christchurch earthquake case study internet geography

Before and after: how the 2011 earthquake changed Christchurch

Many parts of central Christchurch are unrecognisable now

Christchurch mayor Lianne Dalziel was born and raised in the city she now represents. But she finds it hard to describe how it has changed since the earthquake.

“I don’t know whether it’s a post-disaster thing,” Dalziel says. “But for me, it’s sometimes hard to remember what was there before.”

Many Christchurch residents say the same. Their home has undergone enormous transformation in the past 10 years after a 6.3-magnitude earthquake killed 185 people , disrupted tens of thousands of lives and reduced 80% of the city centre to rubble.

Today, the streets of Christchurch are bustling, following a period of sustained construction: first, commercial development of glass-fronted office blocks and high-end retail space – and then civic and cultural buildings, which were either restored or replaced.

Though the rebuild is ongoing, traces of the destruction – fenced-off broken buildings and sports field-size stretches of land slated for development – are more likely to be noticed by tourists than locals, who know how far the city has come.

“Every now and then I get to see the city through the eyes of people who are visiting here for the first time in a long time, and hear their excitement about … what it’s becoming,” says Dalziel.

After 10 years, Christchurch is no longer, first and foremost, an earthquake-damaged city – but progress to this point has been slow and hard-won. In 2013, the cost of the recovery was put at $40bn; it was likely more.

Asked about the missed opportunities of the rebuild, Dalziel laughs. “How long have you got?”

Stressing the advantage of hindsight, Dalizel – who was elected in October 2013, nearly three years after the quake – says agencies could have been better aligned.

For example, individual telco and power companies took different approaches to repairing damaged infrastructure from the council, meaning the same roads were dug up many times.

Those lessons of the Stronger Christchurch Infrastructure Rebuild Team (SCIRT) have been made publicly available for the benefit of other cities facing a post-disaster rebuild, Dalziel says.

But the defining problem of the rebuild was the relationship between local and national government.

On 1 May 2011, the national government established the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (Cera) , a public service bureaucracy with wide-ranging powers to lead its response to the recovery – including over local authorities.

The approach taken by Cera led to widespread discontent, with both the council and residents feeling sidelined.

Dalziel suggests the central government and council could instead have set up an independent entity to operate together, appointing directors that were accountable to both of them.

In April 2012, a unit within Cera took over responsibility for the rebuild of the central city, making its own version of the council’s draft recovery plan – what became known as “the blueprint”.

It was based on dedicated precincts, such as for innovation, health and performing arts; and “anchor projects” that, it was hoped, would encourage organic investment. (One, for a “sustainable village”, was finally abandoned last week.)

But local knowledge from the council’s public consultation was lost, says Dalziel. The blueprint “wasn’t of the city; it was a creature of government”. Cera itself was disbanded in 2016.

Meanwhile, the council approached the task of a new central library, Tūranga, with granular attention to community engagement: one resident’s suggestion of a “Harry Potter staircase” was reflected in the finished building, which opened in October 2018.

It is widely considered one of the triumphs of the rebuild, frequented by a wide cross-section of the Christchurch population – often indicative of a genuine attention to diversity and inclusion in the design process.

That kind of civic-mindedness seemed absent in the first buildings to spring up after the earthquake, spurred by private investment. For a time, Christchurch’s inner city was dominated by low-rise commercial developments made of glass and steel, such as the Deloitte and PWC buildings.

Hundreds of heritage buildings were lost – either to the earthquake, or the demolition drive to move on from it.

The town hall and Edwardian-era Isaac Theatre Royal have both been restored and reopened; but demolition of the Christchurch Basilica, which first opened its doors in 1905, began only in December. (Construction of its replacement has been delayed by rare seagulls nesting on the Armagh St site.)

The city’s cultural renewal was led by grassroots groups such as Greening the Rubble, Gap Filler and Agropolis, which set up small, often temporary “soft infrastructure” projects to revitalise the city at a street level, and a human one.

