essay questions on neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy – Important Questions

Neuroanatomy – Important Exam Questions

For the Answers, please click on the text highlighted in blue.

 enumerate:.

• ascending tracts  along withe the sensations carried by them.
• descending tracts along with their functions.
• arteries supplying spinal cord .
• spinal nerves forming cauda equina .
• cranial nerve attached to the medulla oblongata .
• cranial nerve nuclei located in medula oblongata .
• cranial nerve attached to the  junction of pons and medulla .
• cranial nerve nuclei located in pons .
• cranial nerve attached to the midbrain .
• cranial nerve nuclei located in   midbrain .
• functional components and nuclei of trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
• afferent and efferent fibers in superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles.
• nuclei of cerebellum.
•  functions and  components of basal ganglia/nucle i .
• branches of vertebral artery.
• branches of basilar artery.
• branches of cerebral part of internal carotid artery .
• examples of commissural fibers .
• recesses of third ventricle .
• areas devoid of blood-brain barrier.
• components of Papez circuit.
• parts of diencephalon.
• ventral tier of thalamic nuclei.
• major hypothalamic nuclei and their functions.

 Draw labelled diagram of the following:

• transverse section of spinal cord showing important ascending and descending tracts.
• transverse section of medulla at the level of pyramidal decussation.
• transverse section of medulla at the level of sensory decussation.
• transverse section of medulla at the level of olives.
• transverse section of lower part of pons .
• transverse section of upper part of pons .
• transverse section of midbrain at the level of inferior colliculus.
• floor of fourth ventricle .
• circle of willis .
• superolateral surface of cerebrum showing important sulci, gyri and functional areas.

 Write short notes on:

• blood supply of spinal cord [ click here ] .
• arterial supply of cerebrum.
• corticospinal tract [ click her e ] .
• lateral spinothalamic tract [ click here ].
• posterior column tract [click here] .
• spinocerebellar tracts [click here ] .
• internal capsule [click here] .
• blood -brain barrier.
• basal ganglia/nuclei [click here]
• optic pathway
• auditory pathway.
• white matter of cerebrum [click here] .
• lateral ventricle [ click here ] .
• third ventricle [click here] .
• cerebrospinal fluid secretion,circulation and absorption.
• hydrocephalus.
• cerebellar syndrome.

 Long answer type questions

Q. Describe i nternal capsule under the following headings:

• constituents fibers
• arterial supply

Q. Write the differences between upper and lower motor neuron paralysis.

Q. Describe corticospinal tract under the following headings:

• termination
• function and applied anatomy

Write anatomical basis for signs and symptoms observed in:

• Brown-Sequard syndrome [click here]
• Syringomyelia [ click here ]
• Romber’s sign in tabes dorsalis [ click here ]
• Medial medullary syndrome [ click here ]
• Lateral medullary syndrome[ click here ]
• Pontocerebellar  angle syndrome [ click here ]
• Pontine haemorrhage [click here ].
• Weber’s syndrome [ click here ] .
• Argyll robertson pupil [click here] .
• Parkinson’s disease [c lick here ] .
• Arnold chiari malformation.

7 thoughts on “ Neuroanatomy – Important Questions ”

thanks maam these notes just made my day its very systematic and that not the only thing i love about this thanks maam for doing it !!! thanks !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Thank you so much mam it is very much easy to study anatomy with the help of this note

the notes make anatomy easy and fun to read.

Mam it’s really helpful and easy to understand … Bt in the updated version i cannot find the search bar… It was there before …mam can u plz fix this problem

I have added the search bar .

thank u ma\sir please how can i get the pdf of your Q and A

thank you so much ma’am for putting so much effort into writing these. these notes are lifesavers! <33

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• Head and Neck Quiz 1
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Pretest and Post-Test Exams

Neuroanatomy: The Basics

Who this is for:.

The brain is the body’s command center. This specialized organ is responsible for every thought, every feeling, and the vast majority of our actions. Its unique (and complex) three-dimensional architecture plays an important role in deciding upon and issuing those important commands. Over the past few hundred years, scientists have learned that the brain has dedicated regions responsible for specific tasks like understanding and producing speech or processing visual and spatial information. Each part of the brain’s intricate configuration works together to govern sensation and perception, information processing, and the initiation of a wide variety of behaviors—and helps us make sense of the world around us. While a complete discussion of neuroanatomy is worthy of a thick textbook full of elaborate illustrations, here are some of the basics.

