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11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY

Published by Alaina Chandler Modified over 8 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "11 MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY"— Presentation transcript:

Cells to Organs… What Makes up YOU!

Suzanne D'Anna1 Body Systems. Suzanne D'Anna2 Body Systems n integumentary n skeletal n muscular n nervous n endocrine n cardiovascular n lymphatic and.

Human Body Systems.

System System System Structures Structures Structures Functions

What is the function of the system?

SUMMARY OF ORGAN SYSTEMS

MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY

Anatomy and the Organ Systems. Anatomy – the study of the structure of an organism  Recall… Animals are multicellular organisms with specialized cells.

Put correct system with the picture (write in pencil)

Human Body Systems Body systems work together and depend on one another Subtitle.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

 Name an organ system and list as many organs as you can think of that are within that system.

Warm up 42 2/19-20 The carrying capacity of a given environment is least dependent upon A recycling of materials B the available space C the.

Human Body Systems Unit 14 10A.

Intro to Human Anatomy Organs & Organ Systems

Unit 10 Human Body Systems

Warm-Up #2 There are 11 Human Body organ systems that we will be studying this year. But before we begin learning about any of them, I want you to.

By Sasha Fenimore, Max Leal, Will Fyfe.  An organ is something that has many kinds of tissue that all function together to perform a specific task in.

Human Body Systems 7.12 B Identify the main functions of the systems of the human organism, including the circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular,

Ch 3.2 Interdependent Organ Systems

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Human body systems

Author: Jana Vasković, MD • Reviewer: Nicola McLaren, MSc Last reviewed: November 03, 2023 Reading time: 24 minutes

The human body is a biological machine made of body systems; groups of organs that work together to produce and sustain life. Sometimes we get lost while studying about cells and molecules and can’t see the forest for the trees. It can be helpful to step back and look at the bigger anatomical picture.

This topic page will provide you with a quick introduction to the systems of the human body, so that every organ you learn later on will add a superstructure to the basic concept you adopt here.

Skeletal system

Muscular system, cardiovascular system.

• Respiratory system

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system, somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

• Digestive system

Urinary system

Endocrine system.

• Lymphatic system

Reproductive system

• Integumentary system

Related articles

The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilages . There are two parts of the skeleton; axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and trunk . The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles .

There are 206 bones in an adult human body. The place at which two bones are fitted together is called the joint or articulation. Joints are supported by cartilages and reinforced with ligaments . Functions of the skeletal system are mechanical support, movement , protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation.

Elements of the skeletal system are adjusted to the function of the body part they support. Thus, the anatomy of bones, joints and ligaments is studied topographically, as the bones of the; head and neck , thorax , abdomen , upper and lower limbs .

Get started with skeletal system anatomy by checking out the study unit and custom quiz below.

The muscular system consists of all the body muscles. There are three muscle types ; smooth , cardiac and skeletal muscles. Smooth muscle is found within walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach or intestines. Cardiac muscle cells form the heart muscle, also called the false . Skeletal muscles attach to the bones of the body.Among these three, only skeletal muscles can be controlled consciously and enable us to produce body movement, while the function of other two muscle types is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is absolutely unconscious.

Histologically, skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers are arranged in a repetitive fashion giving a striped appearance, hence are called striated muscle .

Smooth muscle does not contain repetitive sarcomeres , thus is non-striated muscle.

Learn all about the muscular system in the study unit below, or consolidate what you already learned with our fully customizable quiz.

The cardiovascular system is comprised of the heart and the circulatory system of blood vessels. The heart is composed of four chambers; two atria and two ventricles . Blood enters the heart through the upper chambers of the left and right atria and exits via the left and right ventricles. Heart valves prevent the backflow of blood.

The heart acts as a two-way pump. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation of the lungs , where the blood is reoxygenated again. While the left side of the heart simultaneously pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation, distributing it to the peripheral tissues . The regular pumping, or heartbeat , is controlled by the conduction system of the heart .

The circulatory system, also called the vascular system, consists of arteries, veins and capillaries . They all comprise a continuous network of vessels which act to carry blood around the body. Blood leaves the heart via arteries , these progressively reduce in size to continue as smaller arterial vessels called arterioles . Arterioles end in a web of even smaller vessels called capillaries . The exchange of gases and nutrients occurs through the capillary walls.

Small veins, called venules , leave from capillaries and gradually increase their lumen on the way to the heart to end as veins . There is a certain histological difference between arteries and veins , but their main functional difference reflects the direction in which they conduct blood: the arteries convey blood from the heart to the periphery, whereas the veins convey blood from the periphery to the heart. 

There are three separate circuits to the circulatory system.

• The pulmonary circulation which carries blood between the heart and the lungs;
• The coronary circulation which supplies blood to the muscle of the heart;
• And the systemic circulation which carries blood to the rest of the body.

Major arteries within the systemic circulatory system are the aorta and its branches, while the main representatives of the veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava .

Learn everything about the heart, arteries and veins faster with our cardiovascular system diagrams, quizzes and free worksheets .

Major functions of the cardiovascular system include transportation of oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body within the blood, and as well as eliminating carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste.

Learn more about the major arteries, veins and nerves of the body with Kenhub resources!

The respiratory system consists of a series of organs; the nasal cavity , pharynx , larynx , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles and lungs ( alveoli ). The nasal cavity and pharynx are together called the upper respiratory system , while the remainder of the organs comprise the lower respiratory system .

Respiratory system organs, with the exception of the alveoli, function to conduct air into the lungs aided by the muscles of respiration (mainly the diaphragm and intercostal muscles ).

Once air is in the lungs it enters alveoli (the site of gas exchange) and interacts with blood transported by the pulmonary circulation. Here carbon dioxide is removed from, and oxygen returned to, the blood. Thus the major respiratory system function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide. 

Fortify your knowledge about the respiratory system with this content we have prepared for you.

• Nervous system

Nervous system controls how we interact with and respond to our environment, by controlling the function of the organs in our other body systems. The nervous system organs are the brain , spinal cord and sensory organs. These are connected by neurons , which act to transmit neural signals around the body. 