A coin-operated community dancefloor , gardens in vacant lots and other displays of the “ingenuity of its hardy residents” was highlighted by the New York Times in naming Christchurch its second-best place to travel to in 2014 . It was singled out again last year .

Gap Filler is now a partner in a major residential project, led by Fletcher Living covering six blocks in the inner city.

The One Central development is central to the blueprint’s bid to increase the residential population of central Christchurch – but sales got off to a slow start , prompting concern that construction may be outpacing demand.

It speaks to the evolving challenge of the rebuild. Central Christchurch is unrecognisable from the disaster zone it was post-quake, and significantly changed from how it was even five years ago. And the city it is yet to become is still emerging.

Regardless of what has been built so far, Dalziel says: “We are absolutely the best city for the future … From every disaster, any crisis, there is always opportunity – Christchurch has all of its opportunity in front of us, and people can now see it.”

For her, the new Christchurch is most evident along the banks of the Avon river: home to the new Riverside indoor market, an indie theatre, and a hip new hospitality development.

“If I walk by on a summer evening, it’s just filled with people: in the bars and restaurants, family groups, out walking and cycling – it’s got this blissful feel to it … You’d never want to go back to the way it was.”

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Teacher guidance

Kaiako must ensure that ākonga are clear about the purpose for exploring the spatial distribution of a phenomenon. For example, the significance of where earthquakes occur in Aotearoa New Zealand or globally, and their proximity to urban centres and rural communities.

Prior to the assessment, kaiako could:

• explore examples of the spatial distribution of a phenomenon using unrelated topics
• consider a range of different factors and processes that determine the spatial distribution of unrelated topics. For example, this could include global examples that explore the spatial distribution of volcanoes or deserts.
• explore tectonic processes that have helped to shape the landscape(s) of your chosen context
• explore examples of earthquakes and impacts they have on place.

If the chosen context for the Assessment Activity is Aotearoa New Zealand:

• explore concepts, values, and knowledge within mātauranga Māori related to the spatial distribution of different phenomena and their impacts within te taiao
• seek opportunities to connect their ākonga with local knowledge holders in a collaborative setting, to gain understanding and evidence about the phenomenon and its impacts on place. Knowledge holders could be kaumatua, rangatira, council, or organisations.

Possible resources for Aotearoa New Zealand:

• Earthquakes (GNS Science) .
• Our plate boundary (GNS Science) .
• The big ones (Alpine Fault Magnitude 8) .
• Story: Earthquakes (Te Ara — The Encyclopedia of New Zealand) .
• Christchurch earthquake case study (Internet Geography) .
• Recent quakes (GeoNet) .

Possible resources for global distribution of earthquakes:

• Earthquakes (BBC) .
• Earthquakes (National Geographic) .
• Where do earthquakes occur? (British Geological Survey) .
• Where do earthquakes occur? (U.S. Geological Survey) .
• Turkey Earthquake: Where did it hit and why was it so deadly? (BBC) .
• Haiti earthquake: Facts, FAQs, and how to help (World Vision) .

Kaiako should also:

• determine the timing of the assessment event
• provide assessment resources for ākonga to complete the Assessment Activity successfully.

Ākonga may:

• work together in a group to explore their learning, but they must individually present their work to show they have met all of the requirements of the Standard
• work on their assessment in and out of class time over the assessment period specified by the kaiako.

While this Assessment Activity focuses on the phenomenon of earthquakes, kaiako may choose to focus on a different phenomenon that is of interest or relevance to ākonga, using the same approach as shown in this Assessment Activity.

Assessment schedule

[ file resource ].

