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Case Study: Philippines. Recognising Green Skills for Environmental and Sustainable Development in Four Selected Industries

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• First Online: 05 August 2022

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• Elmer Talavera 6 , 7 , 8  

Part of the book series: Education for Sustainability ((EDFSU,volume 5))

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This chapter presents a study on the identification and recognition of knowledge, skills and competencies required to convert and maintain green enterprises in a Philippine context and in the light of Philippine policies, legislation and investments to stimulate the development of new green markets. It examines the use of ‘green’ practices in enterprises, the benefits and challenges in the application of such practices, the extent to which respondent micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have identified the green skills requirements and whether skills recognition mechanisms such as job cards or other portfolio systems have been put in place as part of recognition processes and workplace training programmes. This chapter begins by giving an overview of the Philippine economy and society and the role of MSMEs in four dynamically developing industry sectors namely, automotive, catering, PVC manufacturing and waste management. Given the environmental challenges and problems faced by enterprises in these sectors, the study looks at the extent to which the government’s green job policies, laws, qualifications framework, training regulations and standards address environmental challenges and problems faced by enterprises. The study thus examines connections between macro policies, rules, laws and regulations and micro-level application through practices and green skills and their recognition through recognition mechanisms.

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Environmental challenges

• Industries and services
• Green practices
• Green skills
• Workplace training

Assessment and certification

• Greening TVET

1 Introduction

A basic premise of the study is that if green skills and green practices are to be promoted and recognised, firms need to understand green skills requirements and the recognition of these skills as an important part of workplace training programmes. There is a lack of interest among micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to recognise environmentally friendly practices. However, this could change with the Philippine government’s Green Jobs Act of 2016, which provides tax reduction and other incentives for MSMEs.

Thus, this paper will put an emphasis on the voices of employers, employees and enterprises that are largely absent from analysis and policy-making. It is important to know what workers in MSMEs think and are learning about green skills in their workplaces. Most notably, they reported that increasing changes around green skills are being implemented into both work roles but not equally in training.

The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) through its National Institute for Technical Education and Skills Development (NITESD) conducted the fieldwork for this study. The data considered stakeholder perspectives at all levels. The analysis will begin by studying the national government standpoint in addressing workplace environment-related issues in all sectors, and then move to obtaining insights on frameworks and standards established by government authorities in collaboration with industry associations or trade unions and other private sector agencies. Finally, it will look at green skills inclusion in recognition practices from the perspective of enterprises.

Rationale for conducting the empirical study in enterprises

While policies and environmental laws, as well as green standards, competences and qualifications have been developed, there is little information on whether they are implemented at the level of MSMEs or in promoting cleaner production processes in the workplace. In many MSMEs, workers involved in the everyday practice of production do not comply with new regulations and standards. However, the questions of compliance of environmentally friendly regulations should not only concern managers and executives, rather, compliance should concern each worker. Another neglected issue is non-formal education or workplace learning, which is believed to be the core element in meeting the training needs of workers. The training must be conducted on the job and in the working environment, adapting teaching methods to the learning abilities of workers, as well as addressing the issues of access and costs. The learning process must address the entire value chain to build an understanding of causalities, interdependencies and environmental impacts. Promoting green skills is not only about automation and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), but also about tracing compliance with environmental regulations at every step in the production process.

The socio-economic environment and the role of industry sectors

The 2019 International Monetary Fund (IMF) statistics ranked the Philippine economy as the 36th largest in the world (IMF 2019 ). The Philippines is considered one of the largest emerging markets and fastest-growing economies in Asia. The Philippine economy, which used to be agriculture-based, is transitioning to services and manufacturing. Its gross domestic product (GDP) based on purchasing power parity in 2016 was estimated at around US $304 billion. The primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil and fruits. Major trading partners include the United States, Japan, the People’s Republic of China, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, Germany and Thailand.

Box 11.1 The economic contributions of the industry and services sectors

Automotive industry

The Philippine automotive manufacturing industry (PAMI)—composed of two core sectors, namely manufacturing of parts and accessories for motor vehicles and the manufacturing of motor vehicles—is one of the major drivers of the Philippine industry, generating approximately P248.5 billion (US$5 billion) sales in 2013;

The industry roadmap has targeted 300,000 quality jobs by 2022;

The local vehicle manufacturing industry is expected to attract P27 billion (US$500 million) in fresh investments, manufacture 600,000 more vehicles and add P300 billion to the domestic economy (equivalent to 1.7% of GDP). This has the approval of the Comprehensive Automotive Resurgence Strategy (CARS) programme in 2016;

The comprehensive operation of the automotive industry extends to other complementary sectors such as textiles, glass, plastics, electronics, rubber, iron and steel. Hence, increasing PAMI’s productivity would likewise increase the economic activity of supporting industries, and the Philippine economy (Palaña 2014 ).

Catering services

As tourism serves as the main market for hotel and restaurant services, the increase in visitor traffic over the past 10 years resulted in a corresponding boom in the catering industry;

Catering services include hotels, motels, restaurants, fast food establishments and educational institutions that provide training and other types of organisations responsible for the promotion of hospitality services;

Businesses also purchase food, tools and supplies to help their establishments to generate revenue for supporting businesses;

The economy is stimulated by employing locals for jobs such as food preparation. In turn, these workers earn wages and become tax payers and contribute to economic growth;

The total income in 2012 by the road service (catering) industry reached P267.5 billion (about US$5 billion). More than half of the total income of the Philippines was earned by the National Capital Region (NCR) amounting to P151.6 billion (US$3 billion) (PSA 2012 ).

PVC manufacturing

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a versatile thermoplastic material used in the production of hundreds of everyday consumer products. International and local investments have generated thousands of jobs for Filipinos since 2000.

The Philippine Resins Industries, Inc. (PRII) is embarking on a P1.68 billion (US$50 million) expansion of its polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing plant in Mariveles, Baatan (Ferriols 2001 ).

Waste management industry

The Philippine waste management sector, which has created many jobs, includes the following activities:

Water collection, treatment, and supply;

Waste removal and disposal services;

Formal recovery of recyclable;

Informal valorisation Footnote 1 of waste products; and

Sewage and remediation activities.

Output value of the different activities

Water collection, treatment and supply: PHP55.1 billion (about US$100 million) (91.1%);

Material recovery: PHP2.3 billion (about US$40 million) (3.8%);

Waste collection: PHP1.9 billion (about US$33 million) (3.1%);

Sewage and remediation activities and other waste management services: PHP0.8 billion (about US$15 million) (1.3%);

Waste treatment and disposal: PHP0.4 billion (about US$7.5 million) (0.6%) (PSA 2014 ).

Source: Authors

Formal sector enterprises

Data for formal sector establishments from the 2010 Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry (ASPBI) highlighted 148,266 formal sector establishments. In terms of employment, data collated by TESDA indicates that waste management had the highest employment figures at 47,176 people, followed by manufacturing at 41,528, automotive at 18,337 and catering at 7,479 people. However, many jobs are precarious or casual and operate on a contractual basis. Not all these jobs are salaried; often they are contractual (PSA 2010 ). Thus, despite considerable industrial development in the country, there are major income and growth disparities between the country's different regions and socio-economic classes. The challenges facing the government are high poverty incidence (33% of the population), increased unemployment rate (6.3% of the active population), and persistent inequality in wealth distribution (PSA 2014 ).

There are several challenges that come with greening the economy. Since 1990, the Philippines has seen significant growth in the services sector (55% of the labour force market), followed by agriculture (29%) and manufacturing/ industry (16%) (Central Intelligence Agency 2017 ). Thus, more green practices in the service sector are particularly important to address.

Challenges to achieving more inclusive growth remain. Even though the economy has grown and the unemployment rate has declined somewhat in recent years, it remains high at around 6.5%; underemployment is also high, ranging from 18 to 19% of the employed. At least 40% of the employed work in the informal sector (Central Intelligence Agency 2017 ). This means that most of the people working in the informal sector have achieved their skills through informal or non-formal education and training while on the job or outside the workplace.

Environmental challenges and national policy responses

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that seven million people worldwide die annually from air pollution—over six million of them were recorded in Asia. Most of these cases are in the People’s Republic of China and India, but experts warned that the Philippines might not be far behind (Montano 2016 ). The Philippines is affected by the increasing density of air pollutants, particularly in cities caused by emissions from vehicles and factories; non-compliance of environmental standards; and incineration (Congress of the Philippines 1990 ). Incineration is defined as the burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous wastes whose process emits toxic and poisonous fumes. Industry and enterprises are contributing greatly to these environmental hazards.

The increasing volume of household, commercial, institutional, and industrial wastes is an increasing concern. A single resident in Manila produces an average of 0.7 kg of waste a day, about 130% higher than the global average of 0.3 kg per person per day. According to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Metro Manila alone produced about 8,400 to 8,600 tonnes of trash per day in 2011. In addition, street sweeping, construction debris, agricultural waste and other non-hazardous/non-toxic waste products continued to pile up in many areas of the country. The lack of strict public compliance and enforcement powers of those in authority were identified as factors for improper waste management. Other salient issues related to the collection and segregation of solid wastes and monitoring of solid waste management.

Another pressing environmental challenge is the worldwide six-fold increase in consumer good production and subsequent increase in global waste generation by 900% since the 1990s according to the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, due to high costs, developed countries could only recycle 11% of their waste. Footnote 2 The rest were exported to developing countries like the Philippines, where environmental laws were weak and where these toxic and hazardous wastes were accepted as additional livelihood opportunities. In addition, the technological revolution has given rise to a new and growing form of toxic and hazardous waste, e-waste (waste electrical and electronic equipment or WEEE), a consequence of the prodigious growth in the number of computers, cell phones and electronic gadgets that started in the 1990s. The Philippines has continued to be one of the leading destinations for chemical products and toxic substances from developing countries and has become one of the leading importers of ‘persistent organic pollutants’ (POPs), which continually pollute agricultural lands and poison the rivers, lakes, and seas (Ilagan et al. 2015 ).

National policy responses to environmental challenge

The leading role of the government in terms of greening has been highlighted by researchers (e.g. Pavlova 2016 ). The Philippines is a good example. Several governmental policies address environmental challenges. The Philippines addressed its plans for a greener future in the 1990 Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD) supplemented in 2004 with the Enhanced Philippine agenda (EPA) 21. In the Philippine development plan (PDP) 2011–2016, the conservation, protection and rehabilitation of the environment and natural resources were highlighted (Baumgarten and Kunz 2016 ).

Administrative order No. 17 issued by the DENR in 2002 provides the national policy context for the analysis of skills for sustainability and the greening of the economy and society. A major authority for the implementation of environmental policies is the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) (Department of Environment and Natural Resources 2002 ).

Box 11.2 Philippine environmental legislation

National laws were enacted in four broad areas.

Republic Act 6969—Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990 provides for a legal framework to control and manage the importation, manufacture, processing, distribution, use, transport, treatment and disposal of toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes. The law prohibits, limits, and regulates the use, manufacture, import, export, transport, processing, storage, possession, and wholesale of priority chemicals that are determined to be regulated, phased-out, or banned because of the serious risks they pose to public health and the environment. The swelling issues of industrial waste, proliferation and waste dumping in the Philippines prompted the implementation of this Act (Congress of the Philippines 1990 ).

