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speech sound

Definition of speech sound

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“Speech sound.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/speech%20sound. Accessed 4 Sep. 2024.

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• Apr 28, 2020

What are the different types of speech sounds?

Updated: Aug 11

Did you know there are different types of speech sounds? Have you worked with a child in the past who has focused on back sounds, or flow sounds, and wondered what does that mean?

Well, us humans are clever things and utilise different parts of our mouth and throat, controlling airflow in particular ways to produce a range of sounds. As a native English speaker, I’ll focus on English sounds but there may be some theory you can put towards sounds in any other language you are using with your child.

Speech Sounds: Voice, Place, Manner

This is the foundation phrase Speech and Language Therapists use when referring to speech sounds. Some sounds can be loud, like a D or V sound and others can be quiet or whispered like a T or H. This refers to the use of voice , utilising the voice box for the louder sounds and switching it off (or not vibrating the vocal folds) for quieter sounds.

When looking at place , this refers to where in the mouth the sound is made i.e. at the front or the back, with the tongue, teeth or lips.

The Manner of articulation indicates air flow and whether a speech sound is made when the air flow is stopped, allowed to flow a little or whether it is a sound made when the air flows out of the nose (like when producing a M sound).

Different places of Articulation

We make speech sounds in a few different places in our mouth and throat.

Lip sounds - these sounds are made by using the lips in some sort of way. P, B and M are made with both lips pressed together, W is made with lips rounded and F and V are made with the bottom lip tucked under the top front teeth.

Alveolar sounds - this refers to the hard palatal ridge just behind your top teeth. Here we make the T, D, N, S, Z, L, SH, CH, J. These are also referred to as front sounds .

Back sounds - sounds made towards the back of the mouth include K, G, NG. There are some other sounds made here in other languages, for example the Spanish ‘j’, Greek Ɣ and German ‘ch’.

Glide sounds - these are made when articulators move, R, L, W, Y.

Stop and flow sounds

Some of the sounds that we produce are made when the airflow is stopped and then released. Think of the ‘p’ sound. We produce this sound by pressing our lips together and letting air come out of our lungs but stopping it with our closed lips. Then we release the lips and the ‘puh’ sound is made.

The same thing happens for the ‘t’ sound, except this time we use the tongue tip on the ridge behind the teeth (the alveolar ridge) to stop the air flow and then release to make the ‘tuh’ sound. Try it.

The technical term for these ‘stoppy sounds’ is plosive . Stop sounds used in English are P, B, T, D, K, G.

Other speech sounds are made by letting the air flow through our articulators. Like the ‘s’ sound. For this sound we hover the tongue tip on the ridge behind the top teeth and let the air flow through to make the ‘sss’ sound.

Now try with the ‘f’ sound. For this we need to trap the bottom lip under the top teeth gently so that we can let the air flow to make this sound. This is one of my favourite sounds to help children with because we can make a rabbit face.

The technical term for ‘flowy sounds’ is fricative. Flow sounds in English are F, V, TH, S, Z, SH, H.

How can we tell there is a problem?

When speech sound difficulties occur, it is usually because a child is replacing one type of speech sounds with another. For example, they may be replacing a front sound T with a back sound K/C (saying key instead of tea ). OR they may replace a flow sound F with a stop sound D (saying dock for sock ).

A Speech and Language Therapist will be able to use samples of a child’s speech, usually with a picture naming assessment, to figure out what sounds a child can say, what sounds are missing or replaced, if the child has any particular difficulty with saying a type of sound and then decide on the best way to help make these difficulties better.

If this all sounds interesting to you, I go into much more depth and theory in my online course Speech Sounds: Steps to Success .

In this comprehensive training, we'll look at types of speech sound difficulties and common error patterns, as well as the development of speech sounds and the age children are expected to be able to produce certain types of sounds.

Then we go on to look at fun ways that you can resolve your child's speech sound difficulties and the different stages of their journey, from producing single sounds to being able to use their target sounds in sentences.

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What is a speech sound?

Human beings are capable of uttering hundreds of sounds. If we fall and hurt ourselves, we may well let out a shriek or a pained, strangled sound of hurt – something akin to “Ow!” or “Argh!” However, not all uttered sounds such as these are speech sounds . That is to say, not all of the sounds we are capable of uttering are used to communicate using speech.

