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It can be difficult to know how to write numbers in academic writing (e.g. five or 5 , 1 million or 1,000,000 ). This section gives some guidelines on when to use words to write numbers, and when to use numerals . There are also some exceptions to the rule which are considered, i.e. times when you might expect to use words but should instead use numerals. There is also a checklist at the end, that you can use to check the use of numbers in your own writing.
In general, words should be used for zero to ten , and numerals used from 11 onwards. The same rule should be applied to ordinal numbers, i.e. use words for first, second up to tenth, and numbers plus 'th' (or 'st') from 11th onwards. However, it is always best to check what the accepted practice is at your university (or in your department/on your course), and remember that some common referencing systems have their own, different requirements, as follows.
Before looking at when to use numerals (which is almost all other situations, see next), it is useful to look at important exceptions.
(1) When the number begins a sentence , you should use words , whatever the size of the number (though if possible, rewrite the sentence so the number is not at the beginning).
(2) When expressing part of a very large round number , e.g. million, billion, you should use words for that large number part (it is common to use abbreviations m for million and bn billion ).
Conversely, numerals should be used rather than words, whatever the size of the number, when large and small numbers are combined , since this makes comparisons easier.
Numerals are used for almost all other situations. These include the following.
The following are a few other points to remember when using numbers.
American Psychological Association (2019a) Numbers Expressed in Words . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/words (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
American Psychological Association (2019b) Numbers Expressed in Numerals . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/numerals (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
Harvard Wiki (2019) Numbers . Available at: https://wiki.harvard.edu/confluence/display/HSG/Numbers . (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of Bristol (2015) Using numbers . Available at: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial/page_33.htm (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of New England (nd) Numbers in academic writing . Available at: https://aso-resources.une.edu.au/academic-writing/miscellaneous/numbers/ (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of Oxford (2015) Style Guide . Available at: https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
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Below is a checklist for using numbers in academic writing. Use it to check your writing, or as a peer to help.
Words have been used for , and numerals for numbers 11 and above (unless there are different requirements e.g. ). | ||
Numbers (written as numerals) are used to . | ||
Very are expressed using . | ||
If , numerals are used throughout. | ||
Numerals have been used for . |
Read more about using complex grammar in the next section.
Go back to the previous section about describing data .
Author: Sheldon Smith ‖ Last modified: 16 January 2022.
Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .
Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.
Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).
Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.
Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).
Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.
Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.
3-minute read
No matter what you’re studying, at some point in your academic career you’ll find yourself using numbers in your written work .
This might not seem too problematic, but there are important differences between using numbers in formal academic writing and in everyday life.
The biggest question when it comes to numbers in academic writing is whether to use numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) or words (one, two, three, four, etc.). The general guideline is to write smaller numbers up to ten as words, with numerals saved for larger numbers.
Annoyingly, there is no consensus on this. For instance, the APA Style Guide recommends using numerals for ten and up (or “10 and up,” if we’re doing this the APA way). But the Chicago Manual of Style suggests spelling out all numbers up to one hundred.
The important thing is to check your school’s style guide and use a consistent system throughout each paper you write.
You may also need to understand Roman numerals . These aren’t so common these days, but you do see them in things like copyright dates (MCMLXXXVI = 1986) and the names of monarchs (Queen Elizabeth II).
Despite the above rule, some bigger numbers are expressed either as words or as a combination of words and figures. For example, it is to say:
The Earth is 4.542 billion years old.
But writing this out in numerals is a bit confusing, as there are many zeroes:
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The Earth is 4,542,000,000 years old.
Punctuating numbers correctly is also important. When expressing a number over one thousand, for example, it’s common to separate the thousands with a comma:
One thousand = 1,000
One hundred thousand = 100,000
One million = 1,000,000
Hyphens, meanwhile, should be used either when expressing a number with more than one word (e.g., twenty-two) or when as part of an adjectival phrase modifying a noun (e.g., “I’m holding a seven-year-old grudge”).
Dates (e.g., 06/12/2013 or 6 December 2013) and years (e.g., 1948, 300-250 BCE) are usually written using numerals. Centuries, however, should be written out in full (i.e., “eighteenth century” rather than “18 th century”).
In technical writing, such as in the sciences and math, it’s more common to use numerals than words. This is especially true when a number is followed by a unit of measurement. So, for instance, the weight “four grams” could be expressed as “4 g” or “4 grams.”
