presentation on human organ system

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Human Body Systems

The human body is made up of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Each system is made up of its own specialized cells, tissues and organs, which in turn work together to perform specific functions. The functions of some systems overlap, while others are unique to a particular body system.

Find out whese structures look like (anatomy), and learn about their functions (physiology).

Overview of the Brain

Our brains provide the integrative power underlying the complex behavior of all vertebrates. It is the control center for thought and creativity, as well as automatic functions of the body. The human brain sets us apart from all other animals.

Overview of the Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system (also knows as the circulatory system) consists of the heart, a network of blood vessels, and blood. All substances essential for cellular metabolism are transported by the cardiovascular system.

Overview of the Digestive System

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract, a series of hollow organs joined in a long tube. Its primary role is to break down food for use by the body. It also forms, stores and removes waste from the body.

Overview of the Endocrine System

The endocrine system is comprised of ductless glands that produce messengers, called hormones, which regulate reproduction, development, metabolism and behavior. It interacts with the nervous system to control the activities of other organ systems.

Overview of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system is responsible for the production, storage and release of ova. Its two main components are the ovaries and the accessory sex organs.

Overview of the Heart

The heart is a muscular organ, the pump at the center of the circulatory system, which carries blood to and from all areas of the body. Blood brings oxygen and nutrients to organs, and picks up carbon dioxide, a waste product, to be expelled by the lungs.

Overview of the Immune System and the Lymphatic System

The immune system is a network of cells, tissues and organs that protect the body from infection. The lymphatic system stores and carries white blood cells, and serves as a conduit for transportation and communication between tissues and the bloodstream.

Overview of the Integumentary (Skin) System

The integumentary (skin) system is a living boundary that separates the internal body from the external world. It protects the body against disease-causing microobes and helps regulate body temperature.

Overview of the Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is responsible for the production, storage and transfer of sperm, and also for the production of male hormones. Its main components are the scrotum, penis, gonads and accessory glands and ducts.

Overview of the Muscular System

Muscles provide strength and support to the skeletal system. They work in coordination to provide stability, enabling an individual to move, balance and maintain posture by counteracting gravity. Muscles may also provide the body with heat.

Overview of the Nervous System

The main parts of the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord and an extensive network of nerves. The nervous system receives, interprets and sends information to and from all parts of the body.

Overview of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system, composed of lungs, airways, respiratory muscles and blood vessels, serves as the mechanism that brings oxygen into the body and release CO 2 out of the body.

Overview of the Skeletal System

The skeletal system provides support for the body and, with the muscular system, enables movement. Bones surround and protect organs, conduct vibrations for hearing, and produces bone marrow.

Overview of the Urinary System

The urinary system cleanses blood, rids the body of wastes, regulates blood pressure, and helps maintain homeostasis in the body. It is controlled by the nervous system.

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Understanding the 11 Body Organ Systems

• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Integumentary
• Gastrointestinal
• Musculoskeletal
• Reproductive

An organ system is a group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function, such as pumping blood or processing and utilizing nutrients. There are 11 major organ systems in the human body:

• The circulatory (cardiovascular) system
• The lymphatic system
• The respiratory system
• The integumentary system
• The endocrine system
• The gastrointestinal (digestive) system
• The urinary (excretory) system
• The musculoskeletal system
• The nervous system
• The reproductive system
• The immune system

Organ systems work together with other organ systems to keep the body in good health. For example, the circulatory and digestive systems work together to deliver nutrients throughout the body. With the exception of the reproductive system, each is necessary for survival.

This article discusses the 11 organ systems, including how they work, what organs they contain, and why they’re important.

Peter Dazeley / Getty Images

Circulatory System

The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to all corners of the body. It also carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products.

When people talk about this organ system, they’re usually talking about the cardiovascular system at large, which includes the:

• Blood vessels (arteries and veins)
• The blood itself

In order for blood to make it everywhere it needs to go, the circulatory system maintains the blood flow within a certain pressure range.

Blood pressure that’s too high puts extra stress on other organs and tissues. Low blood pressure means the blood—and its nutrients—won’t make it to where it needs to go.

Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is the drainage system of the body. It plays an important role in your immunity, blood pressure regulation, digestion, and other functions.

