paraphrasing in harvard referencing

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Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

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Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting

Depending on the conventions of your discipline, you may have to decide whether to summarize a source, paraphrase a source, or quote from a source.

Scholars in the humanities tend to summarize, paraphrase, and quote texts; social scientists and natural scientists rely primarily on summary and paraphrase.

When and how to summarize

When you summarize, you provide your readers with a condensed version of an author's key points. A summary can be as short as a few sentences or much longer, depending on the complexity of the text and the level of detail you wish to provide to your readers. You will need to summarize a source in your paper when you are going to refer to that source and you want your readers to understand the source's argument, main ideas, or plot (if the source is a novel, film, or play) before you lay out your own argument about it, analysis of it, or response to it.

Before you summarize a source in your paper, you should decide what your reader needs to know about that source in order to understand your argument. For example, if you are making an argument about a novel, you should avoid filling pages of your paper with details from the book that will distract or confuse your reader. Instead, you should add details sparingly, going only into the depth that is necessary for your reader to understand and appreciate your argument. Similarly, if you are writing a paper about a journal article, you will need to highlight the most relevant parts of the argument for your reader, but you should not include all of the background information and examples. When you have to decide how much summary to put in a paper, it's a good idea to consult your instructor about whether you are supposed to assume your reader's knowledge of the sources.

Guidelines for summarizing a source in your paper

• Identify the author and the source.
• Represent the original source accurately.
• Present the source’s central claim clearly.
• Don’t summarize each point in the same order as the original source; focus on giving your reader the most important parts of the source
• Use your own words. Don’t provide a long quotation in the summary unless the actual language from the source is going to be important for your reader to see.

Stanley Milgram (1974) reports that ordinarily compassionate people will be cruel to each other if they are commanded to be by an authority figure. In his experiment, a group of participants were asked to administer electric shocks to people who made errors on a simple test. In spite of signs that those receiving shock were experiencing great physical pain, 25 of 40 subjects continued to administer electric shocks. These results held up for each group of people tested, no matter the demographic. The transcripts of conversations from the experiment reveal that although many of the participants felt increasingly uncomfortable, they continued to obey the experimenter, often showing great deference for the experimenter. Milgram suggests that when people feel responsible for carrying out the wishes of an authority figure, they do not feel responsible for the actual actions they are performing. He concludes that the increasing division of labor in society encourages people to focus on a small task and eschew responsibility for anything they do not directly control.

This summary of Stanley Milgram's 1974 essay, "The Perils of Obedience," provides a brief overview of Milgram's 12-page essay, along with an APA style parenthetical citation. You would write this type of summary if you were discussing Milgram's experiment in a paper in which you were not supposed to assume your reader's knowledge of the sources. Depending on your assignment, your summary might be even shorter.

When you include a summary of a paper in your essay, you must cite the source. If you were using APA style in your paper, you would include a parenthetical citation in the summary, and you would also include a full citation in your reference list at the end of your paper. For the essay by Stanley Milgram, your citation in your references list would include the following information:

Milgram, S. (1974). The perils of obedience. In L.G. Kirszner & S.R. Mandell (Eds.), The Blair reader (pp.725-737).

When and how to paraphrase

When you paraphrase from a source, you restate the source's ideas in your own words. Whereas a summary provides your readers with a condensed overview of a source (or part of a source), a paraphrase of a source offers your readers the same level of detail provided in the original source. Therefore, while a summary will be shorter than the original source material, a paraphrase will generally be about the same length as the original source material.

When you use any part of a source in your paper—as background information, as evidence, as a counterargument to which you plan to respond, or in any other form—you will always need to decide whether to quote directly from the source or to paraphrase it. Unless you have a good reason to quote directly from the source , you should paraphrase the source. Any time you paraphrase an author's words and ideas in your paper, you should make it clear to your reader why you are presenting this particular material from a source at this point in your paper. You should also make sure you have represented the author accurately, that you have used your own words consistently, and that you have cited the source.

This paraphrase below restates one of Milgram's points in the author's own words. When you paraphrase, you should always cite the source. This paraphrase uses the APA in-text citation style. Every source you paraphrase should also be included in your list of references at the end of your paper. For citation format information go to the Citing Sources section of this guide.

Source material

The problem of obedience is not wholly psychological. The form and shape of society and the way it is developing have much to do with it. There was a time, perhaps, when people were able to give a fully human response to any situation because they were fully absorbed in it as human beings. But as soon as there was a division of labor things changed.

--Stanley Milgram, "The Perils of Obedience," p.737.

Milgram, S. (1974). The perils of obedience. In L.G. Kirszner & S.R. Mandell (Eds.), The Blair reader (pp.725-737). Prentice Hall.

Milgram (1974) claims that people's willingness to obey authority figures cannot be explained by psychological factors alone. In an earlier era, people may have had the ability to invest in social situations to a greater extent. However, as society has become increasingly structured by a division of labor, people have become more alienated from situations over which they do not have control (p.737).

When and how much to quote

The basic rule in all disciplines is that you should only quote directly from a text when it's important for your reader to see the actual language used by the author of the source. While paraphrase and summary are effective ways to introduce your reader to someone's ideas, quoting directly from a text allows you to introduce your reader to the way those ideas are expressed by showing such details as language, syntax, and cadence.

So, for example, it may be important for a reader to see a passage of text quoted directly from Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried if you plan to analyze the language of that passage in order to support your thesis about the book. On the other hand, if you're writing a paper in which you're making a claim about the reading habits of American elementary school students or reviewing the current research on Wilson's disease, the information you’re providing from sources will often be more important than the exact words. In those cases, you should paraphrase rather than quoting directly. Whether you quote from your source or paraphrase it, be sure to provide a citation for your source, using the correct format. (see Citing Sources section)

You should use quotations in the following situations:

• When you plan to discuss the actual language of a text.
• When you are discussing an author's position or theory, and you plan to discuss the wording of a core assertion or kernel of the argument in your paper.
• When you risk losing the essence of the author's ideas in the translation from their words to your own.
• When you want to appeal to the authority of the author and using their words will emphasize that authority.

Once you have decided to quote part of a text, you'll need to decide whether you are going to quote a long passage (a block quotation) or a short passage (a sentence or two within the text of your essay). Unless you are planning to do something substantive with a long quotation—to analyze the language in detail or otherwise break it down—you should not use block quotations in your essay. While long quotations will stretch your page limit, they don't add anything to your argument unless you also spend time discussing them in a way that illuminates a point you're making. Unless you are giving your readers something they need to appreciate your argument, you should use quotations sparingly.

When you quote from a source, you should make sure to cite the source either with an in-text citation or a note, depending on which citation style you are using.  The passage below, drawn from O’Brien’s  The Things They Carried , uses an MLA-style citation.

On the morning after Ted Lavender died, First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross crouched at the bottom of his foxhole and burned Martha's letters. Then he burned the two photographs. There was a steady rain falling, which made it difficult, but he used heat tabs and Sterno to build a small fire, screening it with his body holding the photographs over the tight blue flame with the tip of his fingers.

He realized it was only a gesture. Stupid, he thought. Sentimental, too, but mostly just stupid. (23)

O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried . New York: Broadway Books, 1990.

Even as Jimmy Cross burns Martha's letters, he realizes that "it was only a gesture. Stupid, he thought. Sentimental too, but mostly just stupid" (23).

If you were writing a paper about O'Brien's The Things They Carried in which you analyzed Cross's decision to burn Martha's letters and stop thinking about her, you might want your reader to see the language O'Brien uses to illustrate Cross's inner conflict. If you were planning to analyze the passage in which O'Brien calls Cross's realization stupid, sentimental, and then stupid again, you would want your reader to see the original language.

Harvard Referencing

• Summarising/Paraphrasing
• Citations/Direct Quotations
• Books (print or online)
• Electronic Journal Article
• Website/Web Document
• Journal/Magazine Article
• Academic publications
• Audiovisual material
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• Reference List Example
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Summarising

Summarising involves repeating the main ideas of a passage in your own words.  A summary concentrates on the important points rather than the details.

Original text

'... in order to learn consumers' views on beauty, Dove surveyed girls and women in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.  Some of the results were disturbing; for example, in Britain, more than half of those surveyed said their bodies "disgusted" them.  Six out of ten girls believed they would be happier if they were thinner, but actually fewer than two out of ten were in fact overweight.  Apparently, fashion's images of artificially curvaceous models and celebrities had wreaked not a little havoc on young self-concepts.'

Example of a summary   (1)

The results of a recent survey by Dove of girls and women in Britain indicated that many of the younger respondants had negative attitudes to their bodies and wanted to be thinner, even though a large proportion of them were not overweight (Rath, Bay, Petrizzi & Gill 2008, p. 139).

OR  (2)

Rath, Bay, Petrizzi and Gill (2008, p. 139) report that the results of a survey by Dove of young girls and women in Britain indicate that many young girls have false ideas about whether they are overweight or not. 

Summarising a substantial section or chapter of a book or a complete book: 

The Nazis attempted to control fashions in order to communicate a wide range of propoganda messages (Guenther 2004).

  OR  (3)

In a recent book, Guenther (2004) demonstrates the ways in which the Nazis used women's fashions to strengthen certain images of their ideal world.

Points to note :

There are different ways you can incorporate an in-text citation into your work. Usually, the author's surname/s, the date and page numbers (if necessary) appear in brackets - as in (1) above, but if you want to use the author's name/s  as part of your sentance you can do so as in examples (2) and (3) above.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is expressing what an author writes in another way. 

'For the times when silk stocking were not be had "for love or money," women had to make do.'

Example of a paraphrase

As Kirkham (2005, p. 221) points out, during the War there were times when silk stockings could not be obtained by any means and so women were forced to find alternatives.

During the War, when silk stockings were often not available at all, women were forced to find alternatives (Kirkham 2005, p. 221).

'A lifecycle inventory study confirmed that the use of the b-pak produces lower environmental burdens than a glass wine bottle.'

A b-pak is a more environmentally friendly container for wine than the traditional bottle (Evans 2007, p. 130).

As Evans (2007, p. 130) points out, the b-pak has a smaller environmental impact than a traditional wine bottle.

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Harvard referencing handbook (2nd edition)

• In-text citation
• Reference list

Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising

• Book with a single author
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• Website | webpage | PDF with a personal author

You need to give an in-text citation whenever you quote, paraphrase or summarise an information source.

Click on the options below for more information.

• Paraphrasing
• Summarising

Quoting is copying a short section of text, word for word, directly from an information source into your work. 

1.  Short quotes should:

• have double quotation marks at the beginning and end of the text
• be followed with the in-text citation
• have ellipses (...) if you omit part of the text.

An example of a short quotation:

...it has frequently been identified that "the search for unattainable perfect could mean missing deadlines" (Williams and Reid, 2011, 94).  The implication of this is...​

2. Long quotations are generally longer than two lines.  You should:

• start the quotation on a new line
• indent the quotation
• follow the quotation with the in-text citation
• start your analysis of the quotation on a new line

An example of a long quotation:

When discussing your findings it is essential that you follow a pattern:

"The important point to remember is that in your review you should present a logical argument...justifying both the need for work and the methodology that is going to be used" (Ridley, 2012, 100).

Without this structure you will struggle to...

Paraphrasing is when you put a short section of text from an information source into your own words.  Although the words are your own, you are still using ideas from the original text.  You must acknowledge the source with an in-text citation.

Summarising gives a broad overview of an information source.  It describes the main ideas in your own words.  You must acknowledge the source with an in-text citation.

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Harvard Referencing - SETU Libraries Waterford Guide: Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations

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Paraphrasing and Direct Quotations

• Elements in References
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Essay excerpt

Dublin is the capital of Ireland. The Discover Ireland website (Fáilte Ireland, 2013) outlines some of the main tourist attractions in Dublin. The city is ‘small, easy to get around and offers no greater challenge than struggling to be cultural the morning after the night before’ (Davenport, 2010, p. 16). Dublin aims to encourage sustainable tourism and members of the public can help by altering behaviour patterns (Miller et al ., 2010).

Paraphrase or Summary

When you paraphrase or summarise you express somebody else's ideas or theories in your own words.

Paraphrasing is not a direct quote, so there is no need to include quotation marks or page numbers. List the name(s) of the author(s) and the date of publication directly after the paraphrase. Example (see above): Miller et al., 2010.

Direct Quote

A Direct Quote is when you take an actual segment of text from another source and reproduce it word for word in your assignment.

Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text, but enclosed within single quotation marks. Example (see above): Davenport, 2010, p. 16.

Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do not require quotation marks.

Unless you are quoting from material which does not have page numbers, you will always need a page number as part of your in text citation when quoting.  

Common Knowledge

Only information which is considered general knowledge, or common knowledge within your field of study, does not have to be referenced.

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Harvard Style

• Position of the citation
• Secondary Referencing
• Date of Publication
• Page numbers
• Citing from Web pages
• Paraphrasing and Summarising
• Examples of References in Harvard style
• Harvard Reference Examples A-Z
• Setting the Bibliographic Style
• Inserting In-text Citations
• How to create a Reference List
• Managing Sources
• Editing Citations
• Updating your Reference list
• Find Sources
• Evaluate Sources
• Write the Reference
• Write the Annotation
• Examples of Annotations

Paraphrasing

To paraphrase is to communicate the author’s work in your own words and to acknowledge the source:

• Used to rewrite text in your own words
• Used to clarify meaning
• Used to shorten a longer statement, but keep the main ideas
• Giving credit to the original author of the idea

Elements of a good paraphrase:

• Change the structure of the original passage
• Change the words
• Give a citation / reference

Summarising

To summarise is to describe broadly the findings of a study without directly quoting from it.  Summarising involves repeating the main ideas of a passage in your own words.  A summary concentrates on the important points rather than the details.

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UOW Harvard

• Introduction to UOW Harvard
• Paraphrases and quotations
• Types of in-text citations
• Multiple sources
• Unknown or anonymous authors
• A company, organisation, or government body as the author
• Legal cases or court decisions
• Audio-visual media
• Formatting guidelines
• DOIs and URLs
• Order of entries
• Secondary sources
• Two to three authors
• More than three authors
• No volume or issue number
• No page numbers
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• Single author
• Chapter in an edited book
• Corporate author (where the author is also the publisher)
• Edited book
• Multiple works by the same author (in different years)
• Multiple works by the same author (in the same year)
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• No date of publication
• Second or later editions
• Translated work
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• Article with one or more authors
• Article with no author
• Online article
• Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) reports
• Government department as author(s)
• Government report (print and online)
• Parliamentary debates - Hansard (print & online)
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• Legal cases
• Legislation - Acts
• Legislation - Bills
• Company and industry reports
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• Figure, graph, or table
• With author
• Online encyclopaedia or dictionary
• Online video
• Music score
• Music score transcription
• Edited music score or critical edition
• Music performed by performer other than artist (or a specific performance by artist)
• Music from an online source
• Conference papers (published)
• Conference papers (unpublished)
• Images and artwork (print)
• Images and artwork (online)
• Maps within a text (e.g. an atlas)
• Printed Maps
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• Personal Communication
• Course Material
• Leaflet or Pamphlet
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• Referencing & Citing Guide Main Page

In text citations

Every sentence in which you use evidence, information or an example from another source requires an in-text reference (both academic and non-academic sources require a reference, as do both paraphrases and “direct quotes”). Your citation should be for the article/book that you are actually reading (not for the sources quoted in your supporting text).

As well as giving appropriate acknowledgement to original sources, in-text citations work to differentiate between your supporting evidence (which will include an in-text reference) and your own critical thoughts, ideas and engagement with both the evidence and the topic.

In many subjects paraphrasing is the preferred method of using someone else’s work or ideas. This is because clearly explaining an idea in your own words, demonstrates that you understand the original source. Paraphrasing is not simply changing the order of words or using a thesaurus, as this does not demonstrate understanding. Think about what the original passage is saying and how you might explain this to someone in your own words .

A direct quote is where you use the exact words from another person’s work and cite it. Direct quotes are used when the wording of the original is important for the point that you are making. This may be preferred in subjects where exact wording and form is important, such as in literary studies, law or in other areas of study that involve close textural analysis.

For expectations regarding the use of direct quotes, check with your tutor or subject co-ordinator.

Paraphrases

An in-text citation for a paraphrase will require the author and the date. Generally, when paraphrasing you do not need to include page numbers in an in-text citation unless you have been asked to do so. However, including page numbers can help the reader to find the information more easily in a longer text, such as a thesis.

An in-text citation for a direct quote will require the author and the date and page number(s).

Shorter direct quotes must be enclosed in double quotation marks with the in-text citation within the sentence itself. For example:

"This procedure is fuelled by the radical but simple idea that two people standing side by side, looking at identical objects, see different things” (Harper 2002, p. 22).

Quotes of 30 words or longer should be in the form of a block quote, without quotation marks, with a 1 cm indent from the left margin. For example:

the photographs become something like a Rorschach ink blot in which people of different cultures spin their respective worlds of meaning. This procedure is fuelled by the radical but simple idea that two people standing side by side, looking at identical objects, see different things. (Harper 2002, p. 22)

When listing a range of page numbers, you should list the first page number and the last page number separated by an en-dash/rule (approx. the length of two hyphens). For example: “pp. 76–93”.

