literature review of 5kva inverter

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Electrical / Electronics Engineering Topics

Design And Construction Of A 5KVA Solar Power Inverter

Project and Seminar Material For Electrical Electronics Engineering EEE

This work is on solar inverter converts direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical balance of system (BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.

Approval Page
Acknowledgement
Table of Content

Chapter One

1.0 introduction.

1.1 Background of the Project

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 aim and objective of the project, 1.4 scope of the project, 1.5 purpose of the project, 1.6 significance of the project, 1.7 limitation of the project, 1.8 motivation.

1.9 Research Methodology
1.10 Project Organisation

Chapter Two

2.0 literature review.

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Review of Related Studies
2.3 Overview of the Study
2.4 Overview of Solar Energy
2.5 Maximum Angle of Inclination
2.6 Solar Panel
2.7 Review of Different Photovoltaic Mounting System

Chapter Three

3.0 methodology.

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Block Diagram
3.3 Description of Solar Inverter Units
3.4 System Circuit Diagram
3.5 Circuit Operation and Description
3.6 Description of Components Used
3.7 How to Choose a Right Inverter and Battery

Chapter Four

Result analysis.

4.1 Implementation
4.2 Testing of System Operation
4.3 Testing of Solar Panels
4.4 Solar Panel Maintenance

Chapter Five

5.0 conclusion and recommendation, 5.1 conclusion, 5.2 recommendation, 1.1 background of the study.

Solar inverter converts direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection

The solar inverter is a vital component in a solar energy system. It performs the conversion of the variable DC output of the Photovoltaic (PV) module(s) into a clean sinusoidal 50 or 60 Hz AC current that is then applied directly to the commercial electrical grid or to a local, off-grid electrical network. A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell) is the smallest solid-state device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. A Photovoltaic (PV) module is an assembly of cells in series or parallel to increase voltage and/or current. A Panel is an assembly of modules on a structure. An Array is an assembly of panels at a site.

Typically, communication support scheme is included so users can monitor the inverter and report on power and operating conditions, provide firmware updates and control the inverter grid connection.

At the heart of the inverter is a real-time microcontroller. The controller executes the very precise algorithms required to invert the DC voltage generated by the solar module into AC. This controller is programmed to perform the control loops necessary for all the power management functions necessary including DC/DC and DC/AC. The controller also maximizes the power output from the PV through complex algorithms called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The PV maximum output power is dependent on the operating conditions and varies from moment to moment due to temperature, shading, cloud cover, and time of day so adjusting for this maximum power point is a continuous process. For systems with battery energy storage, the two controller can control the charging as well as switch over to battery power once the sun sets or cloud cover reduces the PV output power.

If there is one factor that has perpetually maintained the status of Nigeria as a less developed country, it is its electricity sector. Till date, many households and industrial businesses cannot be guaranteed of 24 hours supply of electricity from the National grid. At this stage of Nigeria’s social and economic development, the country cannot deliver sufficient energy to the citizens despite huge financial resources that have been expended in the sector.

Rather, Nigerians have continued to rely on electricity generators for their power supply, fuel marketers are taking significant portion of households, institutions of learning, and businesses incomes to supply power, noise pollution from regular humming generators have become integral part of living for many Nigerians with imaginable consequences on their health. Because of these problems, there is a need to design and construct the solar panel inverter which is an off grid inverter to overcome power supply challenge in the society, reduce cost of energy consumed and eliminate noise/environmental pollution that is associated with running of generator.

The main aim of this project is to design and construct a solar power generating device that can collect an input dc voltage from the solar panel and convert it to 220vac output which can be use to power ac appliances.

The objectives are as follows: –

To ensure continuous availability of power supply in the cause of main outage during an execution of an important or urgent assignment. Thereby enabling the department meet up with its office duties even when central power is not available.
To reduce load on the National grid that turn to be reduce the overall energy consumption dependency on the main energy supply in the country
To decrease customer utility bill on energy utilization because of its non-fuel consumption, low price and maintenance cost as compared to the convectional sources of power supplies within International and Local market.
To reduce carbon discharges and subsequently reduce global warming particularly in a period when poor climatic change has become a threat to human survival and life in general to all living creatures hence an ever increasing concern to control it.