Morphologically and topographically, the nervous system is divided into the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Whilst functionally, the nervous system is considered as two parts; the somatic (SNS) or voluntary nervous system, and the autonomic (ANS) or involuntary nervous system.

The  central nervous system definition is that it receives information from the body’s environment and generates instructions, thereby controlling all the activities of the human body. This two-way information flow into, and out of, the CNS is conveyed by the peripheral nervous system. 

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is placed within the  neurocranium , and is formed from the cerebrum , cerebellum and brainstem ( pons and  medulla oblongata ). The central parts of the CNS are occupied by spaces called ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) . The spinal cord is placed within the vertebral column . The spinal canal extends through the central part of the spinal cord. It is also filled with CSF and it communicates with the ventricles of the brain.

The CNS is made of neurons and their processes ( axons ). Gray matter is made of neuron cell bodies, it is found in the cerebral cortex and the central portion of the spinal cord. White matter is made of axons, which combine and build neural pathways . The gray matter is where the instructions generate, while the white matter is the path through which the instructions travel toward the organs.

The peripheral nervous system definition is that it conducts information from the CNS to the target tissues, and from the target tissues to the CNS. It consists of nerves and their ganglia . Nerves that carry information from peripheral sense organs (for example eye , tongue , nasal mucosa, ear , skin ) to the CNS are called the ascending, afferent or sensory nerve fibers. Fibers that carry information from the CNS to the periphery (muscles and glands) are the descending, efferent , motor or secretory nerve fibers.

A ganglion is a cluster of neural tissue outside of the CNS, made of neuronal cell bodies. Ganglia can be both sensory and autonomic. Sensory ganglia are associated with spinal nerves and some cranial nerves ( V , VII , IX , X ). 

Peripheral nerves emerge from the CNS. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves which arise from the brain, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves which extend from the spinal cord. Cranial nerves are named I to XII, determined by their skull exit location (anterior to posterior). Spinal nerves are divided into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal nerve , depending on vertebral level from which they arise. In certain areas of the body peripheral nerves interconnect, creating neural networks called plexuses . Notable plexuses are the:

• Cervical plexus (C1-C4) – innervates the back of the head , some  neck muscles , pericardium and diaphragm via great auricular, transverse cervical nerve , lesser occipital, supraclavicular, and phrenic nerves .
• Brachial plexus (C5-T1) – innervates the upper limb with nerves such as median , ulnar , radial , musculocutaneous  and  axillary nerve .
• Lumbar plexus (L1-L4) – innervates the muscles and the skin of the abdomen and pelvis , as well as thigh muscles via iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral , lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator, femoral nerves .
• Sacral plexus (S1-S4, with branches from L4, L5) – innervates the muscles and skin of parts of the pelvis, posterior thigh , lower leg and foot via the following nerves; gluteal, sciatic , posterior femoral cutaneous, pudendal, nerve to piriformis, nerve to obturator internus , and nerve to quadratus femoris . 

The somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are divisions of the peripheral nervous system, with information conveyed through the cranial and spinal nerves. 

The somatic nervous system definition is that it allows voluntary control over our movements and responses. It conveys sensory and motor information between the skin, sensory organs, skeletal muscles and the CNS; establishing communication of the human body with its environment and response to outside stimuli. Major somatic peripheral nerves include the median nerve, sciatic nerve and femoral nerve. 

The autonomic nervous system definition is that it controls all the internal organs unconsciously, through the associated smooth muscle and glands . Functionally, the ANS is divided into sympathetic   (SANS) and parasympathetic   (PANS) autonomic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system definition is informally known as producing the „flight or fight“ state as it is the part of the ANS which is mostly active during stress.PANS dominates during rest, and is more active in „rest and digest“ or „feed and breed“ activities. The centers of SANS and PANS are within the brainstem and spinal cord, and they communicate with SANS and PANS ganglia located throughout the body. Note that there isn’t any pure SANS or pure PANS nerve, instead their fibers are added to the specific somatic nerves, making them mixed.

The digestive system function is to degrade food into smaller and smaller compounds, until they can be absorbed into the body and used as energy. It consists of a series of gastrointestinal tract organs and accessory digestive organs.

The digestive system organs spread from the mouth to the anal canal. So it’s actually a tube consisting of the mouth , pharynx , esophagus , stomach , small intestine , large intestine , and anal canal . Accessory digestive organs assist with the mechanical and chemical food breakdown, these are the tongue, salivary glands , pancreas , liver and gallbladder .

Master the digestive system anatomy starting with this study unit and custom quiz:

Urinary system is a body drainage system comprised of the group of organs that produce and excrete urine. It consists of the kidneys, ureters , urinary bladder and urethra .

Kidneys  are paired bean-shaped organs placed retroperitoneally. The kidneys have a rich blood supply provided by the renal artery . Nephrons within the kidneys filter the blood that passes through their web of capillaries ( glomerulus ). The blood filtrate then passes through a series of tubules and collecting ducts, eventually forming the final ultrafiltrate, urine . Urine passes into the ureters , tubes of smooth muscle that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder . The bladder is a hollow muscular organ that collects and stores urine before disposal by urination (micturition). Functions of the urinary system include; elimination of body waste, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, regulation of electrolyte levels and blood pH.

Get started with the urinary system with these resources:

The endocrine system is a collection of specialised organs (endocrine glands) scattered throughout the body that act to produce hormones. The main organs of the endocrine system can be seen in the diagram below.

With regards to the endocrine system function; hormones produced by the endocrine system act to regulate a wide variety of bodily functions, such as triiodothyronine which regulates metabolism, or estrogen and progesterone which regulate the menstrual cycle. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to regulate the function of distant target organs. 

We have you covered with everything you need to know about the endocrine system here.

The  lymphatic system  is a network of lymphatic vessels that drains excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the intercellular fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, exposes it to lymphocytes (white blood cells) of the immune system and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic plexuses, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs. The lymphatic system function is to; convey and eliminate toxins and waste from the body; recirculate proteins; and defend the body from microorganisms.

