psychological reasoning research paper

For reasons of brevity, the reader is referred to Johnson-Laird and Knauff for a detailed overview of the different types of reasoning problems used in the present paper. We used these tasks in the present work since sentential conditional tasks and the Wason selection task are the best understood problems of logical reasoning research ...

Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which. multiple premises, all believed true or found true. most of the time, are combined to obtain a speci fi c. conclusion or to supply evidence for ...

Thinking & Reasoning is dedicated to the understanding of human thought processes, with particular emphasis on studies on reasoning, decision-making, and problem-solving. Whilst the primary focus is on psychological studies of thinking, contributions are welcome from philosophers, artificial intelligence researchers and other cognitive scientists whose work bears upon the central concerns of ...

Many contemporary logicians acknowledge a plurality of logical theories and accept that theory choice is in part motivated by logical evidence. However, just as there is no agreement on logical theories, there is also no consensus on what constitutes logical evidence. In this paper, I outline Jean Piaget's psychological theory of reasoning and show how he used it to diagnose and solve one of ...

Inductive reasoning is projecting from what we know to make inferences about what we do not know. This review describes key inductive phenomena and theories. It highlights the latest trends in induction research including the role of sampling processes, and the relations between induction and deduction, memory, and decision-making.

Abstract. The psychology of verbal reasoning initially compared performance with classical logic. In the last 25 years, a new paradigm has arisen, which focuses on knowledge-rich reasoning for communication and persuasion and is typically modeled using Bayesian probability theory rather than logic. This paradigm provides a new perspective on ...

SUBMIT PAPER. Close Add email alerts. You are adding the following journal to your email alerts ... Psychological Research 41, 79-90. Crossref. Web of Science. ... The effect of changed material on the ability to do formal syllogistic reasoning. Archives of Psychology No. 102. Google Scholar. Woodworth R. S. Sells S. B. (1935). An atmosphere ...

Abstract. This chapter provides a revised review of the psychological literature on reasoning and problem solving. Four classes of deductive reasoning are presented, including rule (mental logic) theories, semantic (mental model) theories, evolutionary theories, and heuristic theories. Major developments in the study of reasoning are also ...

This special issue offers a broad range of papers showcasing the way cognitive psychologists use formal models to guide their theoretical and experimental investigations of human reasoning. The timing could not be more appropriate, for the psychology of reasoning is at a time when formal models are at the forefront of contemporary research. The ...

The psychology of verbal reasoning initially compared performance with classical logic. In the last 25 years, a new paradigm has arisen, which focuses on knowledge-rich reasoning for communication and persuasion and is typically modeled using Bayesian probability theory rather than logic. This paradigm provides a new perspective on argumentation, explaining the rational persuasiveness of ...

Tianmin Shu, Abhishek Bhandwaldar, Chuang Gan, Kevin A. Smith, Shari Liu, Dan Gutfreund, Elizabeth Spelke, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Tomer D. Ullman. View a PDF of the paper titled AGENT: A Benchmark for Core Psychological Reasoning, by Tianmin Shu and 8 other authors. For machine agents to successfully interact with humans in real-world settings ...

This paper reviews the main psychological phenomena of inductive reasoning, covering 25 years of experimental and model-based research, in particular addressing four questions. First, what makes a case or event generalizable to other cases? Second, what makes a set of cases generalizable? Third, what makes a property or predicate projectable? Fourth, how do psychological models of induction ...

07.01.2003 1. Logical reasoning. Bart Geurts. Department of philosophy. University of Nijmegen. [email protected]. Abstract. In the psychological literature on reasoning it has always been ...

This paper argues that a new psychological theory—the argumentative theory of reasoning—provides theoretical support for the discursive, dialogical ideal of democratic deliberation. It converges, in particular, with deliberative democrats' predictions about the positive epistemic properties of talking things out with others.

The case for motivated reasoning. Ziva Kunda. Published in Psychological bulletin 1 November 1990. Psychology. TLDR. It is proposed that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive processes--that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs--that are considered most likely to yield the ...

Much of the argument of this paper is based on the research of clinical reasoning skills in social work (Gambrill 2012, 2019), medicine (Young et al. 2020), and psychological therapy (Miller et al. 2020) because clinical reasoning and how to develop and improve clinical reasoning in psychological assessment has largely been ignored. Below, we ...

In fact, part of the appeal in citing the fMRI study by Greene et al. (2001) in research on moral reasoning or the physical cleansing study by Zhong and Liljenquist (2006) in research on moral self-views may be that these were published in the extremely coveted journal Science—which is not a regular outlet for researchers in social psychology.

Abstract. For machine agents to successfully interact with humans in real-world settings, they will need to develop an understanding of human mental life. Intuitive psychology, the ability to reason about hidden mental variables that drive observable actions, comes naturally to people: even pre-verbal infants can tell agents from objects ...

This paper introduces rStar, a self-play mutual reasoning approach that significantly improves reasoning capabilities of small language models (SLMs) without fine-tuning or superior models. rStar decouples reasoning into a self-play mutual generation-discrimination process. First, a target SLM augments the Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with a rich set of human-like reasoning actions to ...

PROF. RIGNANO'S "Psychologic du Raisonnement "was reviewed in NATURE, July 14, 1921, p. 612. Our review closed with the expression of a hope that the book would soon appear in an English translation in order that it might be available for students of logic.

Reasoning is commonly defined as the process of drawing conclusions from principles and from evidence (Wason & Johnson-Laird, 1972). In contrast, problem solving is defined as the goal-driven process of overcoming obstacles that obstruct the path to a solution (Simon, 1999a; Sternberg, 1999).

Introduction. In the field of experimental psychology, for a long time the predominant approach was a "divide and conquer" account in which cognition and emotion have been studied in strict isolation (e.g., Ekman and Davidson, 1994; Wilson and Keil, 2001; Holyoak and Morrison, 2005).Yet, in the last decade many researchers have realized that this is a quite artificial distinction and have ...

Reasoning. Reasoning encompasses thinking that is orderly or 'logical': for example, the processes of formal logic and of concept attainment. Hence, most problem solving processes can also be called 'reasoning.'. In logic, reasoning begins with premises (a situation), and uses rules of inference (actions) to derive conclusions (attain a ...

1. The Closing Of Gaps In Human Problem Solving. Deduction, induction, and analogical reasoning, the three basic forms of logical thought, were derived from natural or everyday situations, where they were originally embedded in commonplace forms of interaction and communication. The differences are explained in the respective paragraphs.

Diagnostic errors are associated with patient harm and suboptimal outcomes. Despite national scientific efforts to advance definition, measurement and interventions for diagnostic error, diagnosis in mental health is not well represented in this ongoing work. We aimed to summarise the current state of research on diagnostic errors in mental health and identify opportunities to align future ...

This paper conceptualizes the phenomenon of historizing the present, defined as emphasizing the historical significance of present events and treating the present from the perspective of history. The authors identify four modes of historizing the present (emphasizing that: (1) the present will shape history; (2) the present is a unique moment in history; (3) the present will be remembered in ...

He is internationally recognized for advancing the Contemplative Psychology research agenda, to which he has contributed 100+ peer-reviewed papers. William's research focuses on improving understanding of how processes and principles such as meditation, mindfulness, compassion, emptiness, and non-self can improve physical, psychological, and ...