Republic Act 8749—Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 provides a comprehensive air quality management policy and programme that aims to achieve and maintain cleaner air for all Filipinos. The law covers all potential sources of air pollution: (1) mobile sources such as motor vehicles; (2) point or stationary sources such as industrial plants; and (3) area sources such as wood or coal burning. Gas/diesel powered vehicles on the road will undergo emission testing, and violators will be subjected to penalties. The law also directs the complete phase-out of leaded gasoline; lowering the sulphur content of industrial and automotive diesel; and lowering aromatics and benzene in unleaded gasoline. All stationary sources must comply with the National Emission Standards for Source Air Pollutants (NESSAP) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and must secure their permission to operate, prior to operations (Congress of the Philippines, 1999 ).

Republic Act 9003–Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 provides for a legal framework for the country’s systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management programme that shall ensure the protection of public health and the environment. Under this law, there are several provisions to manage solid wastes (SW) in the country: (1) Mandatory segregation of SW to be conducted at the source; (2) Systematic collection and transport of wastes and proper protection of garbage collector’s health; (3) Establishment of reclamation programmes and buy-back centres for recyclable and toxic materials; (4) Promotion of eco-labelling and prohibition on non-environmentally acceptable products and packaging; and (5) Prohibition against the use of open dumps and establishment of controlled dumps and sanitary landfills, among others (Congress of the Philippines, 2001 ).

RA 9275–Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 deals with poor water quality management in all surrounding bodies of water, pollution from land-based sources and ineffective enforcement of water quality standards. It also tackles improper collection, treatment, and disposal of domestic sewage, and wastewater charge systems (Congress of the Philippines, 2004 ).

Source: Authors’ compilation based on the Congress of the Philippines legal enactments

2 Terminology and Definitions

Republic Act (RA) 10,771, otherwise known as the Philippine Green Jobs Act of 2016, is the country’s legal mandate for promoting green economies amongst enterprises. The law also grants business incentives, such as special tax deductions from their taxable income and duty-free importation of capital equipment on top of the fiscal and non-fiscal incentives already provided for by existing laws, orders, rules and regulations of the government to encourage them to help generate and sustain ‘green jobs’ (Department of Labour and Employment 2017 ).

The law defines ‘green jobs’ as employment that contributes to preserving or restoring the quality of the environment, be it in the agriculture, industry or the services sector. ‘Green jobs’ shall produce ‘green goods and services’ that would benefit the environment or conserve natural resources. The Law envisions a ‘green economy’ which is low-carbon and resource-efficient, resulting in improved human well-being and social equity in the reduction of environmental risks and ecological scarcities.

The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2011–2016 (NEDA 2014 ) stipulated that green jobs can exist and flourish in all sectors. Green jobs can be found where there are measures taken to: (1) introduce low-carbon policies; (2) adapt to climate change; (3) reduce resource use and energy; and (4) protect biodiversity. The plan prioritised key areas identified as mainstream activities affected by climate change: agriculture, fisheries, forestry, energy, construction, transport (including automotive), manufacturing (including PVC production), services (including catering), tourism and waste management.

The pilot application of ‘Policy guidelines on the just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all’ that is being conducted in three countries, including the Philippines, adopted by the ILO Governing Body in October 2015, enables the government, together with employers, workers, organizations and other stakeholders, to leverage the process of structural change towards a sustainable, low-carbon, climate-resilient economy to create decent jobs on a significant scale (ILO 2017 ).

The Philippines adopts the Cedefop notion of ‘green skills’ defined in terms of the technical skills, knowledge, values, and attitudes needed in the workforce to develop and support sustainable social, economic, and environmental outcomes in business, industry and the community.

Stakeholder involvement in green skills development in the Philippines

Several stakeholders are responsible for implementing the Green Jobs Law. Green jobs and green skills are being promoted through several departments: the Department of Labour and Employment (DOLE) for formulating the National Green Jobs Human Resource Development Plan (NGJHRDP) on the development, enhancement and utilisation of the labour force; the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to establish and maintain a climate-change information management system and network; the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) for ensuring the mainstreaming of green jobs concerns in the development plans; the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) for developing a special business facilitation programme for enterprises; the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) to encourage more investments in public infrastructure and services that foster green growth; the Climate Change Commission (CCC) for developing and administering standards for the assessment and certification of green goods and services of enterprises; and the Department of Finance (DOF) to administer the grant of incentives to qualified enterprises. In relation to the education system, three entities are responsible for implementing respectively green standards, the green curriculum and green skills. These are the Department of Education (DepEd), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and TESDA. In addition, the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) is responsible for facilitating the recognition of knowledge, skills and competency of professionals working in the green economy. The TESDA, the DOLE, and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) will also analyse skills, training and retraining needs in relation to the use of green technology that has the potential to create new green occupations.

Meanwhile, the DTI, which has promoted the three-year Green Economic Development (ProGED) Project jointly with the GIZ of Germany since January 2013, aims to enhance the competitiveness of MSMEs by helping them adopt climate-smart and environmentally friendly strategies through a value chain approach (Silva 2016 ).

Challenges of greening TVET

TVET has been called upon to make a pivotal contribution to the national goals of inclusive growth, poverty reduction and greening of skills in the context of the Third cycle (2011–2016) of the National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan (NTESDP) anchored on the PDP. Under Strategic Direction 15, TVET needs to ‘develop and implement programmes intended for green jobs.’ This is pursued through the development of new training regulations (TRs) or amendment/ review of existing TRs for green jobs and sustainable development, including agro-forestry, developing the capacity of trainers and administrators to implement ‘green skills’ programmes and linking-up with local and international agencies in the design, implementation and monitoring of ‘green skills’ programmes. ( www.tesda.gov.ph ). TESDA is responsible for formulating the necessary TRs for the implementation of skills training, programme registration and assessment, and certification in support of the requirements for skilled manpower for the ‘green economy’ (Department of Labour and Employment 2017 ).

TVET plays a crucial role in enhancing workers’ productivity and employability and facilitates the active and meaningful participation of workers in the development process. The plan highlighted strategies that will address issues pertaining to innovation and the greening of skills. Most of all, TVET will be responsible for mitigating the effects of climate change in the world of work and workplaces. In this regard, TVET has the aims of (1) ‘greening’ existing jobs to meet the current demand for retrofitting and the retooling of the industry to ensure that existing industries continue to grow; and (2) training new workers with the appropriate green skills particularly for the renewable industries and emergent ‘green’ technology sectors. The challenge, therefore, is to strategise environmental education and skills development in anticipation of a green shift in the priority sectors that include agriculture, forestry, fishery, manufacturing (electronics and automotive) services, solid waste and waste water management, energy, transportation and construction (based on the draft NGJHRDP of DOLE 2017 ).

TVET has a big role to play to support the government policy of protecting and caring the environment. New competences need to be developed relevant to this concern. Going into ‘green jobs’ will require the retooling of skilled workers in sectors with high environmental impacts.

The status of the recognition of green skills

In the Philippines, recognition, validation and accreditation of learning outcomes and competencies of workers in enterprises (i.e. in non-formal learning) is one of the components of competency-based TVET and is part of the strategic directions of the National TESD Plan 2005–2009 (NTESDP) ( www.tesda.gov.ph ). As of December 2017, TESDA had 33 qualifications/TRs out of 2589 promulgated TRs covering environment-related knowledge, skills, and attitudes in the TRs and curricula. In catering services, automotive, PVC manufacturing and waste management sectors, 5S (sort, set in order, shine, standardise and sustain) and 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) are included in the required knowledge and skills which were considered ‘green’. The 5S methodology is also a ‘must’ for all TVET trainers. TESDA likewise amended the TRs for automotive servicing NC III to include LPG conversion and repowering in the set of competences to promote cleaner emissions of vehicles. Ship’s catering takes precautions to prevent pollution in the marine environment by implementing waste management and disposal systems. See Table 11.1 for the list of TESDA TRs with a ‘green’ outlook related to the four industries.

TESDA also conducted a training programme in collaboration with the Department of Energy (DOE) to integrate the use of energy-efficient lighting in the TR for electrical installation and maintenance qualifications. All the qualifications with a green outlook have been accommodated in the Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF). The Competency Standards are aligned with the PQF, a national policy describing the levels of educational qualifications and setting the standards for qualification outcomes. It is competency-based and labour market driven. It consists of eight levels of education and training that encourage lifelong learning to allow individuals to start at the level that suits them and then build-up their qualifications as their needs and interests develop and change over time ( www.gov.ph ). The Philippine TVET Qualification and Certification System (PTQCS), consistent with the PQF, has five different levels of complexity across the three different domains. The qualification levels under PTQCS start from NC I to Diploma.

Development of green qualifications

In accordance with international requirements, TESDA developed qualifications related to refrigeration and air-conditioning. This was done in partnership with DENR and practitioners as part of the national CFC phase-out plan and in accordance with the Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Act. Through the TESDA training regulations (TRs) on the refrigeration and air-conditioning (RAC) sectors, competences for technicians are identified and addressed during training programmes on recovery, recycling, and retrofitting of RAC systems, which are major sources of ozone-depleting CFCs. In line with this, a code of practice (COP) for RAC was developed by the project with some funding from the World Bank and the Government of Sweden. The TRs promote safety parameters for workers, customers, tools/equipment, and most importantly environmental concerns.

The competency standards of the PQF follow the ILO Regional Model of Competency Standards (RMCS), which prescribes three types of competences, namely: (1) basic competences all workers in all sectors must possess; (2) common competences workers in a sector must possess; and (3) core competences workers in a qualification must possess. Environmental concerns/ concepts are integrated into the basic competences of the TRs. The three learning domains of the competency standards are aligned to the principles of lifelong learning: learning to live together, learning to be, learning to do, and learning to know, as well as to the twenty-first-century skills.

Inviting experts from industry to develop training regulations

TESDA invites experts from industry and/or industry associations who follow guidelines and procedures on how to align each unit of competency to the PQF descriptors. The TRs have four major parts: (1) description of the qualification and job title; (2) competency standards, including the basic, common and core competences; (3) training standards; and (4) national assessment and certification arrangements.

The competency-based TVET (CBT) system recognises various delivery modes in different learning settings – both on- and off-the-job – if CBT specified by the industry drives the training. TVET has developed three delivery modes: (1) Institution-based, which delivers training programmes in public and private TVET institutions, including regional, provincial, and specialised training centres; (2) Enterprise-based, which implements training programmes within enterprises/firms; and (3) Community-based, which delivers training programmes at the local/community level, mostly in partnership with LGUs and NGOs.

For every unit of competency that is completed by a learner during training, a certificate of training achievement is awarded, and after completing all the required units of competency, he/she is awarded with a Certificate of Training. The latter indicates the title of the course, the qualification level according to the PQF descriptors, and the units of competency that the learner has acquired. The attainment of each unit of competency is pre-conditioned on the attainment of specific learning outcomes as described in the competency standards. As a prerequisite for graduation, a learner undergoes the national competency assessment, and he/she is given a certificate of competency (COC) after satisfactorily demonstrating competence in a cluster of units of competency or a national certificate (NC) after satisfactorily demonstrating all units of competency comprising a qualification using the assessment criteria provided by the TR/CS computed by an accredited competency assessor.

Assessment and certification also include the recognition, validation, and accreditation of competences and learning and work experience. This system observes two major principles: (1) competency assessment to collect evidence relative to a unit or cluster of units of competency, and (2) RPL to give recognition to an individual’s skill, knowledge, and attitudes acquired through previous training, work, or life experiences.