Lymph is a watery tissue fluid with a similar consistency to blood plasma. It starts as interstitial fluid which occupies the spaces between cells. Excess fluid is picked up by lymphatic capillaries and transported through lymphatic plexuses into lymphatic vessels , filtering through lymph nodes along its journey. Superficial lymphatic vessels are found in the subcutaneous tissue alongside veins. They drain into deep lymphatic vessels that follow the arteries. Lymphatic vessels empty into larger lymphatic trunks, which unite to form one of the two main collecting ducts; the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct .

The thoracic duct begins at the cisterna chyli , collecting lymph from the left side of head, neck and thorax, left upper limb, abdomen and both lower limbs and draining it into the left venous angle (junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins). The right lymphatic duct drains the rest of the body and empties into the right venous angle. From the venous angles, cleaned lymph is returned to the circulatory system, rejoining with the fluid of the blood. Note that the central nervous system was previously thought to have no lymphatic vessels. However, recent research has shown its lymph is drained by lymph vessel-like structures found in the meninges.

Lymphatic system organs are divided into primary and secondary organs. Primary lymphatic organs produce lymphocytes and release them into lymphatic vessels. The two primary lymphoid organs are the thymus and red bone marrow . Secondary lymphatic organs include lymph nodes, tonsils , appendix and spleen . Lymph nodes are masses of lymphocyte containing lymphoid tissues, attached to lymphoid vessels. Lymph nodes function to filter cellular debris, foreign pathogens, excess tissue fluid, and leaked plasma proteins. There are aggregations of lymph nodes at key points around the body (cervical, axillary , tracheal, inguinal, femoral, and deep nodes related to the aorta).

The reproductive system, or genital system, is a system of internal and external sex organs which work together to contribute towards the reproduction process. Unlike other systems of organs, the genital system has significant differences among sexes.

The external female sex organs , also known as the genitals, are the organs of the vulva (the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening). The internal sex organs are the ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus and vagina . The vulva provides an entry to, and protection, for the vagina and uterus, as well as the proper warmth and moisture that aids in its sexual and reproductive functions. In addition, it is important for the sexual arousal and orgasm in females.

The vagina is the canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix (neck) of the uterus. Ovaries secrete hormones and produce egg cells, which are transported to the uterus fallopian tubes . The uterus provides protection, nutrition, and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus. In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus contribute to pushing out the fetus at the time of birth.

The external male sex organs are the testes and penis , while the internal are the epididymis, ductus deferens and accessory glands. Functionally, they can be grouped into three categories.The first category is for sperm production (the testes ), and storage ( epididymis ). The second category organs produce ejaculatory fluid; the ductus deferens and the accessory glands ( seminal vesicles and prostate ). The final category is those used for copulation and deposition of the sperm, these include the penis , urethra and ductus deferens.

The integumentary system is the set of organs that forms the external covering of the body. It includes the skin, skin appendages , sweat glands and sensory receptors.

The skin is the largest organ of the body. It has three layers; epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is a thick keratinized epithelium made of multiple cell layers. Underneath the epidermis is the dermis , a layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin. The underlying fascia, also called the hypodermis , consists of fat , connective tissue and skin appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands).The integumentary system functions are various. It forms a continuous layer that protects the body from various damaging events, such as external injuries, loss of water and heat, and the carcinogenic effects of UV rays. It also excretes waste, contains sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature, and provides for vitamin D synthesis.

Go through these resources to reinforce your knowledge of the skin:

References: 

• Haines, D. E., Mihailoff, G. A. (2018). Fundamental neuroscience for basic and clinical applications. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
• Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Netter, F. (2019). Atlas of Human Anatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
• Standring, S. (2016). Gray's Anatomy (41st ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
• Tamura, R., Yoshida, K., & Toda, M. (2019). Current understanding of lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system. Neurosurgical Review, 43(4), 1055–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143...

Article, review and layout:

• Jana Vaskovic
• Nicola McLaren

Illustrations:

• Digestive system (anterior view) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Skeletal system (an overview) - Irina Münstermann
• Cardiovascular system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Respiratory system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Nervous system (an overview) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Cranial nerves (a diagram) - Paul Kim
• Digestive system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Organs of the endocrine system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Lymphatic system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Integumentary system (a diagram) - Paul Kim

Articles within this topic:

• Anatomy of breathing
• Autonomic nervous system
• Central nervous system and brain lymphatics
• Circulatory (cardiovascular) system
• Clinical case: Schwannoma of the nasal cavity
• Development of the central nervous system
• Development of the digestive system
• Digestive system quizzes and free learning tools
• Embryology: 3rd week of development
• Endocrine system: Quiz questions, diagrams and study tools
• How many bones can you find in the human body?
• Hyperthyroidism
• Learn the bones of the body with skeletal system quizzes
• Lymph nodes of the head, neck and arm
• Main bones, joints and muscles of the body
• Musculoskeletal system
• Nervous system anatomy practice: Quizzes and more!
• Organs of the endocrine system
• Parasympathetic nervous system
• Respiratory system and lung development
• Respiratory system quizzes and labeled diagrams
• Subcutaneous tissue
• Think you know the integumentary system? Quiz yourself!
• What is a nerve?

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Human Body Systems

The human body is made up of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Each system is made up of its own specialized cells, tissues and organs, which in turn work together to perform specific functions. The functions of some systems overlap, while others are unique to a particular body system.

Find out whese structures look like (anatomy), and learn about their functions (physiology).

Overview of the Brain

Our brains provide the integrative power underlying the complex behavior of all vertebrates. It is the control center for thought and creativity, as well as automatic functions of the body. The human brain sets us apart from all other animals.

Overview of the Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system (also knows as the circulatory system) consists of the heart, a network of blood vessels, and blood. All substances essential for cellular metabolism are transported by the cardiovascular system.

Overview of the Digestive System

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract, a series of hollow organs joined in a long tube. Its primary role is to break down food for use by the body. It also forms, stores and removes waste from the body.