The nervous system. The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain to the rest of the body. The nervous system has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the spinal cord and the brain; and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the nerves and other types of supporting cells that branch throughout the rest of the body and communicate back to the CNS.

Some further break down the CNS into the hindbrain, the lower part of the brainstem; the midbrain, the central part of the brainstem; and the forebrain, which includes the cerebral hemispheres. But the CNS may also be discussed in terms of these three sections: the brain stem, the cerebellum, and the cerebral hemispheres. The brain stem is responsible for autonomic processes, or processes that occur reflexively, like breathing and heart rate. It also helps conduct information from the brain to the PNS. The cerebellum, the so-called “little brain,” next to the brain stem, handles balance and coordination of movement.  Finally, perched above the brain stem and cerebellum, is the cerebral cortex. This is probably what you think of when you picture the brain—and it is responsible for sensory perception, information processing, and memory, learning, and decision-making. The parts of the CNS work together seamlessly in healthy individuals, allowing the brain to govern functions and behaviors ranging from breathing to reading.

The hemispheres. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres. These two sides of the brain are connected by the corpus callosum, a bridge of wide, flat neural fibers that help relay signals between them. While several popular books suggest these two sides of the brain are important to specific functions—that is, the right side of the brain is responsible for creativity while the left side handles your more analytical-type processing (sometimes referred to as “lateralization”)—activity for most cognitive tasks is seen on both hemispheres. The exception is language. Two key areas involved in language—Broca’s Area, responsible for language grammar and syntax, and Wernicke’s Area, implicated in language content and meaning processing—reside on the left side of the brain for most. (Those areas may be on the right side in some left-handed individuals). Otherwise, the two cerebral hemispheres are nearly symmetrical. [To learn more about lateralization, read our fact sheet “ Right Brain, Left Brain: A Misnomer .”]

The lobes. The cerebral hemispheres are further subdivided into four major lobes: the occipital, towards the back of the brain; the parietal, just above the ear; the temporal, just behind the forehead temples; and the frontal, resting above the eyes at the very front of the cortex. Generally, when neuroscientists talk about the lobes, they are doing so to denote a general anatomical location of brain activity. But these areas can also tell us a bit about function.

• The occipital lobe is mainly responsible for processing and interpreting visual information. It’s the seat of the primary visual cortex.
• The temporal lobe is the major processing center of sound (including language) and some forms of memory.
• The parietal lobe is the home of the somatosensory cortex, the area of the brain responsible for processing sensation and touch information, as well as some aspects of spatial processing.
• The frontal lobe is the most complex part of the human brain—the bit that separates us from our primate cousins, so to speak. This, the largest brain lobe, is responsible for executive function, with a hand in reasoning, decision-making, sensory integration, planning, and execution of movement.

Folds and grooves. The cortex is gathered and pleated into a unique configuration. The outer bump in each pleat is called the gyrus, while the groove inside each fold is called the sulcus.  No two human brains are folded in the exact same way. Yet, several of these folds are large and pronounced enough to have their own names. For example, the lateral sulcus, the inner fold that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe, and its neighbor, the temporal gyrus, house the primary auditory cortex, the area of the brain that processes sound information. Wernicke’s Area, that important language region, also can be found on the temporal gyrus. References to gyri and sulci can help pinpoint more specific locations on a particular lobe of the cortex.

Gray and white matter. The brain’s most basic working unit is a special cell called the neuron. Neurons are quite similar to other cells in the body but have specialized branching extensions called dendrites and axons. It’s those extensions that allow neurons to communicate with one another through synapses, small gaps between the cells where chemical messages are exchanged. [To learn more about synapses, read our fact sheet “ Neurotransmission: The Synapse.”] It’s the different sections of neurons that make up the brain’s two types of matter: gray and white matter. Gray matter consists of the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons as well as other support cells called glia, or glial cells. White matter, on the other hand, is made up of the neuron’s axons, sheathed in myelin, a fatty insulation that helps brain cells communicate more efficiently. It’s the myelin that gives white matter its signature color.