This organ system carries excess fluid, proteins, fats, bacteria, and other substances away from the cells and spaces between cells. It does this using:

• Lymph vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Lymph ducts
• Various glands

The lymphatic vessels move the fluid into collecting ducts, which return the fluid to your bloodstream.

The lymphatic system also helps create and circulate vital cells that fight disease, which is why it is also a part of the immune system. This includes lymphocytes and monocytes (white blood cells) and antibodies (proteins that recognize bacteria and viruses).

Respiratory System

The respiratory system is responsible for breathing , which is the controlled movement of air in and out of the body (ventilation). It also moves oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the bloodstream (respiration).

This organ system contains the following:

• Trachea (windpipe)
• Airways of the respiratory tree

One of the least understood responsibilities of the respiratory system is to help regulate the body’s pH balance , or the body’s balance of acids and bases.

Carbon dioxide is made into carbonic acid, which affects the pH balance. The respiratory system regulates this pH level when it releases carbon dioxide from the body. Breathing issues may indicate a condition that affects the body’s acidity.

Integumentary System

The integumentary system is unique because it is the largest and only single-organ system in the body. It protects the body from the external environment and helps regulate body temperature.

The integumentary system is the skin and all the structures in it, including the:

• Sweat glands
• Hair follicles

Endocrine System

The endocrine system mostly regulates metabolism and uses the products of digestion. Along with the nervous system and immune system, it’s generally considered one of the most complicated systems in the body.

This organ system includes all the glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, including:

• Gonads (ovaries and testicles)
• Hypothalamus
• Parathyroid

Digestive System

The gastrointestinal (GI) system is sometimes referred to as the gut or the digestive system. It is responsible for breaking down foods into nutrients, which the body needs for energy, growth, and cell repair. This system includes all the organs that carry food from where it enters the body to where it exits, including the following:

• Small intestine
• Large intestine

The pancreas, gallbladder, and liver are also part of this organ system.

The GI tract and the endocrine system have a lot of interaction. The endocrine system produces the hormones that regulate digestion and the absorption of nutrients.

The GI system also owes a lot to the vagus nerve , the main contributor to the parasympathetic nervous system, which regulates bodily functions. The vagus nerve is involved in slowing metabolism, lowering heart rate and blood pressure, and stimulating the mechanics of digestion.

One Organ, Two Organ Systems

Some organs belong to more than one organ system. The pancreas, for example, can be considered a part of the digestive system because it secretes enzymes that help the body break down fat, protein, and starch. It is also part of the endocrine system because it produces hormones that help regulate blood sugar.

Urinary (Excretory) System

The urinary system includes:

These organs work together to filter blood and remove toxins and waste from body tissues. The removal of excess fluid through this organ system also helps regulate blood pressure.

Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system provides the framework and the engine for our movement, posture, and physical abilities.

This organ system includes:

• The skeleton
• All the muscles, tendons, and ligaments attached to the skeleton

Muscles in the Body

There are three types of muscles in the body:

• Skeletal (voluntary)
• Smooth (visceral or involuntary), which are inside walls of organs like the intestines
• Cardiac (heart muscle)

Only skeletal muscle is considered part of the musculoskeletal system.

Skeletal System

Your body's skeletal system contains 206 bones:

• The 80 bones of the axial skeleton (your spine and the core of your body)
• The 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton (your arms, legs, and bones away from the core)

In addition to providing your body's structure and facilitating its mobility, the skeletal system contains bone marrow to produce blood and lymph cells. It stores fat in the body, as well as key minerals like calcium.

Nervous System

The nervous system is a network that makes it possible for different parts of the body to communicate with one another. Think of it as your body’s command station. All body processes, reactions, thoughts, and movements stem from this organ system.

The nervous system is incredibly detailed and includes the following:

• Spinal cord
• All the nerves connected to both of these organs

It contains the only tissue that isn’t fed directly through contact with blood.

Reproductive System

This is the only organ system that is not complete in any one body and requires another person (or medical intervention) to complete its mission, which is to produce offspring.

There are two parts of male reproductive system:

Three parts comprise the female reproductive system:

Aside from their direct roles in reproduction, the ovaries and testicles also play important roles in the endocrine system, producing estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone.