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Harvard referencing

Reference list vs. Bibliography

In the Harvard style, references are listed at the end of your work, and are organised alphabetically by the surname of the author.

A reference list includes all works that have been referred to in the assignment.

A bibliography includes all the material consulted in writing your assignment even if you have not cited them within it.

Many people use these terms interchangeably so, if you are unsure about whether you need to include a bibliography as well as a reference list, ask your tutor.

View this guide as a PDF .

This guide details the Harvard style of referencing based upon the advice given in the "Cite Them Right (2016) 10th rev. and expanded edn." This is the style of Harvard that The University Of Sheffield supports.

Referencing in the Harvard style is a two–part process:

• Citation in the text : this is the brief indication of the source within the text of your work immediately following the use of the source whether quoted or summarised.
• Reference list : a complete list of all the cited references used in your work with full bibliographic details, to allow the reader to follow up these references and find the original text.

Creating a citation and reference list

Creating a citation.

Harvard style referencing is an author/date method. Sources are cited within the body of your assignment by giving the name of the author(s) followed by the date of publication. All other details about the publication are given in the list of references or bibliography at the end.

Citations which are used with direct quotations, or are referring to a particular part of a source, should include the page number in your citation, e.g. (Smith, 2017, p. 42) or Smith (2017, p. 42).

Tips on citing where page numbers are not present

If a citation does not have page numbers then you should use the number of the paragraph (if available), e.g. Climate change can refer to local, regional, and global changes in weather (Met Office, 2013, para. 2.).

If the paragraph number is not available then you may direct the reader to a specific section of the item, and then the number of the paragraph, e.g. Using the factor command can...(Gaubatz, 2015, Generating Factors, para. 2.).

If the name of the section is long you may use the first few words of the section in quotation marks, e.g. The value of numbers needs to be random...(Gaubatz, 2015, "Random Numbers and Generating" section, para. 2.).

Tips for citing

• If the author(s) name appears in the text as part of the body of the assignment, then the year will follow in round brackets, e.g. According to Smith (2017)...
• If the author(s) name does not appear in the body of the text, then the name and date should follow in round brackets separated by a comma, e.g. The terminology has been called into question when it was discovered...(Smith, 2017).
• If you are quoting or paraphrasing someone else's work you will need to include the page number(s) of the original material in your citation (see the sections on Quoting and Paraphrasing).
• The abbreviations ibid. and idem. should not be used within the Harvard referencing system.
• If more than one of your citations has the same author and year of publication, then you should distinguish between them by using a lower–case letter following the year, e.g. It was discovered that...(Smith, 2017a), this was supported by... (Smith, 2017b).
• Some authors have the same surname and works published in the same year, if this is the case use their initial to distinguish between them, e.g. When looking at the average income it was found that...(Williams, A., 2009). However, it was also discovered that...(Williams, J., 2009).
• In some instances you may need to cite more than one piece of work for an idea. If this occurs, you should separate the references with a semicolon and cite them in chronological order, e.g. This point has been shown by numerous authors...(Jones, 2014; Smith, 2017).
• When citing in-text, include the name of up to three authors. If there are four or more authors for the work you are citing then use the name of the first author followed by " et al ." written in italics, e.g. This was shown to be the case when Taylor et al . (2015)...Or, the study shows...(Taylor et al ., 2015).
• If there are two or three authors use "and" in between the names rather than "&".
• For items where the author is a corporation, cite the name of the corporation in full, e.g. Birdwatching in the woods...(Woodland Trust, 2016), unless their abbreviation is well–known, e.g. The governance of the network...(BBC, 2017).
• If a work is designated as Anonymous or there is no author, use the title in italics in place of the Author, e.g. ( OED online , 2008).
• If no date can be found then you would state that there is no date, e.g. The ancient text indicated the use of... (Wells, no date).

Quoting is including a section of a source in your own work using exactly the same words as those used by the original author.

Paraphrasing can be used to avoid inserting too many direct quotations into your work, as this can distract from the coherence of the argument you are presenting. The use of quotations varies considerably from discipline to discipline. If in doubt, check with your tutor or in your course handbook for further guidance.

If you are directly quoting from a source, then you should include the page number in your citation.

A short quotation (under two lines), should be within the body of the text and in quotation marks, e.g.

There is still a labelling issue when it comes to flavourings in food, it is noted that, "flavours such as vanillin which occur naturally in food are called ‘nature–identical’. The label does not have to state where it comes from." (Wilson, 2009, p. 257).

If the quote is more than two lines, then it should be presented as a new paragraph which is preceded by a colon and indented from the rest of the text. You do not need to use quotation marks, e.g.

Wilson (2009, p. 257) has looked at food flavourings in the UK and makes the following observation about vanilla:

In Britain, flavours such as vanillin which occur naturally in food are called ‘nature–identical’. The label does not have to state where it comes from. A flavouring only counts as fully ‘artificial’ if it does not occur in nature at all, as is the case with another, stronger vanilla–substitute called ethyl–vanillin (often used in chocolate).

Omitting material from quotations

If you are omitting materials from an original source, use three dots [...] to indicate this, e.g.

Canter and Canter (1992) state that students come to the classroom with "their own needs, their own past experiences and ... their preconceptions of who you are, what your limits will be" (p. 49). It is important to manage the expectations of students effectively.

This does not need to be done at the beginning or end of a sentence.

Reference List

Wilson, B. (2009) Swindled: From poison sweets to counterfeit coffee – the dark history of the food cheats. London: John Murray (Publishers).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is putting someone else's ideas into your own words. It does not mean changing the odd word or rearranging the sentence. When you paraphrase, you should restate the meaning of the original text in your own words. Be sure to cite and reference when you are paraphrasing someone else's work, e.g.:

Booth et al . (2016, pp. 208-209) give the example of acceptable paraphrasing using Gladwell (2008) as their example:

This this the original quote from Gladwell (2008, p. 38)

"Achievement is talent plus preparation. The problem with this view is that the closer psychologists look at the careers of the gifted, the smaller the role innate talent seems to play and the bigger the role preparation seems to play."

Below is an unacceptable paraphrase of the above quote because it follows the original too closely:

Success seems to depend on a combination of talent and preparation. However, when psychologists closely example the gifted and their careers, they discover that innate talent plays a much smaller role than preparation (Gladwell, 2008, p. 38).

The next is an example of an acceptable paraphrase as the meaning of the original has been restated in the author's own words:

As Gladwell (2008, p. 38) observes, summarising studies on the highly successful, we tend to overestimate the role of talent and underestimate that of preparation.

Booth, W.C. et al . (2016) The craft of research . 4th edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gladwell, M. (2008) Outliers: The story of success. New York: Back Bay Books.

Summarising

Summarising means briefly stating the main ideas or arguments of a complete information source or a substantial portion of an information source.

Be sure to cite and reference when you are summarising someone else's work. A citation for a summary should include the author and date, e.g. (Smith, 2017) or Smith (2017), but there is no need to include a specific page number.

Secondary Referencing

Secondary referencing.

This is when you reference one author who is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available (refer to the primary source where it is available). Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible - if you have only read the later publication you are accepting someone else's opinion and interpretation of the author's original intention.

You must make it clear to your reader which author you have read whilst giving details of the original source by using ‘cited in’, e.g. (Ecott, 2002, cited in Wilson, 2009) or (Cannon, 1989, quoted in Wilson, 2009, p. 269).

In the reference list you should give details of the item you looked at. Looking at the above examples, you would reference Wilson (2009) in your bibliography/reference list.

Creating a reference list

A reference list is the list of items you have used in your work. Reference lists in Harvard are alphabetical.

General tips for creating a list are:

• If you have distinguished between authors with the same name and year of publication in your citation, you should use the same letter in your reference list to distinguish them, e.g. (Smith, 2017b) will be Smith, S. (2017b) ...
• A reference with one author will appear before a reference with two or more authors if the first author has the same last name, e.g. Smith, S. (2017b) would appear before Smith, S. and Jones, A. (2017).
• Multiple references by the same author or creator are listed in chronological order.
• Corporations are listed using the first proper noun of the name, e.g. Royal Academy of Arts (The).
• For references with four or more authors, include only the first author followed by et al written in italics. See Journal Article with many authors for an example.
• Author/Editor names should be given in the following format: Surname, INITIAL(S). e.g. Smith, F.G.
• The Edition of a book is not included for the first edition, only for later editions, e.g. 2nd edn, 3rd edn, etc. Edition is abbreviated to edn to distinguish it from the abbreviation for Editor (ed.).

OED online (2017) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://www.oed.com (Accessed: 26 January 2017).

A woman in Berlin (2011) Translated by Philip Boehm. London: Virago.

• If no date can be found, then you would use (no date).
• Include the state abbreviation for items published in the United States if it is not obvious where the location is, e.g. you wouldn't need to include NY after New York, but you would include the state abbreviation in 'Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press' as there is also a Cambridge in the UK.

Browne, J. (2010) Securing a sustainable future for higher education: an independent review of higher education funding and student finance [The Browne Report] .

• If a publisher is not listed or cannot be found, use one of the following (listed in order or preference):
• Publisher or production company
• Distributor or issuing body
• Printer or manufacturer
• Sponsoring body
• If there is more than one place of publication, only include the most local one in the reference.
• Each reference should end in a full stop unless it is a URL or DOI (a full stop after a URL or DOI may be presumed to be part of the link and prevent it from working).

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x

• For a source with a DOI you don't need to include "Available at" or "(Accessed: date)" in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change, whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the source.
• Always write DOI in lower case letters in your references, e.g. doi:

Citing and referencing foreign language materials

Citing material from non-roman script e.g. cyrillic, east asian languages.

If you are citing materials from non-roman script, you should transliterate the references to roman script. If you are unsure, you may wish to consult with an expert of the language or an international standard to check.

For in-text citations

• Spell out the author's family name, or the corporate name, in roman script. If you are unsure of the correct spelling, you may wish to consult with an expert of the language to check.

For references in the reference list/bibliography

• The family name of the author should be written in full roman script. The initials of the author(s) should also be given in roman script. The name should be given in the order in the reference.
• The title of the item (article/book/book chapter, etc.) should be given in roman script using the standard conventions for that language.
• The title should be translated into English and placed in square brackets immediately after the romanised title. The words in the square brackets should not use italics.
• The journal title or title of a book (if it is an edited book), and publisher's name all need to be given in roman script, but do not need to be translated. If there is an official English translation then you may use it, especially in cases where it provides greater understanding of the subject or publication.

Terao, M. (1998) Denai kugi wa suterareru [The nail that does not stick up may be thrown away]. Tokyo: Fusosha.

• See more from East Asian Studies on the Romanisation of East Asian Languages

Materials in roman script

If you are citing materials produced in a language other than English, but in roman script, you may need to place a translated title in square brackets after the original title, depending on who the intended audience for your work will be.

Frequently referenced items

For a full list of items see Alphabetical list of items

• Book (with a single author)

In the text

For an in–text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:

Bryman (2016) recommends... Quantitative data is more suited to the study due to... (Bryman, 2016).

In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Bryman, A. (2016) Social research methods. 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.

• Book (with two or more authors)

Book with two authors

Wallace and Wolf (2006) found that... Globalization is a theory that has many concepts... (Wallace and Wolf, 2006).

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Wallace, R. A. and Wolf, A. (2006) Contemporary sociological theory: expanding the classical tradition. 6th edn. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Book with three authors

Greig, Taylor and MacKay (2013) found that... Finding the reasons behind a child's behaviour... (Greig, Taylor and MacKay, 2013).

Author Surname, INITIAL(S)., Author Surname, INITIAL(S). and Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Greig, A., Taylor, J. and MacKay, T. (2013) Doing research with children: a practical guide. 3rd edn. London: Sage.

Book with four or more authors

Begg et al . (2014) found that... The elasticity of demand demonstrates... (Begg et al ., 2014).

First Author Surname, INITIAL(S). et al . (Year) Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Begg, D.K.H. et al . (2014) Economics . 11th edn. London: McGraw-Hill.

• For references with four or more authors, include only the first author followed by et al written in italics.

Book – Chapter in an edited book

He (1997) found that... The ethnic relations in China ...(He, 1997).

Zheng (1997) looked at the cultural influences... The culture of western business during the period...(Zheng, 1997).

Chapter Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of chapter', in Editor(s) Surname, Editor(s) Initial. (ed. or eds.) Title of book . Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.

He, X. (1997) 'The market economy and ethnic relations in China', in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 190–205.

Zheng, X. (1997) 'Chinese business culture from the 1920s to the 1950s', in Ikeo, A. (ed.) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge, pp. 35–54.

Images and Figures

This guidance is for citing and referencing images and figures that you are referring to in your work. If you have inserted an image or figure into your work please see the "Guidance for taught course students inserting images and figures into university work."

The overflow of the Ladybower Reservoir can be seen in the image (andy_c, 2005)...

Schnabel (1984) created the artwork using paint on velvet...

The photograph (Nicholls, 1919) shows the 18th Battalion...

The painting shows the effects of intense heat on the structure of a building (Sutherland, 1941).

From an online collection/social media site, e.g. Flickr, Instagram, etc.

Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). OR screen name (Year) Title of image/figure [Description]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

andy_c (2005) Ladybower Plughole [Photograph]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/andycpics/3035948922 (Accessed: 6 July 2016).

From a museum/gallery (either viewed in person or online)

Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of image/figure [Description]. Name of museum/gallery, Location. [If viewed in person] (Viewed: Date). [If viewed online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Nicholls, H. (1919) Preparations for the Peace Day Celebrations, July 1919 [Photograph]. Imperial War Museum, London. Available at: http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205297061 (Accessed: 2 January 2016).

From a journal

Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) ‘Title of image/figure’ [Description], in Author of journal article (if different to Artist/Creator) Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal Volume(Issue), Page number. [If online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date) OR doi:

Schnabel, J. (1984) ‘Ethnic Types #15 and #72’ [Oil, animal hide, modeling paste on velvet], in Sans, J. (2020) ‘Julian Schnabel: The Myth Unfurls’, Art in Translation 12(3), p. 400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17561310.2020.1876831

From a book/ebook

Artist/Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) ‘Title of image/figure’ [Description], in Author of book (if different to Artist/Creator) Surname, INITIAL(S). Title of book (Year). Place of publication: Publisher, Page number.

Sutherland, G. (1941) ‘Devastation 1941: City, twisted girders’ [Painting], in Mellor, L. Reading the ruins: Modernism, bombsites and British culture (2011). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 119.

• Reference an ebook in the same way as a print book. You do not need to add the URL.
• In some cases you may need to use the screen name of the creator if their real name is not available, which may be the case with image sharing or social media websites.
• If a person or corporation cannot be identified as the artist/creator, omit the artist/creator and start the reference with the title.
• If there is no clear title to the image, a popular title may be used if one exists. If a popular title to the image does not exist then you will need to supply the image with a title, in square brackets, providing the following where possible:
• The subject matter.
• The name or place of the object depicted, i.e. the person, the building, the location, etc.
• Some online journal articles group multiple figures together as one downloadable image. If you are only referring to one of the figures within the image, make this clear by using the title of that particular figure in your citation/reference.
• Include a description of the item in square brackets, e.g. [Photograph], [Diagram], [Table], etc. If it is a painting or drawing you can either describe it as [Painting] or [Drawing], or if the medium used is available you can use this as the description, e.g. [Watercolour], [Oil on canvas], [Charcoal on paper], etc.
• If you are referencing an image or figure from a source other than those listed above, include the details of the source in the usual format for that item type after the details of the image.
• You don't need to include a citation and reference for any images or figures that you have created yourself. Everything in your work is assumed to be your own work unless you state otherwise, i.e. by citing someone else's work.

Journal Article – Print

Austin (2009) argues that periodical conflict may be expected... It can be assumed that pickpocketing...(Austin, 2009)

Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range.

Austin, T. (2012) 'Takers keepers, losers weepers: theft as customary play in southern Philippines', Journal of Folklore Research, 49(3), pp. 263–284.

• Enclose the title of the article in single quotation marks.
• Capitalise the first letter of each of the main words of the journal title, but not the linking words such as "and", "for", "of" or "the".

Journal Article with a DOI (Electronic)

What is a doi.

If you are unsure if the article you are looking at has a DOI, please see the following page: DOIs and URLs which gives an explanation of the identifier.

Dobson (2006) identified that the depiction... The stereotypical portrayal of cultures...(Dobson, 2006).

Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). doi:

Dobson, H. (2006) 'Mister Sparkle meets the 'Yakuza': depictions of Japan in The Simpsons', Journal of Popular Culture , 39(1), pp. 44–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x

• For a journal article with a DOI you don't need to include "Available at" or "(Accessed: date)" in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change, whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the article.
• Always write DOI in lower case letters in your references, e.g. doi.
• A DOI should be written with the prefix https://doi.org/ followed by the DOI number.
• Never put a full stop after a DOI or URL as it may be assumed that it is part of the DOI or URL and prevent it from working.