Overview of the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is comprised of ductless glands that produce messengers, called hormones, which regulate reproduction, development, metabolism and behavior. It interacts with the nervous system to control the activities of other organ systems.

Overview of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is responsible for the production, storage and release of ova. Its two main components are the ovaries and the accessory sex organs.

Overview of the Heart

The heart is a muscular organ, the pump at the center of the circulatory system, which carries blood to and from all areas of the body. Blood brings oxygen and nutrients to organs, and picks up carbon dioxide, a waste product, to be expelled by the lungs.

Overview of the Immune System and the Lymphatic System

The immune system is a network of cells, tissues and organs that protect the body from infection. The lymphatic system stores and carries white blood cells, and serves as a conduit for transportation and communication between tissues and the bloodstream.

Overview of the Integumentary (Skin) System

The integumentary (skin) system is a living boundary that separates the internal body from the external world. It protects the body against disease-causing microobes and helps regulate body temperature.

Overview of the Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is responsible for the production, storage and transfer of sperm, and also for the production of male hormones. Its main components are the scrotum, penis, gonads and accessory glands and ducts.

Overview of the Muscular System

Muscles provide strength and support to the skeletal system. They work in coordination to provide stability, enabling an individual to move, balance and maintain posture by counteracting gravity. Muscles may also provide the body with heat.

Overview of the Nervous System

The main parts of the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord and an extensive network of nerves. The nervous system receives, interprets and sends information to and from all parts of the body.

Overview of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system, composed of lungs, airways, respiratory muscles and blood vessels, serves as the mechanism that brings oxygen into the body and release CO 2 out of the body.

Overview of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system provides support for the body and, with the muscular system, enables movement. Bones surround and protect organs, conduct vibrations for hearing, and produces bone marrow.

Overview of the Urinary System

The urinary system cleanses blood, rids the body of wastes, regulates blood pressure, and helps maintain homeostasis in the body. It is controlled by the nervous system.

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High school biology

Course: high school biology   >   unit 2.

• Stem cells and differentiation
• Organization of multicellular organisms

Tissues, organs, and organ systems

• Understand: from cells to organisms
• Apply: from cells to organisms

Multicellular organisms have a nested organization

• Specialized cells make up tissues.
• Tissues make up organs.
• Organs make up organ systems.

Specialized cells make up tissues

• Muscle tissue can contract (or shorten) and relax, which allows it to power nearly all types of movement in the body. Muscle tissue is made up of muscle cells, which are often called muscle fibers.
• Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the digestive tract and blood vessels. It’s responsible for involuntary movements such as the movement of food through the digestive tract.
• Skeletal muscle is attached to bones via tendons. It carries out voluntary movements, such as walking, swimming, or dancing.
• Cardiac muscle is in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood through the body—in other words, for producing the heart beat .

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Anatomy Lesson for Elementary: Human Organs

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The Vital Role of Integumentary Organs in Human Health

This essay is about the integumentary system which includes the skin hair nails and various glands. It explains how these organs protect the body regulate temperature and provide sensory input. The skin serves as a barrier against environmental hazards hair offers protection and helps regulate temperature and nails protect sensitive finger and toe tips while aiding fine motor skills. Additionally sweat and sebaceous glands play roles in maintaining homeostasis. The essay emphasizes the importance of maintaining the health of these organs through proper hygiene hydration nutrition and sun protection highlighting their critical roles in overall well-being.

How it works

The skin hair nails and glands make up the integumentary system a critical crew that shields our bodies and keeps things ticking smoothly. While we often talk about other body systems like the heart or lungs these guys deserve some spotlight too. They do a lot to keep us safe and healthy every day.

Let’s start with the skin—it’s like our body’s tough outer armor defending us from cuts germs and even the sun’s rays. Think of it as having three layers: the top layer (epidermis) that keeps water out and gives us our skin color the middle layer (dermis) with tough tissue hair roots and sweat spots and the deep layer (hypodermis) made of fat and connective tissue.

Together they help us stay cool store fat and even make Vitamin D from sunshine.

Hair isn’t just for looks—it’s another team player in the skin game. It shields our heads from sunburns keeps us warm and stops dust and sweat from bothering our eyes. Each hair grows from a little spot deep in the skin and gets its strength from blood vessels. Keeping our hair healthy can clue us into how our overall health is doing.

Nails might seem like just something to paint but they’re actually bodyguards for our fingertips and toes. They help us do delicate tasks by adding support and pressure when we grab stuff. Nails grow from a hidden spot (the matrix) and are made of a tough stuff called keratin. Healthy nails tell us we’re doing alright but changes in color shape or growth rate can mean something’s up with our health.

And don’t forget the glands—sweat glands and sebaceous glands are like our body’s maintenance crew. Sweat glands keep us cool by letting out sweat which evaporates and chills us down. Sebaceous glands make an oily stuff called sebum that waterproofs our skin and hair. They’re big helpers in keeping our skin moist and safe from infections. If these guys aren’t working right it can lead to issues like pimples dry skin or too much sweating.

Our skin isn’t just tough—it’s also super sensitive. It’s got a bunch of nerves that feel touch pressure pain and temperature. This helps us react fast to danger and enjoy things like hugs or high-fives. It’s one of the most alert parts of our whole body!

Keeping these skin hair nail and gland buddies healthy is key to feeling good all around. Simple stuff like washing up drinking enough water eating good food and not getting too much sun can really make a difference. Seeing a skin expert regularly can catch problems early and keep our integumentary team in top shape.

So remember our skin hair nails and glands aren’t just for looks—they’re essential for protecting us feeling things and keeping us well. Taking care of them means taking care of ourselves inside and out.

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UPDATED 19:36 EDT / JULY 01 2024

Chinese researchers create ‘human-on-chip’ system using brain matter to create ‘organoid’ robot

by Duncan Riley

Researchers at Tianjin University and the Southern University of Science and Technology in China have created a “human-on-chip” system that combines human brain matter with a neural interface chip and have used the technology to create a hybrid “organoid” robot.