Immune System

The immune system helps the body fight against infection and other diseases. It is listed last because, while it’s important for survival, all of its organs are borrowed from other organ systems.

The immune system organs work like sailors on a ship: Each one has a primary duty and is cross-trained for other jobs.

These are the primary organs of the immune system:

• Bone marrow

Because of the interplay between organs from various other systems, the immune system is one of the most complicated systems of all.

Your body has 11 different organ systems. Each group of organs has a different complex function, such as movement, breathing, or digestion.

In some cases, one system works closely with another on a particular task. For example, the endocrine system interacts with the gastrointestinal system to control digestion and metabolism.

When your organ systems are working properly, they help your body stay in balance and maintain your health.

Frequently Asked Questions

There are many examples. For instance, the nervous system sends signals to the musculoskeletal system to control movement. The circulatory system and respiratory system work together to make sure your cells receive oxygen.

Yes. Skin is both an organ and an entire organ system.

Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. How does the blood circulatory system work ?

National Cancer Institute. Introduction to the human body: components of the lymphatic system .

National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus. Alkalosis .

MedlinePlus. Skin.

Endocrine Society. Your health and hormones .

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Your digestive system & how it works .

Breit S, Kupferberg A, Rogler G, Hasler G. Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain-gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders . Front Psychiatry . 2018;9:44. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044

Endocrine Society. Pancreas—islets of Langerhans .

National Cancer Institute. Introduction to the human body: introduction to the urinary system .

National Cancer Institute. Introduction to the human body: introduction to the skeletal system .

National Cancer Institute. Introduction to the human body: muscle types .

National Cancer Institute SEER Training Modules.  Introduction to the skeletal system .

National Cancer Institute. Introduction to the human body: introduction to the nervous system .

Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Nelson AR, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier: from physiology to disease and back . Physiol Rev . 2019;99(1):21-78. doi:10.1152/physrev.00050.2017

MedlinePlus. Male reproductive system .

MedlinePlus. Female reproductive system .

Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. What are the organs of the immune system ?

By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients.

Human organ systems

Jul 26, 2014

620 likes | 1.04k Views

Human organ systems. Can you label the names of the main organ systems of the human body on the handout? Can you explain what each one does? Do you know the names of the individual organs of each organ system and their specific functions?. Parts of a cell.

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• enzyme reaction
• endoplasmic reticulum
• biotic ecosystem factors
• average pulse rate

Presentation Transcript

Human organ systems • Can you label the names of the main organ systems of the human body on the handout? • Can you explain what each one does? • Do you know the names of the individual organs of each organ system and their specific functions?

Parts of a cell • Can you identify the function of all of the parts of a cell listed below? • Can you label the diagram of plant and animal cells properly? • Can you list the features that make plant and animal cells different? • vacuole, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, chloroplast, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, cytoplasm, chromosome

Diffusion, active transport, osmosis • Which one is which? (Think about high to low or low to high.) • Which one requires an energy input?

Cell membrane What are the 3 jobs of the cell membrane?

Unicellular / multicellular What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

DNA replication • Remember, to make copies of DNA (to replicate) • A always with T • C always with G

Protein synthesis • What are proteins made out of? • Where does this process take place? • How does DNA control this process? • How does it determine what traits you express?

Genetic engineering

Selective breeding

Mutation • What is a substitution? • What is a deletion? • What is an insertion? • How do mutations affect how a gene is read?

Evidence of evolution Can you list the forms of evidence for evolution?

Some traits give organisms an advantage over organisms that lack that trait. Adaptations

Natural selection • Can you summarize each of the following? • Overproduction • Struggle for survival • Variation amongst offspring • Survival of the fittest

Differentiation / embryology

Mitosis • What types of cells multiply this way? • How many cells are produced? • How do the new cells compare to the original?

Meiosis • What types of cells multiply this way? • How many cells are produced? • How do the new cells compare to the original?

Placenta How do substances pass from the mother to the fetus and vice versa?

Asexual reproduction Can you list the different forms of asexual reproduction?