3 Methodology of Primary Data Collection

The study adopts the overall methodology developed by the project for all participating jurisdictions and used the developed instruments such as survey/interview questions, the observation list and the list of generic green skills to collect data (see Chap. 1 ). This country study reflects results from 29 of 32 enterprises (targeting eight companies in each sector). The study was confined within the National Capital Region (NCR) or Metro Manila, given that in this area there were enterprises representing the four targeted industries (catering, automobile, PVC and waste management). Of the 29 respondent firms, seven were from the automotive industry, six from PVC manufacturing, eight from catering services and eight from waste management. Sixteen enterprises from the formal sector were interviewed and five from the informal sector. Given the limited size of the sample, the study does not pretend to generalise across the four industries. It is exploratory in nature and draws on preliminary insights into the recognition and development of greener skills in the identified industry sectors.

Box 11.3 General information on the enterprises

Enterprises in waste management undertook testing of used oil and waste products; microbiological and mechanical testing; verification and certification of public and private firms; and buying and selling recyclable materials such as plastics, meats and paper products.

Enterprises in automotive services and sales undertook servicing of new vehicles and restoration and sale of used vehicles.

Catering services included food delivery, fast food restaurants, stalls and eateries.

PVC enterprises included the sale and installation of plastic pipes and piping systems.

4 Results and Discussion

Educational attainment of the employees

Analysis of the educational attainment of 1,490 employees in the 29 firms showed that overall, the four industries displayed a very high level of education of personnel—81% of employees across all sectors had higher education, 9–10% had attained a secondary education and TVET qualification, and only 1% was below secondary. Enterprises in PVC manufacturing had 92% (454 out of 495) of their employees with a higher education qualification, followed by waste management, 78% (415 out of 529), automotive industry 76% (296 out of 391) and catering services, 55% (41 out of 75).

Environmentally friendly practices in the enterprises

On the question, ‘What environmentally friendly practices enterprises are followed?’ only 11 (42%) out of 26 respondent enterprises had ‘green jobs’ such as waste water management, renewable energy, energy saving and pollution minimisation. Waste management firms ranked the highest, with seven out of seven respondent enterprises attesting to having such ‘green jobs’, whereas only two of the four firms in PVC manufacturing claimed to have ‘green’ jobs and only one out of seven automotive enterprises had ‘green’ jobs. Only one out of the eight catering enterprises had ‘green jobs’. However, environmentally friendly practices were not only restricted to green jobs. This became clear when firms were asked about the various practices, illustrated in Table 11.2 , reflecting environmental sustainability at work in the four industries.

Promoting green practices

Respondents were asked to give their perceptions on how much importance they attached to the theme of green skills in their enterprises on a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 meant low consideration and 10 meant high consideration to these issues. Twenty-five out of 29 responses fell under the scale of 6–10. Four enterprises answered between scales 2–5. However, while high importance is placed on ‘green skills’, there is only a modest promotion of the required skills for the implementation of environment-friendly practices as illustrated in Table 11.3 . PVC enterprises employed the highest number of methods for promoting green skills.

Skill requirements for the implementation of environmentally friendly practices

Enterprises in the four industries described important green skills required for the daily operations undertaken by employees (Table 11.4 ).

How do the respondents acquire their skills?

The employees in the 29 firms across the four industries acquired their green skills in a variety of ways. Both the automotive and PVC manufacturing enterprises identified all the contexts of acquisition. In the catering services and waste management, employees acquired their skills predominantly through self-directed training (seven out of eight) and three out of five respectively (Table 11.5 ).

Benefits of practising green jobs and skills

On the question of whether including green skills in RVA mechanisms could be beneficial, responses from 25 firms showed that 36 per cent of respondents expected the recognition of green skills to be beneficial for enterprises. They said that it could improve productivity and make enterprises more competitive. On the other hand, 32 per cent of these enterprises expected green skills recognition to benefit the individual in strengthening confidence and motivation, and in promoting core generic skills, social inclusion, higher earnings and better career prospects. Another 32 per cent highlighted benefits for the country by recognising skills that are environmentally friendly.

The benefits of green practices and green skills were also confirmed by a 2012 survey conducted by the Employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP) in collaboration with ILO (ECOP & ILO, 2012 ) covering three areas (NCR, Cagayan De Oro, and Cebu) in the Philippines. Forty-three participants, representing enterprises from manufacturing, food and beverage, land development and real estate enumerated benefits at the level of enterprise, individuals and the nation (Table 11.6 ).

Reasons for not having ‘green’ jobs with ‘green’ practices

This study also examined the reasons for not adopting green practices. The background research by the ECOP and ILO ( 2012 ) pointed out the disadvantages of adopting green projects. They were:

Restrictive in terms of the permitted practices (38 per cent of survey respondents);

Threat of reducing the profit (25 per cent);

Causing job loss (13 per cent);

High start-up costs to implement initially (13 per cent);

Risk of business shut-downs (13 per cent).

The participants of that project further elaborated that, aside from financial considerations, there is also a lack of awareness and expertise in the Philippines on climate change, environmental issues and green jobs. Additional and appropriate financial and technical support is needed to shift towards green initiatives or launch environmentally friendly practices.

The current study revealed the following reasons why some enterprises did not have green jobs or green practices:

Lack of oversight due to sub-contracting especially in waste management and automotive, where a lot of jobs are outsourced to external contractors;

Lack of money to buy expensive equipment. This was mentioned by enterprises in the automotive and PVC manufacturing sectors;

Presence of policies (i.e. city ordinance) that prohibit the use of environmentally harmful materials, such as plastics, in the case of the catering sector.

Mechanisms for recognising skills, prior learning and work experience in the enterprises

Awareness of RVA frameworks

Very few firms (both employers and employees) said they were aware of the existence and use of RVA frameworks. Only two (1.67 per cent) of 120 respondents said they had heard of frameworks such as the Philippine Qualifications Framework, or other competency-based training frameworks or guidelines prepared by DENR. Only one (0.83 per cent) respondent was aware of a framework developed for human resource development.

Methods used to assess green skills

Only seven out of 30 total responses on methods used to assess green skills alluded to having a job-card system in which employees’ skills were documented. The identified green skills were in waste segregation and disposal, energy conservation, and knowledge of environmental laws such as the Clean Air Act and recycling, among others. In terms of the different sectors, six respondents highlighted the use of different methods, as illustrated in Table 11.7 .

The green skills that are not assessed include: the theoretical understanding of green practice; research and development; waste disposal and familiarity with hazardous waste products.

Enterprises did not have a systematic use of RVA mechanisms, in the absence of which, four respondents stated, the use of ad hoc examples such as ‘mentoring’, coaching and apprenticeships acted as approaches to RVA.

Vision for green skills recognition as part of workplace training

Most of the respondents in the four industry sectors talked about their enterprises’ increasing initiatives to implement ‘green’ training programmes for protecting the environment:

Box 11.4 Importance of green training programmes for protecting the environment

Automotive sector

Upgrading automotive technology to meet the demand for fuel efficiency and reduce emissions;

Providing green customer services;

Learning to use eco-friendly equipment and materials.

Important for recognising green skills;

Updating existing training manuals;

Waste management

Promoting sanitation standards;

Promoting the systematic collection of waste;

Promoting more programmes and incentives at the international level;

Promoting compliance with governmental efforts and standards (i.e. DENR and Laguna Lake Development Authority).

Prospects of staff training and RVA

In September 2017, the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) for the Philippine Green Jobs Law was signed. Clearly, the potential for the inclusion of the green skills in RVA is great, not only at the macro level but also at the individual level. Enterprises made suggestions on the prospects of improving skills training and RVA as shown in Table 11.8 . Only 12 (41.38 per cent) out of 29 firms cited recommendations for the inclusion of green skills in RPL. All recommendations called for staff training programmes.

5 Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter, based on research conducted by TESDA, has examined issues pertaining to skills recognition as a tool to improve the environmental and sustainable development in the four industry sectors, namely, automotive, catering services, PVC manufacturing, and waste management.

The Green Jobs Law of 2016 has been pivotal in the increase of green jobs and green practices in enterprises participating in this research. Most of the enterprises remarked on the absence of jobs specifically dealing with green practices before the promulgation of this law. Despite this, a huge majority of these firms observed several practices reflecting environmental sustainability in the workplace, such as waste segregation, waste management disposal, and compliance with environmental rules. The importance given to the topic of green skills and environmentally friendly practices is high, especially in the catering sector. However, the promotion of required skills for the implementation of environment-friendly practices is still modest and there is low utilisation of strategies such as the use of brochures and events, innovations, and incentives for cleaner products/ services and marketing.

Interestingly, employers perceived that the creation of green jobs would lead to improved competitiveness of workers, promotion of decent jobs, and additional employment. Some of them, however, cited disadvantages such as a reduction in profit, and increased costs related to the financial and technical support of green initiatives.

Assessment of RPL in some enterprises involves the verification of certificates. In other enterprises, documentation is undertaken with a job-card system while the certification of RPL is carried out by government agencies (e.g., some environmental authority), the mother company, or training institutions.

Employees’ green skills included technical, cognitive, intrapersonal and interpersonal skills. Employers appreciated the cognitive skills of their employees, the most prominent of which were environmental awareness and willingness to undertake green practices. However, both intra-personal and inter-personal competences registered low appreciation from the employees participating in the research.

The enterprises were not knowledgeable about the national RPL framework, and this was evident given the low utilisation of learning outcomes described in the Philippines Qualifications Framework, competency-based training, HRD frameworks and guidelines designed by the EMB-DENR.

A small number of these enterprises have mechanisms to recognise/assess existing green skills that employees acquire in the workplace, community, or through non-formal education and training programmes. There is no systematic use of RPL; rather, RPL is based on ad hoc examples such as mentoring, coaching and apprenticeship.

It was found that employers used simple methods of RPL assessment (i.e. self-evaluation and interview). Through such methods, employers noticed gaps and deficits in the green skills of workers. The areas where these gaps were most prominent were research and development, waste disposal and familiarity with hazardous waste products, among others.

Most workers acquired their skills non-formally or informally through self-directed learning or on the job or in-company training. Only a few workers had acquired their skills through initial and continuing vocational education and training.

Enterprises believed that green skills had a great potential if enterprises, associations and organizations would support their inclusion in RPL mechanisms. Green skills inclusion in RPL needs to be complemented by other elements such as awareness raising, efficient information dissemination, and technical and financial assistance. Such support activities must be implemented through governmental and societal support.

Factors, in order of prominence, contributing to the effective inclusion of green skills in RVA include: laws/ government policies; business opportunities; environmental and economic realities; support/funding/incentives from the government; international conventions; strong LGU enforcement. All these factors are predicated upon sustained information, education and communication (IEC) actions; advocacy; and social marketing.

The passage of the Green Jobs Law, which provides incentives and tax and duty-free importation of capital equipment, makes the potential for green skills inclusion in recognition in the Philippines realisable.

This study, which includes the participation of seven other Asian countries and one Asian territory, should provide valuable inputs in designing and implementing rules and regulations for the recently enacted Green Jobs Law in the Philippines. Specifically, the mechanisms in the identification of green jobs and the attendant green skills leading to the design of training and assessment and certification of programmes should investigate the different models, not only from the Philippines, but also from the international community.

International development organizations can strategically support the development and distribution of learning/ instructional materials – preferably with formats – that can be shared to facilitate massive and immediate learning to benefit the developing economies and the micro-enterprises of/ in the informal sector.

Individual, family, micro-, small-, and medium enterprises that extract valuable materials from the waste system and valorise them for own use, repair and sale, fabrication, or recycling.

The figure pertains only to the US because of unavailability of global data, and given that the US is the biggest producer of industrial waste, this figure is taken as some kind of watermark for all other industrialized countries for purposes of this study (see E. Stewards at http://e-stewards.org/learn-more/for-consumers/effects-of-e-waste/who-gets-stepped-on/ ).