The technology is reported to be an emerging branch of brain-computer interfaces, which aims to combine the brain’s electrical signals with external computing power. The idea behind the technology is to develop brain-like computing.

According to the Global Times, the system uses an artificial brain cultivated in vitro – such as a “brain-like organ” — that can interact with external information through encoding, decoding and stimulus feedback when coupled with electrode chips. In vitro, in this case, means that they’re growing the brain-like organ in a controlled laboratory environment using stem cell technology.

According to the researchers, the brain-like organ-growing process allows them to create simplified versions of brain tissue that mimic certain aspects of human brain development and function.

The idea behind brain-computer interfaces is not new and the best-known company exploring the technology is Elon Musk’s Neuralink Corp. Neuralink became the first company in history to implant a brain chip in January , but unlike the Chinese researchers, Musk isn’t growing brain tissue and merging it with chips.

So far, the Chinese brain-on-chip interface systems can instruct a robot to avoid obstacles, track and grasp through what is being described as “mind control.” And to demonstrate the technology, they’ve put the brain-on-chip interface into a humanoid robot (pictured).

In an interview, Li Xiaohong, a professor at Tianjin University, reportedly told Science and Technology Daily that brain organoids were regarded as the most promising model of basic intelligence. However, the process has challenges. For example, the technology has “bottlenecks such as a low developmental maturity and insufficient nutrient supply.”

The disturbing aspects of the technology aside — and comparisons to Frankenstein’s monster have been made in the press — the technology, even with the demonstrative robots, isn’t entirely as creepy as it seems.

Though the technology can be used to create thinking robots, it could also lead to new treatments to treat neurodevelopmental disorders and repair brain damage. “Brain organoid transplants are considered a promising strategy for restoring brain function by replacing lost neurons and reconstructing neural circuits,” the researchers wrote in a paper.

Photo: Tainjin University

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Terminal ileitis as the exclusive manifestation of covid-19 in children.

1. Introduction

2.1. history, 2.2. clinical findings, 2.3. diagnostic evaluation, 2.4. treatment and progress, 3.1. history, 3.2. clinical findings, 3.3. diagnostic evaluation, 3.4. treatment and progress, 4. discussion, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Schuler, L.M.; Falkensammer, B.; Orlik, P.; Auckenthaler, M.; Kranewitter, C.; Bante, D.; von Laer, D.; Fink, F.-M. Terminal Ileitis as the Exclusive Manifestation of COVID-19 in Children. Microorganisms 2024 , 12 , 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071377

Schuler LM, Falkensammer B, Orlik P, Auckenthaler M, Kranewitter C, Bante D, von Laer D, Fink F-M. Terminal Ileitis as the Exclusive Manifestation of COVID-19 in Children. Microorganisms . 2024; 12(7):1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071377

Schuler, Lea Maria, Barbara Falkensammer, Peter Orlik, Michael Auckenthaler, Christof Kranewitter, David Bante, Dorothee von Laer, and Franz-Martin Fink. 2024. "Terminal Ileitis as the Exclusive Manifestation of COVID-19 in Children" Microorganisms 12, no. 7: 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071377

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Medical terms in lay language.

Please use these descriptions in place of medical jargon in consent documents, recruitment materials and other study documents. Note: These terms are not the only acceptable plain language alternatives for these vocabulary words.

This glossary of terms is derived from a list copyrighted by the University of Kentucky, Office of Research Integrity (1990).

For clinical research-specific definitions, see also the Clinical Research Glossary developed by the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials (MRCT) Center of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard  and the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) .

Alternative Lay Language for Medical Terms for use in Informed Consent Documents

A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I  J  K   L   M   N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W  X  Y  Z

ABDOMEN/ABDOMINAL body cavity below diaphragm that contains stomach, intestines, liver and other organs ABSORB take up fluids, take in ACIDOSIS condition when blood contains more acid than normal ACUITY clearness, keenness, esp. of vision and airways ACUTE new, recent, sudden, urgent ADENOPATHY swollen lymph nodes (glands) ADJUVANT helpful, assisting, aiding, supportive ADJUVANT TREATMENT added treatment (usually to a standard treatment) ANTIBIOTIC drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIMICROBIAL drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIRETROVIRAL drug that works against the growth of certain viruses ADVERSE EFFECT side effect, bad reaction, unwanted response ALLERGIC REACTION rash, hives, swelling, trouble breathing AMBULATE/AMBULATION/AMBULATORY walk, able to walk ANAPHYLAXIS serious, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction ANEMIA decreased red blood cells; low red cell blood count ANESTHETIC a drug or agent used to decrease the feeling of pain, or eliminate the feeling of pain by putting you to sleep ANGINA pain resulting from not enough blood flowing to the heart ANGINA PECTORIS pain resulting from not enough blood flowing to the heart ANOREXIA disorder in which person will not eat; lack of appetite ANTECUBITAL related to the inner side of the forearm ANTIBODY protein made in the body in response to foreign substance ANTICONVULSANT drug used to prevent seizures ANTILIPEMIC a drug that lowers fat levels in the blood ANTITUSSIVE a drug used to relieve coughing ARRHYTHMIA abnormal heartbeat; any change from the normal heartbeat ASPIRATION fluid entering the lungs, such as after vomiting ASSAY lab test ASSESS to learn about, measure, evaluate, look at ASTHMA lung disease associated with tightening of air passages, making breathing difficult ASYMPTOMATIC without symptoms AXILLA armpit

BENIGN not malignant, without serious consequences BID twice a day BINDING/BOUND carried by, to make stick together, transported BIOAVAILABILITY the extent to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the body BLOOD PROFILE series of blood tests BOLUS a large amount given all at once BONE MASS the amount of calcium and other minerals in a given amount of bone BRADYARRHYTHMIAS slow, irregular heartbeats BRADYCARDIA slow heartbeat BRONCHOSPASM breathing distress caused by narrowing of the airways