• Title: GO 1.1c Assessment Schedule 1 (Aotearoa New Zealand)
• Description: GO 1.1c Assessment Schedule 1 (Aotearoa New Zealand)
• File URL: https://ncea-live-3-storagestack-53q-assetstorages3bucket-2o21xte0r81u.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-12/GO%201.1c%20Aotearoa%20NZ%20Assessment%20Schedule.docx?VersionId=aTPpycOoGBWCkQOv7TkiR_UYVFLhruq.
• File Extension: docx
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• GO 1.1c Assessment Schedule 1 (Aotearoa New Zealand).docx

GO 1.1c Assessment Schedule 1 (Aotearoa New Zealand)

• Title: GO 1.1c Assessment Schedule 2 (Global)
• Description: GO 1.1c Assessment Schedule 2 (Global)
• File URL: https://ncea-live-3-storagestack-53q-assetstorages3bucket-2o21xte0r81u.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-12/GO%201.1c%20Global%20Assessment%20Schedule.docx?VersionId=o9Eat1UiuKlvUeWh69ZumZU_okVVb.0P
• GO 1.1c Assessment Schedule 2 (Global).docx

GO 1.1c Assessment Schedule 2 (Global)

Assessment Activity thumbnail image from  Fitzgerald Avenue 94 © Schwede66,  CC BY-SA 3.0

Christchurch Case study

The Christchurch earthquake of February 2011

• The earthquake occurred on New Zealand’s South Island 10km to the West of Christchurch, Canterbury. It lasted only 10 seconds.
• The earthquake happened on a conservative plate margin between the Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate.
• The epicentre of the quake was just 2km west of the port town of Lyttelton
• It measured 6.3 on the Richter Magnitude scale.
• Christchurch is New Zealand’s second largest city and suffered extensive damage
• Killed 185 people
• The earthquake was only 5 km deep
• The earthquake struck at 12:51 pm on Tuesday, 22 February, 2011
• 6 months earlier on 4th September 2010 another massive magnitude 7.1 earthquake caused significant damage to Christchurch and the central Canterbury region, but with no direct fatalities.

Tectonic setting & Cause

The earthquake was created along a conservative plate margin where the Pacific Plate slid past the Australian Plate in the opposite direction. Where the plates move like this strain energy builds up as the plates lock in place, it reaches a critical level then is breaks, releasing seismic energy. The earthquake occurred on a fault running off this major plate boundary. It was a strike slip event along the fault, mostly horizontal movement with some vertical movement upwards. The earthquake generated its own significant aftershocks;

• 2 Hours after the main earthquake - Largest aftershock of magnitude 5.9
• The first week post event - 361+ aftershocks (magnitude 3+ foreshocks) in the first week

EFFECTS OF THE FEBRUARY 2011 EARTHQUAKE

Primary effects (caused directly by the earthquake)

• 185 people were killed in the earthquake. Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) Building, which collapsed and caught fire in the quake.
• 3,129 people injured
• April 2013, the total estimated cost had ballooned to $40 billion
• Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt
• Building damage to the central city and eastern suburbs of Christchurch. The damage was made worse by buildings and infrastructure already being weakened by the 4 September 2010 earthquake and its aftershock. Up to 100,000 buildings were damaged and about 10,000 buildings needed to be demolished.
• 3.5 m tsunami waves in Tasman Lake, following quake-triggered glacier calving from Tasman Glacier
• Water pipes, roads, bridges, power lines, cell phone towers and ordinary phone lines were broken or damaged.
• 50% + of Central City buildings severely damaged including the city’s cathedral which lost its spire

Secondary effects (things that happen after the primary effects but often as a result of them)

• Some economists have estimated it will take the New Zealand economy 50 to 100 years to completely recover.
• 80% of the water and sewerage system was severely damaged
• An additional 1,293 people were injured in the aftermath
• Psychological impacts – in a survey post event (2013) 80% of respondents stated their lives had changed significantly since the earthquakes. Almost a third said the earthquakes had caused them financial problems, while 64% said they felt guilty that other Cantabrians were more affected by the earthquakes.
• Outmigration of a fifth of the city population
• The population, which had been growing for decades, declined in the years after the quake 
• Damage to roads through liquefaction made it difficult for people and emergency services to move around
• Christchurch could no longer host Rugby World Cup matches so lost the benefits, e.g. tourism and income
• Schools had to join together