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You may have noticed a theme when it comes to the English language: most rules are not standardized. This (somewhat frustrating) fact is especially true when it comes to spelling out numbers. Should you write them out in words or leave them as numerals? To write numbers properly, you will also need to identify potential differences between major style guides (such as MLA , APA , and Chicago , to name a few) because these guides often outline different rules for using numbers in writing.
To make it easier, let's use an example. Say you're working on a paper evaluating the importance of the local public library in your community. The document will make use of small numbers, large numbers, decades, and statistics. Each type of number may follow a different rule.
Thankfully, when using numbers in writing, you can count on a few conventions that apply to most situations; just be sure to consult your specific style guide if one has been assigned. If you don't have time to review each number yourself, a professional editor or proofreader can ensure that your numbers are written correctly.
A simple rule for using numbers in writing is that small numbers ranging from one to ten (or one to nine, depending on the style guide) should generally be spelled out. Larger numbers (i.e., above ten) are written as numerals.
For example, instead of writing "It cost ten-thousand four-hundred and sixteen dollars to renovate the local library," you would write, "It cost $10,416 to renovate the local library."
The reason for this is relatively intuitive. Writing out large numbers not only wastes space but could also be a major distraction to your readers.
Here is a rule that you can truly rely on: always spell out numbers when they begin a sentence, no matter how large or small they may be.
Incorrect: 15 new fiction novels were on display.
Correct: Fifteen new fiction novels were on display.
If the number is large and you want to avoid writing it all out, rearrange the sentence so that the number no longer comes first.
Revised: There were 15 new fiction novels on display.
Another important factor to consider is whether you are working with a whole number or a decimal. Decimals are always written as numerals for clarity and accuracy.
To revisit our library example, perhaps circulation statistics improved in 2015. If a number falls in the range of one to ten and is not a whole number, it should be written as a numeral.
Incorrect: The circulation of library materials increased by four point five percent in 2015.
Correct: The circulation of library materials increased by 4.5% in 2015.
When two numbers come next to each other in a sentence, be sure to spell out one of these numbers. The main purpose of this rule is to avoid confusing the reader.
Incorrect: There were 12 4-year-old children waiting for the librarian to begin story time.
Correct: There were 12 four-year-old children waiting for the librarian to begin story time.
Correct: There were twelve 4-year-old children waiting for the librarian to begin story time.
Decades or centuries are usually spelled out, especially if the writing is formal.
Incorrect: The library was built in the '50s.
Correct: The library was built in the fifties.
If you are referring to a specific year (e.g., 1955), use the numeral.
Always strive for consistency, even if it overrides a previous rule. For example, if your document uses numbers frequently, it is more appropriate for all numbers to remain as numerals to ensure that usage is uniform throughout. Similarly, if a single sentence combines small and large numbers, make sure that all the numbers are either spelled out or written as numerals.
Incorrect: The library acquired five new mystery novels, 12 new desktop computers, and 17 new periodicals.
Correct: The library acquired 5 new mystery novels, 12 new desktop computers, and 17 new periodicals.
Let's complicate things a bit, shall we?
If your work must follow the rules of a specific style guide, understand that various guides all have rules for spelling out numbers that may differ slightly from the rules listed above. For example, MLA style indicates that writers may spell out numbers if they are not used too frequently in the document and can be represented with one or two words (e.g., twenty-four, one hundred, three thousand ). APA style advises that common fractions (e.g., two-thirds ) be expressed as words. A number of specific rules for spelling out numbers are outlined in Section 9.1 of the Chicago Manual of Style.
Your ultimate authority will always be a style guide, but in the absence of one, following the rules outlined above will help you stay consistent in your use of numbers in writing.
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Should you write “one” or “1,” “ten” or “10”? Read on to learn when you should write numbers with words instead of digits.
When it comes to writing numbers , using digits might be the easier option. But is using digits instead of words acceptable in all settings, including formal writing? We’ll discuss this and more below.
When writing numbers , deciding to use digits (e.g., “7”) versus words (e.g., “seven”) varies from writer to writer and style guide to style guide. If you’re writing for a publication like a newspaper, magazine, or online blog, you should ask what their rules are for writing numbers . Otherwise, using numbers or words is up to you. But if you want advice on writing numbers, you can keep the following general guidelines in mind.
One major guideline many writers follow is to write numbers “0–10” (sometimes “0-9” or “0–12”) in words and numbers that are higher in digits.