For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:

Johnson and Fitzpatrick (2007) note that street users... Enforcement areas for the problem...(Johnson and Fitzpatrick, 2007)

J Sainsbury (2016) acknowledged the amount of food waste... Supermarkets are aware of the waste created due to...(J Sainsbury, 2016)

The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2015) reported that... ...the supply of new homes would need to be sustainable (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2015)

Snowdon (2017) looked at the cost of healthy eating... It was found that the cost of a healthy diet...(Snowdon, 2017)

Schonfeld and Sweeney (2019) note that art museums... To reach and engage new audiences...(Schonfeld and Sweeney, 2019)

Physical item

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) or Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of report . Paper number (if applicable). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Johnson, S. and Fitzpatrick, S. (2007) The impact of enforcement on street users in England . Bristol: The Policy Press.

Online/Electronic with a URL

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) or Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of report . Paper number (if applicable). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2015) Building sustainable homes . Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/file/46481/download?token=UXZzH3XM&filetype=full-report (Accessed: 4 May 2017).

J Sainsbury (2016) Sainsbury's food surplus and food waste: how we are delivering a positive impact . Available at: http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/media/3442510/Sainsbury's%20food%20surplus%20and%20food%20waste%20figures%2015-16%20report.pdf (Accessed: 4 May 2017).

Snowdon, C. (2017) Cheap as chips: Is a healthy diet affordable? IEA Discussion Paper No. 82. Available at: https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Cheap-as-Chips-PDF.pdf  (Accessed: 30 March 2017).

Online/Electronic with a DOI

If you are unsure if the item you are looking at has a DOI, please see the following page: DOIs and URLs which gives an explanation of the identifier.

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) or Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of report . Paper number (if applicable). doi:

Schonfeld, R.C. and Sweeney, L. (2019) Organizing the work of the art museum . doi: https://doi.org/10.18665/sr.311731

• For a report with a DOI you don't need to include "Available at" or "(Accessed: date)" in the reference as a DOI is a stable identifier and will not change, whereas a URL may change or be deleted so the extra information is needed to clarify where and when you found the report.

Web page with an individual author

In Michael Rosen's biography (2021)... He began writing poetry at the age of twelve...(Rosen, 2021)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) (Year site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Rosen, M. (2021) Michael Rosen Biography . Available at: https://www.michaelrosen.co.uk/for-adults-biography/ (Accessed: 26 April 2021).

Web page with a group or organisation as author

The NHS (2019) lists the main symptoms... The causes of diabetes...(NHS, 2019)

Group or Corporate author (Year site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

NHS (2019) Diabetes . Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/ (Accessed: 26 April 2021).

Web page with no author

The Grey to Green Sheffield project (2016) has had national recognition... A sustainable drainage system was used...( Grey to Green Sheffield , 2016)

Title of web page (Year site was published/last updated). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Grey to Green Sheffield (2016). Available at: http://www.greytogreen.org.uk/index.html (Accessed: 26 April 2021).

• If a web page has no author, use the title of the page in italics in place of the author for both the in-text citation and the reference.
• If the Corporate Author is well known by an abbreviation, for the first time you cite the resource write out the name in full followed by the abbreviation in round brackets, then use just the abbreviation for second and further citations, e.g. for the first citation use (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2016) or National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), (2016). The second and further citations would then read (NICE, 2016) or NICE (2016).
• You can then use the abbreviation in your reference list rather than writing out the name in full.
• If you cannot find the date that the web page was published or last updated, use (no date).

Alphabetical list of items

Jump to: A, B | C, D | E, F, G | H, I, J, K | L, M, N, O, P | Q, R, S, T | U, V, W, X, Y, Z

Act of Parliament (Government Publication)

For Acts of Parliament see Government Publication - Act of Parliament

Amendment (Government Publication)

For Amendments see Government Publication - Parliamentary Bills, Amendments and Explanatory Notes.

Ancient or Historical Texts

Southey (1876) provided a culturally... The Common-place book (Southey, 1876)...

Hobbes (1651) demonstrates an example of... The demonstration of a social structure can be identified...(Hobbes, 1651).

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of publication) Title . Translated by INITIAL(S). Surname (if relevant). Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher or Printing statement. Series and Volume number (if relevant).

Southey, R. (1876) Common-place book . London: Reeves and Turner.

Some early printed books were privately printed and do not have a publisher, in which case give the printing statement from the book in your reference. For example:

Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan . London: Printed for Andrew Crooke.

Online/Electronic

If the online version you are referencing is a scanned version of the printed book with the same page numbers and publication information, reference it in the same way you would reference a printed book. You do not need to include the URL in your reference.

However, if you have downloaded the ebook onto an edevice and the page numbers are not available in the device you are using, use the information that is available, such as loc, %, chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular page/section for your in-text citation. See Book - Electronic for further information

• If there is no author or the author is designated as "Anonymous", use the title in italics in place of the author in both the reference and the in-text citation.
• Reference the edition that you have read.

For texts translated from the original see Translated item .

campusM (2021) created... The app iSheffield allows the user...(campusM, 2021)

Developer/Producer (Year of release/update) Title of app (Version) [Mobile app]. Available at: app store name (Downloaded: date).

campusM (2021) iSheffield (Version 9.5.4) [Mobile app]. Available at: Google Play (Downloaded: 25 March 2021).

• If the name of the Developer/Producer is not available, use the title of the app in italics in place of it in the reference and the in-text citation.
• The Downloaded: date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the app onto your device.

Art e.g. in an art gallery, museum or online

Paintings/drawings viewed in a gallery or museum.

The Mona Lisa by DaVinci (1503-18) focuses closely on the subject... The famous smile on the Mona Lisa (DaVinci, 1503-18) has become...

Blake's The Laborious Passage Along the Rocks (1824-27) portrays... The illustration shows Virgil helping Dante... (Blake, 1824-27)

Surname of artist, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title [Medium]. Holding institution, City.

Blake, W. (1824-27) The Laborious Passage Along the Rocks [Graphite, ink and watercolour on paper]. Tate Gallery, London.

DaVinci, L. (1503-18) Mona Lisa [Oil on wood]. Musée du Louvre, Paris.

Paintings/drawings viewed online

See Images and Figures

Installation/exhibit viewed in a gallery or museum

Long's Delabole Spiral (1981) is made from slabs of slate... The spiral of jagged-edged slate (Long, 1981) represents...

The Brandy saucepan made by Nathaniel Smith & Company (1789) was used to heat... The saucepan (Nathaniel Smith & Company, 1789) was hallmarked in Sheffield...

Surname of artist, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title [Installation or Exhibit]. Holding institution, City (Viewed: date).

Long, R. (1981) Delabole Spiral [Installation]. Graves Gallery, Sheffield (Viewed: 19 January 2019).

Nathaniel Smith & Company (1789) Brandy saucepan [Exhibit]. Millennium Gallery, Sheffield (Viewed: 19 January 2019).

Installation/exhibit viewed online

• The subject matter
• If no exact date can be found then you would use (no date).
• The original title of a translated information resource, or a translation of the title, may be supplied immediately after the original title, e.g. Kinderhände im washbecken [Children's Hands in Washbasin] .
• If the artwork has a popular or traditional title, then you may use this, e.g. Mona Lisa.

Bill (Government Publication)

For Bills see Government Publication - Parliamentary Bills, Amendments and Explanatory Notes.

Chaurey (2020) considers ethical review processes... The limitations of the framework...(Chaurey, 2020)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of blog post', Title of blog, Day/Month of post. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Chaurey, K. (2020) 'Decolonising ethics frameworks for research in Africa', Africa at LSE, 8th January. Available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2020/01/08/decolonising-ethics-frameworks-research-africa/ (Accessed: 29 March 2021).

• If the author of a blog post has used an alias instead of their real full name, you may use this in the in-text citation and reference.

Blu–Ray

For Blu–Ray see Video - Physical Format

Chapter Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of chapter', in Editor(s) Surname, Editor(s) INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title of book . Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.

Book – Edited

In the bibliography/reference list for one editor.

Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed.) (Year) Title . Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Ikeo, A. (ed.) (1997) Economic development in twentieth century East Asia: the international context. London: Routledge.

In the bibliography/reference list for two editors

Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). and Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). (eds.) (Year) Title . Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Parker, R. and Aggleton, P. (eds.) (2007) Culture, society and sexuality: a reader. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.

In the bibliography/reference list for three editors

Alcock, P., May, M. and Wright, S. (eds.) (2012) The student's companion to social policy. 4th edn. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.

In the bibliography/reference list for four or more editors

First Editor Surname, INITIAL(S). et al . (eds.) (Year) Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Ritchie, J. et al. (eds.) (2014) Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Sage.

• If there are two or three editors use "and" in between the names rather than "&".
• For references with four or more editors, include only the first editor's name followed by et al written in italics.

Book – Electronic

• Book - Chapter in an edited book
• Book - Edited

For an e-reader (e.g. Kindle)

The main sociological theories are explained (Bruce, 2018)... Bruce explains this particular theory as...(2018, 52%)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of item . Edition (if not the first). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Bruce, S. (2018) Sociology: a very short introduction . 2nd edn. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sociology-Very-Short-Introduction-Introductions-ebook/dp/B07DP6M3XM/ref=sr_1_1 (Downloaded: 30 April 2021).

The Downloaded: date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the book onto your device.

Please note that case law is formatted in one of two ways:

• For cases from approximately 2001 onwards, where a neutral citation is available, this should be included in the citation.
• For pre-2001 cases, or any other case where there is no neutral citation , you will only need to include a law report citation .

Neutral citations enable people to find cases online more easily and are independent of any printed series of law reports. Each neutral citation is made up of:

• The year that the case was heard.
• An abbreviation for the relevant court (e.g. UKSC for the United Kingdom Supreme Court; EWCA Crim for the Court of Appeal Criminal Division; AC for the Appeals Court).
• Case number (i.e. the number 4 would mean the fourth case heard in that particular court that year).

An example of a neutral citation would be:

[2010] UKSC 42.

In a neutral citation, the abbreviated court name will start with "UK" or "EW" to indicate that the court's jurisdiction extends to the United Kingdom or England and Wales.

Law report citations are made up of:

• The year the law report was made available, contained within [square brackets].
• The law report volume number.
• Abbreviation of the law report title.
• Page or case number from the law report.

An example of a law report citation would be:

[2011] 1 AC 534.

When citing a judgement from a law report, cite the 'best report' ( as indicated in hierarchy of law reports ). If there is no neutral citation (for cases before 2001), also indicate the court in brackets at the end of the law report citation, e.g. (SC) for the Supreme Court.

For example:

[2011] 1 AC 534, (SC).

In the text citation (for cases with and without neutral citation)

You should use the party names (in italics) and the year the case was heard in court.

In the case of ' Radmacher v Granatino ' (2010) the Supreme Court ruled that... ...when a court grants a decree of divorce, nullity of marriage or judicial separation it has the power to order ancillary relief (' Radmacher v Granatino ', 2010).

Cases with a neutral court citation (from approximately 2001 onwards)

Standard citation, where there is no link to a publicly accessible website or where you have referred to a paper/hard copy of the case law.

' Case name ', neutral court citation, law report citation.

' Radmacher v Granatino ', [2010] UKSC 42, [2011] 1 AC 534.

Standard citation from a publicly accessible website

' Case name ', neutral court citation. Database or website name [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

' Radmacher v Granatino ' [2010], UKSC 42. BAILII [Online]. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2010/42.html (Accessed 16 August 2018).

Cases before 2001

For cases without a neutral citation.

' Case name ', law report citation, (court abbreviation).

' James v Eastleigh BC ', [1990] 2 AC 751, (HL).

' Case name ', law report citation, (court abbreviation). Database or website name [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

' James v Eastleigh BC ', [1990] 2 AC 751, (HL). BAILII [Online]. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1990/6.html (Accessed 12 June 2023).

Important note about referencing online case reports

• Only use URLs from publicly available websites such as the "British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII)" , not from databases such as Nexis or Westlaw as these are not publicly available. If you are citing from Westlaw (or another database which is not freely available and accessible) cite as a "Standard citation, where there is no link to a publicly available website", and do not include a web link. For example: ' Radmacher v Granatino ', [2010] UKSC 42, [2011] 1 AC 534.

Census Data

For Census Data see Dataset

Chapter in a book

For Chapter in a book see Book - Chapter in an edited book

Clinical Guidelines

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2015) guideline... ...the guideline stipulates...(National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2015).

The British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) (2017) guideline... ...initial investigations should include...(British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), 2017).

Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of Guideline . Reference Number (if given). Place of publication: Publisher.

NICE (2004) The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care . CG20. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

Corporate Author (Year of publication) Title of Guideline . Reference Number (if given). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

BSG (2017) Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests . Available at: https://www.bsg.org.uk/clinical-resource/guidelines-on-the-management-of-abnormal-liver-blood-tests/ (Accessed: 30 March 2021).

NICE (2015) Obesity in children and young people: prevention and lifestyle weight management programmes . QS94. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs94 (Accessed: 4 August 2017).

• A DOI should be written with the prefix https://doi.org/ followed by the DOI number, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2006.00203.x

It’s important to acknowledge the source of code just like you would acknowledge the source of any work that is not your own. Referencing correctly will help to distinguish your work from others, give credit to the original author and allow anyone to identify the source.

See Referencing Code for guidance. You will need to adapt the guidance to your referencing style.

Command Paper (Government Publication)

For Command Paper see Government Publication - Command Paper

Compact Disc (CD)

For Compact Disc (CD) see Music - Album (Physical Format) or Music - Album Track (Physical Format)

Conference Papers

Galar et al . (2014) identified that the risks of... SMART risk assessments...(Galar et al ., 2014)

Redknap (2004) questioned whether settlements in North Wales... The geographical location of Anglesey meant that...(Redknap, 2004).

Fujikami et al . (2015) identified that in order to improve Fast Device Discovery... Fast Device Discovery can be aided by...(Fujikami et al ., 2015)

Author(s) of paper Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Paper title', Conference title. Place of conference, Date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers.

Galar, D. et al. (2014) 'SMART: integrating human safety risk assessment with Asset Integrity', Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, CMMNO, 2013 . Ferrara, Italy, 8-10 May. Berlin: Springer, pp. 37–59.

Redknap, M. (2004) 'Viking–age settlements in Wales and the evidence from Llanbedrgoch', Land, sea and home, proceedings of a conference on Viking–period settlement . Cardiff, July 2001. Leeds: Manay Publishing, pp. 139–175.

Author(s) of paper Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Paper title', Conference title . Place of conference, Date of conference, Page numbers (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Fujikami, S. et al. (2015) 'Fast device discovery for vehicle–to–pedestrian communication using wireless LAN', 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2015). Las Vegas, NV, 9–12 January. pp. 35–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCNC.2015.7157943

• The name of the conference, in italics, should be used as the author if an individual author, or corporate author, cannot be identified.
• You don't need to include the Place of publication or Publisher if you are referencing an online source.

Conference Poster

Bazela, Grant and Tucker (2014) presented the poster... ...the poster shows the use of technology enhanced learning...(Bazela, Grant and Tucker, 2014).

Kleinschmidt, Fuhr and Wietfeld (2016) demonstrated the... ...the conference poster showed...(Kleinschmidt, Fuhr and Wietfeld, 2016).

Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title . Place of conference, Date of conference.

Bazela, C., Grant, V. and Tucker, A. (2014) 'History of medicine 2.0: using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students' [Poster], LILAC . Sheffield, 23-25 April.

If accessed online (published in conference proceedings)

Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title . Place of conference, Date of conference. Page numbers (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Kleinschmidt, T., Fuhr, O. and Wietfeld, C. (2016) 'Synchronised charging of electric vehicles with distant renewable energy resources' [Poster], 2016 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) . Columbus, OH, 8-10 December. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/VNC.2016.7835983

If accessed online (via conference website)

Author(s) of poster Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of poster' [Poster], Conference title . Place of conference, Date of conference. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Bazela, C., Grant, V. and Tucker, A. (2014) 'History of medicine 2.0: using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students' [Poster], LILAC . Sheffield, 23-25 April. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/bazela-grant-tucker-poster (Accessed: 31 May 2017).

Conference Proceedings

Editor(s) of proceedings Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title of conference . Place of conference, Date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher. Volume (if needed).

Dalpiaz, G. et al. (eds.) (2014) Advances in condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, proceedings of the third international conference on condition monitoring of machinery in non–stationary operations, CMMNO, 2013 . Ferrara, Italy, 8-10 May. Berlin: Springer.

Orman, W. and Valleau, M.J. (eds.) (2014). Proceedings of the 38th annual Boston University Conference on language development . Boston, MA, 1-3 November 2013. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. Volume 2.

Editor(s) of proceedings Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title of conference . Place of conference, Date of conference. Volume (if needed). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2015) 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2015) . Las Vegas, NV, 9–12 January. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?asf_pun=7151874 (Accessed: 10 December 2015).

Confidential Information

There may be cases where the source you are citing and referencing will need to be anonymised, e.g. names in medical, legal or business material. In place of real names you may use terms such as “Patient X” or “Placement School”. If the source is a medical image, e.g. a patient X-ray or scan, use the format in the Medical images section of Images and Figures .

The treatment strategies for these patients (Placement hospital, 2022)...

[Anonymised institution/agency] (Year produced) Anonymised title with square brackets around the anonymised name if it appears in the title . Location: [Anonymised producer].