• Rescue crews from all over the world came to help. There were crews from Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, Australia and other countries.
• Aid money poured in – Australia gave $5 million (Aus $) in aid.
• The government declared a state of national emergency, which stayed in force until 30 April 2011
• Domestic help was available - The Farmy Army was made up of 800 farmers who brought their farm machines and muscle to help clean up the city.
• The most vulnerable people were cared for and people were kept safe away from dangerous buildings
• Chemical toilets were provided for 30,000 residents
• The Red Cross and other charities supplied aid workers
• More than 300 Australian police officers flew into Christchurch three days after the earthquake.
• The government provided temporary housing and ensured all damaged housing was kept water tight
• Water and sewerage was restored for all residents by August
• Roads and houses were cleared of silt from liquefaction by August and 80% of roads & 50% of footpaths were repaired
• Many Non-government organisations including Save the Children helped with long term recovery efforts
• Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority was created to organise the REBUILD of the region. It had special powers to change planning laws and regulations.

    Green Zone land was undamaged and could be built on again.     Orange Zone more checks were needed before the land could be built on.     White Zone was the area that had not been checked at all yet.     Red Zone areas were very unstable: building on it safely would be difficult.

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Case Study: Christchurch, New Zealand Earthquake

Earthquake case study - christchurch, new zealand.

Two earthquakes hit the city of Christchurch, on New Zealand's south-east coast, in late 2010/early 2011. The second one hit the city centre, killing 185 and destroying much of the CBD.

1st earthquake (4/9/10)

• Magnitude 7.1.
• People were asleep and the streets mostly empty.
• Buildings were weakened, which became an issue in the 2nd earthquake.
• E.g. 'Turtle safe' - an earthquake safety resource aimed at preschool children which encourages them to act like a turtle during an earthquake.

2nd earthquake (22/2/11) facts

• Magnitude 6.3, hit closer to the CBD than the first earthquake.
• Thousands of people were out and about at work and school.
• The city centre was busy.
• 130 deaths caused by the collapsing of the Canterbury TV and Pyne Gould Corporation buildings.

2nd earthquake damage

• The Provincial Council Chambers and the Anglican Christchurch Cathedral were completely destroyed.
• Over half of the buildings in the central business district have been (intentionally) demolished since as they were no longer safe, including the Hotel Grand Chancellor.
• Liquefaction sludge moved upwards through cracks in residential streets.
• Water and sewage from broken pipes flooded the streets.
• Several thousand homes in the 'red zone' were demolished because they could no longer be safely inhabited.

2nd earthquake responses

• State of emergency declared by national government on 23rd February.
• Christchurch's CBD was cordoned off until June 2013 in some locations.
• 75% of power reinstated within 96 hours.
• Local residents and the creative community have been taking over the 'empty spaces' in the CBD with art installations and street art.