The connectome. Each part of the brain’s intricate configuration works together to govern perception, processing, and behavior—and help us make sense of the world around us. Important regions of the brain are strongly connected to one another through circuits, or tracts of networked neurons that help those regions communicate with one another with ease. Neuroscientists are learning that to understand brain function they need to look beyond functional segregation, or the localization of a particular function to a single area. Rather, today, researchers are focusing their investigations on these important connections, using new techniques to follow critical circuits to better understand how groups of different brain areas work together to determine human behavior. This intricate pattern of connections is called “the connectome . ”

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• Spinal Cord
• Brain Anatomy Introduction
• Telencephalon
• Diencephalon
• Hindbrain (pons & medulla oblongata)

• Within a topic, each screen presents six question boxes and six answer boxes (randomly positioned). Drag a question box to its correct answer box; or, sequentially click: first, on the question box and then on the answer box (sequentially tapping is obligatory for mobile devices).

• Correct choices are signaled by boxes matching appearance and a border around the answer. Incorrect answers elicit a Sorry Mismatch popup.

• To conserve time, skip answers when you are certain that you know them.

Interactive Neuroanatomy Quiz © 2013 T. F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD [email protected] Last modified October 2013 Supported by University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer.

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11. Neuroanatomy

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This chapter discusses anatomy of the cortex, spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, and cerebellum. Cranial nerves, the limbic system, and the ventricular system are also reviewed, as well as the spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

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Neuroanatomy quiz

Test your knowledge of neuroanatomy with this 20 question quiz. Ideal for students studying neurosciences and pre-clinical medicine.

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Neuroanatomy and Neural Processes Expository Essay

Neuroanatomy and neural processes are directly linked to the learning and memory functions of the brain. According to brain science, learning capabilities cannot be separated from memory capabilities. The learning process works in tandem with the memory process. Moreover, the learning process is updated from time to time during the lifetime.

The neural process that is involved in learning is quite a complex process and various neurologists have been studying it for a long time. It is for this reason that the available knowledge on neural processes keeps changing as research progresses. This paper offers a description of neuroanatomy and the neural process that are related to learning and memory.

Both neuroanatomy and neural processes depend on the “chemical and electrical changes in the neuron synapse for learning and memory to transpire” (Wickens, 2010). The part of the neural system that is responsible for storing memory is the cortex. On the other hand, the hippocampus is the part of the neuroanatomy that differentiates between short and long term memories. The other aspect of the neuroanatomy that is pertinent to the learning process is the cerebellum.

The cerebellum helps in the acquisition of procedural memories and motor skills. The amygdale aids in the learning processes that involve transformation of short-term memories into long-term memories. In addition, the amygdale is responsible for the process that transforms emotions into memories. Another section of the neuroanatomy is the basal ganglia. This section aids subjects to acquire stimulus responses and problem-solving capabilities (Pinel, 2009).

The neural processes that help in the acquisition of new information are closely connected to the process that enables consolidation of information. In a study that was conducted to investigate the neural processes, it was found that synapses are greatly improved by the learning process (Wickens, 2010).

The study was conducted through the observation of the reverberation that occurs when the synapse changes the structural composition of neuron cell-assemblies. Neurologists suggest that long-term potentiation starts when glutamates are released from neurons “that cross the synaptic gap and bind to hippocampal receptors” (Newson & Kemps, 2011).

This process is said to activate receptors that are consequently responsible for a sequence of chemical reactions that change the state of neurons. However, this process has never been comprehensively proven.

One simple explanation that describes the learning process is that learning is the process through which new information is acquired. On the other hand, memory is the ability to retain the information that is acquired through learning. Without these two processes, it would be impossible for humans to form any coherent thoughts, use a language, and become aware of their environment.

Through the memory process, it is possible to “encode information, store it for later use, and then retrieve it for future reference” (Newson & Kemps, 2011). The learning process is affected by external factors such as cognitive skills, biological state, culture, and social development. Most scientists agree that constant ‘learning and brain stimulation’ is beneficial to mental health in the long run.

Neuroanatomy and learning processes are closely connected to the processes of acquiring and storing information. The complex neural processes that occur in the in the neuroanatomy are responsible for the humans’ ability to learn and store unknown amounts of information for unknown periods. Although research on this area has not been completed, the available literature is able to offer substantial information on the subject.