[Placement hospital] (2022) [Placement hospital] treatment strategies for cardiology patients . South Yorkshire: [Placement hospital].

• If the location of the town or city would be likely to identify a specific institution, use the county as the location instead, e.g. South Yorkshire: [Placement hospital].

For Court Case see Case Law .

The Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division (2019) provided the statistics for... The statistics show that social divisions within the UK... (The Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division, 2019)

NHS Digital (2015) provided the statistics for obesity, these show... The statistics show that physical activity...(NHS Digital, 2015)

Curwen (2021) conducted experiments to confirm whether synaesthesia... The data showed that synaesthesia for written musical keys...(Curwen, 2021)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). OR Organisation (Year) 'Title of dataset'. Edition (if necessary). Number or Version of dataset (if necessary). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Curwen, C. (2021) 'Synaesthesia for reading written musical keys'. Version 3. Available at: https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Synaesthesia_for_written_musical_keys/13140086 (Accessed 28 June 2021).

NHS Digital (2015) 'Statistics on obesity, physical activity and diet, England'. Available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/statistics_on_obesity_physical_activity_and_diet_england (Accessed 23 January 2017).

Office for National Statistics, Social Survey Division (2019) 'Annual Population Survey, April 2015-2016'. 6th edn. SN: 8003. doi: http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8003-6

Dictionary Entry – Print

'Research' (2009) is defined as... This is the process of...('Research', 2009)

Berges (2012) notes that 'moral development'... 'Moral development' is associated with...(Berges, 2012)

Author of Section Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of entry', in Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title: Volume (if applicable). Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher. Page numbers.

Berges, S. (2012) 'Moral Development', in Chadwick, R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics: Volume 3 M–R. 2nd edn. London: Academic Press. pp. 141–151.

'Research' (2009) in Concise Oxford English Dictionary . 11th rev. edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1222.

Dictionary Entry – Online

Author of Section Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of entry', in Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) Title: Volume (if applicable). Edition (if not first). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

'Research, n.1' (2015) in OED Online. Available at: http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/163432 (Accessed: 14 December 2015).

Full Dictionary – In Print

Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (Year) Title (no. of vols. if applicable). Edition (if not first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Chadwick, R. (ed.) (2012) Encylopedia of applied ethics (4 vols.). 2nd edn. London: Academic Press.

Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A. (eds.) (2005) Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd rev. edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Full Dictionary Online

Editor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.) (replace with Title if no editor) (Year) Title (no. of vols. if applicable). Edition (if not first). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

OED online (2021). Available at: http://www.oed.com (Accessed: 28 June 2021).

Dissertation (Undergraduate or Masters)

Vickers (2008) noted that the impact of technology has changed the way spaces within a library building are provided... Learning spaces and services provided are changing due to technological advances (Vickers, 2008)...

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title . Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body.

Vickers, S. (2008) An oral history examination of how technology has impacted on library space using the University of Sheffield Library as a case study. MA Dissertation. University of Sheffield.

For DVD see Video - Physical Format

Electronic Book

For Electronic Book see Book - Electronic

Electronic Journal

For Electronic Journal see Journal Article with a DOI (Electronic) or Journal Article without a DOI (Electronic)

Encyclopedia

For Encyclopedia see Dictionary

Full exhibition

The exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery ( Elizabeth I & Her People, 2013–2014)... In the exhibition Elizabeth I & Her People (2013–2014)...

Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed (2009–2010) showcased the acts of the 1960s... Images of music personalities and memorabilia from the 1960s formed a major exhibition in the National Portrait Gallery ( Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed , 2009–2010)...

The exhibition The Age of Abstraction: Women Artists (2016) at Graves Gallery exhibited... Use of colour, pattern and line have been explored in a recent exhibition ( The Age of Abstraction: Women Artists , 2016) which delves...

Title of exhibition (Year) [Exhibition]. Location. Date(s) of exhibition.

Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed (2009–2010) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 15 October 2009–24 January 2010.

Elizabeth I & Her People (2013–2014) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 10 October 2013–5 January 2014.

The Age of Abstraction: Women Artists (2016) [Exhibition]. Graves Gallery, Sheffield. 5 February 2016–29 October 2016.

Item type as part of an exhibition

For an in–citation in your work, you would cite the reference as follows:

The portrait of Elizabeth I by Hilliard (1585)... The painting of Elizabeth I (Hilliard, 1585) shows the monarch...

Bebbington (1969) captures David Bowie... The image of David Bowie (Bebbington, 1969)...

Artist Surname, INITIAL(S). (Date of artwork) Title of Artwork [Item type], in Title of exhibition [Exhibition]. Location. Date(s) of exhibition.

Bebbington, D. (1969) 'David Bowie' [Photograph] in Beatles to Bowie: the 60s exposed (2009–2010) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 15 October 2009–24 January 2010.

Hilliard, N. (1585) 'Elizabeth I, the "Ermine" portrait' [Oil painting] in Elizabeth I & Her People (2013–2014) [Exhibition]. National Portrait Gallery, London. 10 October 2013–5 January 2014.

• An exhibition may run over a period of two years, if this is the case you may enter a date range, e.g. 2013–2014.

For Facebook see Social Media

For Fact Sheet see Information Sheet

For Film see Video section

Forum Post/Message Board

For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite your reference as follows:

Keith (2019) discusses network connectivity issues on Ubuntu... Network connectivity issues in the software...(Keith, 2019)

McNaught (2021) posted details about the survey... ...about the barriers experienced in implementing accessibility (McNaught, 2021).

Username or Surname, INITIAL(S). of creator (Year) 'Title/Subject of message', Title of host message system (required if applicable), Day/Month message was posted. Available at: URL or Available email: email address (Accessed: date).

Keith (2019) 'usb wireless adapter for Ubuntu18.04', Linux Forums , 11 July. Available at: https://linuxforums.org.uk/index.php?topic=13634.msg110605#msg110605 (Accessed: 26 May 2021).

McNaught, A. (2021) 'Implementing digital accessibility regulations', DIGITALACCESSIBILITYREGULATIONS , 4 May. Available email: [email protected] (Accessed: 26 May 2021).

• If the author of a post has used an alias instead of their real full name, you may use this in the in-text citation and reference.

Government Publication – Act of Parliament

It is now possible to face up to 7 years imprisonment for supplying psychoactive substances ( Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 )... The Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 introduced the ban on...

Title of Act including year and chapter number . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, c. 2. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted (Accessed: 6 May 2021).

Or if you are referencing the PDF version:

Psychoactive Substances Act 2016, c. 2. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted/data.pdf (Accessed: 6 May 2021).

• In the in-text citation, the date does not need to be stated separately in round brackets as it already appears in the title of the Act.
• Most Acts will be available to access online and you can either reference the web page or the PDF, whichever one you viewed it as.

Government Publication – Command Paper

The principles of the Teaching Excellence Framework were introduced as a way...(Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2015) The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015) introduced the framework...

In a report on the knowledge economy (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2016)... The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2016) has stated that...

Challenges facing the NHS...(Department of Health, 2016) The Department of Health (2016) suggests that demand reduction...

Government Department (at the time of publication) (Year) Title (Paper number). Place of publication: Publisher.

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015) Fulfilling our potential: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9141). London: HMSO.

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2016) Success as a knowledge economy: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9258). London: HMSO.

Department of Health (2016) Government response to the House of Commons Health Select Committee report into the impact of the spending review on health and social care (Cm 9385). London: HMSO.

Government Department (at the time of publication) (Year) Title (Paper number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015) Fulfilling our potential: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9141). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/474227/BIS-15-623-fulfilling-our-potential-teaching-excellence-social-mobility-and-student-choice.pdf (Accessed: 1 December 2015).

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2016) Success as a knowledge economy: teaching excellence, social mobility and student choice (Cm 9258). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf (Accessed: 17 June 2016).

Department of Health (2016) Government response to the House of Commons Health Select Committee report into the impact of the spending review on health and social care (Cm 9385). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/577910/DH_Gov_Response_Accessible.pdf (Accessed: 1 February 2017).

The numbering of Command Papers is done by running numbers with a prefix which changes as the number gets close to 10,000. The prefixes are listed below:

• 1899–1869 – 1–4222
• 1870–1899 – C 1–C 9550
• 1900–1918 – Cd 1–Cd 9239
• 1919–1956 – Cmd 1–Cmd 9889
• 1956–1986 – Cmnd 1–Cmnd 9927
• 1986–2018 – Cm 1–Cm 9756
• 2019–current – CP 1–

Government Publication – Government Statistics or Dataset

The Department of Health (2015) statistics show... The DoLS statistics (Department of Health, 2015) show that the trend...

Governmental Department (Year) 'Title of Dataset'. Edition (if necessary). Number of dataset (if necessary). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Department of Health (2015) 'DoLS monthly summary statistics'. Quarter 2, 2015 to 2016: raw data. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/deprivation-of-liberty-safeguards-dols-july-to-september-2015 (Accessed 1 February 2017).

Government Publication – Hansard

The Hansard House of Commons and House of Lords official records from 1802 to the present day are available at the "UK Parliament Hansard" website.

For an in–text citation in your work, you would reference the in-text citation as follows:

Jonathan Ashworth MP (2021) questioned how the care system would be integrated... The need for a sustainable social care plan (Ashworth, 2021)...

Clive Betts MP (2017) mentions the mixture of funding for social care... Questioning the future of funding (Betts, 2017)...

Name of speaker/author (Year) 'Subject of debate or speech', Hansard: Name of House of Parliament debates/written statement/Westminster Hall or petitions , Day and Month, Volume, Column or Page number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Ashworth, J. (2021) 'Future of Health and Care', Hansard: House of Commons debates, 11 February, 689, c. 508. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-02-11/debates/1A5C67A2-7FE5-4ECE-9E0F-A98A85639918/FutureOfHealthAndCare (Accessed 17 May 2021).

Betts, C. (2017) 'Health and Social Care Budgets', Hansard: House of Commons Westminster Hall, 14 March, 623, cc. 28WH–29WH. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2017-03-14/debates/43778548-9da5-492a-aa3c-2611f9e6f29d/WestminsterHall (Accessed 17 May 2021).

• If you are citing one column use c. as the prefix to the column number. If you are citing more than one column, use cc. as the prefix.

Government Publication – House of Lords and House of Commons Papers

More than 30 fully funded Marshall Scholarships were awarded during the academic year...(Parliament. House of Commons, 2016a) The Marshall Aid Commemoration Committee (Parliament. House of Commons, 2016a) awarded scholarships...

Affordable housing remains on the agenda for the current government...(Parliament. House of Lords, 2016) The Select Committee for Economic Affairs (Parliament. House of Lords, 2016) looked at the provision of affordable housing...

If the provision of the regulation is broken...(Parliament. House of Lords, 2017) The Delegated Powers and Regulatory Reform Committee (Parliament. House of Lords, 2017) found that maximum penalties could be...

The deficits within the NHS...(Parliament. House of Commons, 2016b) The Health Committee (Parliament. House of Commons, 2016b) found that the deficit within the NHS...

Parliament. House of Commons or House of Lords. (Year) Title . (HC or HL Session and Paper number). Place of publication: Publisher.

Parliament. House of Commons (2016a) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account 2015–2016 (HC 2016–2017 539). London: National Audit Office.

Parliament. House of Commons (2016b) Impact of the spending review on health and social care: First Report of Session 2016-17 (HC 2016–2017 139). London: By the authority of the House of Commons.

Parliament. House of Lords (2016) Building more homes : First Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (20)). London: By the authority of the House of Lords.

Parliament. House of Lords (2017) Health Service Medical Supplies (Costs) Bill: 12th Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (94)). London: By the authority of the House of Lords.

Parliament. House of Commons or House of Lords (Year) Title (HC or HL Session and Paper number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Parliament. House of Commons (2016a) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Account 2015–2016 (HC 2016–2017 539). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/542143/MACC_account_2015_to_2016.pdf (Accessed 7 August 2016).

Parliament. House of Commons (2016b) Impact of the spending review on health and social care: First Report of Session 2016-17 (HC 2016–2017 139). Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhealth/139/139.pdf (Accessed 1 February 2017).

Parliament. House of Lords (2016) Building more homes: First Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (20)). Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/ldeconaf/20/20.pdf (Accessed 8 September 2016).

Parliament. House of Lords (2017) Health Service Medical Supplies (Costs) Bill: 12th Report of Session 2016-17 (HL 2016–2017 (94)). Available at: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201617/ldselect/lddelreg/94/94.pdf (Accessed 12 November 2017).

• If more than one of your citations has the same author and year of publication, then you should distinguish between them by using a lower–case letter following the year, e.g. The paper...(Parliament. House of Commons, 2016a)...this was supported by...(Parliament. House of Commons, 2016b).
• In your references, paper numbers for the House of Lords papers are put within round brackets after the Session dates to distinguish them from identical House of Commons paper numbers, e.g. paper number 20 from the House of Commons Session 2016–2017 would be written (HC 2016–2017 20) whereas paper number 20 from the House of Lords Session 2016–2017 would be written (HL 2016–2017 (20)).

Government Publication – Parliamentary Bills, Amendments and Explanatory Notes

The Digital Economy Bill (2016) has attracted controversy... The House of Commons proposed that the BBC could face more regulation from Ofcom ( Digital Economy Bill , 2016)

Increased measures for child safety have been included in amendments to the Crime and Policing Bill (2016)... The House of Lords ( Crime and Policing Bill , 2016) have amended...

The Oil and Gas Authority were transferred regulatory powers from the Secretary of State for Energy ( Energy Bill Explanatory Notes , 2015) The House of Lords note in the Energy Bill Explanatory Notes (2015) that the Oil and Gas Authority...

Title (Year of publication). Parliament: House of Commons or House of Lords. Bill no. Place of publication: Publisher.

Digital Economy Bill (2016). Parliament: House of Commons. Bill no. 45. London: The Stationery Office.

Energy Bill Explanatory Notes (2015). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 56–EN. London: The Stationery Office.

Policing and Crime Bill Amendments (2016). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 55 c. London: The Stationery Office.

Title (Year of publication). Parliament: House of Commons or House of Lords. Bill no. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Digital Economy Bill (2016). Parliament: House of Commons. Bill no. 45. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2016-2017/0045/cbill_2016-20170045_en_1.htm (Accessed: 16 August 2016).

Energy Bill Explanatory Notes (2015). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 56–EN. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/lbill/2015-2016/0056/en/16056en.pdf (Accessed 30 August 2016).

Policing and Crime Bill Amendments (2016). Parliament: House of Lords. Bill no. 55 c. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/lbill/2016-2017/0055/17055(c).pdf (Accessed: 1 September 2016).

Government Publication – Statutory Instruments

For an in–text citation in your work, you would reference the citation as follows:

The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 introduced changes... Conflicts of interest for Police Officers should be reported to their senior...( The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 )

Name of Statutory Instrument including year (SI year/number). Place of publication: Publisher.

The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/3449). London: The Stationery Office.

Name of Statutory Instrument including year (SI year/number). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

The Police (Amendment) (No.2) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/3449). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/3449/pdfs/uksi_20063449_en.pdf (Accessed: 28 September 2016).

Government Publication – Other Official Publications

The ongoing decommissioning of nuclear plants in scheduled...(Office for Nuclear Regulation, 2016) The Office for Nuclear Regulation (2016) have set out their strategic aims...

The funding of care must be provided by either NHS or the local authority...(Department of Health, 2016). The Department of Health (2016) found that funding...

Government Department or Office (at time of publication, if available) (Year) Title . Place of Publication: Publisher. (Series if applicable).

Department of Health (2019) National framework for NHS continuing healthcare and NHS funded nursing care . London: Department of Health.

Office for Nuclear Regulation (2016) Office for Nuclear Regulation Strategic Plan 2016–2020: Presented to Parliament pursuant to Paragraph 25(3) of Schedule 7 to the Energy Act 2013, March 2016 . London: Office for Nuclear Regulation.

Government Department or Office (at time of publication, if available) (Year) Title . (Series if applicable). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Department of Health (2019) National framework for NHS continuing healthcare and NHS funded nursing care . Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-framework-for-nhs-continuing-healthcare-and-nhs-funded-nursing-care (Accessed: 17 May 2021).

Office for Nuclear Regulation (2016) Office for Nuclear Regulation Strategic Plan 2016–2020: Presented to Parliament pursuant to Paragraph 25(3) of Schedule 7 to the Energy Act 2013, March 2016 . Available at: http://www.onr.org.uk/documents/2016/strategic-plan-2016-2020.pdf (Accessed: 17 May 2021).

For Graphs see Images and Figures

Green Paper (Government Publication)

For Green Paper see Government Publication - Command Paper

Hansard (Government Publication)

For Hansard see Government Publication - Hansard

Historical Texts

For Historical Texts see Ancient or Historical Texts

House of Lords and House of Commons Papers (Government Publication)

For House of Lords and House of Commons Papers see Government Publication - House of Lords and House of Commons Papers

House of Lords or House of Commons Official Report. Parliamentary Debates (Government Publication)

For House of Lords or House of Commons Offical Report. Parliamentary Debates see Government Publication - Hansard

Medical images

The tumour can clearly be seen in Patient A's MRI scan (2022).