1 Geography Skills

1.1 Mapping

1.1.1 Map Making

1.1.2 OS Maps

1.1.3 Grid References

1.1.4 Contour Lines

1.1.5 Symbols, Scale and Distance

1.1.6 Directions on Maps

1.1.7 Describing Routes

1.1.8 Map Projections

1.1.9 Aerial & Satellite Images

1.1.10 Using Maps to Make Decisions

1.2 Geographical Information Systems

1.2.1 Geographical Information Systems

1.2.2 How do Geographical Information Systems Work?

1.2.3 Using Geographical Information Systems

1.2.4 End of Topic Test - Geography Skills

2 Geology of the UK

2.1 The UK's Rocks

2.1.1 The UK's Main Rock Types

2.1.2 The UK's Landscape

2.1.3 Using Rocks

2.1.4 Weathering

2.2 Case Study: The Peak District

2.2.1 The Peak District

2.2.2 Limestone Landforms

2.2.3 Quarrying

3 Geography of the World

3.1 Geography of America & Europe

3.1.1 North America

3.1.2 South America

3.1.3 Europe

3.1.4 The European Union

3.1.5 The Continents

3.1.6 The Oceans

3.1.7 Longitude

3.1.8 Latitude

3.1.9 End of Topic Test - Geography of the World

4 Development

4.1 Development

4.1.1 Classifying Development

4.1.3 Evaluation of GDP

4.1.4 The Human Development Index

4.1.5 Population Structure

4.1.6 Developing Countries

4.1.7 Emerging Countries

4.1.8 Developed Countries

4.1.9 Comparing Development

4.2 Uneven Development

4.2.1 Consequences of Uneven Development

4.2.2 Physical Factors Affecting Development

4.2.3 Historic Factors Affecting Development

4.2.4 Human & Social Factors Affecting Development

4.2.5 Breaking Out of the Poverty Cycle

4.3 Case Study: Democratic Republic of Congo

4.3.1 The DRC: An Overview

4.3.2 Political & Social Factors Affecting Development

4.3.3 Environmental Factors Affecting the DRC

4.3.4 The DRC: Aid

4.3.5 The Pros & Cons of Aid in DRC

4.3.6 Top-Down vs Bottom-Up in DRC

4.3.7 The DRC: Comparison with the UK

4.3.8 The DRC: Against Malaria Foundation

4.4 Case Study: Nigeria

4.4.1 The Importance & Development of Nigeria

4.4.2 Nigeria's Relationships with the Rest of the World

4.4.3 Urban Growth in Lagos

4.4.4 Population Growth in Lagos

4.4.5 Factors influencing Nigeria's Growth

4.4.6 Nigeria: Comparison with the UK

5 Weather & Climate

5.1 Weather

5.1.1 Weather & Climate

5.1.2 Components of Weather

5.1.3 Temperature

5.1.4 Sunshine, Humidity & Air Pressure

5.1.5 Cloud Cover

5.1.6 Precipitation

5.1.7 Convectional Precipitation

5.1.8 Frontal Precipitation

5.1.9 Relief or Orographic Precipitation

5.1.10 Wind

5.1.11 Extreme Wind

5.1.12 Recording the Weather

5.1.13 Extreme Weather

5.2 Climate

5.2.1 Climate of the British Isles

5.2.2 Comparing Weather & Climate London

5.2.3 Climate of the Tropical Rainforest

5.2.4 End of Topic Test - Weather & Climate

5.3 Tropical Storms

5.3.1 Formation of Tropical Storms

5.3.2 Features of Tropical Storms

5.3.3 The Structure of Tropical Storms

5.3.4 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina Effects

5.3.5 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina Responses

6 The World of Work

6.1 Tourism

6.1.1 Landscapes

6.1.2 The Growth of Tourism

6.1.3 Benefits of Tourism

6.1.4 Economic Costs of Tourism

6.1.5 Social, Cultural & Environmental Costs of Tourism

6.1.6 Tourism Case Study: Blackpool

6.1.7 Ecotourism

6.1.8 Tourism Case Study: Kenya

7 Natural Resources

7.1.1 What are Rocks?

7.1.2 Types of Rock

7.1.4 The Rock Cycle - Weathering

7.1.5 The Rock Cycle - Erosion

7.1.6 What is Soil?

7.1.7 Soil Profiles

7.1.8 Water

7.1.9 Global Water Demand

7.2 Fossil Fuels

7.2.1 Introduction to Fossil Fuels

7.2.2 Fossil Fuels

7.2.3 The Global Energy Supply