The main function of solar inverter is to convert battery’s Direct Current (DC) into Alternative Current (AC) to feed home compliances.

Solar power inverter system is consisted of solar panels, charger controllers, inverters and rechargeable batteries, while solar DC power system is not included inverters.

Basically, solar power source makes it possible to provide a clean reliable and quality supply of alternative electricity free of surges which could be found in the line voltage frequency (50Hz). This project design aims at creating a 5000watts power source which can be utilized as a regular power source for private individuals in the office or at home. This project involves the design and construction of a 5000Watt hybrid Solar PV (photovoltaic) system which involves a solar panel, car battery and an inverter. Furthermore, as a consumer is generating his or her own electricity they also will benefit from a reduction in their electricity bills.

The purpose of this work is to build a power generating device that is noiseless or carbon free which can be use to overcome the erratic nature of power supply in our country.

The solar inverter is the second most significant (and second most expensive) component of a solar PV system. It’s important because it converts the raw Direct Current (DC) solar power that is produced by the solar panels into Alternating Current (AC) power that comes out of the wall sockets outlet. Inverters also have technology that maximizes the power output of that DC energy.

The use of solar power has many advantages. Firstly, the energy from the sun is free and readily accessible in most parts of the world. Moreover, the sun will keep shining until the world’s end. Also, silicon from which most photovoltaic cells are made is an abundant and nontoxic element (the second most abundant material in the earth’s crust).

Secondly, the whole energy conversion process is environmentally friendly. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of natural resources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also produced in the case of burning fuels. Solar power uses only the power of the sun as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes actively to the reduction of global warming.

As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-

i. Difficulty in Information Collection:

I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.

ii. Difficulty in Parts Gathering:

I found it too difficult when gathering electronics parts used for the prototype.

iii. Financial Constraint:

Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

iv. Time Constraint:

The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

The world as a whole is on a trajectory towards the exhaustion of fossil fuels. When that unavoidable exhaustion has been accomplished, possibly around the end of this century, whatever electrical energy is consumed by the civilization must be derived from renewable resources, which means that the sophisticated electricity-on-demand to which we have been accustomed, will be lost. Numerous researches have been accomplished in the field of renewable energy. Especially, research regarding renewable energy potential in a geographical location is much needed to promote renewable energy penetration.

For instance, studies such as focusing on Nigeria’s renewable mix, renewable harnessing potential, political aspects are highly needed to drive the decisions towards renewable. Apart from it, due to seasonal variations and intermittency characteristics of renewable energy, accurate predictions of various renewable energy resources are pivotal. Distributed generation systems have been gaining importance and renewable energies are getting a bigger ratio within energy production.

This promoted the usage of renewable energy with supporting various energy conﬁguration and energy storage systems. When considering all the renewable, Solar PV has been considered to be a vital renewable source

1.8 Research Methodology

In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.

1.9 Project Organisation

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) installers, also known as PV installers, assemble, install, and maintain solar panel systems on rooftops or other structures.

Solar PV panels convert sunlight to electricity, and PV installers put these systems in place. PV installers use a variety of hand and power tools to install PV panels. They often use drills, wrenches, saws, and screwdrivers to connect panels to frames, wires, and support structures.

Many new PV installers begin by performing basic tasks, such as installing support structures and placing PV panels or PV shingles on top of them. Once the panels are in place, more-experienced installers usually perform more-complex duties, such as connecting electrical components.

Depending on the job and state laws, PV installers may connect the solar panels to the electric grid, although electricians sometimes perform this duty. Once the panels are installed, workers check the electrical systems for proper wiring, polarity, and grounding, and they also perform maintenance as needed.

Working on this topic as my project is a good idea and it comes at the right time. I am suggesting that this particular topic should also be given to other students both in higher and lower class.

For maximum energy gain, solar panels should be inclined at optimal tilt angle and seasonal adjustment of the panel may lead to considerable gain in power obtained from solar energy.