Abbreviations

Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle

Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry

Board of Investment

Comprehensive Automotive Resurgence Strategy

Competency-based TVET

Centre Européen pour le Développement de la Formation Professionnelle

Commission on Higher Education

Compact Mobile Unit

Certificate of Competency

Code of Practice

Competency Standards

Department of Environment and Natural Resource

Department of Education

Department of Energy

Department of Labour and Employment

Department of Public Works and Highways

Department of Science and Technology

Department of Tourism

Department of Transportation and Communication

Department of Trade and Industry

Environmental Compliance Certificate

Employers Confederation of the Philippines

Environmental Management Bureau

Enhanced Philippine Agenda 21

Gross Domestic Product

Green Our DOLE Programme

Information, Education, and Communication

International Labour Organization

International Monetary Fund

Implementing Rules and Regulations

Information Technology

Local Government Unit

Laguna Lake Development Authority

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

National Certificate

National Capital Region

National Economic and Development Authority

National Emission Standards for Source Air Pollutants

Non-governmental Organization

National Institute for Technical Education and Skills Development

National Technical Education and Skills Development Plan

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

Philippine Automotive Manufacturing Industry

Philippine Development Plan

Philippine Peso

Persistent Organic Pollutants

Philippine Qualifications Framework

Professional Regulation Commission

Philippine Resins Industries, Inc.

Promotion of Green Economic Development

Philippine Statistics Authority

Philippines Strategy for Sustainable Development

Philippine TVET Qualification and Certification System

Polyvinyl chloride

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Regional Model of Competency Standards

Recognition of Prior Learning

Recognition, Validation, and Accreditation

Solid Waste/s

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

Toyota Motor Philippines

Training Regulations

Technical Vocational Education and Training

United Nations

United Nations Environment Programme

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

World Health Organization

World Trade Organization

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Talavera, E. (2022). Case Study: Philippines. Recognising Green Skills for Environmental and Sustainable Development in Four Selected Industries. In: Pavlova, M., Singh, M. (eds) Recognizing Green Skills Through Non-formal Learning. Education for Sustainability, vol 5. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2072-1_11

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60+ Innovative And Interesting Filipino Psychology Research Topics For Students In 2023

Filipino psychology encapsulates the unique cultural perspectives, values, and indigenous practices within the Philippines, shaping an identity distinct from Western psychological frameworks. It delves into the collective experiences, socio-cultural norms, and ancestral wisdom deeply embedded in Filipino society. Understanding Filipino psychology involves exploring its rich heritage, including the concepts of kapwa (shared identity) and pakikipagkapwa (relating to others).

Studying Filipino psychology holds immense significance in fostering cultural identity, mental health awareness, and community well-being. This blog aims to delve into the nuances of this field, guiding readers on selecting research topics, offering tips for successful research completion, and addressing challenges in the domain. Stay tuned with us to unearth a diverse array of innovative Filipino psychology research topics crucial for students in 2023, illuminating various facets of Filipino cultural psychology.

What Is Filipino Psychology?

Table of Contents

Filipino Psychology is all about understanding the way Filipinos think, feel, and behave based on their unique culture and traditions. It explores how people in the Philippines view the world, interact with others, and handle life’s challenges. This field focuses on the Filipino way of understanding the mind, emotions, and behavior, which might be different from what other cultures believe or practice.

It looks at the values, beliefs, and customs deeply rooted in Filipino society and how these shape individuals’ thoughts and actions. Filipino Psychology also emphasizes concepts like kapwa, which means recognizing the shared identity among people, and pakikipagkapwa, which refers to building harmonious relationships with others. This branch of psychology aims to uncover the distinct aspects of the Filipino mindset, highlighting the importance of cultural understanding in studying human behavior and mental processes.

Importance Of Studying Filipino Psychology

Here are some importance of studying filipino psychology: 

1. Cultural Understanding

Studying Filipino Psychology helps in understanding the unique beliefs, values, and behaviors of Filipinos. It gives insight into how culture shapes thoughts, emotions, and actions, allowing people from other backgrounds to appreciate and respect the Filipino way of life.

2. Community Well-being

Understanding Filipino Psychology aids in promoting mental health awareness within Filipino communities. By recognizing and acknowledging cultural influences on mental health, it becomes easier to develop culturally sensitive approaches for providing support and interventions.

3. Social Harmony

Exploring Filipino Psychology fosters the development of harmonious relationships among individuals. Concepts like kapwa and pakikipagkapwa emphasize the importance of interconnectedness and building positive connections, contributing to a more cohesive and compassionate society.

4. Identity Preservation

It helps in preserving and celebrating the unique identity and heritage of the Filipino people. By studying their psychology, it validates the importance of Filipino values, traditions, and indigenous knowledge systems.

5. Global Perspective

Studying Filipino Psychology offers a diverse perspective in the field of psychology, enriching the global understanding of human behavior. It contributes to a more inclusive and comprehensive approach to studying and addressing psychological phenomena across cultures.

How To Choose A Research Topic In Filipino Psychology?

Here are some simple steps on how to choose the Filpino psychology research topics:

1. Personal Interest

Select a research topic that genuinely interests you within Filipino Psychology. Consider topics related to Filipino culture, values, or societal aspects that captivate your curiosity, ensuring your engagement and enthusiasm throughout the research process.

2. Cultural Significance

Focus on topics that hold cultural significance within the Filipino context. Explore issues, behaviors, or phenomena deeply rooted in Filipino society, contributing to a better understanding of their culture and psychology.

3. Social Impact

Choose a research topic that has the potential to make a positive impact on Filipino communities. Look for areas where research findings could benefit mental health, community well-being, or promote cultural understanding and harmony.

4. Relevance and Timeliness

Opt for topics that are relevant and timely in Filipino Psychology. Consider current issues or gaps in knowledge that need exploration or further understanding, ensuring your research contributes meaningfully to the field.

5. Feasibility and Resources

Assess the feasibility of researching your chosen topic within available resources. Consider access to data, literature, and support necessary for conducting the research effectively while staying within your limitations.

In this section we will provide 60+ innovative and interesting filipino psychology research topics for students:

Cultural Psychology

• Impact of colonial mentality on Filipino identity.
• Understanding indigenous Filipino concepts of self and identity.
• Influence of Filipino cultural values on mental health perceptions.
• Acculturation experiences of Filipino immigrants.
• Cultural influences on Filipino parenting styles.
• The role of spirituality in Filipino mental health practices.

Mental Health

• Barriers to mental health care accessibility in rural Filipino communities.
• Stigma surrounding mental health issues in the Philippines.
• Psychological effects of natural disasters on Filipino communities.
• Mental health challenges faced by Filipino Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs).
• Prevalence and impact of depression and anxiety among Filipino youth.
• Cultural adaptations in psychotherapy for Filipinos.

Social Psychology

• Filipino concepts of pakikisama (getting along) and its impact on social relationships.
• Filipino youth’s mental health is impacted by social media.
• Perception of beauty standards and body image among Filipinos.
• Impact of social support networks on Filipino mental health.
• Filipino concepts of hiya (shame) and its role in social interactions.
• Social identity and group dynamics in Filipino communities.

Indigenous Psychology

• Exploration of Filipino indigenous healing practices.
• Traditional Filipino approaches to conflict resolution.
• Understanding Filipino indigenous concepts of wellness.
• Preservation of indigenous Filipino knowledge in modern psychology.
• Indigenous Filipino perspectives on well-being and happiness.
• Interplay between modern psychology and indigenous healing practices in the Philippines.

Developmental Psychology

• Influence of family dynamics on the development of Filipino children.
• Impact of migration on the psychological development of Filipino youth.
• Parenting practices and their effects on Filipino adolescents.
• Cultural influences on Filipino adolescent identity formation.
• Role of education in shaping Filipino children’s psychological well-being.
• Psychological challenges faced by Filipino children with OFW parents.

Clinical Psychology

• Assessment of culturally sensitive interventions for Filipino individuals with trauma.
• Filipino approaches to coping with grief and loss.
• Understanding Filipino perspectives on mental health stigma in clinical settings.
• Effectiveness of culturally adapted therapies for Filipino clients.
• Mental health help-seeking behavior among Filipinos.
• Filipino interpretations of psychological disorders and their treatments.

Gender and Sexuality

• Understanding LGBTQ+ experiences in Filipino culture.
• Gender roles and their impact on mental health in the Philippines.
• Traditional beliefs about masculinity and femininity in Filipino society.
• Intersectionality of gender and culture in Filipino psychology.
• Sexual health perceptions and practices among Filipino youth.
• Challenges faced by transgender individuals in the Philippines.

Organizational Psychology

• Work-related stressors among Filipino employees.
• Filipino leadership styles and their impact on organizational behavior.
• Cross-cultural communication challenges in Filipino workplaces.
• Workplace well-being initiatives in Filipino companies.
• Impacts of cultural values on employee motivation in the Philippines.
• Organizational strategies to promote mental health awareness among Filipino workers.

Positive Psychology

• Filipino perspectives on happiness and life satisfaction.
• Cultivating resilience in Filipino communities.
• Traditional Filipino practices that promote psychological well-being.
• Exploring Filipino concepts of gratitude and its effects on mental health.
• Positive youth development programs in the Philippines.
• Role of optimism in coping with adversity in Filipino culture.

Environmental Psychology

• Psychological connections between Filipinos and the natural environment.
• Impact of urbanization on the mental health of Filipinos.
• Community responses to environmental crises in the Philippines.
• Relationship between eco-awareness and psychological well-being in the Philippines.
• Indigenous ecological wisdom and its influence on Filipino psychology.
• Sustainable living practices and their psychological effects on Filipinos.
• Coping mechanisms and psychological resilience in the face of environmental disasters in the Philippines.

Tips For Successfully Completing The Filipino Psychology Research

Here are some tips for completing the filipino psychology research:

Tip 1: Structured Planning 

Break down the research process into smaller tasks with deadlines. Create a timeline outlining each step, from literature review to data collection, analysis, and writing, to manage your time effectively and efficiectly and stay on track throughout the project.

Tip 2: Clear Research Question 

Define a clear and specific research question in Filipino Psychology. Ensure your question is focused, achievable, and aligned with the scope of your study, guiding your research direction and methodology effectively.

Tip 3: Methodical Approach

Choose appropriate research methods and techniques tailored to your topic in Filipino Psychology. Consistently follow these methods, maintain organized records, and validate your findings to ensure credibility and accuracy in your research.

Tip 4: Seek Guidance

Regularly consult with mentors, professors, or experts in Filipino Psychology. Their feedback and guidance can offer valuable insights, refine your approach, and address any challenges or uncertainties you encounter during the research process.

Tip 5: Revision and Review

Review and revise your work diligently. Pay attention to details, refine your arguments, and ensure coherence in your writing. Seek feedback from teachers to improve the quality of your research before submission.

• Mental Health Research Topics
• Neuroscience Research Topics

Challenges Face In Filipino Psychology Research Topics And Overcome Techniques 

In Filipino psychology research, scholars encounter specific challenges that affect their progress. Understanding these hurdles is crucial for devising effective strategies to overcome them. Here are some of the challenges faced in Filipino psychology research topics and techniques to surmount them:

1. Cultural Sensitivity and Context

Balancing cultural nuances and context-specific elements within research design and interpretation poses a challenge due to the diverse nature of the Filipino culture and its regional differences.

Overcome Technique

• Engage with local communities for insights.
• Collaborate with native researchers for deeper understanding.
• Adopt a reflexive approach to acknowledge biases and cultural influences.