7.2.5 What is Peak Oil?

7.2.6 End of Topic Test - Natural Resources

8.1 River Processes & Landforms

8.1.1 Overview of Rivers

8.1.2 The Bradshaw Model

8.1.3 Erosion

8.1.4 Sediment Transport

8.1.5 River Deposition

8.1.6 River Profiles: Long Profiles

8.1.7 River Profiles: Cross Profiles

8.1.8 Waterfalls & Gorges

8.1.9 Interlocking Spurs

8.1.10 Meanders

8.1.11 Floodplains

8.1.12 Levees

8.1.13 Case Study: River Tees

8.2 Rivers & Flooding

8.2.1 Flood Risk Factors

8.2.2 Flood Management: Hard Engineering

8.2.3 Flood Management: Soft Engineering

8.2.4 Flooding Case Study: Boscastle

8.2.5 Flooding Case Study: Consequences of Boscastle

8.2.6 Flooding Case Study: Responses to Boscastle

8.2.7 Flooding Case Study: Bangladesh

8.2.8 End of Topic Test - Rivers

8.2.9 Rivers Case Study: The Nile

8.2.10 Rivers Case Study: The Mississippi

9.1 Formation of Coastal Landforms

9.1.1 Weathering

9.1.2 Erosion

9.1.3 Headlands & Bays

9.1.4 Caves, Arches & Stacks

9.1.5 Wave-Cut Platforms & Cliffs

9.1.6 Waves

9.1.7 Longshore Drift

9.1.8 Coastal Deposition

9.1.9 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

9.2 Coast Management

9.2.1 Management Strategies for Coastal Erosion

9.2.2 Case Study: The Holderness Coast

9.2.3 Case Study: Lyme Regis

9.2.4 End of Topic Test - Coasts

10 Glaciers

10.1 Overview of Glaciers & How They Work

10.1.1 Distribution of Glaciers

10.1.2 Types of Glaciers

10.1.3 The Last Ice Age

10.1.4 Formation & Movement of Glaciers

10.1.5 Shaping of Landscapes by Glaciers

10.1.6 Glacial Landforms Created by Erosion

10.1.7 Glacial Till & Outwash Plain

10.1.8 Moraines

10.1.9 Drumlins & Erratics

10.1.10 End of Topic Tests - Glaciers

10.1.11 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

10.1.12 Strategies for Coping with Tourists

10.1.13 Case Study - Lake District: Tourism

10.1.14 Case Study - Lake District: Management

11 Tectonics

11.1 Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics

11.1.1 The Theory of Plate Tectonics

11.1.2 The Structure of the Earth

11.1.3 Tectonic Plates

11.1.4 Plate Margins

11.2 Volcanoes

11.2.1 Volcanoes & Their Products

11.2.2 The Development of Volcanoes

11.2.3 Living Near Volcanoes

11.3 Earthquakes

11.3.1 Overview of Earthquakes

11.3.2 Consequences of Earthquakes

11.3.3 Case Study: Christchurch, New Zealand Earthquake

11.4 Tsunamis

11.4.1 Formation of Tsunamis

11.4.2 Case Study: Japan 2010 Tsunami

11.5 Managing the Risk of Volcanoes & Earthquakes

11.5.1 Coping With Earthquakes & Volcanoes

11.5.2 End of Topic Test - Tectonics

12 Climate Change

12.1 The Causes & Consequences of Climate Change

12.1.1 Evidence for Climate Change

12.1.2 Natural Causes of Climate Change

12.1.3 Human Causes of Climate Change

12.1.4 The Greenhouse Effect

12.1.5 Effects of Climate Change on the Environment

12.1.6 Effects of Climate Change on People

12.1.7 Climate Change Predictions

12.1.8 Uncertainty About Future Climate Change

12.1.9 Mitigating Against Climate Change

12.1.10 Adapting to Climate Change

12.1.11 Case Study: Bangladesh

13 Global Population & Inequality

13.1 Global Populations

13.1.1 World Population

13.1.2 Population Structure

13.1.3 Ageing Populations

13.1.4 Youthful Populations

13.1.5 Population Control

13.1.6 Mexico to USA Migration

13.1.7 End of Topic Test - Development & Population

14 Urbanisation

14.1 Urbanisation

14.1.1 Rural Characterisitcs

14.1.2 Urban Characteristics

14.1.3 Urbanisation Growth

14.1.4 The Land Use Model

14.1.5 Rural-Urban Pull Factors

14.1.6 Rural-Urban Push Factors

14.1.7 The Impacts of Migration