Verbal  communication involves turning our non-linguistic experiences (thoughts, feelings, ideas, wishes, wants, and so on) into language and then transmitting the resulting linguistic units ( words ) through some appropriate medium. Other people are then able to decode the words and, thereby, regain the sense of what we were intending to communicate. There are three main ways that we transmit linguistically encoded messages:

It is apparent that all typically developing people learn to speak: speech acquisition is a natural process. However, not all people learn to read and write. Literacy skills have to be taught: they are not the product of a natural process. In this sense, speech is prior to writing as a transmission system. In fact, speech is the primary medium through which people communicate using language.

A number of people, however, experience some sort of impairment that prevents them using speech as the primary means of transmission. This could be, for example, a neurological or anatomical impairment that prevents production of speech that is intelligible to others or a hearing impairment that interferes with the ability to hear other people’s speech. In situations such as these, signing (or sign language) may be used either to augment a person’s relatively unintelligible speech or to replace speech altogether. Signing is a systematic, visual means of communicating using manual gestures supported by facial expressions and body language. It is well known as a means of communication used by people who are deaf and those with severe hearing impairments (e.g. British Sign Language; American Sign Language).

The fact remains, however, that speech is the most common medium through which people communicate with one another.

Returning to our opening gambit that not all of the sounds humans are capable of uttering are used for speech, we must ask ourselves, therefore, which sounds are actually used in speech. The simple answer is that the sounds used in speech are the speech sounds. For speakers of English, for example, the sound /b/ is readily recognizable as a speech sound because we have heard it spoken at the beginning of words such as ball , boy , bus and bat . We have also heard it at the ends of words such as cab , lab , dab and crab . Moreover, we have heard it spoken somewhere in the middle of longer words such as laboratory , Peterborough , cannibalistic and nebula . The key appears to be that speech sounds are those sounds used by a particular world language to form the words of that language. We recognize /b/ as an English speech sound because we can find examples of it appearing in the words of English. In comparison, most speakers of English would not recognize a dental click as an English speech sound. This is a sound made by sucking on the front teeth with the tongue, rather like the tutting sound made in (British) English to express disapproval, tut tut! This sound does appear, however, in words in Nama (one of the so-called Kohisan languages of the Kalahari in Africa). Clearly, native speakers of a Nama and native speakers of English are both capable of producing a dental click. However, this sound is only considered to be a speech sound for one group – the speakers of Nama. For speakers of English this sound does not appear in any dictionary words. In sum, it is not an English speech sound.

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Speech sounds, what are speech sounds  .

Speech sounds are the sounds we use for talking. We use our tongue, lips, teeth, and other parts of our mouth to create different speech sounds. Speech sounds are not the same as letters. For example, the word ‘sheep’ has five letters, but only three sounds: ‘sh’ ‘ee’ ‘p’.  

When do children learn different speech sounds?   

As children learn to talk, they gradually learn to make more and more speech sounds. This means that they cannot say all speech sounds straight away. Some sounds like ‘m’ are easier to make than sounds like ‘th’. The chart below shows the ages that children who speak English can normally say different sounds.  

Children who can’t make these speech sounds at these ages might need extra help from a speech and language therapist. Children may lisp ‘s’ sounds until around age four or five. See our factsheet on lisps.  

Even when children can make a speech sound by itself, it can be much trickier to use speech sounds when saying whole words and sentences! Children often find simpler ways to say words when they are finding a speech sound tricky. This chart shows examples of how your child might say words at different ages:  

By five or six years old, nearly all words will be clear and easy to understand. Children who say words like a much younger child, or who say their words in an unusual or unpredictable way, might need extra help from a speech and language therapist.  

I can understand everything my child says, but other people can’t.   

Families can often understand their child much better than other people. Families might be able to guess what their child is talking about and they learn to tune into how their child says words. It can be much harder for other people who don’t know your child! Here is a rough guide about how clear your child’s talking should be at different ages:  

What causes challenges with speech sounds?  

Children’s speech is often unclear when they first start to talk, but most children will get clearer in time. Some children, though, have particular challenges making or using speech sounds and will need extra help from a speech and language therapist to talk clearly. We often do not know why a child has challenges using speech sounds, but it can be linked to:  

• Challenges with other areas of their communication skills, for example talking and understanding words  
• Glue ear (see glue ear page for more information)  
• Cleft palate  
• Having other family members who needed help with their speech sounds.  