[Anonymised patient's name] (Year image produced) Image title [Medium]. Location: Name of institution.

[Patient A] (2022) Upper mandible [MRI scan]. Sheffield: Weston Park Hospital.

• If you are referencing an image of an individual patient’s scan or X-ray, you must obtain permission to use the image from both the patient and the hospital.

Information Sheet

The SOLiD System allows...(Applied Biosystems, 2008) Applied Biosystems (2008) manufacture...

The Boots decongestant tablet...(Boots Pharmaceuticals, 2020). Boots Pharmaceuticals (2020) recommend that their decongestant...

The patient information leaflet for Doxycycline recommends (Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2020)... Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd (2020) indicate that Doxycycline...

Corporate Author or Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of Information Sheet . Place of publication: Publisher. Publication Number.

Applied Biosystems (2008) Application Fact Sheet SOLiD System Accuracy . Foster City, C.A.: Applied Biosystems. 139AP04-04.

Boots Pharmaceuticals (2020) Decongestant tablet (Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride) . Nottingham: The Boots Company PLC. 00014/0375.

Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd (2020) Patient information leaflet: Doxycycline 50mg capsules. Ashford: Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd. PL 30464/0060.

Corporate Author or Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of Information Sheet . Publication Number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Applied Biosystems (2008) Application Fact Sheet SOLiD System Accuracy . 139AP04-04. Available at: http://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/brochures/SOLiD_Accuracy.pdf (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Boots Pharmaceuticals (2020) Decongestant tablets (Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride) . 00014/0375. Available at: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/PIL.21466.latest.pdf (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd (2020) Patient information leaflet: Doxycycline 50mg capsules . PL 30464/0060. Available at: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/files/pil.4050.pdf (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Journal Article without a DOI (Electronic)

Ashby (1999) identified Zappa's style... The melodies in Zappa's work...(Ashby, 1999).

Author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Ashby, A. (1999) 'Frank Zappa and the anti–fetishist orchestra', The Musical Quarterly , 83(4), pp. 557–606. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/742617 (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Journal Article – Preprint (Ahead of Publication)

Lichtenthaler (2016) demonstrated an innovation–based view... Complex relationships that appear in companies...(Lichtenthaler, 2016)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of Article'. To be published in Title of Journal (if stated), Volume(Issue) [Preprint]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Lichtenthaler, U. (2016) 'Towards an innovation–based perspective on company performance'. To be published in Management Decision , 54(1) [Preprint]. Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/MD-05-2015-0161 (Accessed: 7 January 2016).

• There may not be any information about which journal the article will be published in, so that part of the reference doesn't have to be included.

Journal Article with many authors

In some fields, such as medicine and physics, an article may have hundreds of authors and it would be impractical to list each one. You would reference an article with four or more authors as follows:

Abbott et al . (2016) observed gravitational waves... The first observation of a binary black hole merger included...(Abbott et al ., 2016)

First or lead author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). et al . (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page range.

Abbott, B.P. et al . (2016) 'Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger', Physical Review Letters, 116(6), 061102.

First or lead author of article Surname, INITIAL(S). et al . (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , Volume(Issue), Page range (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Aubert, B. et al . (2002) 'The BABAR detector', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 479(1), pp. 1-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)02012-5

• For references with up to three authors, list all the authors in the reference list in the order they appear in the source. In some cases there may be a long list of authors (in medical and scientific papers). If this is the case you only need to include the first author followed by et al written in italics.

Kindle or other e-reader

For Kindle or other e-reader see Book - Electronic

L, M, N, O, P

For Law Report see Case Law

Lecture notes, lecture recordings, handouts and other unpublished teaching materials

Citing informal or unpublished materials, such as handouts, lecture recordings and lecture notes, is not generally recommended. Instead you should look to cite a primary source (such as a textbook or journal article) which describes or summarises the idea you are referring to. You may wish to ask your lecturer for recommended reading.

Guidance from Cite Them Right, 10th rev. and expanded edn, suggests that a magazine article should be referenced as a Journal Article .

In order to locate some of the information required for referencing you may need to look at the following locations:

• The front of the magazine near the barcode
• The back of the magazine near the barcode
• The table of contents
• The publication information, which is normally written in very small text near the front of the magazine, or near the back of the magazine. This usually contains contact emails and copyright statements as well.

In his letter, Ellis (no date) mentions... The correspondence with John Holmes...(Ellis, no date)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of Manuscript, Date (if available). Name of Collection and Reference number. Location of Archive or Repository.

Ellis, H. (no date) Letter to John Holmes, assistant keeper, Department of Manuscripts, British Museum. Single Manuscript Collection, MS 24 (42). Special Collections and Archives, University of Sheffield.

• If no date can be found then you would use (no date).

The Inverness and Strathglass Ordnance Survey map (1996) shows Loch Ness... The area covered by the map...(Ordnance Survey, 1996)

The Information Commons (Google Maps, 2021) is near... The library can be seen using Google Maps (2021)...

Name of creator or creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title of map, Sheet number, Map scale, Edition (if needed). Place of publication: Publisher. (Series).

Ordnance Survey (1996) Inverness and Strathglass , Sheet 26, 1:50000, 7-GSGS edn. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. (Landranger Series).

Name of creator or creator Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of map' (Format if available), Scale if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Google Maps (2021) 'Information Commons, Sheffield'. Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/ (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Ordnance Survey (2020) 'Castleton, Derbyshire', 1:50000. Available at: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 8 April 2021).

Masters Dissertation

For Masters Dissertation see Dissertation (Undergraduate or Masters)

Message Board

For Message Board see Forum Post/Message Board

Music - Album (Physical Format)

The controversy caused by the album by The Prodigy (1997)... The track listing on The Fat of the Land (The Prodigy, 1997)...

The Beatles (1967) produced the self-titled album... The album known as The White Album (The Beatles, 1967) was the follow up album...

Recorded by Queens of the Stone Age (2002)... The album Songs for the Deaf (Queens of the Stone Age, 2002) featured the guest drummer...

Name of Artist (Year) Title of Album [Format]. Edition (if needed). Place of Publication: Record Label.

The Beatles (1967) The Beatles [The White Album] [CD]. Heyes: Parlophone/EMI.

The Prodigy (1997) The Fat of the Land [Vinyl]. London: XL-Recordings.

Queens of the Stone Age (2002) Songs for the Deaf [CD]. Limited Edition UK Version. Santa Monica: Interscope Records.

• If the item is widely known by, or was originally issued under, a title different from that of the item, the alternative title may also be provided in brackets if necessary, e.g. The Beatles [The White Album] .

Music - Album Track (Physical Format)

The Prodigy (1997) recorded the song... The song 'Breathe' (The Prodigy, 1997) demonstrated...

Lennon and McCartney wrote the Beatles (1968) song... 'While My Guitar Gently Weeps' (The Beatles, 1968) is a...

The Runaways (1976) song 'Cherry Bomb' appears on the compilation album... The song 'Cherry Bomb' (The Runaways, 1976) is used in the film...

Name of Artist (Year) 'Title of song', Title of Album (Year if different to the original song recording) [Format]. Edition (if needed). Place of Publication: Record Label.

The Beatles (1968) 'While My Guitar Gently Weeps', The Beatles [The White Album] [CD]. Heyes: Parlophone/EMI.

The Prodigy (1997) 'Breathe', The Fat of the Land [Vinyl]. London: XL-Recordings.

The Runaways (1976) 'Cherry Bomb', Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol.1 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2014) [CD]. Hollywood: Marvel Music.

Music - Digital formats

For an in-text citation in your work, you would cite your reference as follows

Pink Floyd's (1977) Animals album... Animals (Pink Floyd, 1977) shows political statements...

Hardwired...to Self-Destruct is the latest album by Metallica (2016)... Hardwired...to Self-Destruct (Metallica, 2016) includes the track...

Name of Artist (Year) Title of Album . Edition (if needed). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Metallica (2016) Hardwired...to Self-Destruct . Available at: https://open.spotify.com/album/4kizef5du9TgAGfNhWbKmt (Downloaded: 31 March 2021).

Pink Floyd (1977) Animals . 2011 Remastered Version. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Animals-2011-Remastered-Version-Floyd/dp/B005NNZ9IM/ (Downloaded: 31 March 2021).

For an album track

Pink Floyd's (1977) song 'Sheep' describes the political... The song 'Sheep' (Pink Floyd, 1977) is a view on political followers...

Metallica's (2016) song 'Moth into Flame'... 'Moth into Flame' (Metallica, 2016) was used as part of...

Name of Artist (Year) 'Title of song', Title of Album . Edition (if needed). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Metallica (2016) 'Moth into Flame', Hardwired...to Self-Destruct . Available at: https://open.spotify.com/album/4kizef5du9TgAGfNhWbKmt (Downloaded: 31 March 2021).

Pink Floyd (1977) 'Sheep', Animals . 2011 Remastered Version. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Animals-2011-Remastered-Version-Floyd/dp/B005NNZ9IM/ (Downloaded: 31 March 2021).

• The Downloaded: date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the music onto your device.

Music Score

Bowie (1998) used the... The score represents (Bowie, 1998)...

Busoni (1992) represented the... The piano concerto...(Busoni, 1992)

Wagner's score (1900) shows... Tristan and Isolde (Wagner, 1900) represents...

Composer Surname, INITIAL(S). (Date) Title of score . Notes on version (including librettists, editors, translators) if applicable. Edition (if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher.

Bowie, D. (1998) The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 . London: Wise Publications.

Busoni, F. (1992) Kadenzen zu klavierkonzerten Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [Cadenzas to piano concertos of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart] . Edited by Reiner Weber. Edition Breikopf Nr. 8577. Weisbaden: Breitkoff & Härtel.

Wagner, R. (1900) Tristan and Isolde . Score by Hans Von Bülow, English Translation by H. and F. Corder. Leipzig: Breitkoff & Härtel.

Newspaper Article

Sample (2014) highlights the research which has taken place... The research was reported in the national news...(Sample, 2014)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of Article', Title of newspaper . Date (Day, Month). Page range.

Sample, I. (2014) 'Why an octopus never gets itself tied in knots', The Guardian , 16 May, p. 17.

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Date (Day Month), Page number (if available). Available at: URL or doi: (Accessed: date).

Sample, I. (2014) 'Why an octopus's suckers don't stick its arms together', The Guardian , 15 May. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/may/15/octopus-suckers-arms-chemical-skin (Accessed: 17 January 2015).

Newspaper database e.g. Nexis

If you have accessed an article via a password-protected institutional database, e.g. Nexis, you do not need to iclude the database details in the reference as it may not be accessible to everyone. Give enough detail in the reference for the reader to be able to find the article, e.g. as in the examples above.

NICE Guidelines

For NICE Guidelines see Clinical Guidelines

For an in-text citation, you would cite the reference as follows:

Hollis and Tan's helical gradient coil (2017)... The helical gradient coil demonstrates...(Hollis and Tan, 2017)

Carter and Lawless (2010) show the gimbaled... The gimbaled-shoulder design...(Carter and Lawless, 2010).

Inventor(s) Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year patent granted) Title of patent . Authorising organisation Patent number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Carter, R.W. and Lawless, K.G. (2010). Gimbaled-shoulder friction stir welding tool. United States Patent and Trademark Office Patent no. 7,686,202. Available at: https://patents.justia.com/patent/7686202 (Accessed: 12 April 2021).

Hollis, T.J. and Tan, F. (2017). Helical gradient coil for magnetic resonance imaging apparatus . UK Intellectual Property Office Patent no. GB2494259. Available at: https://www.ipo.gov.uk/p-find-publication-getPDF.pdf?PatentNo=GB2494259&DocType=B&JournalNumber=6664 (Accessed: 12 April 2021).

• If using a patent retrieved from Espacenet you will need to ensure you use the correct patent code as they are not all European Patents. A European patent will have a code that begins with EP.

For more information about in–text citation and referencing multiple authors, see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.

Patient Information Leaflet (PIL)

For Patient Information Leaflet see Information Sheet

Personal Communications

This includes any personal communication you have had either physically or online, e.g. a face-to-face conversation, a phone conversation, a Skype or FaceTime conversation, an email, a text message, a letter or a fax.

In the conversation with Smith (2021)... It was decided that the information would be included...(Smith, 2021)

Sender/Speaker/Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of communication) Medium of communication to/with Receiver of communication, Day/Month of communication.

Smith, S. (2019) Email to Jennifer Jones, 11 February.

Smith, S. (2020) Text message to Julia Carpenter, 28 June.

Smith, S. (2021) Skype conversation with Max Williams, 16 March.

You may need permission from anyone involved in the communication before using them in your work.

You may include a copy of written communications in your appendices.

For PhD Thesis see Thesis (PhD)

For Photograph see Images and Figures

Shakespeare (1984) displays the tragedy... Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare, 1984) uses...

Shakespeare (2010) shows the use of... The Taming of the Shrew (Shakespeare, 2010)...

Individual play

Author of play Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of Publication) Title of play . Edition (if needed). Edited by Full Name. Place of publication: Publisher.

Shakespeare, W. (1984) Romeo and Juliet . Edited by G. Blakemore Evans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shakespeare, W. (2010) The Taming of the Shrew . Edited by Barbara Hodgson. London: Methuen Drama.

In an anthology/complete works

Author of play Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of publication) 'Title of play', in Editor(s) Surname(s), INITIAL(S). (ed. or eds.). Title of book . Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. Page numbers.

Shakespeare, W. (2007a) 'The taming of the shrew', in Bate, J. and Rasmussen, E. (eds.) William Shakespeare Complete Works . Basingstoke: Macmillan. pp. 526-583.

Shakespeare, W. (2007b) 'The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet', in Bate, J. and Rasmussen, E. (eds.) William Shakespeare Complete Works . Basingstoke: Macmillan. pp. 1679-1743.

If accessed online

Many ebooks look the same as a printed book in terms of pagination, publisher details, etc., so the in-text citation and reference will be in the same format as a print book; you do not need to include details of where you accessed it from online in the reference. Cite and reference plays in an electronic format as you would for plays in print books unless you have downloaded it onto an ereader and the pagination is not available:

If the page numbers of an ebook are not available in the device you are using, use the information that is available, such as loc, %, chapter or paragraph if you need to identify a particular page/section for your in-text citation. The date that you downloaded it onto your electronic device is included at the end of the reference.

Shakespeare (2021) explores the theme of jealousy... Othello (Shakespeare, 2021) uses...

Author of play Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year of Publication) Title of play . Edition (if needed). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Shakespeare, W. (2021) Othello . Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Othello-William-Shakespeare-ebook/dp/B095M94KCT/ref=sr_1_5? (Downloaded: 30 April 2021).

When directly quoting from a play, you should use Act.Scene:Line e.g. (Shakespeare 2007, 2.1:176-179)

The Year of publication is the year that the item you are referencing was published, rather than the year the play was written.

The Downloaded: date in the reference is the date that you downloaded the play onto your device.

Bragg (2021) discusses the deciphering of hieroglyphics... The role of Champollion...(Bragg, 2021).

Thompson (2021) discusses the history... The use of blackface in Shakespeare...(Thompson, 2021).

The Centre for the History of the Emotions (2017) investigates... The concept of what is normal...(Centre for the History of the Emotions, 2017).

Surname of Author/Presenter, INITIAL(S). (Year site was published/last updated) Title of Podcast [Podcast]. Day/Month posted (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Bragg, M. (2021) The Rosetta Stone [Podcast]. 11 February. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000s2qd (Accessed: 22 May 2021).

Centre for the History of the Emotions (2017) The Museum of the Normal [Podcast]. Available at: https://soundcloud.com/user-357683788/the-museum-of-the-normal (Accessed: 24 May 2021).

Thompson, A. (2021) Blackface: a brief history [Podcast]. 12 May. Available at: https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/blackface-history-podcast-ayanna-thompson/ (Accessed: 18 May 2021).

Reference where the podcast was published or displayed rather than referencing it as a download on your edevice.

If there is no author or presenter, use the name of the organisation who created it in place of Author/Presenter.

For Preprint see Journal Article - Preprint (Ahead of Publication)

Presentation

Grant (2016) demonstrates the issues... The artwork expresses the...(Grant, 2016).

Sciamanna, Bazela, and Bullingham (2016) presented the work surrounding... The case study within the presentation focused on...(Sciamanna, Bazela, and Bullingham, 2016).

Surname of presenter, INITIAL(S). (Year of presentation) 'Title of presentation' [Medium, e.g. PowerPoint presentation]. Name of event. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Grant, V. (2016) 'Voice, agency and the medical arts' [ PowerPoint presentation]. Medical Arts Seminar, HRI, University of Sheffield. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/missvagrant/voice-agency-and-the-medical-arts? (Accessed: 22 May 2017).

Sciamanna, C., Bazela, C. and Bullingham, L. (2016) 'Reconceptualising information and digital literacy in a fluid digital world' [ PowerPoint presentation]. Northern Collaboration Conference 2016. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net/northerncollaboration/reconceptualising-information-and-digital-literacy-in-a-fluid-digital-world (Accessed: 18 May 2017).