14.1.8 Challenges of Urban Areas in Developed Countries

14.1.9 Challenges of Urban Areas in Developing Countries

14.1.10 Urban Sustainability

14.1.11 Case Study: China's Urbanisation

14.1.12 Major UK Cities

14.1.13 Urbanisation in the UK

14.1.14 End of Topic Test- Urbanisation

14.1.15 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues

15 Ecosystems

15.1 The Major Biomes

15.1.1 Distribution of Major Biomes

15.1.2 What Affects the Distribution of Biomes?

15.1.3 Biome Features: Tropical Forests

15.1.4 Biome Features: Temperate Forests

15.1.5 Biome Features: Tundra

15.1.6 Biome Features: Deserts

15.1.7 Biome Features: Tropical Grasslands

15.1.8 Biome Features: Temperate Grasslands

15.2 Case Study: The Amazon Rainforest

15.2.1 Interdependence of Rainforest Ecosystems

15.2.2 Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Rainforests

15.2.3 Deforestation in the Amazon

15.2.4 Impacts of Deforestation in the Amazon

15.2.5 Protecting the Amazon

15.2.6 Adaptations of Plants to Rainforests

15.2.7 Adaptations of Animals to Rainforests

16 Life in an Emerging Country

16.1 Case Studies

16.1.1 Mumbai: Opportunities

16.1.2 Mumbai: Challenges

17 Analysis of Africa

17.1 Africa

17.1.1 Desert Biomes in Africa

17.1.2 The Semi-Desert Biome

17.1.3 The Savanna Biome

17.1.4 Overview of Tropical Rainforests

17.1.5 Colonisation History

17.1.6 Population Distribution in Africa

17.1.7 Economic Resources in Africa

17.1.8 Urbanisation in Africa

17.1.9 Africa's Location

17.1.10 Physical Geography of Africa

17.1.11 Desertification in Africa

17.1.12 Reducing the Risk of Desertification

17.1.13 Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Opportunities

17.1.14 Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Development

18 Analysis of India

18.1 India - Physical Geography

18.1.1 Geographical Location of India

18.1.2 Physical Geography of India

18.1.3 India's Climate

18.1.4 Natural Disasters in India

18.1.5 Case Study: The Thar Desert

18.1.6 Case Study: The Thar Desert - Challenges

18.2 India - Human Geography

18.2.1 Population Distribution in India

18.2.2 Urabinsation in India

18.2.3 The History of India

18.2.4 Economic Resources in India

19 Analysis of the Middle East

19.1 The Middle East

19.1.1 Physical Geography of the Middle East

19.1.2 Human Geography of the Middle East

19.1.3 Climate Zones in the Middle East

19.1.4 Climate Comparison with the UK

19.1.5 Oil & Natural Gas in the Middle East

19.1.6 Water in the Middle East

19.1.7 Population of the Middle East

19.1.8 Development Case Studies: The UAE

19.1.9 Development Case Studies: Yemen

19.1.10 Supporting Development in Yemen

19.1.11 Connection to the UK

19.1.12 Importance of Oil

19.1.13 Oil & Tourism in the UAE

20 Analysis of Bangladesh

20.1 Bangladesh Physical Geography

20.1.1 Location of Bangladesh

20.1.2 Climate of Bangladesh

20.1.3 Rivers in Bangladesh

20.1.4 Flooding in Bangladesh

20.2 Bangladesh Human Geography

20.2.1 Population Structure in Bangladesh

20.2.2 Urbanisation in Bangladesh

20.2.3 Bangladesh's Economy

20.2.4 Energy & Sustainability in Bangladesh

21 Analysis of Russia

21.1 Russia's Physical Geography

21.1.1 Russia's Climate

21.1.2 Russia's Landscape

21.2 Russia's Human Geography

21.2.1 Population of Russia

21.2.2 Russia's Economy

21.2.3 Energy & Sustainability in Russia

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Consequences of Earthquakes

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A level Geography earthquake case study- Christchurch 2011 vs Sichuan 2008