CARCINOGENIC cancer-causing CARCINOMA type of cancer CARDIAC related to the heart CARDIOVERSION return to normal heartbeat by electric shock CATHETER a tube for withdrawing or giving fluids CATHETER a tube placed near the spinal cord and used for anesthesia (indwelling epidural) during surgery CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) brain and spinal cord CEREBRAL TRAUMA damage to the brain CESSATION stopping CHD coronary heart disease CHEMOTHERAPY treatment of disease, usually cancer, by chemical agents CHRONIC continuing for a long time, ongoing CLINICAL pertaining to medical care CLINICAL TRIAL an experiment involving human subjects COMA unconscious state COMPLETE RESPONSE total disappearance of disease CONGENITAL present before birth CONJUNCTIVITIS redness and irritation of the thin membrane that covers the eye CONSOLIDATION PHASE treatment phase intended to make a remission permanent (follows induction phase) CONTROLLED TRIAL research study in which the experimental treatment or procedure is compared to a standard (control) treatment or procedure COOPERATIVE GROUP association of multiple institutions to perform clinical trials CORONARY related to the blood vessels that supply the heart, or to the heart itself CT SCAN (CAT) computerized series of x-rays (computerized tomography) CULTURE test for infection, or for organisms that could cause infection CUMULATIVE added together from the beginning CUTANEOUS relating to the skin CVA stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

DERMATOLOGIC pertaining to the skin DIASTOLIC lower number in a blood pressure reading DISTAL toward the end, away from the center of the body DIURETIC "water pill" or drug that causes increase in urination DOPPLER device using sound waves to diagnose or test DOUBLE BLIND study in which neither investigators nor subjects know what drug or treatment the subject is receiving DYSFUNCTION state of improper function DYSPLASIA abnormal cells

ECHOCARDIOGRAM sound wave test of the heart EDEMA excess fluid collecting in tissue EEG electric brain wave tracing (electroencephalogram) EFFICACY effectiveness ELECTROCARDIOGRAM electrical tracing of the heartbeat (ECG or EKG) ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE an imbalance of minerals in the blood EMESIS vomiting EMPIRIC based on experience ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION viewing an  internal part of the body with a lighted tube  ENTERAL by way of the intestines EPIDURAL outside the spinal cord ERADICATE get rid of (such as disease) Page 2 of 7 EVALUATED, ASSESSED examined for a medical condition EXPEDITED REVIEW rapid review of a protocol by the IRB Chair without full committee approval, permitted with certain low-risk research studies EXTERNAL outside the body EXTRAVASATE to leak outside of a planned area, such as out of a blood vessel

FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the branch of federal government that approves new drugs FIBROUS having many fibers, such as scar tissue FIBRILLATION irregular beat of the heart or other muscle

GENERAL ANESTHESIA pain prevention by giving drugs to cause loss of consciousness, as during surgery GESTATIONAL pertaining to pregnancy

HEMATOCRIT amount of red blood cells in the blood HEMATOMA a bruise, a black and blue mark HEMODYNAMIC MEASURING blood flow HEMOLYSIS breakdown in red blood cells HEPARIN LOCK needle placed in the arm with blood thinner to keep the blood from clotting HEPATOMA cancer or tumor of the liver HERITABLE DISEASE can be transmitted to one’s offspring, resulting in damage to future children HISTOPATHOLOGIC pertaining to the disease status of body tissues or cells HOLTER MONITOR a portable machine for recording heart beats HYPERCALCEMIA high blood calcium level HYPERKALEMIA high blood potassium level HYPERNATREMIA high blood sodium level HYPERTENSION high blood pressure HYPOCALCEMIA low blood calcium level HYPOKALEMIA low blood potassium level HYPONATREMIA low blood sodium level HYPOTENSION low blood pressure HYPOXEMIA a decrease of oxygen in the blood HYPOXIA a decrease of oxygen reaching body tissues HYSTERECTOMY surgical removal of the uterus, ovaries (female sex glands), or both uterus and ovaries

IATROGENIC caused by a physician or by treatment IDE investigational device exemption, the license to test an unapproved new medical device IDIOPATHIC of unknown cause IMMUNITY defense against, protection from IMMUNOGLOBIN a protein that makes antibodies IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE drug which works against the body's immune (protective) response, often used in transplantation and diseases caused by immune system malfunction IMMUNOTHERAPY giving of drugs to help the body's immune (protective) system; usually used to destroy cancer cells IMPAIRED FUNCTION abnormal function IMPLANTED placed in the body IND investigational new drug, the license to test an unapproved new drug INDUCTION PHASE beginning phase or stage of a treatment INDURATION hardening INDWELLING remaining in a given location, such as a catheter INFARCT death of tissue due to lack of blood supply INFECTIOUS DISEASE transmitted from one person to the next INFLAMMATION swelling that is generally painful, red, and warm INFUSION slow injection of a substance into the body, usually into the blood by means of a catheter INGESTION eating; taking by mouth INTERFERON drug which acts against viruses; antiviral agent INTERMITTENT occurring (regularly or irregularly) between two time points; repeatedly stopping, then starting again INTERNAL within the body INTERIOR inside of the body INTRAMUSCULAR into the muscle; within the muscle INTRAPERITONEAL into the abdominal cavity INTRATHECAL into the spinal fluid INTRAVENOUS (IV) through the vein INTRAVESICAL in the bladder INTUBATE the placement of a tube into the airway INVASIVE PROCEDURE puncturing, opening, or cutting the skin INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG (IND) a new drug that has not been approved by the FDA INVESTIGATIONAL METHOD a treatment method which has not been proven to be beneficial or has not been accepted as standard care ISCHEMIA decreased oxygen in a tissue (usually because of decreased blood flow)

