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Rhetoric and Composition

An introduction to rhetoric.

The Canons of Rhetoric (Gideon O. Burton, Brigham Young University) This website has an extensive collection of resources, from definitions of rhetorical terms to examples of rhetorical analyses to timelines of key rhetoricians and their work.

Elements of Rhetorical Situations (Purdue OWL) An introduction to the five central elements of a rhetorical situation: the text, the author, the audience, the purpose(s) and the setting.

Rhetorical Awareness and User-Centered Design (Purdue OWL) “This section outlines the concepts of rhetorical awareness and user-centered design, provides examples of these ideas, and it contains a glossary of terms.”

Rhetorical Situations (Purdue OWL) “Understanding and being able to analyze rhetorical situations can help contribute to strong, audience-focused, and organized writing. The PowerPoint presentation in the Media box above is suitable for any classroom and any writing task. The resource below explains in more detail how to analyze rhetorical situations.”

Scholarly Definitions of Rhetoric (American Rhetoric) Definitions of “rhetoric” by rhetoricians and writing scholars from various time periods.

What is rhetoric ? (Gideon O. Burton, Brigham Young University) A brief overview of rhetoric’s definition and origin.

POPULAR RHETORICAL MODELS

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Situation (Purdue OWL) “Many people have heard of the rhetorical concepts of logos , ethos , and pathos even if they do not necessarily know what they fully mean. These three terms, along with kairos and telos , were used by Aristotle to help explain how rhetoric functions. In ancient Greece, these terms corresponded with basic components that all rhetorical situations have.” This resource provides definitions of these key terms.

Ethos, Pathos, Logos: The Rhetorical Triangle (Oklahoma City Community College Writing Center) (PDF) A one-page handout that explains Aristotle’s rhetorical triangle with definitions, key questions, and examples.

Rogerian Argument (Joseph M. Moxley, Writing Commons) A very extensive guide to the Rogerian Argument that emphasizes its practical uses in resolving disputes.

The Toulmin Method (Writing@CSU) “When learning written argument, it is always helpful to observe how others argue effectively or ineffectively. The Toulmin method, based on the work of philosopher Stephen Toulmin, is one way of analyzing a text that we read, with an eye toward responding to that particular argument (as in a writing assignment that asks us to respond) and, ultimately, toward analyzing and improving the arguments we ourselves make.” This page provides an in-depth explanation of the Toulmin Method through these subsections:

What is Rogerian Argument? (Writing@CSU) An introduction to Rogerian Arguments with a simple breakdown of how these arguments are often structured.

CONDUCTING RHETORICAL ANALYSES

Audience Analysis Overview (Purdue OWL) “In order to compose persuasive, user-centered communication, you should gather as much information as possible about the people reading your document. Your audience may consist of people who may have differing needs and expectations. In other words, you may have a complex audience in all the stages of your document’s lifecycle—the development stage, the reading stage, and the action stage.” Each of these stages is outlined on this page.

Basic Questions for Rhetorical Analysis (Silva Rhetoricae, Brigham Young University) A list of questions to ask yourself when you’re conducting a rhetorical analysis.

The Canons of Rhetoric (Silva Rhetoricae, Brigham Young University) If you click on “Canons of Rhetoric” in the left-hand column, you’ll see the five canons—invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery—hyperlinked. Click on these to learn more about them and to read sample rhetorical analyses bearing these canons in mind.

Doing a Rhetorical Analysis of a Text (Kate Kiefer, Writing@CSU) This site outlines five of Lloyd Bitzer’s rhetorical elements that can assist readers in analyzing an argument essay.

Rhetorical Analysis (Texas A&M University Writing Center) Includes definitions of rhetoric, artistic/inartistic proofs, and appeals. It also includes tips for prewriting and drafting a rhetorical analysis.

Visual Rhetoric (Purdue OWL) “This resource covers how to write a rhetorical analysis essay of primarily visual texts with a focus on demonstrating the author’s understanding of the rhetorical situation and design principles.”

• Definition and Goals of Visual/Rhetorical Analysis Explains the definition and goals of conducting a rhetorical analysis of a visual text.
• Elements of Analysis A brief guide to analyzing visual texts based upon audience, purpose and context.
• Organizing Your Analysis “There is no one, perfect way to organize a rhetorical analysis essay. In fact, writers should always be a bit leery of plug-in formulas that offer a perfect essay format. Remember, organization itself is not the enemy, only organization without considering the specific demands of your particular writing task. That said, here are some general tips for plotting out the overall form of your essay.”