Newson, R. S., & Kemps, E. B. (2011). General lifestyle activities as a predictor of current cognition and cognitive change in older adults: a cross-sectional and longitudinal examination. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60 (3), P113-P120.

Pinel, J. P. (2009). Biopsychology . New York, NY: Pearson Education, 2009.

Wickens, A. P. (2010). Foundations of biopsychology . New York, NY: Pearson Education.

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IvyPanda. (2019, February 8). Neuroanatomy and Neural Processes. https://ivypanda.com/essays/neuroanatomy-and-neural-processes/

"Neuroanatomy and Neural Processes." IvyPanda , 8 Feb. 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/neuroanatomy-and-neural-processes/.

IvyPanda . (2019) 'Neuroanatomy and Neural Processes'. 8 February.

IvyPanda . 2019. "Neuroanatomy and Neural Processes." February 8, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/neuroanatomy-and-neural-processes/.

1. IvyPanda . "Neuroanatomy and Neural Processes." February 8, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/neuroanatomy-and-neural-processes/.

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IvyPanda . "Neuroanatomy and Neural Processes." February 8, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/neuroanatomy-and-neural-processes/.

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1. Ventricular enlargement is a consequence of loss of neural tissue. Because the volume of the skull is fixed, as brain tissues decrease in volume due to a neurodegenerative process, there is a corresponding increase in ventricular volume.

2. The cerebral cortex and hippocampal formation are severely affected. By contrast, brain stem structures are not.

1. Both the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway and the corticospinal tract decussate within the ventral portion of the medulla. Without these decussations, the two sides of the ventral medulla become somewhat separated. CSF is present where the decussating axons should be. Axons important for coordinating eye movements normally decussate in the dorsal pons. Without this decussation, the two sides of the dorsal pons also become somewhat separate, as revealed by the presence of CSF and the formation of a shallow sulcus.

2. No, the corpus callosum is an example of a structure with intact decussating axons.

1. The proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery became occluded. This affected both deep branches to subcortical white matter and superficial branches supplying the cerebral cortex.

2. Since all descending motor control axons converge within the internal capsule, damage to this structure alone can produce the major limb and facial motor signs seen in this patient.

1. Mechanoreceptive axons ascend within the dorsal columns, including those for touch, vibration sense, and limb proprioception. It is unclear why the patient's touch sense was spared.

2. The ability to maintain an upright posture depends, in part, on lower limb proprioception. Without limb proprioception, vision can partially substitute. Therefore, when this patient closes his eyes, he is deprived of this compensating modality and, in consequence, he looses his balance.

1. Anterolateral system axons decussate just ventral to the central canal, where the syrinx originates. This is why they are damaged first. Mechanoreceptive axons are located farther dorsally, affording them some protection initially.

2. Limb motor neurons are located ventrolateral to the syrinx. As with the dorsal mechanoreceptive axons, motor neurons are initially afforded protection by their distance from the initial site of syrinx development. Eventually the syrinx expands to affect a significant portion of the ventral horn.

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Neuroanatomy Questions Essay Sample

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Stress , Design , Urinary System , Brain , Anxiety , Worrying , Leadership , Tract

Published: 12/15/2019

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1. Motor pathways: Briefly describe important differences between the lateral and the medial (motor) systems

The motor system is the corticospinal tract. The lateral part of the corticospinal tract decussates while the medial part does not. The lateral corticospinal tract controls limb muscles while the medial corticospinal tract controls the axial and trunk muscles. The lateral corticospinal tract carries contralateral fibers from the cerebral cortex to supply the limb muscles while the medial corticospinal tract carries ipsilateral fibers from the cerebral cortex to supply the axial and trunk muscles.

2. What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

The Basal ganglia integrates information from the frontal, prefrontal and parietal areas of the cerebral cortex. It also blocks the execution of movements that are not suited to the situation.

3. Name some of the most important functions of the vagus nerve?

Its main functions include Breathing, speech, sweating, keeping the larynx open during breathing, monitoring and regulating the heartbeat.

4. What is the Central Pattern Generator?

The central pattern generator is a network of neurons that produce rhythmic outputs that have no sensory feedback. It consists of some processes that interact such that there is an alternating increase and decrease in activity. The system also sequentially returns to baseline after completing the action. They are located in the spinal cord, in the lower thoracic and lumbar parts.

