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The Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1600 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of the South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilisations of the Old World, and of the three, the most widespread. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.

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Mohammad Rafique Mughal

South Asia's first civilization known as the Harappan or Indus Civilization was already flourishing by the middle of third millennium B.C. within the vast area of the Greater Indus Valley drained by the Ghaggar-Hakra and Indus river systems of Pakistan. Best known from its extensively excavated two principal urban centres at Harappa on the Ravi River where it was first discovered and recognized, and at Mohenjodaro on the bank of the Indus,' it is marked by many a unique and distinct feature among its contemporaneous civilizations of the Nile and Tigris-Euphrates Valleys. An astonishing aspect of the Indus Civilization is its geographical extent much beyond the core re~ion in the central Indus Valley where Mohenjodaro, Harappa and the third unexcavated urban centre of Ganweriwala are located. It reached as far north as Badakhshan in northern ,Afghanistan and southwards along the Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan and Western India. Such a political domination or cultural expansion over a large territory had not been ever achieved by any other oriental civilization of the ancient world. Equally outstanding feature is the town planning as at Mohenjo-daro which is divided by streets and lanes and lined with public and private buildings with an elaborate drainage system. The long life span of the Harappan cities and towns, their growth and prolification mostly in the flood plain, clearly demonstrate availability of sufficient economic resources and surplus which were mobilized to construct huge fortifications and public buildings on artificially raised platforms of earth, and technology for effective utilization of the riparian environment to support growing numbers of permanently settled human population and inducing the rise and development of interrelated socioeconomic , political and religious institutions. A network of inter-settlement trade of exchange existed within the Greater Indus Valley and with neighbouring regions for the procurement and supply of raw materials and distributions of finished articles. Possessing the essential elements of full urbanization, the Harappan society was sharply stratified as would be evident from the varying size of private houses and differences in their grave furniture and modes of burials. Specialised crafts activities involved manufacturing of shell, faience and terracotta bangles, flint knapping, beads, pottery, seal cuttings and gravings, melting of copper and manufacture of metal utensils. The glyptic and representational arts were well developed and 'numerous cultic objects are indicative of formal role of religion. The mass production of different kinds and their occurrence throughout tire Greater Indus Valley requires a high technological level, an elaborate means of communication and an effective political or administrative system controlling a vast territory which induced a sort of Pan-Indus cultural integration not achieved elsewhere in the ancient world.

Muhammad Ali Awan

Artkarel.com

Karel Vereycken

The rise of a great urban civilization in the Indus Valley, which reached its maturity around 2500-2400 BCE, was long considered a sudden and mysterious phenomenon. Today, a series of discoveries allows us to follow, from 7000 to 2500 BCE, a series of transformations and innovations whose cumulative effects, stimulated by the enlargement of the network of exchanges from 3000 BCE onwards, created the conditions for the development of an incredibly modern and prosperous urban civilization.

Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present

Peter Clift

The Indus valley (or Harappan) civilisation is known to have experienced significant deterioration after around 2000 bc when many of the major urban centres were abandoned. This societal decay has been linked to a drying of the climate at the same time, when lakes in the Rajasthan area contracted and dried up, and discharge from the River Indus reduced. Although rivers may also have played a part in supplying water to the Harappan, attempts to reconstruct the Holocene drainage network show that most major reorganisation preceded human settlement by a significant amount of time. Any connection between the River Yamuna and the Indus basin was severed no later than 10,000 years ago. Instead, seasonal flooding by the River Ghaggar-Hakra, sourced in the Himalayan foothills, was key to successful agriculture during the Mature Harappan cultural phase, but declined as the monsoon rains weakened after 3000–2000 bc. Subsequently the Ghaggar-Hakra was overwhelmed by dunes in an expanding Thar Desert. Direct comparisons between the Ghaggar-Hakra and the mythical, glacier-fed River Saraswati are hard to support during the Bronze Age. 18 WAtEr sociEtiEs AnD tEcHnoLogiEs froM tHE PAst AnD PrEsEnt

Mohammad Mughal

Inzamam Azad

New evidence from excavations and re-analyses of old materials leads to the conclusion that the Harappan or Indus Civilization did not end abruptly around 2000 BCE but continued to flourish in three principal regions in slightly modified forms which are now recognized as the Jhukar culture in Sindh, Cemetery -H culture in Pakistani and Indian Punjab and Rangpur II-III in Gujarat, India. Despite changes in certain forms of material culture, the basic Indus tradition persisted until about 1300 BCE until assimilated in the local cultures.

DilipK Chakrabarti

Robert Brunswig

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Harappan Civilisation – Ancient History Notes PDF for all Competitive Exams

• October 7, 2023

Harappan Civilisation: The Harappan Civilization represents a remarkable chapter in the history of human civilization, showcasing the achievements of one of the world’s earliest urban societies. Its complex urban planning, advanced technologies, and cultural artifacts continue to captivate archaeologists, historians, and enthusiasts, shedding light on the roots of Indian civilization and its contributions to human history.

Harappan Civilisation

The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, was one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, thriving in what is now modern-day Pakistan and northwest India during the Bronze Age. Here are key points about the Harappan Civilization:

1. Chronology:

• The Harappan Civilization is generally dated to have flourished from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, although there is some debate about the exact dating.

2. Geographic Extent:

• The civilization encompassed a vast area, covering parts of present-day Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan.
• Major urban centers include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, and Dholavira.

3. Urban Centers:

• The Harappan cities were characterized by advanced urban planning and architecture.
• They had well-organized streets, drainage systems, public baths, and multi-story buildings.
• The cities were laid out in a grid pattern.

4. Writing System:

• The Harappans used a script that remains undeciphered, known as the Indus script.
• Inscriptions in this script have been found on various artifacts, suggesting a developed system of communication.

5. Economy:

• The economy was based on agriculture, with the Harappans cultivating wheat, barley, rice, and cotton.
• They engaged in trade with regions as far as Mesopotamia, as evidenced by archaeological finds of Harappan artifacts in ancient Sumer.

6. Religion and Art:

• The Harappans practiced a religion that is not well understood, although some symbols and artifacts suggest the worship of deities and sacred animals.
• Artifacts such as terracotta figurines, seals, and pottery reveal the artistic skills of the civilization.

7. Decline:

• The reasons for the decline of the Harappan Civilization are still a subject of debate among historians.
• Possible factors include ecological changes, such as a shift in the course of the Indus River, natural disasters, and social or political upheaval.
• The Harappan Civilization left behind a rich archaeological legacy, including its well-planned cities, advanced drainage systems, and artistic artifacts.
• It is considered one of the cradles of ancient Indian civilization and has had a lasting impact on the cultural and historical identity of the Indian subcontinent.

9. Rediscovery:

• The Harappan Civilization was rediscovered in the 19th century when archaeologists and scholars began excavations at sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
• The decipherment of the script and a deeper understanding of the civilization are ongoing research challenges.

Download Harappan Civilisation Notes PDF in Hindi

Download Harappan Civilisation Notes PDF in English

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