CONSIDERING RHETORIC IN YOUR WRITING AND DESIGN

Designing an Effective PowerPoint Presentation: Quick Guide (Purdue OWL) “This presentation is designed to quickly introduce you into the world of PowerPoint creation. It covers concepts of visual rhetoric, design, and good presentation skills.”

Organizing Your Argument (Purdue OWL) This resource presents one way to organize your argument, using the Toulmin Method, with an explanation of the format and an example.

Using Rhetorical Strategies for Persuasion (Purdue OWL) Definitions and examples of logos, logical fallacies, pathos, and ethos. The logical fallacies section is divided into a number of subsections based on the type of fallacy.

Visual Rhetoric: Overview (Purdue OWL) “This section of the OWL discusses the use of rhetorical theory and rhetoric as it relates to visuals and design.”

• Visual Rhetoric: Color This section covers how to choose colors depending on your purpose and content.
• Visual Rhetoric: Text Elements This section covers how to choose font styles depending on your purpose and content.
• Visual Rhetoric: Use of Images “The illustrations you use, the charts or graphs that make up a presentation, and even the photographs you place within a design will have significant impact as to whether an audience takes you seriously.” This resource provides a quick guide to using clip art, illustrations, diagrams, graphs, photographs, and manipulated images.

Writing the Critical or Rhetorical Analysis (Bellevue College Academic Success Center) (PDF) A handout that provides questions to consider when performing a rhetorical analysis, suggestions for writing the paper, and an example of a rhetorical analysis.

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Handouts and hyperlinks.

Sometimes, you just need a quick reference guide. The following documents and links serve that purpose—for a variety of topics. Save them, print them, share them—we’ve put them together to help you whenever and wherever you are.

If you’d like to recommend additional handout topics, please email us at [email protected] .

The following handouts should be used only as general guidelines; please use your professor or departmental guidelines when they conflict with those used on these references.

Academic Writing

Use these guides to build up your writing:

• Analyzing Your Assignment
• Analysis vs. Synthesis
• Annotating a Text
• Audience Analysis
• Evaluating Sources: The CRAAP Test
• Guide to Writing In-Class Essay Exams
• Guidelines for an Annotated Bibliography
• How to Organize an Academic Paper
• How to Write an Analysis
• How to Write a Literature Review
• How to Write a Rhetorical Analysis
• How to Write a Summary
• How to Write a Synthesis
• How to Write a Thesis Statement
• Key Strategies for Effective Revision
• Tips for Writing College Papers

Grammar and Usage

Grammar can be confusing; use these handouts as a guide:

• Colons, Semicolons, and Dashes
• Combining Clauses
• Formatting Microsoft Word Documents
• Signal Verbs and Phrases
• Transitions

Helpful Links

These additional links can help with other writing and style questions you may have:

• The Draft, the PFW Writing Center Blog
• Ask a Librarian and Schedule an Appointment with a PFW Librarian
• Purdue's OWL (Online Writing Lab)
• Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing
• APA Style.org
• International Writing Centers Association
• East Central Writing Centers Association
• Judging Sources: Is Your Journal Scholarly?
• Judging Sources: Is Your Book Scholarly?

Sources and Citations

The Writing Center recommends using the Purdue Online Writing Lab or the style organization's website for the most up-to-date information on citations and formatting. If you need assistance with Purdue OWL, please visit the Writing Center during our business hours. Please note, though we are a Purdue University campus, we have no control or impact on the content of the Purdue OWL. It’s run entirely through the Purdue West Lafayette campus, with a separate staff.

• Purdue Online Writing Lab
• Last Updated: Apr 30, 2024 1:58 PM
• URL: https://library.pfw.edu/writing

Rhetorical Analysis

The Purdue OWL’s guide to visual rhetorical analysis is very useful. You may wish to adapt if for your own purposes.

Guidelines for Rhetorical Analysis

A rhetorical analysis asks students to look at a text rhetorically, mainly in terms of its purpose and audience. Students can use it as they begin their own writing processes, and they can use it to help them understand a text that they’re reading.

Rhetorical analyses can take many forms. In this activity, begin by asking yourself what are the text’s key  rhetorical and genre elements? Genres are not rigid and stable, but they are generally recognizable. They contain certain elements (think of the genre of the FB post) and they only make sense in certain contexts.