5 What are the two parts of the sensory thalamus that have fundamentally different functions?

The medial and lateral geniculate bodies. 6. What is the insular lobe? Briefly describe where it is located and briefly mention some of its functions

The insular cortex is located folded within the lateral sulcus between the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. They are linked to such functions as emotion, regulation of the body homeostasis, perception, motor function, cognitive and self-awareness.

7 What are the main differences between ventral and dorsal roots of spinal nerves?

The dorsal roots of the spinal nerves carry afferent sensory axons while the ventral roots carry efferent fibers.

8. Where do the axons that form the corticospinal tract originate?

They originate in the motor cortex

9. Briefly describe the immune system of the central nervous system?

The microglia cells are found throughout the brain parenchyma, they mediate the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Perivascular macrophages in the brain capillaries also release cytokines and chemokines. Astocytes are divided into fibrous astocytes and protoplasmic astocytes. Fibrous astocytes are located in the white matter and protoplasmic astocytes are located in the grey matter. They contribute to the blood brain barrier.

Oligodendrocytes participate in myelination and it secretes some specific inflammatory molecules.

10. Briefly describe the neural bases for micturition

Sympathetic innervation is through the hypogastric nerve (T10-L20 and it involuntarily controls the neck of the bladder and intrinsic sphincter. Parasympathetic innervation is through the pudendal nerves (S2-S4) which exerts involuntary control on the Detrusor muscle of the bladder.

Somatic innervation is through the pudendal nerve (S2-S4), which controls voluntary contraction and relaxation of the external sphincter.

In the storage phase, the filling of the bladder is enabled by contraction of the striated sphincter (Somatic innervation), contraction of smooth muscle sphincter (Sympathetic) and inhibition of detrusor activity (Sympathetic innervation). The emptying phase, however, is enabled by relaxation of the striated sphincter, which is by somatic innervation, relaxation of the smooth muscle sphincter and opening of the bladder neck, which is by sympathetic innervation and the contraction of the Detrusor muscle, which is by parasympathetic innervation. 11. Which neural circuits are involved in emptying the urinary bladder? The spinal pathway activates the striated sphincter via the pudendal nerve; there is also inhibition of the detrusor muscle and activation of the smooth muscle sphincter by the sympathetic nervous system. Afferents are from the bladder through increasing pressure, the pelvic floor muscles, the penis, vagina and rectum. Pontine Micturition Center: increasing bladder pressure in the urinary bladder increases afferent neuronal activity in the bladder; this activates the pontine micturition center in the Pons. This activation causes inhibition of the spinal reflexes and leads to activation of the detrusor muscle and inhibition of the urinary sphincter.

Urethra to bladder reflex: flow of urine through the urethra leads to stimulation of bladder contractions.

12. Briefly describe the descending pathways for the two main motor systems? The corticospinal tract conducts neural impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. In the spinal cord, it is made up of the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract. It is concerned with voluntary movements that are skilled. The corticobulbar tract conveys neural impulses from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem. The tract innervates the cranial motor nuclei except the lower facial nuclei.

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Rick Scott's one-man rally for Trump exposes GOP abandonment

There has been remarkably little public support for donald trump during his first criminal trial, by heather digby parton.

There have been a lot of raised eyebrows over the fact that with the exception of one appearance by his son Eric, Donald Trump's family is not present to support him at his criminal trial in Manhattan. Normally you would see the wife and the adult kids lined up behind the defendant to show a united front, even if the subject at hand was uncomfortable.  There really isn't such a thing as a pleasant criminal trial but it's something that is commonly done and I would certainly have thought that it would be wise in this case, since he's running for president and all. It would have been especially useful to at least see Melania and Ivanka playing the trad-wife and loyal daughter, suggesting by their presence that their man can do no wrong in their eyes. They're supposed to be Republicans, after all. 

Why MAGA hasn't turned up to support him in his moment of need when there always seems to be a few thousand who like to go to his rallies is a mystery but it clearly has Trump feeling down in the dumps.

But how could they? Everyone knows that his cultivated image of a wealthy playboy who wined and dined beautiful women like he was some kind of matinee idol is another one of his lies. This man had a casting couch routine more in the mold of a creepy Harvey Weinstein than a glamorous Tony Stark and they know it. 