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 5KVA SOLAR INVERTER

₦ 3,000.00 Original price was: ₦ 3,000.00. ₦ 2,999.00 Current price is: ₦ 2,999.00.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.5 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.8 MOTIVATION

1.9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.10 PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

2.4 OVERVIEW OF SOLAR ENERGY

2.5 MAXIMIUM ANGLE OF INCLINATION

2.6 SOLAR PANEL

2.7 REVIEW OF DIFFERENT PHOTOVOLTAIC MOUNTING SYSTEM

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.3 DESCRIPTION OF SOLAR INVERTER UNITS

3.4 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.5 CIRCUIT OPERATION AND DESCRIPTION

3.6 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

3.7 HOW TO CHOOSE A RIGHT INVERTER AND BATTERY

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 IMPLEMENTATION

4.2 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.3 TESTING OF SOLAR PANELS

4.4 SOLAR PANEL MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

5.2 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objectives are as follows: –

(i) To ensure continuous availability of power supply in the cause of main outage during an execution of an important or urgent assignment. Thereby enabling the department meet up with its office duties even when central power is not available.
(ii) To reduce load on the National grid that turn to be reduce the overall energy consumption dependency on the main energy supply in the country
To decrease customer utility bill on energy utilization because of its non-fuel consumption, low price and maintenance cost as compared to the convectional sources of power supplies within International and Local market.
To reduce carbon discharges and subsequently reduce global warming particularly in a period when poor climatic change has become a threat to human survival and life in general to all living creatures hence an ever increasing concern to control it.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The main function of solar inverter is to convert battery’s Direct Current (DC) into Alternative Current (AC) to feed home compliances.

Solar power inverter system is consisted of solar panels, charger controllers, inverters and rechargeable batteries, while solar DC power system is not included inverters.

1.5 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to build a power generating device that is noiseless or carbon free which can be use to overcome the erratic nature of power supply in our country.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-

Difficulty in information collection : I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
Difficulty in parts gathering : I found it too difficult when gathering electronics parts used for the prototype.
Financial Constraint : Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time Constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.9 PROJECT ORGANISATION