Homeostasis • What is the definition of homeostasis? • How is the maintenance of a stable body temperature an example? • How is the blood involved with maintaining homeostasis?

Feedback mechanisms List as many examples of feedback mechanisms as you can think of.

Diffusion through a membrane • How does salt water affect the size of the cell? • How does distilled water affect the size of a cell?

Pulse rate changes • How does intense activity affect pulse rate? • Why?

Immune response How do the cells of the immune system work together to protect you from disease?

Vaccinations How does a vaccine work?

Photosynthesis • When and where does this process take place? • In what types of organisms does this process take place? • What are the reactants? • What are the products?

Respiration • When and where does this process take place? • In what types of organisms does this process take place? • What are the reactants? • What are the products?

Enzymes • What are they made out of? • What do they do? • How are enzymes involved with synthesis? • How are enzymes involved with digestion? • What are the 3 main factors in enzyme reaction rate? • Why is shape important?

Energy pyramids, food chains, food webs • How much energy is passed from one level to the next? • What is the original source of energy for all ecosystems?

Ecosystems • What is an ecosystem? • What features are required to be considered an ecosystem? • What are some abiotic and biotic ecosystem factors in the picture to the right?

Biomagnification Can you explain what happens during this biological process?

Biodiversity • What is it? • Name 3 reasons biodiversity is so important.

Succession • Place the pictures in their proper sequence. • What is the last stage known as?

Biogeochemical cycles

Overpopulation Why is the ever increasing population of humans on earth the cause of all other environmental problems?

Global warming Name human activities that cause the increases in average global temperatures.

Ozone depletion • What is the cause? • What is the effect?

Burning fossil fuels • List activities that do this. • What environmental problems does this cause?

Alternate energy sources • Name some different forms. • Why are they better for the environment?

Recycling Why is it better for the environment?

Habitat destruction / deforestation Why is it so bad for the environment?

Acid rain What causes it? Why is it bad?

Metric measurement

Lab techniques

Indicators • What is each one used to detect? • What color do they turn?

Dependent / independent variables • Corn seed germination study testing the effect of fertilizer • Which variable is the cause and which one is the effect?

Control Why is it included in all experiments?

Hypothesis Can you form a hypothesis (stated correctly) for an experiment testing the effect of talking to a plant on its growth?

Procedure Remember that a procedure for an experiment must be detailed and listed step-by-step, numerically, working down a page: 1. Calculate resting pulse rate by counting heartbeats in a 30-second interval and multiplying by 2 and record your results. 2. Repeat step 1. 3. Do 30 push-ups. 4. Calculate pulse rate by counting heartbeats in a 30-second interval and multiplying by 2 and once again record your results. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4. 6. Calculate average pulse rate after resting and after doing push-ups and compare.

Compound light microscope • Can you identify all of the parts? • Do you know what each part is used for?

Dichotomous key 1a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2 1b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton ……….go to step 3 2a. body has a round shape ……….ladybug 2b. body has an elongated shape ……….grasshopper 3a. wings point out from the side of the body ……….dragonfly 3b. wings point to the posterior of the body ……….housefly

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May. 15, 2024

Rice researchers stride to unlock mysteries of human development.

A research team from Rice University led by Aryeh Warmflash has made strides in understanding the processes that guide human embryonic development. The group’s findings were published in the scientific journal Cells Systems May 15.

Embryonic development, the journey from a single fertilized egg to a complex organism, is orchestrated by complex interactions between biochemical signals. But mechanisms behind how the cells interpret these signals to make crucial developmental decisions have remained elusive.

“Our paper addresses a fundamental question: How are these decisions controlled by multiple pathways simultaneously?” said Warmflash, associate professor of biosciences and bioengineering.

The team includes postdoctoral research associate and current group leader at the Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology Elena Camacho-Aguilar ; Sumin Yoon , a senior majoring in cultural/medical anthropology; doctoral students Miguel A. Ortiz-Salazar and Siqi Du ; and laboratory technician M. Cecilia Guerra . Together they focused their study on human gastrulation, a pivotal stage where cells differentiate into the three germ layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

While previous research identified the involvement of several signals such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and wingless-related integration site (WNT) during gastrulation, the precise mechanisms underlying how cells interpret them to develop into different cell types remained unclear.