What about dummies?    

In the past, professionals usually warned against using a dummy after age one as it could cause problems with speech sounds. Recently, studies show that this may not be completely true. For most children, their speech sound challenges are not caused by dummies. We have more information on the pros and cons of dummies here.  

I am worried about my child’s speech sounds, what should I do?     

If the information here has made you think that your child’s speech sounds are not as clear as other children their age, it is best to talk to your child’s nursery or school, or contact a speech and language therapist. Please see our ‘How do I find a speech and language therapist’ guide for more information.  

We also have a free speech and language advice line , which is a confidential phone call with an experienced speech and language therapist. During the 30-minute call, you will be given the opportunity to talk through your concerns and questions regarding your child’s development. You can book your phone call here.  

What can I do to help my child at home?   

• Focus on trying to understand what your child is saying, rather than how they are saying it. Turn off any background noise and get down to their level so you can see and hear each other easily.   
• It is usually best not to correct your child or ask them to copy you saying tricky sounds or words.  
• Model words. This means saying the word correctly to your child, but not making them repeat it after you. You can do this if you hear them make a mistake. Try to repeat the word a few times for your child. For example, if they say, ‘Mummy, there’s a tat!’, you could say, ‘Oh yes a cat! A ginger cat. What a lovely cat.’  
• Show your child how to use other ways to communicate what they want and need. Our information on visual supports is a good starting point.  
• Listening to and playing with sounds and music can help develop your child’s awareness of sounds. Things to try:    
• Sing nursery rhymes or read rhyming books together. See if your child can finish the rhyme: Jack and Jill went up the… (hill).    
• Sing, dance or clap along to their favourite music and songs.   
• Play with musical instruments. Copy each other’s tune or rhythm.
• Drum together: Beat out a rhythm together using drums or household objects like pans and spoon.  

We don’t suggest trying mouth exercises such as practicing blowing or sucking. Mouth exercises are not helpful for most children with speech sound challenges.  

Useful websites:     

BBC – Tiny Happy People

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Speech in Linguistics

• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

In linguistics , speech is a system of  communication  that uses spoken words  (or sound symbols ). 

The study of speech sounds (or spoken language ) is the branch of linguistics known as phonetics . The study of sound changes in a language is phonology . For a discussion of speeches in rhetoric and oratory , see Speech (Rhetoric) .

Etymology:  From the Old English, "to speak"

Studying Language Without Making Judgements

• "Many people believe that written language is more prestigious than spoken language--its form is likely to be closer to Standard English , it dominates education and is used as the language of public administration. In linguistic terms, however, neither speech nor writing can be seen as superior. Linguists are more interested in observing and describing all forms of language in use than in making social and cultural judgements with no linguistic basis." (Sara Thorne, Mastering Advanced English Language , 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)

Speech Sounds and Duality

• "The very simplest element of speech --and by 'speech' we shall henceforth mean the auditory system of speech symbolism, the flow of spoken words--is the individual sound, though, . . . the sound is not itself a simple structure but the resultant of a series of independent, yet closely correlated, adjustments in the organs of speech." ( Edward Sapir , Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech , 1921)
• "Human language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. This property is called duality (or 'double articulation'). In speech production, we have a physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n , b and i . As individual sounds, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning . In a particular combination such as bin , we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib . So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and, at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of human language because, with a limited set of discrete sounds, we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. words) which are distinct in meaning." (George Yule, The Study of Language , 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006)

Approaches to Speech

• "Once we decide to begin an analysis of speech , we can approach it on various levels. At one level, speech is a matter of anatomy and physiology: we can study organs such as tongue and larynx in the production of speech. Taking another perspective, we can focus on the speech sounds produced by these organs--the units that we commonly try to identify by letters , such as a 'b-sound' or an 'm-sound.' But speech is also transmitted as sound waves, which means that we can also investigate the properties of the sound waves themselves. Taking yet another approach, the term 'sounds' is a reminder that speech is intended to be heard or perceived and that it is therefore possible to focus on the way in which a listener analyzes or processes a sound wave." (J. E. Clark and C. Yallop, An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology . Wiley-Blackwell, 1995)