• Who is the audience ?
• What’s the purpose ?
• What’s the author’s stance toward her material? Skeptical? Supportive? Some of both?
• What’s the medium ?
• What’s the rhetorical situation ?

Linguistic and grammatical elements also inform the text’s meaning, so consider

• Language–formal or informal? A combination? Does the author use “I”?
• The mode or modes–narrative (a story), expository (an explanation), descriptive, argumentative, or a combination? Is the overall aim of the essay informational or persuasive?
• How is it arranged? How does it open? Are there section headers? How much white space is on the page?
• Is there a claim/support structure? If so, how does the author arrange these elements? What sort of evidence is used as support? Do the authors rely more on emotional, ethical, or logical appeals?

As with all of our analytical assignments, be sure to give evidence to support the claims you make about your article.

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Engl 1320 college writing ii.

• English Guide
• Beginning the Research Process

Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quotiong from Purdue OWL

Citation styles - english predominately uses mla, annotated bibliography, common writing assignments from purdue writing lab, how to use refworks, unt writing lab, student publishing opportunities, office of disabilities access, what is thorough research, literature review and synthesizing sources.

• Record a Presentation with "One Button Recording and LightBoards"
• Journal Articles
• Evaluating Sources
• Information Literacy Tutorial

How to Write a Research Question

How to write an outline.

• Outlining Outlining is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas, visualize our paper’s potential structure, and to further flesh out and develop points. It allows the writer to understand how he or she will connect information to support the thesis statement and the claims of the paper. An outline provides the writer with a space to consider ideas easily without needing to write complete paragraphs or sentences.

Research Paper

Genre and the Research Paper by Purdue OWL

• Revising Why Revise? To make the draft more accessible to the reader. To sharpen and clarify the focus and argument. To improve and further develop ideas

Synthesizing Sources

• Synthesizing Sources from Purdue OWL When you look for areas where your sources agree or disagree and try to draw broader conclusions about your topic based on what your sources say, you are engaging in synthesis. Writing a research paper usually requires synthesizing the available sources in order to provide new insight or a different perspective into your particular topic (as opposed to simply restating what each individual source says about your research topic).

Close Reading and Critical Reading

• CRITICAL READING: WHAT IS CRITICAL READING, AND WHY DO I NEED TO DO IT? Critical reading means that a reader applies certain processes, models, questions, and theories that result in enhanced clarity and comprehension.
• Critical Reading You'll find many ways to read and understand a text, but keeping a journal as you read is one of the best ways of exploring a piece of writing. By integrating reading and writing, you can interact with the work more fully.
• Close Reading a Text and Avoiding Pitfalls Close reading a text. This covers prewriting, close reading, thesis development, drafting, and common pitfalls to avoid.
• Close Reading From Harvard College Writing Center
• Poetry: Close Reading By learning how to close read a poem you can significantly increase both your understanding and enjoyment of the poem. You may also increase your ability to write convincingly about the poem.
• Reading a Play These sections also discuss different approaches (literary theory/criticism) students may use to write about literature. These resources build on the Writing About Literature materials.
• Audience Analysis Overview In order to compose persuasive, user-centered communication, you should gather as much information as possible about the people reading your document. Your audience may consist of people who may have differing needs and expectations.

Developing a Thesis from a Story or Novel

Developing a Thesis from a Story or Novel

Understanding Rhetoric

• Understanding Rhetoric Understanding and being able to analyze rhetorical situations can help contribute to strong, audience-focused, and organized writing. The PowerPoint presentation in the Media box above is suitable for any classroom and any writing task. The resource below explains in more detail how to analyze rhetorical situations.

Rhetorical Analysis

• Organizing Your Analysis General tips for plotting out the overall form of your essay.
• Types of Outlines and Samples Types of Outlines from Purdue OWL
• Rhetorical Situations Understanding and being able to analyze rhetorical situations can help contribute to strong, audience-focused, and organized writing.
• Elements of Analysis How to write a rhetorical analysis essay of primarily visual texts with a focus on demonstrating the author’s understanding of the rhetorical situation and design principles.
• Analysis Analysis is a type of primary research that involves finding and interpreting patterns in data, classifying those patterns, and generalizing the results. It is useful when looking at actions, events, or occurrences in different texts, media, or publications.