I was four years old when my mom first took me to Disney World.
My baby brother turned 16 yesterday.
Benjamin guessed that there were 230 marbles in the jar.
Keep in mind that you might have to adapt this guideline for extraordinarily large numbers. For example, AP style suggests a combination of both numbers and words when writing a number like 7 million.
Additionally, certain style guides advise spelling out numbers if doing so results in two words or fewer . For example, instead of using the digits “23”, you’d write out twenty-three.
If you opt to use this guideline, remember to include a hyphen when writing numbers with two words.
Sixty-five students auditioned for the lead role.
We had three hours to bake fifty cookies.
Mr. Bouchard went from a class with thirty students to a class with twenty-five students.
Just as every sentence should start with a capital letter , sentences that begin with numbers should always use the word, not the digit.
54 countries make up the continent of Africa.
Fifty-four countries make up the continent of Africa.
If the number is large and has more than two words, try rearranging the sentence.
Four hundred and twenty-five degrees is how hot the oven should be when baking the bread.
The oven should be set to 425 degrees when baking the bread.
Not only can LanguageTool help you with spelling and grammar, but it can also help you with numbers. This intelligent writing assistant will remind you to add a hyphen to compound numbers, and will also recommend not starting a sentence with a digit. Enhance your writing. Try it out today.
Clearly, there are a lot of things to consider when writing numbers. Two additional guidelines to remember are:
At the end of the day, how to write numbers is up to the writer’s stylistic preference. The only major rule that you should follow is to remain consistent. Pick a style and stick with it throughout your text. And if you’re writing for a publication, your best bet is to ask what the style guidelines are. Now that you’re familiar with writing numbers , start writing in three … two … one .
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Writing advice from the harvard college writing center tutors, one hundred percent or 100% tips for writing numbers..
by Raymond DeLuca, English Grammar and Language Tutor
Students bring all sorts of different essays to the Writing Center, and each discipline has its own conventions when it comes to writing numbers. People are always surprised to learn that, yes, there are good and not so good ways to write numbers in English. So, this information will save you a headache. After all, it is not the best use of your time when writing an essay (especially when it’s due in a few hours) to get stuck thinking, well, is it “3” or “three”?
Just as there are different citation styles for citing sources in different academic fields, there are also different conventions for writing numbers. Each of the most common citation styles—MLA, APA, and Chicago– offers slightly different rules for writing numbers. You should always make sure you know what style and citation guidelines you should be following for a specific assignment. If you are writing a non-technical paper and can choose your style, I recommend following the MLA guidelines, which make a lot of sense and are commonly used in cases where you’re not using a lot of numbers.
Rule #1: When should you write out numbers and when should you use the number?
For papers in the humanities and in some social sciences, you will often use either the MLA or Chicago citation styles. In those styles, when you are writing a non-technical paper, you should write out numbers less than one hundred, using a dash for two-digit numbers: eight, fifteen, forty-five, sixty-two, eighty-seven, etc., etc. And, for numbers over one hundred: 1,435; 2,870; 5,740; 11,480. Someone here is bound to ask: “Well, does that mean one trillion should be written as 1,000,000,000,000?” No, of course not. If the number (even if it’s above one hundred) can be easily expressed in words, then keep it in words: four hundred, eight thousand, three billion, nine quintillion, etc.
If you’re using APA style, you should generally only write out numbers 1-9 and use numerals for everything else. But there is an exception: If you are using a number at the beginning of the sentence, you should write it out.
Rule #2 What about percentages?
Just like with regular numbers, different style guides express different preferences for percentages. I like the MLA style, which advises that for a percentage less than one hundred, you should write it in words: two percent, seventy-six percent, ninety-nine percent, but, for a percentage greater than one hundred, write it in numerals: 110 percent, 500 percent, 999 percent. Besides that, as you can see, in non-technical writing, it is better to use the word “percent” rather than the percent sign, “%.” It’s ugly.
In this case, Chicago and APA style both call for using use numbers in percentages.
Rule #3: What about years?
MLA, Chicago, and APA style all say that years are better written in numerals, not words: 1967, not “nineteen sixty-seven.” (Sometimes students write out the years to pad their paper’s word count; it’s not a good look! Everyone can see what you’re doing.) It’s also considered poor style to start a sentence with a year, i.e., “2020 has been a bad year.” You could rephrase that, writing instead: “Many people thought 2020 would be a better year.”