2. Limited Resources and Funding

Restrictions in financial support and resources hinder the comprehensive exploration of topics, limiting the scope and depth of research.

• Seek alternative funding sources like grants and fellowships.
• Collaborate with institutions or researchers with available resources.
• Optimize existing resources through collaborations and sharing.

3. Language Barriers

Navigating research literature in multiple languages, especially local dialects and Filipino languages , poses a challenge in accessing relevant information and incorporating it into studies.

• Utilize translation tools and services.
• Collaborate with bilingual researchers or translators.
• Develop language skills through courses or workshops.

4. Ethical Considerations and Indigenous Knowledge

Respecting and incorporating indigenous knowledge and ethical guidelines while conducting research can be complex, requiring sensitivity and adherence to ethical standards.

• Establish ethical review boards for guidance.
• Involve indigenous communities in the research process.
• Adopt a participatory approach to ensure ethical representation.

5. Limited Published Literature

Scarcity of published materials specific to Filipino psychology can impede the development of comprehensive literature reviews and comparative analyses.

• Expand search parameters beyond traditional databases.
• Encourage and support local research publication initiatives.
• Initiate collaborative efforts for extensive literature reviews.

Filipino psychology embodies the cultural, historical, and societal perspectives unique to the Philippines, offering a profound understanding of its people’s behaviors, beliefs, and values. Studying Filipino psychology is crucial as it fosters cultural sensitivity, aids in comprehending diverse perspectives, and contributes to global psychology discourse. Choosing a research topic in Filipino psychology involves exploring cultural nuances, societal issues, and individual experiences. 

Moreover, successful completion of such research requires meticulous planning, embracing challenges, utilizing diverse resources, and fostering collaboration. Despite challenges like limited resources or biases, overcoming them through interdisciplinary approaches and community engagement ensures comprehensive and insightful findings. The extensive list of innovative research topics provided serves as a springboard for students, encouraging exploration and contribution to this vibrant field in 2023 and beyond.

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This pdf file contains the following 17 case studies: 1. Ecosan Projects in San Fernando City, Province of La Union 2. Integrated waste management scheme for small and medium scale slaughterhouses Case of the Bureau of Animal Industry Plant in Valenzuela City, Metro Manila 3. Integrated waste management system for Bayawan City Ecological Sanitation Experiences in Periurban and Rural Communities 4. Local initiatives for affordable wastewater treatment (LINAW Project) Case of Dumaguete City (Public Market and Septage Treatment Plant) 5. Builiding communities... empowering communities Case of Gawad Kalinga Villages 6. Preserving the water quality of Iloilo City DEWATS of the Public Abattoir and Iloilo Mission Hospital 7. Laguna de Bay Institutional Strengthening and Community Participation Project DEWATS of the Slaughterhouses of Sta. Cruz and Nagcarlan, Laguna 8. Closing the loop between sanitation and food security Ecological Sanitation Case of the Municipalities of Initao,Libertad and Manticao, Misamis Oriental 9. Compliance to environmental standards to abate further violation DEWATS of Selected Slaughterhouses and Public Markets; and a University 10. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Facility for the Lilo-an Public Market: A Pilot and Demonstration Activity of the Asian Development Bank 11. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment “Eco Tanks” for the Riverside Communities of Barangays Catbangen & Poro, & the Seaside Community of Barangay San Francisco A CITYNET-funded Pilot and Demonstration Activity in the City of San Fernando, La Union, Philippines 12. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems for the San Fernando City Slaughterhouse A BORDA DEWATS Project in the Philippines 13. Biogas for the Cagayan de Oro City Jail An ICRC-Funded Environmental and Livelihood Project in the Philippines 14. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System for LORMA Medical Center – San Fernando City A LORMA-funded Project to Better Manage its Wastewater 15. Biogas Wastewater Treatment Systems by the Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation A Community-Managed Potable Water Supply, Sanitation, & Hygiene (CPWASH) Project 16. Ecological Sanitation for the Municipality of Bauang, La Union An ISSUE2-Funded Program with CAPS in the Philippines 17. Small-Scale Wastewater Treatment Systems for 3 Markets USAID Philippine Sanitation Alliance Projects in the Philippines

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CAPS (2011). 17 case studies about sustainable sanitation projects in the Philippines. Produced for UNEP with funding by KOICA, Center for Advanced Philippine Studies, Quezon City, Philippines

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17 Philippines Case Studies

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CASE  STUDIES

The overarching project goal is to reinforce public debates about the risks and consequences of authoritarian rule in the Philippines by enabling members of the academic community to become more active and persuasive participants in these debates. The project strategy is to establish a research network with representatives from the academic community, civil society and the media that will undertake a collaborative research project. Impact will be achieved through the establishment of a research network, research-specific capacity-building among network partners, the production of multi-disciplinary and high quality research, and effective dissemination oriented toward social impact. Taken together, these intermediate results will translate into improved research practices and new knowledge that can sustain a more nuanced and fact-based debate on the state of democracy, human rights, and violence in the Philippines.

Segregating Lives, Recycling Violence: Examining the Local Dynamics of Rodrigo Duterte’s Drug War in Barangay Payatas

Abstract Using the experience of Barangay Payatas under Duterte’s drug war, the study examines the continuity of violence as it manifests in a local community and as against the backdrop of state formation, rejecting the notion that violence is distributed equally...

Struggling Women in the Face of Tokhang: A Feminist Action Research on the Women Victim-Survivors in Duterte’s Drug War in Bulacan

When Tokhang was implemented by Duterte, he [my husband] surrendered to the police. He underwent community-based rehabilitation and was eventually released. There were three policemen who went to our house, even though he already surrendered, the police still went to...

The War on Drugs, The Abra Story

Abstract The drug situation in the province of Abra has been the subject of vacillating narratives.From being reported as having the worst case in its region in July 2016, to being, albeitunofficially, declared as drug-free just six-months into the Duterte...

Tokhang in North Caloocan: Weaponizing Local Governance, Social Disarticulation, and Community Resistance

(This is an edited excerpt from a case study written by the author for the project, “Violence, Human Rights, and Democracy in the Philippines.” The project is a joint undertaking by the Third World Studies Center, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University...

Dissent and Its Consequences under the Duterte Administration: The Cebu Experience

Abstract Rampant repression and persecution, oftentimes violent, underscore the response of the Duterte administration towards dissidents. Documentation of these incidences, however, has hardly included narratives from the Visayas region. Centering on the province of...

The Subnational Dynamics of the War on Drugs: The Case of Iloilo City

Abstract Uncovering the factors contributing to the spike of violent law enforcement in the Duterteadministration requires a research that carefully combines both structural and contextuallevels of analysis. The study analyzes the subnational political dynamics of the...

Factors and Forces That Led to The Marawi Debacle

(This is an excerpt from a case study written by the author for the project, “Violence, Human Rights, and Democracy in the Philippines.” The project is a joint undertaking by the Third World Studies Center, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the...

The Manobo Community of Han-ayan: Enduring Continuities and Changes in Militarization

(On December 4, 2019 Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana was quoted in media reports that he is not recommending to President Rodrigo Duterte the extension of martial law in Mindanao. The original declaration was made by President Duterte on May 23, 2017 in response to...

Mirroring Duterte

by Karol Ilagan, Agatha Fabricante, and Christine Fabro | Case Studies, Mindanao (This is an excerpt from a case study written by the authors for the project, “Violence, Human Rights, and Democracy in the Philippines.” The project is a joint undertaking by the Third...

Politics of Prowess: (Re)animating Violence, Politics, and Democracy in a Philippine Political Frontier

Abstract The political development of Davao indicates a pattern of leadership marked by tough, unconventional, and high-handed authority. Politicians who exhibit this kind of leadership are recognized and voted to power. They utilize coercive forces and offer the...

"The enemy is here," Omarkhayam was quoted as having told his younger brother, "why do I need to ask permission" to launch an attack? The enemy is here, why shouldn't we fight?" The military believed it was Abu Dar who reinforced Omarkhayam's unprovoked attack on the military detachment.

The formulation of an ethical and political response to the violence continuously visited by the state upon civilian indigenous communities entails a long, complex dialogue, and for that very reason, such a dialogue needs to be initiated soonest. perhaps sharing the tales of the manobo with which i have been entrusted can help in this process, especially as their stories are not simply astonishing, or moving, or interesting, but most importantly, true., the impact of tokhang could be similar to the demolition of communities but its methods are more brutal and sinister while shrouded in extralegal secrecy and affects a wider segment of the local population. it intensifies state intrusion into the lives of the poor, overkill police deployment is legitimized, and the community’s state of underdevelopment is entirely blamed on the drug problem. it also undermines solidarity among neighbors by instigating citizen surveillance which makes it more difficult to promote unity in challenging the reign of oppressive local authorities. community solidarity is shattered by tokhang where everybody is seen as a suspect or snitch in a supposedly drug-affected barangay., one manobo woman declared that “the symbol of martial law here is [the military’s] deployment of drones” (ang hulagway sa martial law diri kining pagpalupad nila og drone). this statement captures what, for the manobo, is the most salient characteristic of life under duterte’s martial law: it is not just the continuing, virtually constant threat or reality of militarization, which, after all, is not peculiar to the duterte administration. rather, it is the community’s perception that they—manobo residents of civilian communities—are actively being targeted by the state’s counterinsurgency forces and programs. because each appearance of the [drone] is, from bitter experience, linked to subsequent military ground operations, the drone is not merely an eye employed in surveillance, but is also a virtual gun sight used to aim the violence of militarization at manobo villages..

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Qualitative Research Topics & Ideas For Students

Do you have difficulty finding a qualitative research title for your project? If you are, you need not worry because you are not alone. However, there are many unique qualitative titles you can explore for your research. You just need a few qualitative research title examples to get you started. Qualitative research is focused on data obtained through a researcher’s first-hand observations, natural setting recording, artifacts, case studies, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. The findings in qualitative research are usually non-numerical. Also, it is common in humanities and social sciences. This post provides over 100 qualitative research topics you can consider.

• The Best Qualitative Research Topics That Impress the Teacher

Exceptional Qualitative Research Topics In Social Science

Qualitative research title examples for students, fantastic examples of qualitative research titles, good topics to start for qualitative research, qualitative research topics in education, quick examples of qualitative research topics, qualitative research topics in the philippines, qualitative researches topics about humanity & social science, great choices of qualitative research title examples, qualitative research topics for students to think about, our examples of the best qualitative research topics that impress the teacher.

An excellent research topic will help you earn a good grade. Consider any example of a qualitative research title from the following options:

• The impacts of social media on physical social engagement in society
• The benefits of treating mental disorders with medication
• The effects of Gender-Based Violence on women’s social lives in rural areas
• The decline of academic pursuit in third-world countries
• Sexual workers: the stigma they experience
• How has the promotion of feminist values influenced workplaces?
• Free education: its impact in third-world countries
• What is the correlation between education and success?
• Ableism: its effects on disabled people in society
• Food insecurity in third-world nations

The topic of your research paper can influence how easily you can conduct your study and draw conclusions.