Writing a Literature Review

• Writing a Literature Review A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis). The lit review is an important genre in many disciplines, not just literature (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and plays). When we say “literature review” or refer to “the literature,” we are talking about the research (scholarship) in a given field. You will often see the terms “the research,” “the scholarship,” and “the literature” used mostly interchangeably.

Installing MS Office 365 ProPlus

Free Microsoft© Office 365 ProPlus is available to currently enrolled students.

https://it.unt.edu/installoffice365

• ePortfolio LibGuide UNT’s new ePortfolio system provides you with an opportunity to connect your experiences on campus and in your community with demonstrable skills for your future career. Learn how to begin building and archiving a personal repertoire of marketable experiences in your ePortfolio.
• Sample Essay for Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting from Purdue OWL This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.
• MLA Guide from Purdue OWL These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster.
• MLA Sample Paper Sample Paper
• APA Style Guide from Purdue OWL APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
• APA Sample Paper Sample Paper
• Chicago Manual of Style from Purdue OWL This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style, which was issued in 2017.
• Chicago Manual of Style, Author Date Sample Paper Author Date Sample Paper more...
• Chicago Manual of Style, Notes and Bibliography (NB) Sample Paper Notes and Bibliography (NB) Sample Paper

Annotated Bibliographies from Purdue OWL

A   bibliography   is a list of sources (books, journals, Web sites, periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic.   An   annotation   is a summary and/or evaluation. Therefore, an   annotated bibliography   includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources.

Common Writing Assignments

• RefWorks - Bibliographic Manager How to create your Refworks account. 1. Enter the access code 1890-1506, go to the UNT Refworks login page at refworks.proquest.com/signup/university-of-north-texas (this link is also included in the Databases tab and in the Most Requested section on library.unt.edu) 2. Enter the UNT access code and submit. 3. Next complete the registration, and then you can start using your new account. 4. You can now login with your username and password through https://refworks.proquest.com/ wherever you have an Internet connection. 5. Visit our RefWorks Guide to learn how to make your research more efficient. Video tutorials: https://guides.library.unt.edu/rwnew/videos
• UNT Writing Lab At the UNT Writing Lab, we offer free writing tutoring to all currently enrolled UNT students in all disciplines and at all stages of their academic careers--from English composition students to graduate students writing theses and dissertations. We do more than merely proofread; we teach you strategies and techniques to improve your writing for the long term. We accept both appointments and walk-ins at our Sage Hall, Room 152 location. However, to ensure time with a tutor, we recommend setting an appointment.
• Student Publishing Opportunities If you are interested in publishing your article take a look at these possibilities.

Plagiarism occurs when you use other people’s writing or ideas without giving credit to the creator. Any sequence of more than three words is plagiarism

  We always give credit to other people’s creative and intellectual property. We respect the rights and property of others.

Some students make errors in citing because they do not give themselves enough time to cite their material while they write. Learning how to Quote, Summarize, and Paraphrase with In-text citation is critical and learning to include in-text citations while writing your paper will avoid possible citation errors. Please use the link above and practice citing material.

Once I contacted the author of an online resource and asked if I could use some of her information in a guide I was working on. She gave me permission and I cited the author in my guide.

Types of Plagiarism:

• Direct or Clone – taking someone else’s work directly. This plagiarism carries the most severe penalty because it demonstrates dishonesty and involves intent.
• Self Plagiarism – reusing work from a previous courses without permission from your professor.
• Mosaic, patch writing, or find and replace plagiarism. If you quote a source, or keep the basic format from the source and use synonyms to change a few words, without properly citing the information, then you are committing plagiarism.
• Accidental – this can occur if the student does not use their own critical analysis found from synthesizing the information learned, and instead uses the critical argument of another author.

Video:  Student Success Series, A Student’s Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism and Understanding Citations

Avoid Plagiarism by citing your material correctly

If you are not sure if you need to cite your material, it is always better to cite and not have a problem with plagiarism.

Student Academic Integrity

UNT promotes the integrity of learning processed and embraces the core values of trust and honesty.  Academic integrity is based on educational principles and procedures that protect the rights of all participants in the educational process and validate the legitimacy of degrees awarded by the university.  In the investigation and resolution of allegations of student academic dishonesty, the university’s actions are intended to be corrective, educationally sound, fundamentally fair, and based on reliable evidence. 