Rule #4: What about decades?
If you’re talking about a series of events that occurred in a certain decade, say, from 1980 – 1989, you can refer to that period in three different ways: the eighties, the ‘80s, or the 1980s. But stay clear of the “nineteen eighties.”
Rule #5: If you ever find yourself writing about a score or a court decision or a ratio, you should stick with numerals (even if said numbers are less than one hundred). For example, “The Red Sox were up 4-2 before losing 6-4,” or “The contentious 5-4 Supreme Court ruling says…”
These are obviously not the only situations you will encounter when you need to write a number, but these rules will help clear up some of the most common issues I’ve seen in student writing. Numbers can be as easy as one, two, three. If you find yourself writing a science or an econometrics paper, you may have to use way more numbers than you would otherwise, and you will need to make sure you are following the guidelines in your field. Generally, though, these five suggestions are good to keep in mind.
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We use numbers every day without even thinking about them – in our calendars, recipes, to-do lists, etc. Let's figure out how to use them in writing correctly.
Ordinal numbers, fractions and decimals, the bottom line.
Most people would agree that writing numbers is not the most exciting topic in the world. However, it is an important skill to have, especially for students. Just remember to stick to a specific style guide if you have one.
Whether you’re only at the beginning of your English learning journey or you work in an English-speaking environment, learning how to use English numbers correctly will allow you to improve your skills. And, while there are many guidelines for how to properly spell numbers in spoken English, there are also several rules for writing them correctly.
In the English language, we typically write numbers as words and there are specific rules outlined for doing so. In this brief, we will explore the different ways to write cardinal and ordinal numbers and when to use each one along with punctuation marks needed. We will also look at fractions and decimals and provide some examples for clarification. Let’s start!
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Cardinal numbers are the numbers that we use to count objects, people, animals, etc. Cardinal numbers represent a quantity . When writing cardinal numbers , we can either write them out as words or use digits – numerals from 0 to 9.
When it comes to using cardinal numbers in writing, we usually spell out numbers from 1 to 9 , i.e., write them as words. For example:
Although The Chicago Manual of Style recommends spelling out numbers zero through one hundred, this style can make your writing unnecessarily complicated and takes out too much space. As such, you should use numerals to express large numbers (i.e., above nine or ten – depending on the style guide). For example:
When it comes to fractions , you should spell them out in formal writing . In casual texts, this is a matter of preference.
Another important thing to note is that currency symbols , such as a dollar sign, should be placed in front of the number in writing. In English, we also use commas with figures of four or more digits – you should place a comma after every three digits . For example:
We also use cardinal numbers to write precise time in English, such as 19:23. Although time can be expressed in various formats, you may want to stick to a 24-hour system to avoid misunderstandings and confusing AM and PM. We use numerals for writing time as well as phone numbers.
We use a hyphen (-) to connect two-word numbers in writing. You should hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine. For example:
If the sentence begins with a number, we always spell out numbers, no matter how small or large they are. For example:
If you want to avoid spelling out numbers that have three or more digits, you can try and rearrange the sentence so the number doesn’t come first. You could write it like this:
There are different ways to express decades in writing. For example, the shortest format to write decades is using two-digit numbers with an apostrophe before them and an s after them, e.g., ‘60s . You can also write an entire decade in numerals with an s after it – the 1960s .
However, when in doubt, it’s better to write them out – the sixties. Longform numbers tend to be the most suitable format for formal writing.
If you are referring to a specific year, use Arabic numerals, e.g., 1969 . Sometimes, Roman numerals are also suitable – for example, in books (to number the chapters), titles (like Elizabeth II), or for the copyright date on films, television programs, and videos.
Ordinal numbers are the numbers that we use to express order or rank in a sequence, e.g., first, second, third, etc. Ordinal numbers represent position . We also use ordinal numbers to write dates in English - for example, the 4th of July .
To write ordinal numbers in words, we add th to a cardinal number, e.g., seven th . However, there are several irregular ordinal numbers you need to memorize by heart:
To write ordinal numbers as numerals, we add the last two letters of the written number to it. Like this:
When spelling out large numbers, we only change the last numeral to an ordinal number. For example:
We use fractions and decimals in the English language to indicate partial amounts of something.
You can create fractions of whole numbers using both cardinal and ordinal numbers. The numerator (the numeral above the line) is always a cardinal number while the denominator (the numeral below the line) is always an ordinal number. For example, fraction number ⅕ should be written out as one-fifth .