LAPAROTOMY surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the abdominal wall to enable a doctor to look at the organs inside LESION wound or injury; a diseased patch of skin LETHARGY sleepiness, tiredness LEUKOPENIA low white blood cell count LIPID fat LIPID CONTENT fat content in the blood LIPID PROFILE (PANEL) fat and cholesterol levels in the blood LOCAL ANESTHESIA creation of insensitivity to pain in a small, local area of the body, usually by injection of numbing drugs LOCALIZED restricted to one area, limited to one area LUMEN the cavity of an organ or tube (e.g., blood vessel) LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY an x-ray of the lymph nodes or tissues after injecting dye into lymph vessels (e.g., in feet) LYMPHOCYTE a type of white blood cell important in immunity (protection) against infection LYMPHOMA a cancer of the lymph nodes (or tissues)

MALAISE a vague feeling of bodily discomfort, feeling badly MALFUNCTION condition in which something is not functioning properly MALIGNANCY cancer or other progressively enlarging and spreading tumor, usually fatal if not successfully treated MEDULLABLASTOMA a type of brain tumor MEGALOBLASTOSIS change in red blood cells METABOLIZE process of breaking down substances in the cells to obtain energy METASTASIS spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another METRONIDAZOLE drug used to treat infections caused by parasites (invading organisms that take up living in the body) or other causes of anaerobic infection (not requiring oxygen to survive) MI myocardial infarction, heart attack MINIMAL slight MINIMIZE reduce as much as possible Page 4 of 7 MONITOR check on; keep track of; watch carefully MOBILITY ease of movement MORBIDITY undesired result or complication MORTALITY death MOTILITY the ability to move MRI magnetic resonance imaging, diagnostic pictures of the inside of the body, created using magnetic rather than x-ray energy MUCOSA, MUCOUS MEMBRANE moist lining of digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts MYALGIA muscle aches MYOCARDIAL pertaining to the heart muscle MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION heart attack

NASOGASTRIC TUBE placed in the nose, reaching to the stomach NCI the National Cancer Institute NECROSIS death of tissue NEOPLASIA/NEOPLASM tumor, may be benign or malignant NEUROBLASTOMA a cancer of nerve tissue NEUROLOGICAL pertaining to the nervous system NEUTROPENIA decrease in the main part of the white blood cells NIH the National Institutes of Health NONINVASIVE not breaking, cutting, or entering the skin NOSOCOMIAL acquired in the hospital

OCCLUSION closing; blockage; obstruction ONCOLOGY the study of tumors or cancer OPHTHALMIC pertaining to the eye OPTIMAL best, most favorable or desirable ORAL ADMINISTRATION by mouth ORTHOPEDIC pertaining to the bones OSTEOPETROSIS rare bone disorder characterized by dense bone OSTEOPOROSIS softening of the bones OVARIES female sex glands

PARENTERAL given by injection PATENCY condition of being open PATHOGENESIS development of a disease or unhealthy condition PERCUTANEOUS through the skin PERIPHERAL not central PER OS (PO) by mouth PHARMACOKINETICS the study of the way the body absorbs, distributes, and gets rid of a drug PHASE I first phase of study of a new drug in humans to determine action, safety, and proper dosing PHASE II second phase of study of a new drug in humans, intended to gather information about safety and effectiveness of the drug for certain uses PHASE III large-scale studies to confirm and expand information on safety and effectiveness of new drug for certain uses, and to study common side effects PHASE IV studies done after the drug is approved by the FDA, especially to compare it to standard care or to try it for new uses PHLEBITIS irritation or inflammation of the vein PLACEBO an inactive substance; a pill/liquid that contains no medicine PLACEBO EFFECT improvement seen with giving subjects a placebo, though it contains no active drug/treatment PLATELETS small particles in the blood that help with clotting POTENTIAL possible POTENTIATE increase or multiply the effect of a drug or toxin (poison) by giving another drug or toxin at the same time (sometimes an unintentional result) POTENTIATOR an agent that helps another agent work better PRENATAL before birth PROPHYLAXIS a drug given to prevent disease or infection PER OS (PO) by mouth PRN as needed PROGNOSIS outlook, probable outcomes PRONE lying on the stomach PROSPECTIVE STUDY following patients forward in time PROSTHESIS artificial part, most often limbs, such as arms or legs PROTOCOL plan of study PROXIMAL closer to the center of the body, away from the end PULMONARY pertaining to the lungs

QD every day; daily QID four times a day

RADIATION THERAPY x-ray or cobalt treatment RANDOM by chance (like the flip of a coin) RANDOMIZATION chance selection RBC red blood cell RECOMBINANT formation of new combinations of genes RECONSTITUTION putting back together the original parts or elements RECUR happen again REFRACTORY not responding to treatment REGENERATION re-growth of a structure or of lost tissue REGIMEN pattern of giving treatment RELAPSE the return of a disease REMISSION disappearance of evidence of cancer or other disease RENAL pertaining to the kidneys REPLICABLE possible to duplicate RESECT remove or cut out surgically RETROSPECTIVE STUDY looking back over past experience

SARCOMA a type of cancer SEDATIVE a drug to calm or make less anxious SEMINOMA a type of testicular cancer (found in the male sex glands) SEQUENTIALLY in a row, in order SOMNOLENCE sleepiness SPIROMETER an instrument to measure the amount of air taken into and exhaled from the lungs STAGING an evaluation of the extent of the disease STANDARD OF CARE a treatment plan that the majority of the medical community would accept as appropriate STENOSIS narrowing of a duct, tube, or one of the blood vessels in the heart STOMATITIS mouth sores, inflammation of the mouth STRATIFY arrange in groups for analysis of results (e.g., stratify by age, sex, etc.) STUPOR stunned state in which it is difficult to get a response or the attention of the subject SUBCLAVIAN under the collarbone SUBCUTANEOUS under the skin SUPINE lying on the back SUPPORTIVE CARE general medical care aimed at symptoms, not intended to improve or cure underlying disease SYMPTOMATIC having symptoms SYNDROME a condition characterized by a set of symptoms SYSTOLIC top number in blood pressure; pressure during active contraction of the heart