Writing Center. (2018, January). Six Common Types of Plagiarism. Ashford University. https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/Six%20Common%20Types%20of%20Plagiarism_0.pdf

Free Plagiarism Checker. (2021). Scan My Essay. Viper. https://www.scanmyessay.com/plagiarism/types-of-plagiarism.php

CopyLeaks. (2019, October 21). 4 Types of Olagiarism and How to Avoid Them. Copyleaks Technologies LTD. https://copyleaks.com/blog/types-of-plagiarism/

• Interpreting and CART Accommodations he Office of Disability Access works to provide reasonable access and an inclusive environment to UNT students who identify as d/Deaf, Deaf-Blind, or Hard-of-Hearing. Reasonable accommodations include, but are not limited to the following: American Sign Language Interpreters CART Services Closed Captioning for information presented in an audio or video format Advanced copies of PowerPoints or Handouts Reserved seat in the front of the class Assistive listening devices

"Thorough research" 

• Reviewing all sources and finding relevant information for your paper..
• Use correct sources (popular or scholarly) based on your assignment requirements. Use recommended databases from your school which guarantees the quality of the material found. If you use Google, Google Scholar, Yahoo or another search engine you have to evaluate the source which takes a considerable amount of time. 
• Using more than one sources gives a broader perspective on a subject. All journals write to a specific audience and the more articles or items you reference the greater your understanding of the current discussions surrounding your topic.

Evidence Explained. (2014, July 29). QuickTips. https://www.evidenceexplained.com/quicktips/

• Writing a Literature Review In a review of the literature, the writer provides an overview of the most important research and scholarship on a specific topic, problem, or question. (In this context, "literature" refers to the important scholarly sources on a topic including the current scholarly conversation.
• Synthesizing Sources Synthesizing Sources from Purdue OWL When you look for areas where your sources agree or disagree and try to draw broader conclusions about your topic based on what your sources say, you are engaging in synthesis. Writing a research paper usually requires synthesizing the available sources in order to provide new insight or a different perspective into your particular topic (as opposed to simply restating what each individual source says about your research topic).
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• Christopher Carney
• English Composition I (ENGL 1301)
• ALL 1301 LEARNING WEB CONTENT PRIOR TO SPRING 2019
• Honors English Assignments Folder
• Formal Essay # 1: Rhetorical Analysis of F.I.R.E.
• Essay One: Rhetorical Analysis of F.I.R.E.
• Assignment Prompt and Helpful Writing Resources

Purdue OWL: "How to Write a Rhetorical Analysis Essay"

The link address is: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/725/03/

• Introduction
• A Source Based Essay
• A Theory of Writing and Writing Portfolio
• An Inquiry-Based Research Essay
• Composition in Two Genres

Rhetorical Analysis

• Policies and Resources

The Purdue OWL’s guide to visual rhetorical analysis is very useful. You may wish to adapt if for your own purposes.

Guidelines for Rhetorical Analysis

A rhetorical analysis asks students to look at a text rhetorically, mainly in terms of its purpose and audience. Students can use it as they begin their own writing processes, and they can use it to help them understand a text that they’re reading.

Rhetorical analyses can take many forms. In this activity, begin by asking yourself what are the text’s key  rhetorical and genre elements? Genres are not rigid and stable, but they are generally recognizable. They contain certain elements (think of the genre of the FB post) and they only make sense in certain contexts.

• Who is the audience ?
• What’s the purpose ?
• What’s the author’s stance toward her material? Skeptical? Supportive? Some of both?
• What’s the medium ?
• What’s the rhetorical situation ?

Linguistic and grammatical elements also inform the text’s meaning, so consider

• Language–formal or informal? A combination? Does the author use “I”?
• The mode or modes–narrative (a story), expository (an explanation), descriptive, argumentative, or a combination? Is the overall aim of the essay informational or persuasive?
• How is it arranged? How does it open? Are there section headers? How much white space is on the page?
• Is there a claim/support structure? If so, how does the author arrange these elements? What sort of evidence is used as support? Do the authors rely more on emotional, ethical, or logical appeals?

As with all of our analytical assignments, be sure to give evidence to support the claims you make about your article.

This entry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.

Need help with the Commons?

Email us at [email protected] so we can respond to your questions and requests. Please email from your CUNY email address if possible. Or visit our help site for more information:

• Terms of Service
• Accessibility
• Creative Commons (CC) license unless otherwise noted