Here are fantastic examples of qualitative research titles:

• Female harm: how it is influenced by culture
• The socioeconomic impacts of free education
• The link between food insecurity and poor performance in schools
• Alcoholism among college students: a critical study
• How to mitigate child labor in our society
• The root causes of child labor in Latin America
• The stigma of living with transmissive medical conditions
• The root cause of the stigma of people living with disabilities
• How to identify depression in small children
• Signs of autism in kids below two years old

Choosing a qualitative research topic is not a task you should take lightly because it can influence your performance. Here are some noteworthy qualitative research titles examples:

• Basic patient care policies in developing nations
• The impacts of alcoholism on education
• Adult learning: what does it entail?
• Homeschooling: Is it the latest trend after the pandemic?
• Does computer literacy influence the quality of education kids enjoy?
• How to effectively teach students with learning disabilities
• The relationship between poor education systems and crime rates in third-world countries
• Student bullying: the psychological impacts
• Should high school students go through university preparedness programs?
• research writing in high schools: its significance

Are you looking for qualitative research topic examples to start your study? Below are some creative examples to consider:

• Remote tests: are they as effective as in-class tests?
• The value of social activities in academic institutions
• Why should healthcare be free in all countries?
• The implications of racist laws on society
• The reception of COVID-19 vaccines and treatments
• What is the difference between foreign policies in first-world and third-world nations?
• Racism and Colorism: what is the difference?
• Dissecting the causes of low voter turnouts in the 21 st century
• The challenges of social media on kid’s brain development
• The inclusion of black women in American politics and its impacts

When competing with several brilliant minds, a good research topic can do you greatly. The following qualitative research examples titles are a great place to start:

• Should school uniforms be discarded for high schoolers?
• The need for equal representation in global politics
• The implications of police brutality on politics
• The role of parental care in foster kids
• The distinction between Islamic values and Christian values
• The correlation between political instability and migration
• Sex trafficking and violence against women: what is the link?
• How can global governments eradicate homelessness?
• Fraternities and sororities: are they still relevant?
• The role of literature in promoting societal changes

Qualitative research is popular in the education field and other social sciences. Choose a qualitative research title example on the subject of education from the following list:

• Effectively introducing foreign languages in the high school curriculum
• How can teachers help students with disabilities improve their learning?
• The link between social activities and comprehension among students
• Research writing in high schools: is it necessary?
• How has virtual learning influenced teacher-student relationships?
• The implications of allowing smartphones in classes
• Should all schools introduce sign language lessons in their curriculum?
• Student loans: their impacts on black students
• The impacts of race on college acceptance rates
• Poverty and education: what is the link?
• Ethnic and socioeconomic causes of poor school attendance in developing worlds
• Various teaching methods and their efficiency
• Efficient teaching methods for children below two years
• Why do students perform better in humanities than in sciences?
• The difference between college acceptance and completion in most nations
• Remote learning in developing countries
• What are the best ways of approaching bullying in schools?
• How do teachers promote inequality among students?
• Does social class influence academic performance negatively or positively?
• How do teachers shape their students’ personalities?

Coming up with a qualitative research title can be hard because of the numerous subject areas and the issue of uniqueness. Therefore, we have prepared the following qualitative title examples for you:

• How to promote oral learning in classrooms
• Political instability in developing countries: its economic impacts
• The impacts of weather on social activities
• Boredom and poor-decision making: the connection
• Exploring the connection between attachment types and love languages
• Socioeconomic impacts of instability on a country
• How does social media impact the perception of reality
• Reality TV shows: are they a true reflection of reality?
• How culture applies to different age groups
• Is social media influencing the loss of cultural values?

You can base your research topic on a specific region or nation, like the Philippines. A sample qualitative research title can get you started. You can pick a sample qualitative research title from the ideas below:

• Why are so many Philippines residents migrating to America?
• The impact of politics on migration in the Philippines
• How has violence led to food insecurity in rural areas in the Philippines?
• The Philippine education system: an overview
• How cultural norms influence social activities in the Philippines
• Gender roles in the Philippines society
• How popular Filipino cultures have served as agents of social change in the nation
• The link between male dominance and GBV in the Philippines
• Barriers to clean hygiene in health centers in the Philippines
• The spread of COVID in rural areas in the Philippines

Most top performers in research subjects attribute their success to choosing the best title for qualitative research. Here are some qualitative research topics about humanities and social science to promote good performance:

• The impact of poor market rivalry on supply and demand
• The role of parents in shaping kids’ morals
• Is social media the root cause of poor societal morals?
• How does alcohol impact a person’s normal behavior?
• How often should adults engage in sporting activities?
• Children’s eating habits and their influences
• Low socioeconomic backgrounds and their impacts on self-esteem
• The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world’s views on viral diseases
• How can school-going kids manage depression
• Causes of mental challenges among school-going kids

Finding a good topic for qualitative research is a critical task that requires a lot of thought and research. However, we have simplified the process with the following qualitative topic ideas:

• Pop music and erratic youth behavior: is there a link?
• How do public figures influence cultures?
• Ideas for improving healthcare in developing nations
• Possible solutions for alleviating the food crisis in developing nations
• New ways of mitigating viral diseases
• Social media trends among the elderly
• Quarantine as a mitigation approach for infectious diseases
• Promoting social justice in patriarchal societies
• Worrying trends among the young population
• Emerging marketing trends in 2023

Qualitative research for college and high school students helps improve reading, writing, and intellectual skills. Here are some qualitative research examples and topic ideas for students :

• How to detect and prevent natural disasters beforehand
• Can the whole world have the same education system?
• What is the most effective therapy for patients recuperating from brain surgery?
• Possible solutions for promoting ethical practices in telehealth
• Can addicts overcome addiction without therapy?
• The latest technology trends and their impacts?
• How can global governments promote mental health awareness?
• Have smartphones caused reduced attention spans among users?
• Sexual violence in rural areas
• The introduction of Islam in African nations

We Are Here for You

Qualitative research is an investigative analysis of intangible or inexact data, mostly non-numerical. The title of qualitative research you choose will guide your entire research process and influence its conclusions. Do you need a paper or an example of a research title qualitative topic? Our expert team is ready to write it for you.

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• Establishing Best Practices on Human Capital Development to Enhance Productivity, Quality, Competitiveness and Innovation among SMEs in [the Republic of] Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and [Taipei,China] Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) APEC Human Resources Working Group November 2014

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Civil Engineering Master's Theses

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Foam fly ash geopolymer with recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastics , Emmanuel Marquez Atienza

Public transport network system plan for Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines , Geowell Neil Gamaliel Rosales Caraos and Geowell Neil Gamaliel Rosales Caraos

Application of multi-criteria decision-making in the design of a post-disaster transitional shelter , Ryan Sylvester S. Chan

A sustainability assessment model for disaster relief shelter designs using multicriteria decision analysis , John Paul Q. De Pedro

Operationalizing a seismic resilience index for road segments: The case of a road network in Surigao City, Surigao del Norte , Cris Angelo Chua Fernandez

RBSARS: Risk-based structural audit and reporting system using Autodesk BIM360 digital engineering documentation platform , Christian Paul D. Sanguyo

Policy recommendation of key performance indicators (KPIs) for light rail transit systems in the Philippines: A case study on the KPIs of the LRT-1 system , Mia Irish Matienzo Zotomayor

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Development of the quality plan and standard operating procedure for tower retrofitting , Rebeccah B. Abrazaldo

Assessment of inter-municipal PUV Services in Southern Iloilo, Philippines , Elearina Dolores T. Agustin

Development of a framework for quality management system assessment for a construction management company , Alexander Reuben L. Antonio

Rule-based determination of effective strain for externally bonded CFRP on beams through hyperbox machine learning modeling , Alvin B. Chua

The influence of mixing polyurethane on the shrinkage and matric suction of local clay and its effectiveness as a compacted clay liner subjected to wet-dry cycles , Cielo D. Frianeza

Assessment of the hydrologic performance and cost efficiency of low impact development in a residential area in Cavite using stormwater management model and cost effectiveness analysis , Sergi S. Garbanzos

Structural analysis and behavior of high–rise buildings with re–entrant corner considering torsional irregularity Evaluation , Andrew Dustin L. Grimares

Development of risk-targeted hazard maps for the city of Manila, Philippines for low-rise and mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings , Royce Argel N. Mallari

Spatial analysis of groundwater recharge potential and assessment of river flow duration characteristics in Inabanga watershed , Isaiah John D. Mangunay

Mechanical properties and durability performance of concrete with dimension limestone waste as partial replacement for fine aggregates , Jasmin M. Panganiban

Numerical investigation on the effect of infill walls and the short column effect on the structural performance of reinforced concrete frames , Garret Wilkenson C. Sia

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Quality control assessment of Calathea Place , Jeremiah Franz B. Aquino

Comparative analysis of shear strength parallel to grain of different local bamboo species , Brian E. Bautista

Estimation of stiffness modulus and settlement of stone column improved composite sandy soil based on in-situ tests , Ulysis B. Boneo

Quantification of hydration products in rice husk ash (RHA)-blended cement concrete with crumb waste rubber tires (CWRT) & its correlation with mechanical performance , John Mark L. David

Assessment of household travel patterns for transport planning purposes , Jireh Daniel V. Despabiladeras

Strength and permeability characteristics of expansive soil with gypsum and rice husk ash used for roadway construction , Angelo B. Edora

Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions through life cycle assessment (LCA) of selected flood control structures in Western Visayas , Miguel S. Fernandez

Investigation on the applicability of low impact development in DLSU Laguna Campus using stormwater management model , Rey Angelo G. Frias

Rapid assessment on hazards, safety, and sustainability (RAHSS) of reinforced concrete building projects in Sorsogon: case studies for Fulleros Botox Builders and Design (FBBD) Company , Sheena Mae C. Fulleros

Estimation of the allowable bearing capacity of soil in some municipalities of the province of Pampanga using neural networks , Carmela Marie A. Lingad

Development of a seismic hazard and liquefaction hazard map using a nonlinear site amplification model derived from strong motion records: A case of Metro Manila , Mariamae Francia G. Montejo

Development of a probabilistic liquefaction potential map using semi-Markov chain: The case of San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines , Charles Julius Oliquino

wen application of wind hazard map of the Philippines , Albert C. Pamonag

Multi-level subcontracting: Negative effects on construction quality, cost, time, and safety , Ryan C. Santibañez

Assessing the flood risk in Gumaca, Quezon through a 2D-numerical modeling approach , Tzina Anne Jot S. Santos

Prediction of soil types from existing borehole data using genetic algorithm: A case of Metro Manila , Izzhar Christian P. Sumagaysay

A proposed framework for risk assessment in highway construction , Victor Nazarene Tagaya

Developing mechanical properties for flexure and capacity-based grading using measurable indicating properties (IPs) for selected local bamboo species , Marion Ryan A. Vicencio

Numerical investigation of the performance of RC beam-column connection using quench-tempered reinforcement steel bars , Adrian D. Viloria

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Experimental study on residual axial strength capacity of CFRP wrapped concrete cylinder (full and partial Confinement) after exposure to elevated temperature , John Emmanuel C. Endaya

Effect of coconut shell ash on pore water pressure changes in sand , Gabriel Jose G. Lim

Development of a database management system for infrastructure project planning of Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) , Juan Carlo B. Papa

Evaluation of the DPWH design guidelines criteria and standards on pedestrian facilities with reference to Asian highway and iRAP standards , Reyna Joie Q. Remotin

Web-based document management system for shop drawings , Jhomar P. Tabernilla

Developing a resilience index for the pile-supported piers of the port of Batangas under tsunami load , Jon Arnel S. Telan

Geotechnical characterization of alluvial soil blended with quarry waste lime aggregate as an alternative roadway construction material , Emerzon S. Torres

The selection of ready-mixed concrete (RMC) supplier for DPWH projects using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) , Hakeem J. Upao