When a numerator is greater than one , we use the denominator in plural by adding an s - ⅔ should be written out as two-thirds .
Mixed fractions are often expressed in figures unless they begin a sentence. For example, both these examples will be correct:
A decimal is a number that consists of a whole number and a fractional part separated by a decimal point, e.g., 1.275 . Decimals are always written as numerals for clarity and accuracy.
However, it’s not advised to use a decimal point or a dollar sign when writing out sums of less than a dollar. For example:
Keep in mind that we use decimal points in decimal numbers, and decimal commas – to separate larger numbers.
As you can see, there are several rules you need to follow when writing numbers in English, but the great news is that the majority of these rules you already understand intuitively. As such, writing numbers shouldn’t be a problem for you.
However, the main rule is to choose a specific style guide and stay consistent with it throughout the whole text. You can choose from Chicago style , MLA style, APA style, or AP style, to name a few, and consult with them whenever you’re in doubt.
You should also consider downloading our Langster app and learn English with stories! This way, you’ll get even more examples of using numbers in daily contexts and pick up proper phrasing. Good luck!
Ellis is a seasoned polyglot and one of the creative minds behind Langster Blog, where she shares effective language learning strategies and insights from her own journey mastering the four languages. Ellis strives to empower learners globally to embrace new languages with confidence and curiosity. Off the blog, she immerses herself in exploring diverse cultures through cinema and contemporary fiction, further fueling her passion for language and connection.
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Simple and clear rules for writing numbers in an essay that will impress any reader.
When it comes to showcasing numerical information within an essay or any other form of written content, it is essential to master the art of effectively conveying numerical data. Numbers, whether they represent statistical figures, percentages, monetary values, or quantities, require a unique approach in order to engage the reader and provide a clear understanding of the information being presented.
In the realm of written expression, numbers can often appear mundane and monotonous, dulling the impact of the overall message. However, through the use of creative and thoughtful techniques, one can transform these numerical figures into engaging storytelling tools that enhance the flow and impact of the written work.
Emphasizing numerical data can be achieved through various methods , starting with the careful selection of appropriate linguistic devices. Utilizing vivid and descriptive language, such as powerful adjectives and adverbs, can bring numbers to life and create a visual representation in the reader’s mind. For example, instead of simply stating that the company’s profit increased by 20%, one could say that the profit skyrocketed or surged by an astounding 20%. This not only adds excitement and energy to the writing but also captures the reader’s attention and encourages them to delve deeper into the information being presented.
When it comes to writing numbers in an essay, there are certain rules and guidelines that should be followed. These rules ensure clarity and consistency throughout the essay, making it easier for readers to understand the information being presented. By adhering to these rules, writers can effectively communicate numerical information in a way that is both accurate and professional.
1. Spell out numbers from zero to nine. Numbers that are spelled out from zero to nine should be written as words in an essay. For example, “two apples,” “sixty-three percent,” or “nine thousand.” This helps to maintain consistency and readability in the text.
2. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above. Numbers that are 10 or greater should be written using numerals in an essay. For example, “14 fish,” “85 participants,” or “101 pages.” This makes it easier for readers to quickly comprehend the numerical information without any confusion.
3. Follow specific style guides for exceptions. In some cases, specific style guides may have exceptions to the general rules for writing numbers. For example, certain style guides may require the use of numerals for numbers that are greater than 100. Make sure to consult the appropriate style guide for any exceptions that may apply to your writing.
4. Use numerals for dates, times, and measurements. When writing dates, times, and measurements, it is generally preferred to use numerals rather than spelling them out. For example, “On July 4, 2023,” “at 12:30 p.m.,” or “3 meters long.” This helps to convey the exactness and precision of the information being presented.
5. Be consistent. Consistency is key when it comes to writing numbers in an essay. Choose a specific style and stick to it throughout the entire essay. Whether you choose to spell out numbers from zero to nine or use numerals for all numbers, make sure to apply the same formatting consistently.
By following these rules for writing numbers in an essay, writers can ensure that their numerical information is presented accurately and professionally. This enhances the overall clarity and comprehension of the essay, making it easier for readers to engage with the content.
Gain a solid understanding of the fundamental principles for expressing numerical values in your academic essays. Properly presenting numbers is essential for maintaining clarity and consistency in your writing. By adhering to these basic guidelines, you can ensure that your essays adhere to standard formatting conventions and effectively convey information to your readers.