To find an answer, the researchers turned to human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which mimic the state of cells just before gastrulation. They hypothesized that the duration and concentration of BMP signals might dictate cell fate and devised experiments exposing hPSCs to varied BMP signal systems.

Contrary to previous assumptions, the study revealed that the duration of BMP signal exposure, rather than its strength, plays a crucial role in determining cell fate. Pulselike exposures to high BMP concentrations prompted significant changes, particularly toward mesoderm, whereas continuous low-level signals yielded less pronounced outcomes.

Mathematical modeling of these processes allowed the researchers to predict the fate outcomes for any combination of BMP and WNT signals. The team constructed a comprehensive “fate map” that predicts these outcomes. Leveraging this map, the researchers devised a novel protocol optimizing mesoderm formation relevant to other fields such as regenerative medicine.

“Our findings underscore the importance of understanding signaling dynamics in guiding cell fate decisions,” Camacho-Aguilar said. “By deciphering these mechanisms, we can tailor efficient differentiation protocols that could be relevant for therapeutic applications.”

Warmflash joined Rice’s faculty in 2014 as a Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas Scholar.

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Editorial on the Research Topic New techniques for modelling, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of human knee pathology

Pathologies of the human knee represent a significant challenge for healthcare professionals, affecting individuals’ quality of life and incurring substantial costs for healthcare systems. These conditions can result from various factors, such as sports injuries, age-related wear and tear, or underlying medical conditions. Over recent years, significant advancements in the modelling, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of these knee pathologies have been driven by technological progress and a better understanding of knee physiology and biomechanics. These advancements have led to the development of more precise and personalized techniques to improve clinical outcomes and patient recovery. By combining state-of-the-art medical imaging, biomechanical analysis, and innovative therapeutic approaches, healthcare professionals are better equipped than ever to diagnose and effectively treat knee pathologies, enabling patients to regain optimal functionality and improved quality of life.

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• Wu et al. assessed knee laxity in patients with ACL injury using a digital arthrometer, indicating significantly lower stiffness in the ACL injury group than controls, particularly in later loading stages, suggesting potential diagnostic value for knee laxity assessment.

• Hu et al. aimed to improve the fixation of posterolateral tibial plateau fractures (PTPF) using various screw fixation methods, with biomechanical tests showing superior strength in two-screw fixation compared to single-screw fixation, supported by finite element analysis.

• Shao et al. compared non-Newtonian (NN) shoes with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) shoes in cushioning and reducing sports injuries, revealing NN shoes’ superior cushioning during exercise, particularly in high-temperature conditions.

• Stoddart et al. examined different knee arthroplasty techniques’ effects on bone load transfer, indicating higher strain shielding with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) compared to partial knee arthroplasty (PKA) and potential long-term bone health implications.

• Zhang et al. compared deep learning with conventional machine learning methods in predicting knee biomechanics post-total knee arthroplasty, demonstrating deep learning’s superior accuracy and potential for precise alignment assessment.

• Valente et al. investigated the impact of tibiofemoral alignment and contact point locations on knee contact forces in individuals with varus malalignment, highlighting contact points’ significant influence on knee forces during different activities.

• Ge et al. assessed inter-prosthetic pressures post-Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and their correlation with lower limb alignment, revealing correlations between pressures at specific knee angles and postoperative alignment parameters.

• Hucke et al. studied the mechanical influence of tension-band plates used in correcting knee malalignment through guided growth therapy, showing heterogeneous stress distribution in the growth plate, with implants inducing static stress in the insertion region and altering cyclic loading, affecting growth rates, with potential implications for preventing malalignment recurrence.

These articles illustrate the diversity of approaches and methodologies used to address the complex challenges of knee pathologies from various angles, including mechanical, biomedical, digital, and experimental. They thus underscore the growing importance of research in this domain. The Research Topic addressed in this Research Topic go beyond mere academic research; they contribute significantly to understanding the biomechanical behavior of the knee joint and its pathologies, particularly in early detection and prediction of knee osteoarthritis.