For an in-text citation in your work, you would reference as follows:

World at One (2017) provided the update on... The new head judge...( World at One , 2017)

Desert Island Discs: Bernardine Evaristo (2020) played the song... The discussion with the Booker Prize-winning author...( Desert Island Discs: Bernardine Evaristo , 2020)

Recall of the Rock (2021) shares the oral history of women climbers... Helen Mort's poem is interwoven with interviews... ( Recall of the Rock, 2021).

Original Broadcast

Title of programme (Year of transmission) Transmitting organisation or channel, Day/Month of transmission.

World at One (2017) BBC Radio 4, 9 May.

Original broadcast as part of a series

Title of show, episode number (if available), episode title (if available) (Year of transmission) Transmitting organisation or channel, Day/Month of transmission.

Desert Island Discs: Bernardine Evaristo (2020) BBC Radio 4, 25 September.

Broadcast accessed via online/database/streaming service.

Title of programme (Year of transmission) Transmitting organisation or channel, Day/Month of transmission. Available at: URL or name of streaming service/database (Accessed: date).

Recall of the Rock (2021) BBC Sounds, 11 April. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000v2mr (Accessed: 13 April 2021).

Original broadcast as part of a series accessed via online/database/streaming service

Title of show, episode number (if available), episode title (if available) (Year of transmission) Transmitting organisation or channel, Day/Month of transmission. Available at: URL or name of streaming service/database (Accessed: date).

Desert Island Discs: David Olusoga (2021) BBC Radio 4, 15 January. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000r314 (Accessed: 13 April 2021).

Sacred Texts

Naomi's advice to her daughter-in-law (Ruth 2: 22)...

Book of the Bible Chapter: verse, Holy Bible. Version of the Holy Bible.

Ruth 2: 22, Holy Bible. King James Version.

• The author is not required as this may not be clear.
• The page numbers are not required as these will vary between printings.
• The publisher and publication date are not required.

Helping those in need (Devarim 15: 11)...

Torah. Book Chapter: verse.

Torah. Devarim 15: 11.

"Give what you can spare." (Qur'an 2: 219)

Qur'an Surah (or chapter): verse (Year of publication) Translated by Surname, INITIAL(S). Place of publication: Publisher.

Qur'an 2: 219 (2008) Translated by Abdel Haleem, M.A.S. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

For Score see Music Score

Keegan's (1991) sculpture shows the use of raku–fired earthenware... The sculpture Newby the Dog (Keegan, 1991)...

The sculpture of Neptune and Triton by Bernini (no date) shows the use of... The marble sculpture of Neptune and Triton (Bernini, no date)...

Surname of artist, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title [Sculpture]. Place, Gallery or Name of collection, department (if available), identifier or reference number (if available).

Bernini, G. (no date) Neptune and Triton [Sculpture]. London, Victoria and Albert Museum, A.18:1–1950.

Keegan, S. (1991) Newby the dog [Sculpture]. London, Victoria and Albert Museum, C.196:1, 2–1991.

• The original title of a translated information resource, or a translation of the title, may be supplied immediately after the original title, e.g. Kinderhände im washbecken [Children's Hands in a Washbasin] .

Social Media

For an in-text citation you would cite the reference as follows:

Uni of Sheffield Library (2017) celebrated the opening of the... The anniversary of the Western Bank Library was marked on social media (Uni of Sheffield Library, 2017).

University of Sheffield Library (2017) marked the first library opening at the university... The first library at the University opened in 1909 (University of Sheffield Library, 2017).

In the bibliography/reference list:

Name of Creator Surname, INITIAL(S). or Screen name if proper name not available (Year) Title of message - up to 40 words [Medium] Day/Month of post. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Uni of Sheffield Library (2017) On this day in 1959, our Western Bank Library (then called the 'Main Library') was officially opened by T.S. Eliot http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/library/special/libcoll ... [Twitter] 12 May. Available at: https://twitter.com/UniSheffieldLib/status/862945694457274368 (Accessed 15 May 2017).

University of Sheffield Library (2017) On this day, in 1909, the first library opened at the University of Sheffield [Facebook] 26 April. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/UniSheffieldLib/posts/1346273698788324 (Accessed 15 May 2017).

• You are not required to ask permission from anyone involved in the post/conversation before using them in your work, but you may wish to do so as a courtesy. You are only required to do so if the conversation occurred in a private context (locked X (formerly Twitter) accounts, members-only forums, etc.).
• You may need to provide a title for the social media post if there is not one provided. Use up to the first 40 words of the post in square brackets as the title.
• It is acceptable to use the main page URL of the social media platform in your reference if the post is not openly accessible to everyone, e.g. use https://www.facebook.com/ as the URL in your reference if you are referring to a discussion between yourself and another member of Facebook that is not open to everyone to view.
• If the post is not accessible to everyone, you may include a copy of any discussions between yourself and another member of a social media platform as an appendix to your work.

Standards e.g. British Standards

The British Standards Institution (2017) have produced updated guidelines... The use of BS 8888:2017 (British Standards Institution, 2017)...

The ASTM (2012) standard... The standard specification for...(ASTM, 2012).

Corporate Author (Year of publication) Number of Standard: Title of Standard . Place of publication: Publisher.

ASTM (2012) A53/A53M-12: Standard specification for pipe, steel, black and hot-dipped, zinc-coated, welded and seamless . West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.

British Standards Institution (2017) BS 8888:2017: Technical product documentation and specification . London: British Standards Publications.

Corporate Author (Year of publication) Number of standard: Title of Standard. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

ASTM (2020) A53/A53M-20: Standard specification for pipe, steel, black and hot-dipped, zinc-coated, welded and seamless. Available at: https://www.astm.org/Standards/A53.htm (Accessed: 13 April 2021).

British Standards Institution (2019) BS 8888:2020: Technical product documentation and specification. Available at: https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030384746 (Accessed: 13 April 2021).

State Paper (Government Publication)

For State Paper see Government Publication - Command Paper

Statutory Instruments (Government Publication)

For Statutory Instruments see Government Publication - Statutory Instruments

Study Score

For Study Score see Music Score

For Tables see Images and Figures

Thesis (PhD)

Wilson (2014) notes that whilst Rage Against the Machine signed with a major record label, their music still holds the intended meaning to the audience... Popular music is still relevant to society when it makes a political statement even though the artist may be signed to a major record label... (Wilson, 2014).

Tomlinson (2009) found that differing amounts of grip... Moisture can affect grip when examining...(Tomlinson, 2009)

Author Surname, INITIAL(S) (Year) Title . Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body.

Wilson, B. (2014) It sounds like revolution: the changing role of popular music within political resistance movements . PhD thesis. University of Sheffield.

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year) Title . Award and Type of qualification. Awarding body. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Tomlinson, S.E. (2009) Understanding the friction between human fingers and contacting surfaces. PhD thesis. University of Sheffield. Available at: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/150 (Accessed: 14 October 2015).

Television Programme

For Television Programme see Video section

Translated item

Tolstoy (2008) explores the story of... Anna Karenina (Tolstoy, 2008) tells the story of...

Homer (1997) presents the tale... The Odyssey (Homer, 1997) demonstrates...

Dostoyevsky (2003) shows the dilemmas... The character of Raskolnikov...(Dostoyevsky, 2003).

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of item . Edition (if not the first). Translated from the (language) by (Translator(s) INITIAL(S) and Surname). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Homer (1997) The Odyssey . Translated by R. Fagles. Introduction and notes by B. Knox. New York: Penguin.

Tolstoy, L. (2008) Anna Karenina . Translated from the Russian by L. Maude and A. Maude. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Many ebooks look the same as a printed book in terms of pagination, publisher details, etc., so the in-text citation and reference will be in the same format as a print book; you do not need to include details of where you accessed it from online in the reference. Cite and reference books in an electronic format as you would for books in print books unless you have downloaded it onto an ereader and the pagination is not available:

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of item . Edition (if needed). Translated from the (language) by (Translators full name). Available at: URL (Downloaded: date).

Dostoyevsky, F. (2003) Crime and punishment . Rev. edn. Translated from the Russian by David McDuff. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Punishment-Penguin-Classics-Fyodor-Dostoyevsky-ebook/dp/B002RI936U/ref=sr_1_4? (Downloaded 30 April 2021).

Tolstoy, L. (2019). Anna Karenina . Translated from the Russian by Constance Garnett. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Anna-Karenina-AmazonClassics-Leo-Tolstoy-ebook/dp/B07YWRTHMC/ref=sr_1_4? (Downloaded: 30 April 2021).

Use the year of publication for the specific item you read, as there may be different translations of the same item available.

You may not need to add the language the item is translated from, but include the language if appropriate.

Transliteration

For Transliteration of items see Citing and referencing foreign language materials in the Creating a citation and reference list section.

U, V, W, X, Y, Z

Uk public general act (government publication).

For UK Public General Act see Government Publication - Act of Parliament

Undergraduate Dissertation

For Undergraduate Dissertation see Dissertation (Undergraduate or Masters)

Unpublished item

Hall (2011) noted that the changes... ...the changes that occured meant...(Hall, 2011).

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). or Corporate author (Date) Title of item . Place of holding organisation: Holding organisation. Unpublished.

Hall, D. (2011) Making sense of changes . Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Unpublished.

Video - Physical Format

Film/one-off documentary.

Black Swan (2010) used imagery to represent... The hidden images contained in the film...( Black Swan , 2010)

The premise of Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014)... The use of green screen in the film ( Captain America: The Winter Soldier , 2014)...

For a film/documentary viewed at the cinema

Title of Film/Documentary (Year of distribution) Directed by INITIAL(S). Surname [Film]. Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) Directed by A. Russo and J. Russo [Film]. New York: Marvel Entertainment.

For a film/documentary viewed on DVD or Blu-ray

Title of Film/Documentary (Year of distribution) Directed by INITIAL(S). Surname [DVD] or [Blu-ray]. Place of distribution: Distribution Company.

Black Swan (2010) Directed by D. Aronofsky [Blu-ray]. Los Angeles: Fox Searchlight Pictures.

TV Episode from a series

The detectives Bulk and McNulty revisit an old crime scene...('Old Cases', 2002) ...in the episode 'Old Cases' (2002)

The episode uses visions to reveal the events...('The Door', 2016) ..In 'The Door' (2016) we see the visualisation of...

'Title of Episode' (Year of distribution) Title of Programme/Series In Title of compilation or box-set [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: Distribution company.

'Old Cases' (2005) The Wire In The Wire: the complete first season [DVD] New York: HBO.

'The Door' (2016) Game of Thrones In Game of Thrones: the complete sixth season [Blu-ray] New York: HBO.

Video - Streaming Service

This includes Films and TV Series or Episodes that you have viewed via subscription services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Now TV, etc., and catch-up services such as Box of Broadcasts, BBC iPlayer, All 4, My 5, etc.

Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019) is set in 18th century France... ...the film ( Portrait of a Lady on Fire , 2019) was written and directed by...

An unofficial segregation policy is uncovered in Small Axe: Education (2020)... ...the film ( Small Axe: Education , 2020) is part of a series directed by...

The use of mirrors in Atlantics (2019)... ...the film ( Atlantics , 2019) was co-written and directed by...

Title of Film (Year of distribution) Directed by INITIAL(S). Surname. Available at: Name of service (Accessed: date).

Atlantics (2019) Directed by M. Diop. Available at: Netflix (Accessed: 25 May 2021).

Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019) Directed by C. Sciamma. Available at: MUBI (Accessed: 15 April 2020).

Small Axe: Education (2020) Directed by S. McQueen. Available at: Box of Broadcasts (Accessed: 25 May 2021).

Current Affairs Programme

The BBC News at Six (2021) covered the story... When this news story was first reported ( BBC News at Six , 2021)

The Year Britain Stopped (2021) chronicles... Frontline workers and scientists tell their stories...( The Year Britain Stopped , 2021)

Title of Programme (Year of original broadcast) Name of Channel, Day/Month, Time of broadcast. Available at: Name of Streaming Service (Accessed: date).

BBC News at Six (2021) BBC One, 20 May, 18:00. Available at: BBC iPlayer (Accessed: 21 May 2021).

The Year Britain Stopped (2021) Channel 4, 24 May, 21:00. Available at: All 4 (Accessed: 27 May 2021).

The first episode of Stranger Things , 'The Vanishing of Will Byers' (2016), uses aspects of... The monster makes a first appearance...('The Vanishing of Will Byers', 2016)

In the episode 'Cooper's Dream' (1990) the stage is set for... Agent Cooper visits the Log Lady ('Cooper's Dream', 1990) which represents...

'Title of Episode' (Year of original broadcast/release) Title of Series/Season , Series/Season and episode numbers OR day/month (if available). Production Company. Available at: Name of streaming service. (Accessed: date).

'Cooper's Dream' (1990) Twin Peaks , Season 1, episode 6. Propaganda Films. Available at: NowTV (Accessed: 29 December 2016).

'The Vanishing of Will Byers' (2016) Stranger Things , Season 1, episode 1. 21 Laps Entertainment. Available at: Netflix (Accessed 29 December 2016).

Video - Sharing Website (e.g. YouTube)

This includes sharing platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo, IGTV, TED, etc.

YouTube Movies (2016) have... Doctor Strange (YouTube Movies, 2016) shows the...

The University of Sheffield (2019) have created... Campus Tour (The University of Sheffield, 2019) takes a tour of the campus...

Climate and data scientist Angel Hsu (2020) gave a TED Talk... In Cities are driving climate change. Here's how they can fix it (Hsu, 2020, 3:47) she observes the disparities...

Name of Person/Organisation posting video (Year video posted) Title of Film . Day/Month uploaded (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: date) or doi:

Hsu, A. (2020) Cities are driving climate change. Here's how they can fix it . October. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/angel_hsu_cities_are_driving_climate_change_here_s_how_they_can_fix_it (Accessed: 27 May 2021).

The University of Sheffield (2019) Campus Tour . 5 June. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/tv/ByVQviAhJ9i/ (Accessed: 27 May 2021).

YouTube Movies (2016) Doctor Strange . 24 February. Available at: https://youtu.be/bLaKpGUsMmU (Accessed: 27 May 2021).

• For a TED Talk, use the name of the speaker in the video as the Name of Person/Organisation in your reference and in-text citation.
• If you need to refer to a specific place within a video, include the time stamp in your in-text citation in the format minutes:seconds, e.g. (YouTube Movies, 2016, 18:33).

Vinyl Record

For Vinyl Record see Music - Album (Physical Format) or Music - Album Track (Physical Format)

Only reference a source as a web page if the source does not fall into another category, such as journal article, conference proceedings, report, blog, image, etc.

Author Surname, INITIAL(S). (Year site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

If you are not citing specific information or a specific page from a website you do not need to create an in-text citation or a reference for it.

When mentioning a website within your text, provide the name of the website followed by the URL in parentheses, e.g.

Participants were surveyed using SurveyMonkey (https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk).

White Paper (Government Publication)

For White Paper see Government Publication - Command Paper

X (formerly Twitter)

For X see Social Media

For YouTube videos see Video - Sharing Website (e.g. YouTube)

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• Referencing and plagiarism

Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

Table of contents

In-text citations and full references.

• Secondary referencing
• Page numbers
• Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

• in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
• full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment

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Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

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Write it Right - A guide to Harvard referencing style

Tus library midwest approved guidelines, cite them right (bloomsbury), recommended library books, other useful guides.

• Help is Just a Click Away
• Referencing
• Referencing & Citing
• Paraphrasing
• Reference List & Bibliography
• Elements in References
• Journal articles
• Online journals
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• Miscellaneous

Approved by Academic Council in 2011,  Write it right: a guide to the Harvard (‘Author-Date’) referencing system , is the official referencing guide for the University. 

This guide, which was revised and updated in 2021, provides guidance in referencing, citation and plagiarism.

This guide is based on the Harvard Referencing Style, as outlined in Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022)  Cite them right: the essential referencing guide . 12 th  edn. London: Macmillan.

The Library also offers training on the Harvard referencing style. Contact the Library Desk for further information.

Please note:  As there is no definitive version of the Harvard referencing style, always check with your lecturers to confirm the referencing requirements for your work. 

This includes comprehensive coverage of the Harvard Style . 

Search our FAQ Knowledge base, ask a question, chat, send comments...

Go to LibAnswers

• Next: Referencing >>
• Last Updated: Apr 11, 2024 10:19 AM
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The Library, Technological University of the Shannon: Midwest

Harvard Referencing : Quoting/Paraphrasing/Summarising

• Referencing and plagiarism
• Quoting/Paraphrasing/Summarising
• How to cite
• How to reference
• Images referencing
• Referencing software

Pears, R. and Shields, G.J. (2016)  Cite them right : the essential referencing guide.  Tenth edition. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan

A quotation is an exact reproduction of words drawn from a source you have used, highlighted in quotation marks.

McMillan, K. and Weyers, J.D.B. (2021)  The study skills book : your essential guide to university success.  Fourth edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson.

Two types of quotes: 

• Run the quotation into your text
• Use quotation marks
• Give the page number of the original in your in-text reference
• Indent the passage (you don't need to put quotation marks). It's what we all a block-citation
• At the end of the quotation give the in-text link (author, date, page number(s))

You will need to comment on the quote. Don't leave a quote unexplained. 