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 5KVA INVERTER

ABSTRACT This project presents the design and construction of a 5kVA Square Wave inverter system that can supply for 11 Hrs. It complements the unreliable and epileptic power supply from the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). The output of the square wave inverter is similar to modified sine wave output except that the output of the latter goes to zero volts for a time before switching positive or negative. Square wave inverters are designed to satisfy the efficiency requirements of the photovoltaic systems while being less expensive than pure sine wave inverters. These inverters are capable of operating a wide variety of loads; electrical and household items including but not limited to TV, VCR, and satellite receiver, computer, and printer. Literature review of the past project work was carried out and improvements were made in the area of overvoltage & under-voltage protection, voltage level indication & drain protection. The result of the experiment performed shows that the constructed inverter work satisfactorily, with an error of 0.034%on the charging protection This work also carried out a switching function which switches when the main power supply is restored from the inverting mode to mains and at the same time provides the means for prolonging the lifespan of the battery by preventing it from overcharging and over-usage. TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE i CERTIFICATION PAGEiidedicationacknowledgmentsabstractTABLE OF CONTENTSviLIST OF FIGURESix CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction11.1 Background of the study11.2 Problem statement21.3 Aim and Objective21.4 Scope of the project31.5 Methodology 31.6 Motivation 31.7 Report Outline 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION 52.1 Review of the past project 62.2 Power supply 72.3 Transformer 82.3.1 Core Characteristic of a Transformer 92.3.2 Different Types of Winding 92.3.3 EMF Equation of the Transformer 102.3.4 Voltage Transformer Ratio (K) 112.4 Rectifier 122.4.1 DC Filter 132.5 Oscillator 142.5.1 Multivibrator 142.5.1.1 AstableMultivibrator 152.5.1.2 Mono Stable Multivibrator 152.5.1.3 Bistable Multivibrator 152.6 Operational amplifier as comparator 162.7 Review of Component 162.7.1 Zener Diode 172.7.2 Relay 172.7.2.1 Relay Operation 182.7.3 Transistor 182.7.3.1 Advantages of a MOSFET over BJT 192.7.4 Capacitor 202.7.4.1 Application of Capacitor 202.7.5 Resistor 212.7.5.1 Fixed Resistor 212.7.5.2 Variable Resistor 212.8 Battery 22 CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN AND CALCULATION 3.1 Theoretical Background 233.2 Analysis and Design 243.2.1 Transformer Design 243.2.1.1 Conductor Diameter of the Transformer 273.2.2 Rectifier 283.2.3 Expected Duration of the inverter in its inverting mode (Battery) 293.2.4 Delay Unit 303.2.5 Oscillator 313.2.6 Driver Stage 323.2. 7 Amplification Stage 333.3 Implementation 37 CHAPTER FOUR: CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING 4.1 Construction 384.2 Final Design Test 404.3 Result Obtained 404.2.1 Result Obtained from Inverter 414.3 Discussion of Result Obtained 43 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary 455.2 Conclusion 455.3 Recommendation 46REFERENCES 47APPENDICES 48 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Electricity supply is one of the economic infrastructural facilities that are indispensable to a nation’s economic development. The efficiency of the supply of electricity will not only influence returns on investment on existing enterprises, but it also plays a major role in the creation of an economic environment that influences decisions on a potential investment.The electricity which is the main source of power for our domestic consumption, industrial development, the center of learning, and medical centers should really be rehabilitated into the enhancement of productivity.However, power failure has resulted in people buying generators for their own daily activity. Other businesses are also not functioning due to the absence of a constant power supply. These are the reasons that necessitate the designing and construction of an inverter and another standby system that can deliver maximum output power to the load. As society grows from simple to complex, mankind began to spread all over the earth and so it becomes necessary to enjoy power using an inverter.Statistics have shown that the number of business that has been closed simply because of power problem and cannot be overemphasized, so mankind need inverter seriously in other to restore technology development, businesses, communications, learning center and medical centers. However, the background of the study lies within the reason why and the construction of the inverter should be forwarded and factors that enhance inverter marketability.Finally, the success of this study will be beneficial to society at large. Mass production of inverters will lead to improving the standard of living of the populace and the nation will move forward in its pursuit of technological development.

1.2 Problem Statement As a result of continuous power failure and fluctuation in power supply by the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), sensitive appliances and systems are affected by the interruption power supply. Then, this project is to provide a backup and reliable power supply of 5000kva to power a standard five-bedroom flat.

1.3 Aim and objective The aim of this project is to design and construct a circuit that will take a 24v dc input from the battery and provide a 5000VA output that will be able to supply a standard five-bedroom flat. The objectives are:-v To design a circuit that will convert dc to ac power for various appliances used in domestic homes.v To provide a noiseless source of electricity generation.v To have a source of generating electricity that has no negative effect on the environment (i.e. no greenhouse effect).v To provide a source of electrical power with low maintenance cost and zero fuel cost.

1.4 Scope of the Project The Scope of this project is to design and construct an inverter with an output power rating of 5kVA, the maximum output current of 22.72A, the output voltage of 220V AC from a 24V DC input This project is basically designed for single-phase domestic loads. The project is to be realized using simple and relatively cheap components available in the local markets.

1.5 Methodology v To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved.v Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve its efficiency.v Draw a block diagram.v Design and calculation for charge controller and inverter.v Studying of various component charge controllers and inverter circuits.v Construct a charge controller and an inverter circuit.1.6 MotivationThe inverter is the best when it comes to backup since they can come up very fast and they generate little or no noise, unlike the generator. Even in an area with a constant power supply, power outages due to natural causes and faults are usually unannounced. It is therefore very important to prevent causalities and loss of goodwill by having a reliable backup power installed.