In conclusion, this Research Topic provides a captivating overview of recent progress in the field of knee biomechanics. The guest editors thank the editors, authors, and reviewers for contributing to this stimulating Research Topic, hope this Research Topic will inspire new ideas, collaborations, and advancements in the fight against knee pathologies, and look forward to future developments in this domain.

Author contributions

AB: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing–original draft, Writing–review and editing. BI: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Writing–review and editing. JT: Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing–review and editing.

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Keywords: knee, biomechancis, diagnostic, pronostic, pathologies and risk prevention

Citation: Barkaoui A, Innocenti B and Tavares JMRS (2024) Editorial: New techniques for modelling, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of human knee pathology. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 12:1412924. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1412924

Received: 06 April 2024; Accepted: 03 May 2024; Published: 14 May 2024.

Edited and reviewed by:

Copyright © 2024 Barkaoui, Innocenti and Tavares. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Abdelwahed Barkaoui, [email protected]

This article is part of the Research Topic

New Techniques for Modeling, Prognosis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Human Knee Pathology

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Patient Dies Weeks After Kidney Transplant From Genetically Modified Pig

Richard Slayman received the historic procedure in March. The hospital said it had “no indication” his death was related to the transplant.

By Virginia Hughes

Richard “Rick” Slayman, who made history at age 62 as the first person to receive a kidney from a genetically modified pig, has died about two months after the procedure.

Massachusetts General Hospital, where Mr. Slayman had the operation, said in a statement on Saturday that its transplant team was “deeply saddened” at his death. The hospital said it had “no indication that it was the result of his recent transplant.”

Mr. Slayman, who was Black, had end-stage kidney disease, a condition that affects more than 800,000 people in the United States, according to the federal government, with disproportionately higher rates among Black people.

There are far too few kidneys available for donation. Nearly 90,000 people are on the national waiting list for a kidney.

Mr. Slayman, a supervisor for the state transportation department from Weymouth, Mass., had received a human kidney in 2018. When it began to fail in 2023 and he developed congestive heart failure, his doctors suggested he try one from a modified pig.

“I saw it not only as a way to help me, but a way to provide hope for the thousands of people who need a transplant to survive,” he said in a hospital news release in March.

His surgery, which lasted four hours, was a medical milestone. For decades, proponents of so-called xenotransplantation have proposed replacing ailing human organs with those from animals. The main problem with the approach is the human immune system, which rejects animal tissue as foreign, often leading to serious complications.

Recent advances in genetic engineering have allowed researchers to tweak the genes of the animal organs to make them more compatible with their recipients.

The pig kidney that was transplanted into Mr. Slayman was engineered by eGenesis, a biotech company based in Cambridge, Mass. Scientists there removed three genes and added seven others to improve compatibility. The company also inactivated retroviruses that pigs carry and could be harmful to humans.

“Mr. Slayman was a true pioneer,” eGenesis said in a statement on social media on Saturday. “His courage has helped to forge a path forward for current and future patients suffering from kidney failure.”

Mr. Slayman was discharged from the hospital two weeks after his surgery, with “one of the cleanest bills of health I’ve had in a long time,” he said at the time.

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Virginia Hughes is an editor on the Health and Science desk. More about Virginia Hughes

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Mouse α-synuclein fibrils are structurally and functionally distinct from human fibrils associated with Lewy body diseases

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Short Abstract

The intricate process of α-synuclein aggregation and fibrillization hold pivotal roles in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). While mouse α-synuclein can fibrillize in vitro , whether these fibrils commonly used in research to induce this process or form can reproduce structures in the human brain remains unknown. Here we report the first atomic structure of mouse α-synuclein fibrils, which was solved in parallel by two independent teams. The structure shows striking similarity to MSA-amplified and PD-associated E46K fibrils. However, mouse α-synuclein fibrils display altered packing arrangements, reduced hydrophobicity, heightened fragmentation sensitivity, and evoke only weak immunological responses. Furthermore, mouse α-synuclein fibrils exhibit exacerbated pathological spread in neurons and humanized α-synuclein mice. These findings provide new insights into the structural underpinnings of α-synuclein pathogenicity and emphasize a need to reassess the role of mouse α-synuclein fibrils in the development of related diagnostic probes and therapeutic interventions.

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The authors have declared no competing interest.

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