Useful Resources

• How to quote; Newcastle University
• Using Quotes in Academic Writing; University Librarian
• How to Quote; Sribbr
• How to Quote; Newcastle University

Paraphrasing

Express the meaning of something written or spoken using different words. A rewording of something written or spoken. 

Soanes, C. and Hawker, S. (2006)  Compact Oxford English dictionary for university and college students.  Oxford: Oxford University Press

A restating of someone's else thoughts or ideas in our own words.

Using your own words and any technical terms, explaining the key ideas and clarifying their meaning but expressing only the views of the original author. A paraphrase is shorter than the original text.

Paraphrasing involves close attention to a particular section of a text and attempting, in one own's words, to capture the essence of the original. 

Neville, C. (2010)  The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism.  2nd edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press

Paraphrasing means changing the wording of a text so that it is significantly different from the original source, without changing the meaning. 

Bailey, S. (2024)  The essentials of academic writing for international students.  2nd edn. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group

• How to Paraphrase; Newcastle University
• How to Paraphrase; University Librarian
• How to Paraphrase; Scribbr
• How to Paraphrase (Without Plagiarizing a Thing); Grammarly
• Paraphrasing for Beginners; UCL
• Avoiding Plagiarism – Paraphrasing, MIT
• Using Paraphrases; University of Reading

Summarising

Give a brief statement of the main points of something.

Soanes, C. and Hawker, S. (2006)  Compact Oxford English dictionary for university and college students.  Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Similar to paraphrasing, summarising provides a brief account of someone else's idea or work, covering only the main points and leaving out the details.

Using your own words, giving the general idea with a brief statement of main points but only presenting the ideas of the author.

Summarising involves writing an account, in one own's words, of the main, broad and general meanings of a text. 

Summarizing aims to reduce information to a suitable length, allowing the writer to condense lenghty sources into a concise form.

• How to write a summary; Scribbr
• Using a Summary in Academic Writing; University Librarian
• How to Write a Great Summary; Grammarly
• Academic Integrity: Summarising; University of Hull
• Summarising; University of Cambridge

Quoting - Example

As Jenkins (2008) explains "social media are also an expression of participatory culture."

Young (2022) analyses the role the internet played in reinventing fashion:

By the Millennium, fashion was again undergoing a reinvention through new ways of looking at design and the rise in e-commerce through the growing autonomy of the internet. Powerful new suppliers like ASOS helped push a desire for cheap, disposable clothing, while replicating the look of It girls like Sienna Miller, Paris Hilton and Misha Barton, whose paparazzi images were splashed across gossip magazines.

Paraphrasing/Summarising - Examples

McMillan, K. and Weyers, J.D.B. (2021)  The study skills book : your essential guide to university success.  Upper Saddle River: Pearson.

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• Last Updated: May 3, 2024 11:38 AM
• URL: https://istitutomarangonilondon.libguides.com/harvardreferencing

Harvard referencing style: Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing.

• What a bibliography looks like
• In-text citation technique

Children who develop a capacity for sympathy or compassion – often through empathetic perspectival experience – understand what their aggression has done to another separate person, for whom they increasingly care. They thus come to feel guilt about their own aggression and real concern for the well-being of the other person. Empathy is not morality, but it can supply crucial ingredients of morality. As concern develops, it leads to an increasing wish to control one’s own aggression; children recognize that other people are not their slaves but separate beings with the right to lives of their own. (Nussbaum, 2010, p. 37)

Nussbaum, M.C. (2010)  Not for profit: why democracy needs the humanities.  Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [Harvard style]

The text in italics above has been written by Martha Nussbaum. I want to paraphrase it so I can use it in my own work. Here are some examples, showing the stages or drafts. 

Stage or draft 1

Children who develop a capacity for sympathy or compassion – understand what their aggression has done to another separate person. They feel guilty about their own aggression and real concern for the well-being of the other person. As concern develops, it leads to an increasing wish to control their own aggression. Then children recognize that other people are separate beings with the right to lives of their own, and not to be ordered around . (Nussbaum, 2010)

This example of a paraphrase shows what happens when you cut and paste text, i.e. you tend to just change words. If you compare it to the original text, you can see it is not that much different. This is a poor paraphrase, and would be likely to be regarded as plagiarism, if submitted to a plagiarism detecting service. 

Stage or draft 2

Nussbaum (2010, p. 37) considered that children need to ‘develop a capacity for sympathy or compassion’, sometimes through experiencing common events or feelings. When they do this, they can better appreciate what their actions have done to another person, for whom they may feel more affection. In fact, children may feel guilty and this helps them to change their behavior and views about other people, who they see more as individuals, to whom they need to relate, rather than issue peremptory orders to people, without reference to the other person’s feelings. 

In this example of paraphrasing, there is more evidence of thinking about the original text (rather than just cutting and pasting) and a good attempt has been made to put it into different words. The same order of the original text remains, and a good tip is to quote a memorable phrase, i.e. a section you might find difficult to put into other words. 

Stage or draft 3

Nussbaum (2010) concluded that children begin to see other people as separate living entities, with their own emotions and activity, rather than simply beings that only exist in relation to children. This process of emotional development and change may occur through experiencing similar events to another person and guilt, when reflecting on their initial, selfish reactions. 

In this example, not only has paraphrasing happened, but the original text has been summarized too, which results in less words being used. Note that the order of the original text has been changed, so that a conclusion has been made, followed by a justification or reason.

For all paraphrasing, the original source needs to be cited in the text, and the source included in the bibliography of your work. 

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• Last Updated: Dec 8, 2015 4:14 PM
• URL: https://research.uwcsea.edu.sg/harvard

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Harvard Referencing

Guidance on harvard referencing, harvard referencing tutorials, harvard - cite them right referencing examples, workshops - how to reference ... and how to use references workshops, using material on this page, connect with us on social media.

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For help with a variety of enquiries you can contact the Library by:

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Do ask for help if you are not sure of anything!

Be organised. Whenever you consult a source, make a note of all the details you need for a reference

Allow yourself time to compile your reference list

Be consistent in the style and layout of your references

Make sure your references include all the information needed to locate it

Be thorough. Check the details of any source carefully for accuracy.

Use the online tutorial on Harvard Referencing and come along to the Succeed@Tees workshop 'How to use references' 

Consult Cite them Right  

Consider using RefWorks – see  http://libguides.tees.ac.uk/refworks .  

• Top Ten Tips (from Cite them Right) Also available on p.26 of the book.
• Which referencing style?
• Cite them Right

In-text citation

• Paraphrasing
• Secondary referencing

Reference list

• Tools to help you with referencing

You need to learn how to reference accurately in order to acknowledge your sources and to demonstrate that your writing is based on evidence.  There are two parts to referencing:

• in-text citations - this is what you include within your writing.  Your citations should include the following elements: a uthor(s) or editor(s) surname/family name, year of publication, page number(s) if required*.
• reference list - this appears at the end of your assignment.  Your reference list gives the full details of your sources, in a specific order and format.

*If you are quoting directly or using ideas from a specific page or pages of a work, you should include the page number(s) in your citations. Insert the abbreviation p. (or pp.) before the page number(s) e.g. (Harris, 2023, p. 56) . If your citation refers to a complete work or to ideas that run through an entire work, your citation would simply use the author and date details e.g. (Harris, 2023). Websites do not have page numbers, therefore, are not required in your in text-citation e.g. (BBC, 2023). 

Different styles of referencing use different formats for both in-text citations and reference lists.  You need to learn which referencing style is used by your subject area - this will be the style included in the 'How to reference' tab of your subject libguide.  The next tab in this box (' Which referencing style? ') gives guidance on which style is used for each School.

A frequently used referencing style is Harvard.  At Teesside University, the Harvard style is taken from Cite them Right.  

If you follow the appropriate guidance in Cite them Right, your referencing will be correct.

If you would like more help on this topic - please use the materials on this page or book a tutorial with your Subject Librarian  or contact  [email protected] .

• How to reference - Teesside University Harvard style This is based on the Harvard citation style outlined in 'Cite them Right'
• How to reference - Teesside University Harvard Style - Accessible version This is based on the Harvard citation style outlined in 'Cite them Right'

You need to follow the referencing guidelines for your subject area:

School of Arts and Creative Industries

• Fine Art:  MLA
• All other subjects:  Harvard: Cite them right online

School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies

• Harvard: Cite them right online

School of Health & Life Sciences

School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law

• Crime and Investigation: check with module leader
• English Studies: MHRA - see guidance on the English and Creative Writing LibGude
• Law:  OSCOLA
• Politics:  Chicago  (Notes and Bibliography)
• Psychology:  APA

Teesside University International Business School

The book 'Cite Them Right' by Pears and Shields details the Harvard referencing standard used by Teesside University.   

Click here for the online version of

Click on the book image below for location details of paper copies in the Library. 

Harvard is an author-date referencing style.  This means that in the text of your work, you just need to include the author's surname (family name), the year, and page number if you are referring to a specific page or pages e.g. (Godwin, 2014, p. 15). This is called an in-text citation.

This format is the same regardless of whether the source is a book, journal article or website.

If there isn't an individual author, you may need to use an organisation instead - this frequently occurs with websites, e.g. (BBC, 2015).

For four or more authors, you should use the first named author, followed by  et al.

There are two styles of in-text citation - each style has advantages and disadvantages:

1. the author is part of the sentence, so the year goes into brackets, e.g. "Norman (2012) states that ..."

Advantages/disadvantages:

• Emphasises the author
• Positive: good for introducing reference early in a paragraph
• Negative: can reduce the impact of you points
• Negative: can can become repetitive
• Ensure that you use the correct verb for you viewpoint

2. the author is not part of the sentence so both the author's name and the year go in brackets at the end of the sentence, e.g. (Norman, 2012).

• Emphasises the information
• Positive: can help your assignment to flow
• Negative: references can sometimes appear too far away from the point
• Ensure that you reference appears at the end of a sentence not just the end of the paragraph.

Paraphrasing means putting an author's writing into your own words, without changing the meaning.  

You need to paraphrase within academic writing to demonstrate to your lecturer that you understand the material.  

Paraphrasing also allows you to summarise the evidence so that it fits in with the case you are making, and improves the flow of your assignment.

In academic writing, your lecturers will want you to limit the number and length of quotations you use, restricting them to key phrases.  Instead, you should develop your skills in paraphrasing.

Remember you still need to reference any material you have paraphrased.

• How to paraphrase

There is a temptation when you find one author quoting (or citing) another to just lift the quote and use it:

• You didn’t find the quote
• How do you know it is correct?
• Try and find the original source and make your own citation & reference.
• If it isn’t possible to check the original source - acknowledge both writers in the text but only reference the source you have read. This is called secondary referencing.

Imagine you’ve read a book by Chalmers (1999) and on page 141 it cites a piece of work by Worrall (1985) and has the full reference to it in the reference list.

You too would also like to refer to the work done by Worrall, but cannot locate his original work, only the reference to it in Chalmers.

The solution, in the text of your work, cite the original author ‘cited in’ then the author of the work you have read.  BUT  in your reference list only reference the work you have read – do not mention the original at all.

So our example would read as follows.

•In-text citation

(Worrall, 1985, cited in Chalmers, 1999, p. 141)

•In the reference list

Chalmers, A.F. (1999)  What is this thing called science?  Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Your reference list should be presented in one list in alphabetical author order, regardless of whether the reference is to a book, journal article, website or any other kind of source.

If there is no author, the item should come under the title (in italics).

The list should Include everything referred to in the text of your work. References need to be:

• Correct : are spellings and other details accurate?  
• Complete : is all the required information included?  
• Consistent : are all the references presented in the same way, fitting in with Cite them Right if the referencing is in Harvard style?
• Reference List Example

There are many tools available to help you with referencing.  At Teesside, we support RefWorks  which enables you to create and manage your own personal database of useful references. You can then use these to quickly compile a reference list  .

Whichever tool you use, you'll need to adjust your references to make sure that they fit in with the appropriate style required for your subject, for example as Harvard Style outlined in Cite them Right.

You can also use Turnitin as a tool to help you prevent plagiarism in your writing.  It is available from Blackboard - see the link to 'Check your work for plagiarism'.

• Referencing management tools

• Book referencing examples
• Journal referencing examples
• Website referencing examples
• Act of Parliament

How to reference a book

Books with up to 3 authors:.

Pears and Shields (2022, p. 20) or (Pears and Shields, 2022, p. 20)

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2022)  Cite them right: the essential referencing guide . 12th edn. London: Bloomsbury Academic .

Books with 4 or more authors:

(Young  et al ., 2015, p. 46) or Young  et al . (2015, p. 46)

Young, H.D.  et al.  (2015)  Sears and Semansky's university physics . 10th edn. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley.

Secondary Referencing

(Macmillan and Crelman,1991, cited in Wickens, 2002, p. 37)

Wickens, T.D. (2002)  Elementary signal detection theory . Oxford: Oxford University Press

An ebook that includes all the same elements as the print version e.g. page numbers, edition, publication details, should be referenced as though it was a print book.

Ebooks available on an edevice e.g. Kindle

If the ebook is available on an edevice (Kindle, smartphones and tablets) the elements might not be the same as the print version.  If this is the case you need to use the information you do have e.g. loc or %

(Adams, 1979, loc 876) or Adams (1979, loc 876)

Adams, D. (1979)  The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy.  Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Downloaded: 28 August 2013) .

How to reference a journal article 

Journal articles with up to 3 authors (applies to paper and electronic versions).

(Parton and Fleming, 2008) or Parton and Fleming (2008)

Parton, S. and Fleming, H. (2008) 'Academic libraries and learning support in collaboration',  New Review of Academic Librarianship , 13(1), pp. 79-89. Available at:  https://doi.org/10.1080/13614530802021698

Journal articles with 4 or more authors (applies to both paper and electronic formats - for instance this article is electronic and includes a doi * see below for information on doi's).

(Norrie  et al ., 2012) or Norrie  et al.  (2012)

Norrie, C. et al. (2012) 'Doing it differently? A review of literature on teaching reflective practice across health and social care professions',  Reflective Practice , 13(4), pp. 565-578 . Available at: https://doi-org.ezproxy.tees.ac.uk/10.1080/14623943.2012.670628 

How to Reference an electronic journal article with doi

Barke, Mowl and Shield's study (2010) ....

Barke, M., Mowl, S. and Shields, G. (2010) 'Malaga - a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187-212. Available at:  https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

* a doi (Digital Object Identifier) is used to identify individual digital (online) sources, such as journal articles and conference papers. No accessed date is needed.

How to Reference an electronic journal article with URL

An example cited by Dutta and Marjit (2016, p. 120).

Dutta, M. and Marjit, S. (2016) 'Intra-country technology transfer', Indian Ecomonic Review , 51(1/2), new series, pp. 117-127. Available at:  https://www.jstor.org/stable/44376239  (Accessed: 27 May 2021). 

How to reference a website  

BBC (2018)  or  (BBC, 2018)

BBC (2018)  News . Available at: 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news  

(Accessed: 14 May 2018).

How to reference an Act of Parliament (for UK after 1963)

( wild animals in circuses act   2019 ).

Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019, c. 24. Available at:  https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2019/24/contents  (Accessed: 23 November 2023).

Section of an Act:

As outlined in section 20(2) of the Act ( Children and Families Act 2014 )....

Reference List

Children and Families Act 2014, c. 6 . Available at:  https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/6/contents (Accessed: 23 November 2023).

We have 2 workshops designed to help you with different aspects of referencing, from how to reference correctly to how to incorporate references into your academic writing:

1. How to reference … books

Become more confident about your referencing skills.  This 30-minute workshop outlines how to create Harvard references for the books you use when writing your assignments. 

We explain how to create references for books when: 

• There is more than one author
• It is not the 1 st  edition
• You are using an ebook
• You are referring to a chapter in an edited book

This workshop is not subject specific and is suitable for any student who needs help with the basics of referencing.

How to reference journal articles

We also have a presentation on how to reference journal articles.  This includes:

What to do when there is more than one author 

When to use italics 

The slides are not subject specific and are suitable for any student who needs help with the basics of referencing. 

2. How to use references

This session will improve your skills in using references in your writing.  The workshop will show you how to:  

incorporate references into your writing  

identify the different styles of in-text citation and when to use them  

develop techniques in paraphrasing  

If you thought this information was useful you may want to look at some of the other Learning Hub guides aimed at helping students with:

       Writing

If you have any comments about this skills guide, we would love to know them. 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License .

• Last Updated: Feb 29, 2024 4:17 PM
• URL: https://libguides.tees.ac.uk/referencing

• Free Tools for Students
• Harvard Referencing Generator

Free Harvard Referencing Generator

Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.

It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.

The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Harvard Referencing Generator?

Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).

🙌 Why should I use a Harvard Referencing Generator?

A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:

• It provides a way to organise and keep track of the sources referenced in the content of an academic paper.
• It ensures that references are formatted correctly -- inline with the Harvard referencing style -- and it does so considerably faster than writing them out manually.

A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Harvard Referencing Generator?

Here's how to use our reference generator:

• If citing a book, website, journal, or video: enter the URL or title into the search bar at the top of the page and press the search button.
• Choose the most relevant results from the list of search results.
• Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required.
• Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later.

MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:

🍏 What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?