Subject: Geography

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

19 July 2020

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Comprehensive 4 page revision resource comparing the May 2008 Sichuan earthquake with the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. This resource compares:

• The place (including the tectonic setting)
• The epicentre & focus
• Liquefaction & mass movement
• Aftershocks
• Primary impacts
• Secondary impacts
• Existing management
• Short term responses
• Long term responses
• Current situation
• Political implications

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Eduqas A level Geography: Tectonic Hazards

A collection of resources for Eduqas A level Geography Component 3: Tectonic Hazards. Useful to aid both teaching and revision.

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Geography Case Studies

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Coastal Erosion

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The Holderness Coast

The Dorset Coast

Happisburgh

Coastal Management

Sandscaping at Bacton, Norfolk

Coastal Realignment Donna Nook

Coastal Realignment Medmerry

Coastal Deposition

Spurn Point

Blakeney Point Spit

Earthquakes

Amatrice Earthquake Case Study

Chile Earthquake 2010

Christchurch Earthquake

Haiti Earthquake

Japan Earthquake 2011

L’Aquila Earthquake

Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018

Nepal Earthquake 2015

Sulawesi, Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami 2018

Taiwan (Hualien) Earthquake 2024

New Zealand 2016

Malaysia Causes of Deforestation

Malaysia Impacts of Deforestation

Alaska Case Study

Epping Forest Case Study

Sahara Desert Case Study

Svalbard Case Study

Thar Desert Case Study

Western Desert Case Study

Energy Resources

Chambamontera Micro-hydro Scheme

Extreme Weather in the UK

Beast from the East Case Study

Storm Ciera Case Study

Food Resources

Almería, Spain: a large-scale agricultural development

The Indus Basin Irrigation System: a large-scale agricultural development

Sustainable food supplies in a LIC – Bangladesh

Sustainable food supplies in a LIC – Makueni, Kenya

Landforms on the River Tees

Landforms on the River Severn

Indus River Basin (CIE)

River Flooding

Jubilee River Flood Management Scheme

Banbury Flood Management Scheme

Boscastle Floods

Kerala Flood 2018

Wainfleet Floods 2019

The Somerset Levels Flood Case Study

UK Floods Case Study November 2019

River Management

The Three Gorges Dam

Mekong River

The Changing Economic World

How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Jamaica Case Study

How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Tunisia Case Study

India Case Study of Development

Nigeria – A NEE

Torr Quarry

Nissan Sunderland

The London Sustainable Industries Park (London SIP)

Tropical Storms

Beast from the East

Hurricane Andrew

Cyclone Eline

Cyclone Idai Case Study

Typhoon Haiyan 2013

Hurricane Irma 2017

Typhoon Jebi 2018

Hurricane Florence 2018

Typhoon Mangkhut 2018

Urban Issues

Birmingham – Edexcel B

Urban Growth in Brazil – Rio de Janeiro

Urban Growth in India – Mumbai

Urban Growth in Nigeria – Lagos

London – A Case Study of a UK City

Inner City Redevelopment – London Docklands

Sustainable Urban Living – Freiburg

Sustainable Urban Living – East Village

Sustainable Urban Transport Bristol Case Study

Bristol – A major UK city

Volcanic Eruptions

Eyjafjallajokull – 2010

Mount Merapi – 2010

Mount Pinatubo – 1991

Sakurajima Case Study

Nyiragongo Case Study

Water Resources

Hitosa, Ethiopia – A local water supply scheme in an LIC

The South-North Water Transfer Project, China

Wakal River Basin Project

Lesotho Large-Scale Water Transfer Scheme

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