,” Steele said. “But now that I’ve been in the same locker room as him a little bit, he’s a lot more talkative, a lot more funny than I thought he would be.”

Chicago also carries a much deeper meaning for Counsell, who gravitated to the city after playing college baseball at Notre Dame. His future wife, Michelle, supported him while he advanced through the minor leagues as an 11th-round draft pick of the Colorado Rockies . She worked as a teacher at Frances Xavier Warde, a Catholic school in downtown Chicago that needed another coach in its basketball program.

Counsell lived in Chicago for a few offseasons that marked a special time in their lives, before they started a family that would grow to four children. Counsell was still trying to figure it out on the uncertain front end of a career that would see him celebrate World Series championships as a role player for the 1997 Florida Marlins and the 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks . In terms of relatability to Cubs fans, Counsell was a Chicago guy in the 18-to-34 demographic who listened to sports talk radio during his commute. And the matchups Counsell concentrated on back then revolved around FXW’s man-to-man defense and its opponents in Catholic grade school basketball.

“In the morning, I would go to Ron Coomer’s place and hit,” Counsell said, referencing the future Cubs radio analyst on 670. “And then in the afternoon, when I would drive back from Orland Park, I would listen to The Score. And then I would go coach basketball. That was my day in the winter.”

In hindsight — with so much personal history in Chicago and the Cubs offering such an enormous professional opportunity — we should have seen Counsell coming. Hoyer monitored the situation from afar, curious to see if the Brewers would announce a new deal for Counsell. Toward the end of October, Hoyer alerted Cubs chairman Tom Ricketts that pursuing Counsell had to be considered. Hoyer waited until Counsell’s contract expired and called Nov. 1, inviting Counsell down from Wisconsin for a clandestine meeting at Hoyer’s North Shore home in suburban Chicago.

“He knows what he wants,” Hoyer said. “He knows how he sees things and he’s able to communicate it in a very succinct way, which I think players appreciate. As far as our relationship, I keep joking, ‘We haven’t lost a game together yet.’”

Hoyer did not hire a yes-man. Tempers will flare throughout the 162-game season that begins Thursday at Globe Life Field, where the Texas Rangers will raise their 2023 World Series banner. If not for Counsell consistently pushing the Brewers beyond their projections, maybe it would have ended differently for the post-2016 Cubs.

Intriguing would be a better word to describe Counsell’s perceptions of the big-market team some 90 miles south of Milwaukee. Counsell now plans to bike to work from his new Lincoln Park apartment. Don’t let the low-key vibes fool you. Hoyer sold Counsell on building something bigger and better.

“He made me think about a lot of things,” Counsell said. “I was interested in the kind of thing he laid out.”

(Top photo of Craig Counsell during spring training: John E. Moore III / Getty Images)

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Patrick Mooney is a senior writer for The Athletic covering the Chicago Cubs. He spent eight seasons covering the Cubs across multiple platforms for NBC Sports Chicago/Comcast SportsNet, beginning in 2010. He has been a frequent contributor to MLB Network, Baseball America, MLB.com and the Chicago Sun-Times News Group. Follow Patrick on Twitter @ PJ_Mooney

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