TERATOGENIC capable of causing malformations in a fetus (developing baby still inside the mother’s body) TESTES/TESTICLES male sex glands THROMBOSIS clotting THROMBUS blood clot TID three times a day TITRATION a method for deciding on the strength of a drug or solution; gradually increasing the dose T-LYMPHOCYTES type of white blood cells TOPICAL on the surface TOPICAL ANESTHETIC applied to a certain area of the skin and reducing pain only in the area to which applied TOXICITY side effects or undesirable effects of a drug or treatment TRANSDERMAL through the skin TRANSIENTLY temporarily TRAUMA injury; wound TREADMILL walking machine used to test heart function

UPTAKE absorbing and taking in of a substance by living tissue

VALVULOPLASTY plastic repair of a valve, especially a heart valve VARICES enlarged veins VASOSPASM narrowing of the blood vessels VECTOR a carrier that can transmit disease-causing microorganisms (germs and viruses) VENIPUNCTURE needle stick, blood draw, entering the skin with a needle VERTICAL TRANSMISSION spread of disease

WBC white blood cell

Human Body Systems and Functions

Oct 21, 2014

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Human Body Systems and Functions. 7-3.2: Recall the major organs of the human body and their functions within their particular body system. Circulatory System The system that is responsible for carrying materials through out the body. Heart. Function:

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Human Body Systems and Functions 7-3.2: Recall the major organs of the human body and their functions within their particular body system.

Circulatory SystemThe system that is responsible for carrying materials through out the body

Heart Function: Causes blood to flow through the body by its pumping action

Blood Vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) Function: • Tubes that carry blood throughout the entire body • Most arteries carry blood that has oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body. • Most veins carry waste products from all the parts of the body back to the heart.

Capillaries are very small vessels where oxygen and nutrients leave the blood to go into the cells and carbon dioxide and other waste products enter the blood from the cells. • Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma that have different functions.

Respiratory • The system that is responsible for providing gas exchange between the blood and the air.

Nose Function: Collects air from the environment and moistens and heats the air before it enters the trachea.

Trachea Function: The windpipe; moves the air from the nose to the lungs

Bronchi(bronchus) Function: Tubes that move air from the trachea to the lungs; one bronchus leads to each lung; part of each bronchus is outside the lung and part is inside.

Lungs Function: The main organs where gases are exchanged between air and the blood; the alveoli in the lungs are where the gas exchange takes place.

Diaphragm Function: The muscle that aids in the breathing process.

Excretory(Also known as Urinary System) Function: To filter out cellular wastes, toxins (chemicals that could be poisonous to the body), and excess water that result from cellular respiration.

Kidneys Function: The two kidneys get rid of urea (excess water), and some other waste materials released by the cells. These are eliminated as urine.

Ureters Function: Tubes which connect each kidney to the bladder

Bladder Function: A saclike muscular organ which stores urine until it is released from the body

Urethra Function: Tube through which urine passes before it is removed from the body

Digestive System Function: Is to break down foods into nutrients that can be used by the body, absorb nutrients that are necessary for energy, growth, and maintenance, and rid the body of solid wastes.

Mouth Function: Begins to break down food into smaller pieces through mechanical digestion; salvia in the mouth starts the process of chemical digestion.

Esophagus Function: The transport tube that carries chewed food to the stomach

Stomach Function: Continues the process of mechanical digestion; and secretes gastric juices that continue the process of chemical digestion started in the mouth

Small Intestines Function: The organ where most of the chemical digestion of food takes place; nutrients from food are also absorbed through the small intestines

Large Intestines Function: The organ where water is absorbed from the food and taken into the bloodstream; prepares the remaining undigested food for elimination from the body

Rectum and Anus Function: The rectum is a short tube that stores solid waste until it is eliminated from the body through the anus

Liver Function: A secondary organ of the digestive system that produces bile, which is used by the body to break up fat particles.

Gallbladder Function: A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to store bile produced by the liver

Pancreas Function: A secondary organ to the digestive system that functions to produce digestive juices that help to further break down the food in the small intestine.

Nervous System Function: The main functions of the nervous system are to receive stimuli from inside and outside the body, to interpret the stimuli, and initiate responses for survival.

Brain Function: An organ of the central nervous system, which has three distinct parts that all serve to control and coordinate the activities of the body.

3 Parts of the Brain • Cerebrum – it controls thoughts, voluntary actions, and the sensations related to the five senses. • Cerebellum – it helps with balance and coordination. • Brain stem – is located at the base of the brain and controls vital and involuntary processes ( breathing, the beating of the heart, and digestion.)

Spinal Cord Function: Is a bundle of nerves that begins at the brain stem and continues down the center of the back through the vertebrae. It connects with the peripheral nerves.

Peripheral nerves Function: Is a network of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and connects to the rest of the body and transmit signals to and from the brain through the spinal cord.

Muscular System Function: Is to provide movement

Skeletal muscles Function: Voluntary muscles attached to bones and provide the force needed to move the bones; tendons connect the skeletal muscles to bones

Smooth muscles Function: Involuntary muscles that control many types of movement within the body (such as digestion)

Cardiac muscle Function: Involuntary muscle that forms the heart

Skeletal System Function: The main functions are to provide support for the body, to protect internal organs, and to provide attachment sites for the muscles.

Bones Function: Provide shape and support for the body and protection for many organs and structures; some bones produce blood cells; some store minerals.

Joints – occur where two or more bones meet Ligaments – attach bones at the joints

Integumentary (Skin) Function: Covers the body and prevents the loss of water; it protects the body from infection and injury; it helps to regulate body temperature, get rid of wastes (sweat), receives information from the environment and produces vitamin D.

How Systems Work Together • All body systems are dependent upon the circulatory system to transport materials. • The circulatory system works with the excretory to help remove wastes from the body.

The respiratory system works with the circulatory system to make sure that oxygen (O2) reaches the bloodstream and carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the bloodstream. • The digestive system works with the circulatory system to make sure that nutrients made available by digestion get to the cells of the body.

The nervous system works with the muscular and skeletal systems to direct behavior and movement. • The nervous system controls internal processes in the body (ex: digestion and circulation).

Muscles control the movement of materials through some organs (ex: stomach, intestines, and the heart.) • The muscular and skeletal systems work together to help the body move.

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