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Life cycle assessment of concrete hollow blocks (CHB) wall and shotcrete wall for high rise buildings , Mark Anthony Nerida Ancheta

A resilience index of a water lifeline system using an optimal restoration strategy , Abraham Matthew S. Carandang

Accessibility and travel mode choice of residents in the island province of Marinduque, Philippines , Jhun Christopher M. Castro

Evaluation of existing pedestrian walkways and facilities: An analysis to formulate pedestrian planning guidelines , Andre F. Del Rosario

A methodology for estimating the probable maximum loss (PML) of a water distribution network due to seismic induced liquefaction: A case in Iloilo City , Samantha Louise N. Jarder

Effects of traffic congestion pricing schemes on travel behavior in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig City , Kervin Joshua C. Lucas

QGIS based materials source map of DPPWH Bulacan 2nd District Engineering Office , Daisie Lou D. Mariano

Assessment of coastal flooding and wave overtopping of the tide embankment section in Tacloban City: An experimental and numerical study , Patrick Sahun N. Ngo

Evaluation of DPWH design guidelines, criteria and standards with reference to Asian Highway Standards , Czar Manuel M. Rosuello

Bridge assessment in Cavite using bridge inventory condition considering large-scale earthquakes , Kathryn Joy F. Santos

Optimization of the strength properties of expansive soil stabilized with agricultural wastes , Kigia R. Valbuena

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Assessment of out-of-plane failure of non-engineered masonry walls due to Typhoon Haiyan induced storm surges , Jenes P. Borais

Traffic management scheme for Anda Circle: Traffic study , Mel Harvey A. Gonzales

Investigation of the flexural strength of cold-formed steel C-section using computational and experimental method , Eyen James D. Ledesma

Evaluation of the design components being adopted for portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) along Philippine roads , Emraiza D. Mangacop

M4E West Connex Underwood and Parramata ventilation facility practicum report , Ricci Ryan G. Rojo

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of two concrete pavements (conventional concrete and one-day concrete pavement) with Philippine National Road Standards in Metro Manila Area , Al-ayyoubbie T. Sabban

Investigating the effect of geotextile as reinforcement on the bearing capacity of granular soil , John Carlo R. Samarita

Recycled gypsum and rice husk ash as additives in the stabilization of expansive soil , Jomari F. Tan

Evaluation of the correlation of the contractors bid variance and its performance rating in the implementation of DPWH projects under a lowest calculated and responsive bid (LCRB) awarding system , Cherizalyn M. Unabia

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Flood risk based analysis and its impact to the strawberry fileds of La Trinidad, Benguet , Dexter Hansel C. Apnoyan

An evaluation of DPWH monitoring and reporting program on projects implemented by DPWH - Bicol Region , Erika Joy C. Banguilan

Development of a seismic evacuation safety index (ESI) for public schools , Jan Mae N. Cariño

Fly-ash-based geopolymer as stabilizer form embankment materials , Edward Ephrem T. Codilla II

A new approach in determining the tensile strength of bamboo perpendicular to the fiber , Carlo Dominic U. Dela Cruz

A two-level seismic vulnerability screening of school buildings considering the post-disaster functional asset value: PSU as case study , Rizalyn C. Ilumin

Rehabilitation of existing reinforced concrete fire tank (330 m3) and domestic water tank (860 m3) of Eton Tower Makati in Makati City, Philippines , Rainier Cruz Marcelino

Flood hazard zoning of Tarlac City: Towards the development of flood overlay zones and provisions , Murphy P. Mohammed

Structural assessment of a 6-storey academic school building , Ma. Cynthia M. Ong

Assessment on the National Hydrologic Data Collection Program (NHDCP) of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPHW) , Mikka Angelique Serrano Padilla

An assessment of the approved variation orders in DPWH-implemented projects , Andrea Mae R. Quiniquini

Public utility jeepney demand and supply analysis: The case of Baguio City, Philippines , Lovely L. Rañosa

Slope stability assessment of Carabao Mountain in Baguio City , Eleazar H. Santiago

Estimating trip attraction rates of schools and malls in the city of Dagupan , John T. Zamora

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Hydrologic analysis for the modification of four earth dams and reservoirs in Hawaii , Marlon Bryan R. Palisoc

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Numerical Investigation on the effects of local damage to the dynamic properties of buildings using limited vibration data , Kristian Lawrence Villar Caringal

Artificial neural network modeling of rheological parameters and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete with zeolite mineral as partial replacement for cement , Stephen John C. Clemente

Proposed methodology on performance-based assessment and retrofit of reinforced concrete heritage buidlings with case studies on selected heritage buildings in the Philippines , Marabelle R. Del Prado

Mode shift behavior of bus passengers to rail system under improved rail operations , Germaine Ann Chang Dilay

Development of volume delay functions for trip assignment in Metro Manila , Jiaan Regis G. Gesalem

A study on the performance of GI roof on wood purlins subjected to extreme wind loads , Sam Jovinson D. Lim

Development of a reference for seismic amplification: The case of Metro Manila , Carlo Joshua M. Macaraeg

Strength properties of cemented-pastebackil materials mixed with mining wastes , Wincent Nicole K. Pabilona

Seismic analysis of a bridge structure on liquefiable deposits using a spatially varying ground motion , Danniel Jerome B. Ramos

Evaluation of properties of pervious concrete with fly ash and bottom ash , Jeffrey M. Tepace

Public transport demand modeling for Metro Manila , Sean Johnlee Q. Ting

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Development of a probabilistic liquefaction potential map for Metro Manila , Renz Anderson Dologuin Chua

Mode choice analysis of urban trips in Iloilo City, Philippines , Frederick Lloyd A. Sosuan

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Analysis of early-age cracking in thin steam-cured precast concrete elements , Karlo Garcia Gino

Application of response surface methodology: Optimum mix design of concrete with slag as coarse aggregate , Rhea Espinosa Regulacion

Mode choice analysis of inter-island passenger travel from Iloilo to Negros Occidental, Philippines , Krister Ian Daniel Zafra Roquel

Generation of strong earthquake accelerograms using the particle filter with richter magnitude, source depth & epicentre distance as model parameters , Patrick B. Taclibon

Development of systematic partnering for Chinese contractors in international construction projects , Wu Yibao

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Strength properties of road base materials blended with waste limestones , Lydia Francisca T. Dychangco

Strength and permeability characteristics of road base materials blended with fly ash and bottom ash , Julie Ann L. Jao

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Case Studies - Canon Philippines

Latest case studies.

Toyota Pasong Tamo, Bonifacio Global City, and Angeles, Pampanga

September 2022 — Melandrex Holdings, Inc. owns and runs Pasong Tamo (TPT), Bonifacio Global City (TGC), and Angeles, Pampanga (TAP). TPT company started in 1995 and maintains to be one of the strongest performers for Toyota in the country.

University of Mindanao

September 2022 — The University of Mindanao is the largest private, non-sectarian university in Mindanao, Philippines. With such a large population, its reproduction department has a big job of producing the students' reading requirements.

Carmelites: Setting the Record Straight

May 2022 — The Carmelites are a religious order with long-standing presence in the Philippines. They are one of the more traditional sects; little of their work has changed since they were founded. As part of their philosophy, journaling and record-keeping are important practices. These journals are maintained and shared with the Vatican. With decades of existence and hundreds of contributors past and present, the orders' archives were growing by the day.

Kajima Philippines

November 2021 — I would not hesitate to acquire new equipment from Canon. The increase in efficiency and productivity saved us so much; we realized our return on investment in no time.

Accounting Industry

Fan, Chan & Co. Limited

December 2020 — Fan, Chan & Co. Limited is a member firm of Nexia International, a worldwide network of independent accounting and consulting firms. The key services they provide include audit, tax, accounting and secretarial services for SMEs, multinationals and listed companies. In their day-to-day operations, managing a large number of varied hard copy documents was unavoidable. The use of paper documents has undoubtedly made work processes complicated and time consuming for their employees, and resulted in inefficient information sharing and team communication within the firm.

Aviation Industry

Indonesia AirAsia (IAA)

May 2019 — Providing affordable flight routes, Indonesia AirAsia (IAA) is a reputable brand that has been making waves in the travel industry. Comprising 1 head office on top of 33 service and sales offices located throughout Indonesia’s main cities, IAA prides itself on offering affordable aviation services aimed to deliver maximum customer satisfaction.

Education Industry

Marlborough College Malaysia

September 2018 — The clincher for us is the Canon team’s dedication to service, meeting all our specific requirements to the best of their ability. Working with Canon is a truly delightful experience.

Vongchavalitkul University

March 2017 — Working with Canon has allowed us to experience first-hand the dynamics of a truly professional and experienced team.

Electronics Industry

LG Electronics (Thailand) Co., Ltd.

December 2020 — LG Electronics (Thailand) Co., Ltd. is one of the Southeast-Asian subsidiaries of the multinational conglomerate LG Electronics, a global forerunner in electrical equipment manufacturing, supply and innovation. Within the Thai domestic market, the organisation is recognised as a leader in consumer electronics. With 11 branches country-wide and a total of 300 employees in operation, print usage can be extensive in day-to-day tasks.

Engineering Industry

Professional Testing Services

March 2017 — With Canon's archiving software, operation and workflow issues, such as data retention and information flow problems, were resolved. This allows us to easily virtualise, store and retrieve information in a secure manner.

Food & Beverage Industry

Ferrero Asia

September 2018 — Since implementing Therefore™ in its operations, Ferrero Asia has seen a 50% reduction in document processing workload and a 20% increase in productivity level.

Huber's Butchery

June 2017 — We change to innovate and to adapt. If we do not change, we will be left behind. The Canon team performed above and beyond expectations in walking us through this change.

Hospitality Industry

Grand Hyatt Singapore

May 2019 — As one of Singapore’s most prestigious 5-star hotels, Grand Hyatt Singapore has clearly mastered the art of hospitality. Upholding the reputation of being a globally renowned brand, Grand Hyatt Singapore prides itself on being an ideal accommodation choice.

The Grand Ho Tram Strip

May 2019 — Comprising five resort complexes that sprawl over 400 hectares, The Grand Ho Tram Strip is truly a sight to behold. Inaugurated in 2012, the grounds include The Grand Ho Tram Strip, a resort complex with 1,100 five-star hotel rooms; The Bluffs, an international golf course; as well as a second compound that contains another three five-star resort complexes.

Singapore Swimming Club

October 2017 — When it comes to business solutions, every company should be focusing on these aspects – ease of use, customer service, and price. That is where Canon has exceeded our expectations.

Marina Mandarin Singapore

June 2017 — We are very pleased with the results we have seen, especially in the reduction of print wastage and improvement of our business efficiency ever since the Canon solutions were implemented.

Insurance Industry

Sompo Insurance Singapore

October 2017 — Canon uniFLOW is an appropriate and necessary solution in our organisation. We are now equipped to handle confidentiality material confidently.

Legal Industry

Hadiputranto, Hadinoto & Partners

October 2017 — We reviewed many proposals, and finally decided on Canon due to PTS's initiative and diligence in conducting an assessment of our organisation's needs before proposing a solution.

Logistics Industry

Ocean Network Express (ONE)

January 2020 — A Japanese global transport company with a colossal fleet size of 1.55 million TEU, Ocean Network Express (ONE) offers an extensive liner network service which covers over 120 countries. ONE is a joint venture between three Japanese shipping giants: Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Mitsui OSK Lines and NipponYusen Kaisha. It has a holding company office in Tokyo, and functions from its global headquarters in Singapore with support from regional headquarters in Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, the United States and Brazil.