There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:

• Cite Them Right
• Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU)
• University of the West of England (UWE)

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Harvard Referencing Generator

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
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• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

What is the Harvard Referencing System?

The Harvard style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people’s quotes, findings and ideas into their work. This is done in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. The popular Harvard format is typically used in assignments and publications for humanities as well as natural, social and behavioural sciences.

It is a parenthetical referencing system that is made up of two main components:

• In-text references including the author’s surname and the year of publication should be shown in brackets wherever another source has contributed to your work
• A reference list outlining all of the sources directly cited in your work

While in-text references are used in the Harvard referencing system to briefly indicate where you have directly quoted or paraphrased a source, your reference list is an alphabetised list of complete references that enables your reader to locate each source with ease. Each entry should be keyed to a corresponding parenthetical reference in the main body of your work so that a reader can take an in-text citation and quickly retrieve the source from your reference list.

Note that some universities, and certain disciplines, may also require you to provide a bibliography. This is a detailed list of all of the material you have consulted throughout your research and preparation, and it will demonstrate the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.

‘Harvard referencing’ is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an economical way of writing, and it is generally more accessible to the reader as there are no footnotes crowding the page. Only the name of the author, the publication date of the source and, if necessary, the page numbers are included in parenthetical references, for example:

(Joyce, 2008).

Use the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator to create your fully-formatted in-text references and reference list in the blink of an eye.

Popular Harvard Referencing Examples

• Chapter of a book
• Conference proceedings 
• Court case 
• Dissertation 
• Encyclopedia article 
• Image online or video
• Presentation or lecture
• Video, film, or DVD

Cite This For Me Harvard Referencing Guide

Not sure how to format your Harvard references, what references are, or simply curious about the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing tool? Our guide can answer your questions and offer you a comprehensive introduction to the style. (Note that Cite This For Me is not officially associated with the style.)

Sometimes, students do not encounter referencing until they embark onto degree-level studies, yet it is a crucial academic skill that will propel you towards establishing yourself in the academic community. So, if you need a helping hand with your referencing then why not try the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator? The Cite This For Me automated referencing generator accesses knowledge from across the web, assembling all of the relevant information into a formatted reference list that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work. Using this citation generator to cite your sources enables you to cross the finish line in style.

It is important to bear in mind that there is a plethora of different referencing styles out there – the use of any particular one depends on the preference of your university, subject, professor or the publication you are submitting the work to. If you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your tutor and follow their guidelines. The Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator above will create your references in the Harvard – Cite Them Right (10th Edition) format as standard, but it can auto-generate references in 7,000+ styles. So, whether your professor has asked you to adopt APA referencing , or your discipline requires you to use OSCOLA referencing , Vancouver or MLA , we have the style you need. To accurately create references in a specific format, simply sign up to Cite This For Me and select your chosen style.

Are you struggling with referencing an unfamiliar source type? Or feeling confused about whether to cite a piece of common knowledge? Our Harvard reference generator and this guide will help provide you with everything you need to get both your parenthetical references and reference list completed quickly and accurately.

Why do I Need to Reference?

Referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to the concept, but it’s essential. Simply put, referencing is the citing of sources you have utilised to support your essay, research, conference, article etc. Even if you are using the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing tool, understanding why you need to reference will go a long way in helping you to naturally integrate the process into your research and writing routine.

Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even when you have completely reworded the information. The only exception to this rule is common knowledge – e.g., London is the capital city of England. Whilst plagiarism is not always intentional, it is easy to accidentally plagiarise your work when you are under pressure from imminent deadlines, you have managed your time ineffectively, or if you lack confidence when putting ideas into your own words. The consequences can be severe; deduction of marks at best, expulsion from university or legal action from the original author at worst. Find out more here.

This may sound overwhelming, but plagiarism can be easily avoided by citing your sources and carrying out your research and written work thoughtfully and responsibly. Use the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator to do so! We have compiled a handy checklist to follow whilst you are working on an assignment.

How to avoid plagiarism:

• Formulate a detailed plan – carefully outline both the relevant content you need to include, as well as how you plan on structuring your work
• Manage your time effectively – make use of time plans and targets, and give yourself enough time to read, write and proofread
• Keep track of your sources – record all of the relevant publication information as you go (e.g., If you are referencing a book you should note the author or editor’s name(s), year of publication, title, edition number, city of publication, name of publisher). Carefully save each quote, word-for-word, and place it in inverted commas to differentiate it from your own words
• When you are paraphrasing information, make sure that you use only your own words and a sentence structure that differs from the original text
• Save all of your research and references in a safe place – organise and manage your references using the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator.

Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic reading will enhance your work’s authenticity. Academic writing values original thought that analyses and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It is therefore important to use a Harvard referencing generator to accurately signpost where you have used someone else’s ideas. This will show your reader that you have delved deeply into your chosen topic and supported your thesis with expert opinions.

Here at Cite This For Me we understand how precious your time is. This is why we created the Cite This For Me referencing tool and Harvard referencing guide to help relieve the unnecessary stress of referencing.

Harvard Referencing Guidelines by School

• Anglia University Harvard Referencing
• Bournemouth University Harvard Referencing
• Cardiff University Harvard Referencing
• Coventry University Harvard Referencing
• DMU Harvard Referencing
• Edge Hill University Harvard Referencing
• Imperial College University Harvard Referencing
• Leeds University Harvard Referencing
• LSBU Harvard Referencing
• MMU Harvard Referencing
• SHU Harvard Referencing
• Staffordshire University Harvard Referencing
• UCA Harvard Referencing
• UWE Harvard Referencing
• UWS Harvard Referencing
• Wolverhampton University Harvard Referencing

How do I Create and Format Harvard Style In-text References?

When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the main body of your essay you should:

• Provide the author’s surname and date of publication in brackets right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence.

There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach to cognition… (Lutz and Huitt, 2004).

• If you have already mentioned the author in the sentence, you should enter only the year of publication in brackets directly after where the author’s surname is mentioned.

In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest that…

• If you are quoting a particular section of the source (rather than the entire work), you should also include a page number or page range within the brackets after the date.

“…the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a large set of knowledge or skills …” (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p. 8), which means that …

• Note that if the source has four or more authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames; simply use the first author’s surname followed by the abbreviation ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) in italics.

As well as saving you valuable time, the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing tool will enable you to easily avoid common referencing errors.

How Do I Format My Harvard Style Reference List?

The brief in-text Harvard references in your work should directly link to your reference list. Utilising and building on a wide range of relevant sources is a guaranteed way of impressing your reader, and a comprehensive list of the source material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research efforts.

Follow these Harvard referencing guidelines when compiling your reference list:

• Start your reference list on a new page at the end of your document
• Use ‘Reference List’ as the heading
• Copy each of your full-length references from the Harvard referencing tool into a list
• Arrange the list in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (titles with no author are alphabetised by the work’s title, and if you are citing two or more sources by the same author they should be listed in chronological order of the year of publication)
• General formatting should be in keeping with the rest of your work
• Italicise titles of books, reports, conference proceedings etc. For journal articles, the title of the journal should be printed in italics, rather than the title of the journal article
• Capitalise the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a place name and publisher

As a general rule a Harvard reference list includes every source that you have cited in your work, whilst a bibliography also contains any relevant background reading which you have consulted (even those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your bibliography should start on its own page, with the same formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources listed alphabetically. You may be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so check this with your tutor.

Reference list / bibliography examples:

• Book, one author:

Martin, K. (2019) The queen of hearts . New York: Berkley.

• Edited book with a chapter written by an author:

Mooney, L.R. (2011) ‘Vernacular literary manuscripts and their scribes’, in Gillespie, A. and Wakelin, D. (eds.) The production of books in England 1350-1500 . New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 192-211.

• One author, book, multiple editions:

Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes . 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.

If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference.

If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the reference:

Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY)

• More than three authors, journal article:

Shakoor, S., Jaffee, S.R., Bowes, L., Ouellet-Morin, l., Andreou, P., Happé, F., Moffitt, T.E. and Arseneault, L. (2011) ‘A prospective longitudinal study of children’s theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 53(3), pp. 254–261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x.

• Conference papers:

Drogen, E. (2014) ‘Changing how we think about war: The role of psychology’, The British Psychological Society 2014 annual conference . The ICC, Birmingham British Psychological Society, 07-09 May 2014.

• Web pages with one author:

Raiford, T. (2015) 20 amazing dog breeds from England . Available at https://puppytoob.com/ (Accessed: 6 November 2019).

If your web page is missing a date of publication, or information about when it was last updated, place (no date) directly after the author’s name. Make sure to include the accessed date at the end of the reference.

Butterfield, L. (2019) ‘Research spotlight: I want to get high enough up the chain to pull others over the wall with me’, Oxford science blog , 1 November. Available at: http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog (Accessed 5 November 2019).

When referencing blog posts, the year of publication is placed in parentheses directly after the author of the posting. The day and month of publication are placed in the reference after the title of the blog site. Make sure to include the accessed date at the end of the reference as well.

If the author uses a pseudonym, use it in in the author’s position. Do not attempt to seek out the author’s full name. Remember, the goal of a reference to make it simple for the reader of your work to seek out the source for themselves.

• Social Media Posts:

Whilst scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles, books, conference papers, and research reports are considered high-quality source materials, it is not uncommon to come across social media posts featured and discussed in projects. Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram provide easy access to information on a number of personally owned devices. In addition, they promote interaction among its participants, thus allowing for deliberation and debate.

When creating a reference for a social media post, it is recommended to include the main URL of the social media platform, not the URL of the individual post. This prevents readers from clicking on links that may lead to a blocked post behind a private account.

Do not include the content of the individual post in the full reference. If the reader strives to see the contents of the post in its entirety, the information provided in both the text and on the final page of the project provide enough information for the reader to locate it on their own.

John, E. (2019) [ Facebook ] 31 October. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/EltonJohn/ (Accessed 12 November 2019).

Rushdie, S. (2019) [ Twitter ] 10 October. Available at: https://twitter.com/SalmanRushdie (Accessed 2 November 2019).

Are you struggling to find all of the publication information to complete a reference? Did you know that our Harvard reference generator can help you do it?

Time is of the essence when you’re finishing a paper, but there’s no need to panic because you can compile your reference list using the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your reference list.

Harvard Style Formatting Guidelines

Accurate referencing doesn’t only help protect your work from plagiarism – presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the Harvard referencing system’s formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have formatted your whole paper – including your reference list – according to the style’s formatting guidelines.

How to format in Harvard:

• Margins: 2.5cm on all sides
• Suggested fonts: Times New Roman, Arial and Courier New for Windows; Times New Roman, Helvetica and Courier for Mac, 12pt size. Ensure that all references are in the same font as the rest of the work
• Shortened title followed by the page number in the header, aligned to the right
• Double-space the entirety of the paper
• ½ inch indentation for every new paragraph (press tab bar)
• Unlike other popular reference styles, this particular style does not call for a hanging indent for the second and any subsequent lines of references. Instead, this style requires all lines to sit flush against the left margin.
• Reference list on a separate page at the end of the body of your work. If your professor requests a bibliography too (a list of sources that were used to help gain background knowledge on the topic), it can be placed at the end of the assignment as well.

Even when using a Harvard referencing generator, always check with your professor for specified guidelines – there is no unified ‘Harvard Style’ for the formatting of a paper.

A Brief History of the Harvard Style

The author-date system is attributed to eminent zoologist Edward Laurens Mark (1847-1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvard’s zoological laboratory. It is widely agreed that the first evidence of the citation style can be traced back to Mark’s landmark cytological paper (Chernin, 1988). The paper breaks away from previous uses of inconsistent and makeshift footnotes through its use of a parenthetical author-date citation accompanied by an explanatory footnote.

• Parenthetic author-year citation, page 194 of Mark’s 1881 paper:

[…] The appearance may be due solely to reflection from the body itself. (Comp. Flemming, ‘78b, p. 310.*)

• Mark’s rationale for his citational scheme:

*The numbers immediately following an author’s name serve the double purpose of referring the reader to the list (p. 591) where the titles of papers are given, and of informing him at once of the approximate date of the paper in question.

A tribute dedicated to Mark in 1903 by 140 students credits Mark’s paper with having ‘introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliography’ (Parker, 1903). Today Harvard referencing is widely considered one of the most accessible styles and is used across most subjects.

The Evolution of the Harvard Referencing Style

Due to its simplicity and ease of use, the format has become one of the most widely adopted citation styles in the world. However, many universities offer their own unique style guide, and each has its own nuances when it comes to punctuation, order of information and formatting rules. UK university-specific styles, such as Bristol University Harvard, are available via the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator. Simply go to the Cite This For Me website to login to your Cite This For Me account and search for the version you need. Make sure you apply consistency throughout your work.

The Cite This For Me Harvard reference generator currently uses the Cite Them Right 10th Edition, which has evolved in recent years to match the ever advancing digital age. It is increasingly easy for writers to access information and knowledge via the internet, and in turn the Harvard referencing guidelines are continually updated to include developments in electronic publishing. This guide is not affiliated with Cite Them Right, but it does cover the basics of the Harvard style.

Key differences we identified from previous Cite Them Right editions:

• Previous editions required printed books and eBooks to be referenced differently – in the 9th edition, both were referenced using the same template (if all the necessary information is available). An Ebook is considered to be the digital format of a published book (or a book that is only published in digital format) that is meant for reading on an electronic device.
• URLs are no longer a requirement for digital media if the information provided in the reference is sufficient to find the source without it. They should be included if the source is difficult to find, or if pieces of information needed for Harvard referencing are missing.
• The 10th edition of the guide includes structures for Twitter and play performances.

These days students draw on a diverse range of digital sources to support their written work. Whether you are citing a hashtag on Instagram, a podcast or a mobile app, the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing tool will help you take care of your references and generate them for the sources you want to cite.

How do I Create Accurate References?

Disheartened by the stressful process of referencing? Got a fast-approaching deadline? Using the Cite This For Me accessible and free Harvard generator makes creating accurate references easier, leaving more time for you to focus on achieving your academic goals.

Create an account to add and edit references on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries, utilise our add-ons and save your work in the cloud. Things get even easier with Cite This For Me for Chrome – a handy browser extension that allows you to instantly create and edit a reference while you browse the web. Use the Harvard referencing tool on any webpage that you want to reference, and add it to your chosen project without interrupting your workflow.

The Cite This For Me reference management tool is here to help you, so what are you waiting for? Help creating accurate Harvard style references is just a few clicks away!

Reference List

Chernin, E. (1988) The ‘Harvard System’: A mystery dispelled. Available at: http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016)

Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume . New York: Henry Holt.

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right . London: Palgrave Macmillan.

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• Referencing Books in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples

Referencing Books in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples

Published on 12 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

To reference a book in Harvard style , you need an in-text citation and a corresponding entry in your reference list or bibliography .

A basic book reference looks like this:

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Table of contents

Edition or volume of a book, edited or translated book, book chapter, dictionary or encyclopedia, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.

If the book you’re citing is a second or later edition (i.e. when the edition is stated on the title page or cover), specify this in your reference. Abbreviate ‘edition’ to ‘edn’ or ‘revised edition’ to ‘rev ed’.

When referencing a book published in multiple volumes, include the total number of volumes in your reference.

If you’re just referencing one volume, omit the total number but include the number and subtitle of the particular volume you’re referencing as part of the title.

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If a book specifies an editor and/or translator, this information should be included in the reference.

When a book has an editor in addition to the main author, the editor’s name is included later in the reference.

When the editor is the main author (i.e. when it’s their name on the cover), their name comes first. Use “ed.” for a single editor and “eds.” if there are multiple editors.

If you use a specific chapter or work from an edited collection, follow the format for referencing a book chapter instead.

When you reference a book that has been translated from another language, include the original language and the translator’s name.

Unlike other names, the translator’s name is not inverted: the initial comes first.

If a book contains chapters or works by various different authors, such as a collection of essays or an anthology of short stories, reference the specific chapter or work, followed by details of the book.

The chapter title appears in quotation marks, while the book title is italicized. At the end of the reference, specify the page range on which the chapter appears.

If a book is entirely written by one author, always reference the whole book, even if you only discuss one chapter.

Dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference works very often don’t list specific authors. In these cases, they are cited and referenced using their titles in the author position:

Where a reference work does have an author, it can be referenced like a normal book. Where different sections of a reference work are attributed to different authors, they can be referenced like chapters in an edited book.

When an ebook is presented like a printed book, with page numbers and publication details included, you can reference it in the same format as you would the print version.

Otherwise, the ebook format differs slightly: I nclude a link to where you found or purchased it online instead of publisher information. This link is generally just to the store or database you used, not the specific book.

In addition, in-text citations will have to use something other than page numbers when necessary, such as a percentage or location number. Use whatever marker is available on your device.

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard style , when you quote directly from a source that includes page numbers, your in-text citation must include a page number. For example: (Smith, 2014, p. 33).

You can also include page numbers to point the reader towards a passage that you paraphrased . If you refer to the general ideas or findings of the source as a whole, you don’t need to include a page number.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

• (Smith, 2019a)
• (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

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Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Referencing Books in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 14 May 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-book-reference/

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