Parallel Transmission

• "Because so much of our lives in a literate society has been spent dealing with speech recorded as letters and text in which spaces do separate letters and words, it can be extremely difficult to understand that spoken language simply does not have this characteristic. . . . [A]lthough we write, perceive, and (to a degree) cognitively process speech linearly--one sound followed by another--the actual sensory signal our ear encounters is not composed of discretely separated bits. This is an amazing aspect of our linguistic abilities, but on further thought one can see that it is a very useful one. The fact that speech can encode and transmit information about multiple linguistic events in parallel means that the speech signal is a very efficient and optimized way of encoding and sending information between individuals. This property of speech has been called parallel transmission ." (Dani Byrd and Toben H. Mintz, Discovering Speech, Words, and Mind . Wiley-Blackwell, 2010)

Oliver Goldsmith on the True Nature of Speech

• "It is usually said by grammarians , that the use of language is to express our wants and desires; but men who know the world hold, and I think with some show of reason, that he who best knows how to keep his necessities private is the most likely person to have them redressed; and that the true use of speech is not so much to express our wants, as to conceal them." (Oliver Goldsmith, "On the Use of Language." The Bee , October 20, 1759)

Pronunciation: SPEECH

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Speech sound.

Other forms: speech sounds

• noun (phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language synonyms: phone , sound see more see less types: show 24 types... hide 24 types... phoneme (linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language vowel , vowel sound a speech sound made with the vocal tract open glide , semivowel a vowellike sound that serves as a consonant consonant a speech sound that is not a vowel orinasal , orinasal phone a speech sound produced with both the oral and nasal passages open (as French nasal vowels) sonant , voiced sound a speech sound accompanied by sound from the vocal cords allophone (linguistics) any of various acoustically different forms of the same phoneme ablaut a vowel whose quality or length is changed to indicate linguistic distinctions (such as sing sang sung song) diphthong a vowel sound that starts near the articulatory position for one vowel and moves toward the position for another schwa , shwa a neutral middle vowel; occurs in unstressed syllables stem vowel , thematic vowel a vowel that ends a stem and precedes an inflection palatal a semivowel produced with the tongue near the palate (like the initial sound in the English word `yeast') alveolar , alveolar consonant , dental , dental consonant a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge obstruent a consonant that is produced with a partial or complete blockage of the airflow from the lungs through the nose or mouth aspirate a consonant pronounced with aspiration labial , labial consonant a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips labiodental , labiodental consonant a consonant whose articulation involves the lips and teeth nasal , nasal consonant a consonant produced through the nose with the mouth closed lingual a consonant that is produced with the tongue and other speech organs liquid a frictionless continuant that is not a nasal consonant (especially `l' and `r') geminate a doubled or long consonant surd , voiceless consonant a consonant produced without sound from the vocal cords velar , velar consonant a consonant produced with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate guttural , guttural consonant , pharyngeal , pharyngeal consonant a consonant articulated in the back of the mouth or throat type of: language unit , linguistic unit one of the natural units into which linguistic messages can be analyzed

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Speech Sound Disorders in Children

What are speech sound disorders in children?

It’s normal for young children learning language skills to have some trouble saying words the right way. That’s part of the learning process. Their speech skills develop over time. They master certain sounds and words at each age. By age 8, most children have learned how to master all word sounds.

But some children have speech sound disorders. This means they have trouble saying certain sounds and words past the expected age. This can make it hard to understand what a child is trying to say.  

Speech sound problems include articulation disorder and phonological process disorder.

Articulation disorder is a problem with making certain sounds, such as “sh.”

Phonological process disorder is a pattern of sound mistakes. This includes not pronouncing certain letters.

What causes speech sound disorders in a child?

Often, a speech sound disorder has no known cause. But some speech sound errors may be caused by:

Injury to the brain

Thinking or development disability

Problems with hearing or hearing loss, such as past ear infections

Physical problems that affect speech, such cleft palate or cleft lip

Disorders affecting the nerves involved in speech

Which children are at risk for speech sound disorders?

The cause often is not known, but children at risk for a speech sound disorder include those with:

Developmental disorders such as autism

Genetic disorders such as Down syndrome

Hearing loss

Nervous system disorders such as cerebral palsy

Illnesses such as frequent ear infections

Physical problems such as a cleft lip or palate

Too much thumb-sucking or pacifier use

Low education level of the parent

Lack of support for learning in the home

What are the symptoms of speech sound disorders in a child?