1.7 Report Outline This report is made up of five chapters. The first chapter gives an introduction to the general concept of power and gives the motivation and objectives which the project report seeks to achieve. It also explains the scope of the project and the problem statement. The second chapter discusses the critical review of the technical and academic literature on previous works, methodology and it also identifies modifications made.The third chapter discusses the principle of operation of the power inverter, design, and calculation of all the basic stages. Chapter four of this project report contains the final construction and design process, soldering, maintenance. etc. testing and test result were also compiled. The fifth chapter contains the conclusion and recommendation of this report.

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Performance Analysis of a 5KVA/48V Inverter System

2019, Performance Analysis of an Inverter System

The initial cost of the power inverter system is significantly higher than the conventional power source. As a result, there is a need for the performance analysis of a particular inverter in order to determine the total load for various applications. The overall aim of the project is the performance analysis of 5kVA/48V inverters for domestic sources of electric power supply. Tactel inverter was considered. The performance of the inverter was analyzed by using different types of electric loads, which consist of resistive, inductive, and composite (a combination of RLC loads); to determine the capacity, quality, and efficiency of the power supplied by the inverter. Results showed that the inverter gave a reliable output power with pure sine wave for resistive loads up to a maximum capacity of 3500W, inductive loads up to a maximum capacity of 1860W, and composite loads up to a maximum capacity of 3500W. The inverter produces a distorted sine wave output for inductive and composite loads exceeding 1860W and 3500W respectively. The harmonic content of the output waveforms increases with increasing inductive and composite loads. Hence, for reliable operation, the maximum efficiency of the inverter when used to power composite loads is 70%.

Related Papers

International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science -IJLTEMAS (www.ijltemas.in)

Due to the erratic power supply in some parts of the World, it is imperative to source for an alternative to the municipal power supply; power generators are uneconomical and generate undesirable noise when in operation. Thus, a power inverter was designed and constructed as an operational unit to serve as an automatic supply unit in case of interruption in the main supply of power and hence reduce power failure for rural and commercial usage. The main objective of this study was to construct and evaluate the performance an electrical power inverter. It was constructed according to the rules and regulation of International Electronic Engineering Standard. Materials used for construction and evaluation of the inverter were carefully sorted and selected locally considering strength, availability, durability and cost. The main component parts include transformer, relay, capacitor, socket, alternator, multi-vibrator, resistor, integrated circuit and transistor. The efficiency was obtained by varying the load on the inverter and measuring the respective power output. The inverter has the highest efficiency of 97.40% at a load of 75W and lowest efficiency of 71.70% at a load of 600W. It was also observed that there is a decrease in the output of the machine when there is a high increase in the load. The inverter can be used for commercial purposes due to its availability in terms of material for construction, strength, its efficiency, conversion of direct current to alternating current and it can also be adopted for use in agricultural establishments.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A 5KVA PURE SINE WAVE INVERTER

Izuchukwu V Obidike , Ejiro Igogori

The purpose of this project is to create an alternative means of electrifying the department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The scarcity and the costly nature of fossil fuels coupled with their noise pollution was the problem we set out to solve whilst implementing the project. Also, the problem of unavailability of electricity and constant interruption of electric supply is what we addressed by embarking on this project. Our study is justified by the successful design and implementation of solar powered 5KVA pure sine wave Inverter for the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri. We presented a concise methodology in the design of our system – 5KVA solar Powered Inverter. This includes the component of the system, the theory, design procedures and calculations involved during the sizing, design and installation of the system. The installation procedures and the risk assessment of the PV system were elaborated meticulously. We observed some precautions in the course of our work which helped us present an error-free system. These precautions are well detailed in the report. With this information we were able to describe a well detailed manual for operation of the system. At the end of the project we were able to produce a pure sine wave 5KVA inverter with an AC output of 220v, 50hz with a tolerance of 5%. The standard distribution voltage of Nigeria is 240v at 50 hz and we from our design we achieved an AC output of 220v, 50hz with a tolerance of 5%.

Advances in Electrical and Telecommunication Engineering (AETE) ISSN: 2636-7416

Samuel Ogunbor

onyeka Ikenga

Opeyemi Segun

Olotu Yahaya

Engr Ajayi Adedayo

Ali Algaddafi

Sabrina De Angeli Souza

Oladepo Olatunde

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