Manufacturing Industry

Swagelok Singapore

January 2019 — Canon’s Therefore™ Document Management Solution proved immensely useful in helping Swagelok Singapore to streamline processes and improve productivity levels.

Media & Entertainment Industry

Singapore Press Holdings

March 2017 — Balancing cost while embracing innovation is key to achieving true efficiency and effectiveness within an organisation. That is why we decided to go with Canon.

March 2017 — Canon knew that there are no shortcuts in customer service, and the account managers and service engineers take that very seriously.

Nonprofit Industry

Oil & gas industry.

SEAOIL Philippines Inc.

June 2020 — SEAOIL is the largest independent fuel company in the Philippines. Since its inception in 1997, they have become one of the leading fuel companies in the country, with over 500 stations nationwide. Accorded the Outstanding Filipino Franchise of the Year Award for two consecutive years, the company strives to provide quality, affordable and sustainable products, remaining true to their promise of “Fueling a Better Future”.

Printing Industry

The Science behind the Art: I Am Abi

September 2021 — Abi Miguel, an accomplished fine art photographer, was frustrated with the quality produced by local printing shops. Husband and business partner Dennis said, "you can't drive a Ferrari with the wrong wheels," referring to the disconnect between the digital images and their lackluster printouts.

Real Estate Industry

Prestige Estates Projects Limited

March 2017 — Canon was our natural choice due to our long working relationship built upon trust.

Retail Industry

Corlison / Pearlie White

June 2021 — Established in 1964, Corlison Pte Ltd is one of the largest fully Singaporean owned distributors of personal, healthcare and home cleaning products in the country. The company also owns Pearlie White, the only home-grown oral care brand in Singapore, and manufactures its products locally for consumers all over the world.

Jaspal Company Limited

January 2019 — Thanks to Canon’s uniFLOW Print Management Solution, Jaspal Company Limited is now able to reduce print waste as print jobs are only released for printing when users authenticate at any MFD most convenient to them.

Technology Industry

Uber India Systems Private Limited

March 2020 — Uber is a once-in-a-generation technology company that offers a platform to connect drivers, riders, restaurants and customers, through its various solutions including ride-hailing, food delivery, and even bicycle-sharing services. Present in 63 countries, Uber is estimated to have more than 110 million users worldwide, with Uber India making up a significant contribution to the company’s global operations.

NEC Taiwan Ltd.

September 2018 — The Canon team has admirable work ethics. The quality of their services is as good as the quality of their products.

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Green Justice: A Compilation of Selected Philippine Environmental Laws

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Assessment of the Capacity of the Pillars of the Philippine Criminal Justice System

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New Judicial Reforms in the Philippines Aim to Address Needs of the Poor

Enhancing Access of the Basic Sectors to the Judiciary

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Investing in Botswana's Teacher Workforce

Botswana will need to invest in human capital and strengthen its skills base to transition into a knowledge-based economy. However, low foundational learning levels remain a key challenge for the education sector.   While Botswana has invested heavily in teacher supply, teacher deployment has not always reflected school-level teacher needs. The…

Research on Child Migration and Displacement in Latin America and the Caribbean

Although migration has been a longstanding fact of life in Latin America and the Caribbean, the number of children affected by migration, including both children migrating and residing in host communities, is increasing. Even where their needs are considered, too often children’s own perspectives are ignored. However, previous studies show that…

Youth, Protests and the Polycrisis

Youth, Protests and the Polycrisis  delves into this transformative potential of youth protests, while cautioning about the risks. Although many analyses exist on specific youth protests, fewer studies have global coverage. This paper combines quantitative research on protests with qualitative insights, including from young people themselves, and…, Youth activism often stems from a perception of marginalization, with diverse political, environmental, economic and social issues triggering protests. Protests on global issues, such as against climate change or racism, including through transnational youth-led movements, have increased.  , Young people help to diversify protest tactics and bridge online and offline activism, Digital technologies and platforms have been increasingly used by youth, bringing innovation to protests, fostering inclusivity and lowering the costs of organizing movements, though not without risks. Online mobilization may aggravate digital divides, and is also subject to surveillance, harassment and repression.   , Youth participation can contribute to more peaceful and inclusive activism, but even non-violent action faces preemptive repression, Most protests involving youth are peaceful, contradicting a misperception that young people are violent and unruly. Additionally, protests with youth participation are more inclusive and larger. At the same time, governments are more prone to repress mass protests preemptively and violently when they involve youth. , Youth participation contributes to protest impact and social change, but this does not necessarily produce direct gains for young people, Young people’s participation in protests means less violent, larger, more inclusive and more innovative campaigns, and these elements contribute to higher impact. Mass protests where young people are on the front lines are more likely to be effective and to achieve positive outcomes in their aftermath. On the other hand, even when mass protests…, U N I C E F I N N O C E N T I G L O B A L O F F I C E O F R E S E A R C H A N D F O R E S I G H T M A R C H 2 0 2 4 Youth, Protests and the Polycrisis This document is interactive and designed for digital viewing. Please consider the environment and refrain from printing. ContentsSynopsis 3 Introduction 5 1. Emerging trends in youth protests…

Early Childhood Education Systems in 15 Pacific Island Countries and Territories

Early childhood education (ECE) is becoming a global policy priority, especially in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) where there is commitment to invest in the youngest learners. Building on system-level mappings in 2015 and 2017, this report delves into the status of ECE systems in the Pacific region as of 2022. Based on a…

A Cash Plus Model for Safe Transitions to a Healthy and Productive Adulthood

Reports and briefs available for baseline (2017), Round 2 (2018), Round 3 (2019) and Round 4 (2021) surveys. “Ujana Salama” (‘Safe Youth’ in Swahili) is a cash plus programme targeting adolescents in households receiving cash transfers under the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) programme. Implemented by the…, Document cover Baseline report (April 2018), This report presents the evaluation design and baseline findings from a 24-month, mixed methods study to provide evidence on the potential for an additional plus component targeted to youth that is layered on top of the Government of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net to improve future economic opportunities for youth and facilitate their…, Document cover Round 2 (Midline) report (2020), This report provides midline findings from the impact evaluation of a cash plus model targeting youth in households receiving the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN). Implemented by the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF), with technical assistance of the Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) and UNICEF Tanzania, the…, Document cover Round 3 report (2020), “Ujana Salama” (‘Safe Youth’ in Swahili) is a cash plus programme targeting adolescents in households receiving the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN). Implemented by the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF), with technical assistance of the Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) and UNICEF Tanzania, the ‘plus’…, Document cover Round 4 report (2024), This mixed-methods impact evaluation examines the impacts of “Ujana Salama” (‘Safe Youth’ in Swahili) which is a cash plus programme targeting adolescents in households receiving cash transfers under the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) programme. Implemented by the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF), with…, A Cash Plus Model for Safe Transitions to a Healthy and Productive Adulthood:Baseline Report Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) UNICEF Tanzania UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti Economic Development Initiatives (EDI) April 2018 The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are…

The Impact of Valor Criança

The Government of Angola and its Development Partners developed and implemented Apoio à Protecção Social – APROSOC (‘Strengthening and expanding social protection to the vulnerable population in Angola’) between 2014 and 2022 as a first step towards establishing a national social protection system. A key component of the programme, Valor Criança,…

The Impact of the Cash Transfer Intervention in the Commune of Nsélé in Kinshasa

In an effort to mitigate the negative socioeconomic consequences of the COVID-19 containment measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), UNICEF and the World Food Programme initiated a cash transfer programme in the peri-urban commune of Nsélé, near Kinshasa, the capital of DRC. The intervention reached about 23,000 households in the…

Mitigating the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 with a cash transfer in peri-urban Kinshasa

Prospects for Children in 2024: Cooperation in a Fragmented World

Prospects for Children in 2024: Cooperation in a Fragmented World is the latest edition of the Global Outlook, a series of reports produced each year by UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight, which look to the key trends affecting children and young people over the following 12 months and beyond., As we enter 2024, the world stands at a pivotal juncture. We can choose a path marked by increased global collaboration – a path that embraces innovation, knowledge sharing, policy transfer, and equitable growth. Or, there's a different course that could be taken, one which might entail less unity and a more protectionist approach, potentially…, 1. Geopolitical shifts and the risk of conflict may threaten children’s survival and well-being – but avenues for accountability and cooperation hold promise., In 2024, major powers will continue competing to expand their military, political, economic, and technological influence globally, including within multilateral institutions. Meanwhile, small and middle powers, including many in the Global South, are distancing themselves from confrontation between the major powers by forging new, flexible…, 2. Economic fragmentation threatens families’ livelihoods, children’s development and youth employment – but economic solidarity, market collaboration and investing in future skills can safeguard children’s rights and futures., Economic fragmentation, often driven by geopolitical interests and strategic considerations, is projected to widen disparities between nations in 2024. This unravelling of global economic integration threatens to undermine years of prosperity, progress, and innovation. It also adds fiscal pressure at a time when child poverty is rising in many…, 3. A fragmented multilateral system is not delivering on key issues for children – but it has a chance to reset its course in 2024 through global governance and financing reforms., The year 2024 will be pivotal for addressing a fragmented multilateral system that is failing on issues such as peace, security, climate change, financing for developing countries and the enforcement of normative standards – all of which can have an impact on children and their rights. Many countries, especially those in the Global South, believe…, 4. Developing economies still face structural inequities in the international financial architecture, limiting their ability to invest in children – but reforms to lending approaches and new technologies offer hope., Structural inequities in international financing will continue to limit developing countries’ investments in children in 2024. Excessive debt burdens, high remittance costs, overreliance on unpredictable economic monetary policies, and lack of voice in financial governance penalize poorer states. Debt crises triggered by these factors hurt…, 5. Global democracy will face unprecedented risks presented by disinformation and higher levels of political violence – but positive forces, including those led by children and youth, may still reverse the democratic decline., Democratic backsliding and youth dissatisfaction with democracy have been unfolding for years. But in 2024, as many nations face critical elections, two concerning trends emerge. First, advances in the digital technology for large language models and generative AI have introduced dangerous new disinformation capabilities that can create convincing…, 6. Fast-tracking transition to green energy is reshaping critical mineral and labour markets – if managed responsibly, cooperatively and justly, it can benefit children., In 2024, the accelerated transition to green energy will continue. This transition will be driven by volatility in energy markets, growth in the deployment of clean energy technology and policy imperatives like the development of new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). A faster shift to green energy brings significant benefits to children…, 7. El Niño, mosquito-borne diseases and water scarcity threaten children’s health and well-being – but greater collaboration, holistic programming and technological innovation can mitigate the negative impacts and protect children., Throughout 2024, climate change will continue to pose many threats to children’s health and nutrition. Three key forces stand out: the continuation of El Niño; the rise in outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases due to climate change; and water scarcity. The 2024 El Niño could be even hotter and more dangerous to people and the planet than in 2023.…, 8. Potential impacts of unchecked technologies spark fear and concern for children’s well-being – but proactive policy and global digital cooperation can place children at the centre of responsible design and regulation., The digital environment continues to shape children’s lives. Advances such as artificial intelligence (AI) bring new opportunities for children's learning, health care and development. Because new technology also poses risks for children, striking a regulatory balance will be a 2024 priority for three main reasons: First, apprehension about the…, Prospects for Children: Cooperation in a Fragmented World 2 0 2 4 G L O B A L O U T L O O K This document is interactive and designed for digital viewing. Please consider the environment and refrain from printing. Eight trends for 2024 Geopolitical shifts and the risk of conflict Economic fragmentation A fragmented multilateral system Structural…

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