Your child’s symptoms depend on what type of speech sound disorder your child has. He or she may have trouble forming some word sounds correctly past a certain age. This is called articulation disorder. Your child may drop, add, distort, or swap word sounds. Keep in mind that some sound changes may be part of an accent. They are not speech errors. Signs of this problem can include:

Leaving off sounds from words (example: saying “coo” instead of “school”)

Adding sounds to words (example: saying “puhlay” instead of “play”)

Distorting sounds in words (example: saying “thith” instead of “this”)

Swapping sounds in words (example: saying “wadio” instead of “radio”)

If your child often makes certain word speech mistakes, he or she may have phonological process disorder. The mistakes may be common in young children learning speech skills. But when they last past a certain age, it may be a disorder. Signs of this problem are:

Saying only 1 syllable in a word (example: “bay” instead of “baby”)

Simplifying a word by repeating 2 syllables (example: “baba” instead of “bottle”)

Leaving out a consonant sound (example: “at” or “ba” instead of “bat”)

Changing certain consonant sounds (example: “tat” instead of “cat”)

How are speech sound disorders diagnosed in a child?

First, your child’s healthcare provider will check his or her hearing. This is to make sure that your child isn’t simply hearing words and sounds incorrectly.

If your child’s healthcare provider rules out hearing loss, you may want to talk with a speech-language pathologist. This is a speech expert who evaluates and treats children who are having problems with speech-language and communication.                       

By watching and listening to your child speak, a speech-language pathologist can determine whether your child has a speech sound disorder. The pathologist will evaluate your child’s speech and language skills. He or she will keep in mind accents and dialect. He or she can also find out if a physical problem in the mouth is affecting your child’s ability to speak. Finding the problem and getting help early are important to treat speech sound disorders.

How are speech sound disorders treated in a child?

The speech-language pathologist can put together a therapy plan to help your child with his or her disorder. These healthcare providers work with children to help them:

Notice and fix sounds that they are making wrong

Learn how to correctly form their problem sound

Practice saying certain words and making certain sounds

The pathologist can also give you activities and strategies to help your child practice at home. If your child has a physical problem in the mouth, the pathologist can refer your child to an ear, nose, throat healthcare provider or orthodontist if needed.

Spotting a speech sound disorder early can help your child overcome any speech problems. He or she can learn how to speak well and comfortably.

How can I help my child live with a speech sound disorder?

You can do things to take care of your child with a speech sound disorder:

Keep all appointments with your child’s healthcare provider.

Talk with your healthcare provider about other providers who will be involved in your child’s care. Your child may get care from a team that may include experts such as speech-language pathologists and counselors. Your child’s care team will depend on your child’s needs and the severity of the speech sound disorder.

Tell others of your child’s disorder. Work with your child’s healthcare provider and schools to develop a treatment plan.

Reach out for support from local community services. Being in touch with other parents who have a child with a speech sound disorder may be helpful.

When should I call my child’s healthcare provider?

Call your child’s healthcare provider if your child has:

Symptoms that don’t get better, or get worse

New symptoms

Key points about speech sound disorders in children

A speech sound disorder means a child has trouble saying certain sounds and words past the expected age.

A child with an articulation disorder has problems making certain sounds the right way.

A child with phonological process disorder regularly makes certain word speech mistakes.

The cause of this problem is often unknown.

A speech-language pathologist can help diagnose and treat a speech sound disorder.

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:

Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.

Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.

At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.

Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.

Ask if your child’s condition can be treated in other ways.

Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.

Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.

If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.

Know how you can contact your child’s provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.

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What Is a Speech Sound Disorder?

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Speech sound disorders are a blanket description for a child’s difficulty in learning, articulating, or using the sounds/sound patterns of their language. These difficulties are usually clear when compared to the communication abilities of children within the same age group.

Speech developmental disorders may indicate challenges with motor speech. Here, a child experiences difficulty moving the muscles necessary for speech production. This child may also face reduced coordination when attempting to speak.

Speech sound disorders are recognized where speech patterns do not correspond with the movements/gestures made when speaking.  

Speech impairments are a common early childhood occurrence—an estimated 2% to 13% of children live with these difficulties. Children with these disorders may struggle with reading and writing. This can interfere with their expected academic performance. Speech sound disorders are often confused with language conditions such as specific language impairment (SLI).