Trump is intensely frustrated over the fact that because of the judge's gag order, he is no longer allowed to verbally assault and threaten the witnesses or the jury. But since the judge told him this week that he will have no choice but to jail him for contempt if he violates it one more time, he's managed to keep it together and confine his insults and threats to the judge, the prosecutors and Joe Biden. But you can feel the tension in Trump when he makes his frequent forays into the strange echo chamber hallway where he rants about the proceedings and reads clippings from Fox News personalities saying the trial is a travesty. 

One can imagine how the thought of going to jail petrifies him. This is a man who has been pampered his entire life. His elaborate morning ablutions with the hair and the make-up routine alone make any kind of imprisonment unthinkable. But he really, really wants to go after Stormy Daniels, so much so that he had his lawyers ask the judge to lift the gag order for her specifically since she is now finished testifying. (The judge said no, that he was preserving the integrity of the court.) 

For Trump this goes against every fiber of his being, as was not so coincidentally conveyed to the jury yesterday afternoon when one of his book publishers testified and was asked to read aloud some passages from his books, including this charming commentary:

"For many years I've said that if someone screws you, screw them back. If somebody hurts you you just go after them as viciously and as violently as you can. Like it says in the Bible, an eye for an eye." 

Trump will just have to let his allies in the right-wing media do that for him for the moment — and they are more than eager to comply. 

It's doubtful that Trump wanted his family to be there to hear all these sordid details in person anyway. But he reportedly was quite upset that his political allies weren't in attendance during the first two weeks of the trial.  According to NBC News , he whined "no one is defending me" and pouted over the fact that there  wasn't a big crowd of protesters outside . He lied about that, of course, and said on camera that there were hundreds of people blocked from protesting.

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He actually  called  for his followers to come to the trial on his Truth Social platform — “GO OUT AND PEACEFULLY PROTEST. RALLY BEHIND MAGA. SAVE OUR COUNTRY!” — but other than a dozen or so kooks, they haven't shown up. From the very beginning of his legal travails he's issued threats that his people "won't stand for it" saying  as far back as 2022,  “If these radical, vicious racist prosecutors do anything wrong, I hope we are going to have in this country the biggest protest we have ever had … in Washington, D.C, in New York, in Atlanta and elsewhere because our country and our elections are corrupt." 

Why MAGA hasn't turned up to support him in his moment of need when there always seems to be a few thousand who like to go to his rallies is a mystery but it clearly has him feeling down in the dumps. So now he's got some of his employees, political cronies and right-wing media personalities attending the trial to give him a little boost. 

Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton, who Politico r eports  hangs around Trump as much as possible, was among the first to heed the call. Also showing up despite having much more important things to do were campaign managers Susie Wiles and Chris LaCivita along with advisor Boris Epshteyn and Natalie Harp, who t he New York Times describes this way:

Called “the human printer” by colleagues, Ms. Harp often carries a portable device so she can quickly provide Mr. Trump with hard copies of mood-boosting news articles and social media posts by people praising him.

That's just pathetic. 

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The lawyer who has lost several cases for Trump but who defends him vociferously on TV, Alina Habba, has appeared in the courtroom. And on Thursday former judge and current Fox News member of "The Five," Jeanine Pirro was in attendance. The big name of the day, however, was Florida Senator Rick Scott who went the extra mile and held a press conference where he compared Trump to himself:

Scott's company paid $1.7 billion in fines to settle charges of rampant Medicare fraud, at the time the largest ever imposed, and Scott has previously  said , “I take responsibility for what happened on my watch as CEO.” Today he says he's a victim of the deep state. 

The ambitious senator is said to be angling for the VP slot or Senate majority leader and he knows that whining like a five-year-old about being victimized is the quickest way to Donald Trump's heart. Scott's the first contender to be there in his time of need and I'm sure Trump noticed. If the rest of them haven't figured out by now that job one is defending Dear Leader and singing his praises then they'd better just take their names off the list right now. Look for the whole crew to traipse up there over the next few weeks. Donald Trump needs cheering up and nothing makes him happier than lackeys begging for his favor. 

about this topic

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Heather Digby Parton, also known as " Digby ," is a contributing writer to Salon. She was the winner of the 2014 Hillman Prize for Opinion and Analysis Journalism.

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