This article will examine the distinguishing features of this disorder. It will also review factors responsible for speech challenges, and the different ways they can manifest. Lastly, we’ll cover different treatment methods that make managing this disorder possible.

Symptoms of Speech Sound Disorder

A speech sound disorder may manifest in different ways. This usually depends on the factors responsible for the challenge, or how extreme it is.

There are different patterns of error that may signal a speech sound disorder. These include:

• Removing a sound from a word
• Including a sound in a word
• Replacing hard to pronounce sounds with an unsuitable alternative
• Difficulty pronouncing the same sound in different words (e.g., "pig" and "kit")
• Repeating sounds or words
• Lengthening words
• Pauses while speaking
• Tension when producing sounds
• Head jerks during speech
• Blinking while speaking
• Shame while speaking
• Changes in voice pitch
• Running out of breath while speaking

It’s important to note that children develop at different rates. This can reflect in the ease and ability to produce sounds. But where children repeatedly make sounds or statements that are difficult to understand, this could indicate a speech disorder.

Diagnosis of Speech Sound Disorders

For a correct diagnosis, a speech-language pathologist can determine whether or not a child has a speech-sound disorder.

This determination may be made in line with the requirements of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria . These guidelines require that:

• The child experience persistent difficulty with sound production (this affects communication and speech comprehension)
• Symptoms of the disorder appear early during the child’s development stages
• This disorder limits communication. It affects social interactions, academic achievements, and job performance.
• The disorder is not caused by other conditions like a congenital disorder or an acquired condition like hearing loss . Hereditary disorders are, however, exempted. 

Causes of Speech Sound Disorders

There is no known cause of speech sound disorders. However, several risk factors may increase the odds of developing a speech challenge. These include:

• Gender : Male children are more likely to develop a speech sound disorder
• Family history : Children with family members living with speech disorders may acquire a similar challenge.
• Socioeconomics : Being raised in a low socioeconomic environment may contribute to the development of speech and literacy challenges.
• Pre- and post-natal challenges : Difficulties faced during pregnancy such as maternal infections and stressors may worsen the chances of speech disorders in a child. Likewise, delivery complications, premature birth, and low-birth-weight could lead to speech disorders.
• Disabilities : Down syndrome, autism , and other disabilities may be linked to speech-sound disorders.
• Physical challenges : Children with a cleft lip may experience speech sound difficulties.
• Brain damage : These disorders may also be caused by an infection or trauma to a child’s brain . This is seen in conditions like cerebral palsy where the muscles affecting speech are injured.

Types of Speech Sound Disorders

By the time a child turns three, at least half of what they say should be properly understood. By ages four and five, most sounds should be pronounced correctly—although, exceptions may arise when pronouncing “l”, “s”,”r”,”v”, and other similar sounds. By seven or eight, harder sounds should be properly pronounced. 

A child with a speech sound disorder will continue to struggle to pronounce words, even past the expected age. Difficulty with speech patterns may signal one of the following speech sound disorders:

This refers to interruptions while speaking. Stuttering is the most common form of disfluency. It is recognized for recurring breaks in the free flow of speech. After the age of four, a child with disfluency will still repeat words or phrases while speaking. This child may include extra words or sounds when communicating—they may also make words longer by stressing syllables.

This disorder may cause tension while speaking. Other times, head jerking or blinking may be observed with disfluency. 

Children with this disorder often feel frustrated when speaking, it may also cause embarrassment during interactions. 

Articulation Disorder

When a child is unable to properly produce sounds, this may be caused by inexact placement, speed, pressure, or movement from the lips, tongue, or throat.  

This usually signals an articulation disorder, where sounds like “r”, “l”, or “s” may be changed. In these cases, a child’s communication may be understood by only close family members.

Phonological Disorder

A phonological disorder is present where a child is unable to make the speech sounds expected of their age. Here, mistakes may be made when producing sounds. Other times, sounds like consonants may be omitted when speaking.  

Voice Disorder

Where a child is observed to have a raspy voice, this may be an early sign of a voice disorder. Other indicators include voice breaks, a change in pitch, or an excessively loud or soft voice.  

Children that run out of breath while speaking may also live with this disorder. Likewise, children may sound very nasally, or can appear to have inadequate air coming out of their nose if they have a voice disorder.

Childhood apraxia of speech occurs when a child lacks the proper motor skills for sound production. Children with this condition will find it difficult to plan and produce movements in the tongue, lips, jaw, and palate required for speech.  

Treatment of Speech Sound Disorder

Parents of children with speech sound disorders may feel at a loss for the next steps to take. To avoid further strain to the child, it’s important to avoid showing excessive concern.

Instead, listening patiently to their needs, letting them speak without completing their sentences, and showing usual love and care can go a long way.

For professional assistance, a speech-language pathologist can assist with improving a child’s communication. These pathologists will typically use oral motor exercises to enhance speech.

These oral exercises may also include nonspeech oral exercises such as blowing, oral massages and brushing, cheek puffing, whistleblowing, etc.

Nonspeech oral exercises help to strengthen weak mouth muscles, and can help with learning the common ways of communicating.

Parents and children with speech sound disorders may also join support groups for information and assistance with the condition.

A Word From Verywell

It can be frustrating to witness the challenges in communication. But while it's understandable to long for typical communication from a child—the differences caused by speech disorders can be managed with the right care and supervision. Speaking to a speech therapist, and showing love o children with speech disorders can be important first steps in overcoming these conditions.

Eadie P, Morgan A, Ukoumunne OC, Ttofari Eecen K, Wake M, Reilly S. Speech sound disorder at 4 years: prevalence, comorbidities, and predictors in a community cohort of children . Dev Med Child Neurol . 2015;57(6):578-584. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12635

McLeod S, Harrison LJ, McAllister L, McCormack J. Speech sound disorders in a community study of preschool children . Am J Speech Lang Pathol . 2013;22(3):503-522. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0123)

Murphy CF, Pagan-Neves LO, Wertzner HF, Schochat E. Children with speech sound disorder: comparing a non-linguistic auditory approach with a phonological intervention approach to improve phonological skills . Front Psychol . 2015;6:64. Published 2015 Feb 4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00064

Penn Medicine. Speech and Language Disorders-Symptoms and Causes .

PsychDB. Speech Sound Disorder (Phonological Disorder) .

Sices L, Taylor HG, Freebairn L, Hansen A, Lewis B. Relationship between speech-sound disorders and early literacy skills in preschool-age children: impact of comorbid language impairment . J Dev Behav Pediatr . 2007;28(6):438-447. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e31811ff8ca

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Speech Sound Disorders: Articulation and Phonology .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Speech Sound Disorders .

MedlinePlus. Phonological Disorder .

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Articulation Disorder .

National Institute of Health. Phonological Disorder.

Lee AS, Gibbon FE. Non-speech oral motor treatment for children with developmental speech sound disorders . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2015;2015(3):CD009383. Published 2015 Mar 25. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009383.pub2

By Elizabeth Plumptre Elizabeth is a freelance health and wellness writer. She helps brands craft factual, yet relatable content that resonates with diverse audiences.

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• Academia - Definition of the phoneme and its functions
• CORE - The Status of the Concept of ‘Phoneme’ in Psycholinguistics
• University of Birmingham - School of Computer Science - Phones and Phonemes
• Literary Devices - Phoneme
• Social Sciences LibreTexts - Phonemes

phoneme , in linguistics , smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another, as the element p in “tap,” which separates that word from “tab,” “tag,” and “tan.” A phoneme may have more than one variant, called an allophone ( q.v. ), which functions as a single sound; for example, the p ’s of “pat,” “spat,” and “tap” differ slightly phonetically, but that difference, determined by context , has no significance in English. In some languages, where the variant sounds of p can change meaning, they are classified as separate phonemes— e.g., in Thai the aspirated p (pronounced with an accompanying puff of air) and unaspirated p are distinguished one from the other.

Phonemes are based on spoken language and may be recorded with special symbols, such as those of the International Phonetic Alphabet . In transcription, linguists conventionally place symbols for phonemes between slash marks: /p/. The term phoneme is usually restricted to vowels and consonants, but some linguists extend its application to cover phonologically relevant differences of pitch, stress , and rhythm. Nowadays the phoneme often has a less central place in phonological theory than it used to have, especially in American linguistics. Many linguists regard the phoneme as a set of simultaneous distinctive features rather than as an unanalyzable unit.

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Losing her speech made her feel isolated from humanity.

Synonyms: communication , conversation , parley , parlance

He expresses himself better in speech than in writing.

We waited for some speech that would indicate her true feelings.

Synonyms: talk , mention , comment , asseveration , assertion , observation

a fiery speech.

Synonyms: discourse , talk

• any single utterance of an actor in the course of a play, motion picture, etc.

Synonyms: patois , tongue

Your slovenly speech is holding back your career.

• a field of study devoted to the theory and practice of oral communication.
• Archaic. rumor .

to have speech with somebody

speech therapy

• that which is spoken; utterance
• a talk or address delivered to an audience
• a person's characteristic manner of speaking
• a national or regional language or dialect
• linguistics another word for parole

Other Words From

• self-speech noun

Word History and Origins

Origin of speech 1

Synonym Study

Example sentences.

Kids are interacting with Alexas that can record their voice data and influence their speech and social development.

The attorney general delivered a controversial speech Wednesday.

For example, my company, Teknicks, is working with an online K-12 speech and occupational therapy provider.

Instead, it would give tech companies a powerful incentive to limit Brazilians’ freedom of speech at a time of political unrest.

However, the president did give a speech in Suresnes, France, the next day during a ceremony hosted by the American Battle Monuments Commission.

Those are troubling numbers, for unfettered speech is not incidental to a flourishing society.

There is no such thing as speech so hateful or offensive it somehow “justifies” or “legitimizes” the use of violence.

We need to recover and grow the idea that the proper answer to bad speech is more and better speech.

Tend to your own garden, to quote the great sage of free speech, Voltaire, and invite people to follow your example.

The simple, awful truth is that free speech has never been particularly popular in America.

Alessandro turned a grateful look on Ramona as he translated this speech, so in unison with Indian modes of thought and feeling.

And so this is why the clever performer cannot reproduce the effect of a speech of Demosthenes or Daniel Webster.

He said no more in words, but his little blue eyes had an eloquence that left nothing to mere speech.

After pondering over Mr. Blackbird's speech for a few moments he raised his head.

Albinia, I have refrained from speech as long as possible; but this is really too much!

Related Words

More about speech, what is speech .

Speech is the ability to express thoughts and emotions through vocal sounds and gestures. The act of doing this is also known as speech .

Speech is something only humans are capable of doing and this ability has contributed greatly to humanity’s ability to develop civilization. Speech allows humans to communicate much more complex information than animals are able to.

Almost all animals make sounds or noises with the intent to communicate with each other, such as mating calls and yelps of danger. However, animals aren’t actually talking to each other. That is, they aren’t forming sentences or sharing complicated information. Instead, they are making simple noises that trigger another animal’s natural instincts.

While speech does involve making noises, there is a lot more going on than simple grunts and growls. First, humans’ vocal machinery, such as our lungs, throat, vocal chords, and tongue, allows for a wide range of intricate sounds. Second, the human brain is incredibly complex, allowing humans to process vocal sounds and understand combinations of them as words and oral communication. The human brain is essential for speech . While chimpanzees and other apes have vocal organs similar to humans’, their brains are much less advanced and they are unable to learn speech .

Why is speech important?

The first records of the word speech come from before the year 900. It ultimately comes from the Old English word sprecan , meaning “to speak.” Scientists debate on the exact date that humanity first learned to speak, with estimates ranging from 50,000 to 2 million years ago.

Related to the concept of speech is the idea of language . A language is the collection of symbols, sounds, gestures, and anything else that a group of people use to communicate with each other, such as English, Swahili, and American Sign Language . Speech is actually using those things to orally communicate with someone else.

Did you know … ?

But what about birds that “talk”? Parrots in particular are famous for their ability to say human words and sentences. Birds are incapable of speech . What they are actually doing is learning common sounds that humans make and mimicking them. They don’t actually understand what anything they are repeating actually means.

What are real-life examples of speech ?

Speech is essential to human communication.

Dutch is just enough like German that I can read text on signs and screens, but not enough that I can understand speech. — Clark Smith Cox III (@clarkcox) September 8, 2009

I can make squirrels so excited, I could almost swear they understand human speech! — Neil Oliver (@thecoastguy) July 20, 2020

What other words are related to speech ?

• communication
• information

Quiz yourself!

True or False?

Humans are the only animals capable of speech .