1. Spell out small whole numbers: In general, numbers from one to nine are spelled out in academic essays. For example, instead of writing “2 cats,” you would write “two cats.” This practice helps to maintain a smooth flow of reading and prevents numerical symbols from disrupting the text.
2. Use numerals for large numbers and numbers with decimal points: When dealing with numbers greater than nine or numbers that involve decimal points, it is appropriate to use numerals. For instance, you would write “17 participants,” “6.5 percent,” or “2,500 words.” Numerals are especially useful for conveying exact values and facilitating comparisons.
3. Express common measurements with symbols: When discussing well-known units of measurement, it is acceptable to use their symbols without spelling them out. For example, “3 km” instead of “three kilometers” or “5 kg” instead of “five kilograms.” This approach saves space and is widely understood in academic writing.
4. Be consistent in expressing numerical ranges: When indicating a range of values, use the appropriate punctuation for clarity. For instance, you would write “between 5 and 10 books,” “from 200 to 300 participants,” or “in the years 1990-2000.” Consistency within a range helps the reader easily grasp the scope of the given information.
5. Follow specific style guides: Different style guides may have their own rules for writing numbers. For example, APA style may differ from MLA style. It is important to consult the style guide specified by your academic institution or instructor to ensure accurate and consistent presentation of numbers in your essays.
By following these basic guidelines, you can effectively incorporate numbers into your academic essays and enhance the overall clarity and professionalism of your writing.
Consistency plays a crucial role when it comes to writing numbers in various contexts. Maintaining a consistent style throughout an essay or any written piece not only enhances readability but also ensures clarity and professionalism. Consistency in writing numbers refers to using the same format and style when expressing numerical values, whether they are written in digits or spelled out in words. Consistency helps to avoid confusion and allows readers to understand and interpret the numbers accurately.
One aspect of consistency in writing numbers involves deciding whether to use numerals or words. It is important to establish a set of guidelines and follow them consistently. For example, in scientific or technical writing, it is common to use numerals for measurements, percentages, statistics, and mathematical expressions. On the other hand, when writing literary or journalistic pieces, it is often preferred to spell out numbers up to ten and use numerals for larger values. By consistently applying these guidelines, writers can ensure that their numerical references are not only stylistically appropriate but also coherent within the context of their work.
Another aspect of consistency in writing numbers is ensuring that the same format is used throughout the entire essay or document. This includes deciding whether to use commas or spaces for thousands separators, the placement of decimal points, the use of currency symbols, and the format for dates and times. Consistency in these formatting choices helps readers to quickly and accurately interpret the numbers presented. It also helps to establish a professional and organized appearance in the written piece.
In addition to maintaining consistency within a single piece of writing, it is also important to be consistent across different documents or sources. This is particularly relevant when referencing numbers or data from external sources, such as research studies or statistical reports. By using consistent formats and styles, writers can provide a clear and cohesive presentation of numerical information, making it easier for readers to compare and understand the data across different sources.
Consistency in Writing Numbers |
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Enhances readability |
Ensures clarity and professionalism |
Avoids confusion |
Allows accurate interpretation |
Deciding between numerals and words |
Establishing formatting guidelines |
Maintaining consistency across documents |
Consistency plays a vital role when it comes to writing numbers in an essay. It ensures uniformity and clarity in conveying numerical information to the readers. By maintaining consistency in the representation of numbers, writers can effectively communicate their ideas and avoid confusion or misinterpretation. This section will delve into the importance of consistency and how it helps in enhancing the overall quality of an essay.
Consistency eliminates ambiguity: When writing numbers, inconsistency can lead to ambiguity, making it difficult for readers to comprehend the intended meaning. By following consistent formatting rules, such as using numerals for larger numbers or spelling out numbers for general descriptions, writers can ensure clarity and eliminate any confusion that arises from inconsistent presentation.
Consistency enhances readability: Readers easily navigate through an essay when it follows a consistent style and structure, including the representation of numbers. Consistent use of numerals or spelled-out numbers within the same context creates a visual rhythm, making the text more readable and engaging. It also helps readers to quickly identify relevant information and grasp the intended message without any distractions.
Consistency promotes professionalism: In academic and professional writing, consistency is valued as it reflects a meticulous approach to communication. By consistently using the appropriate conventions for writing numbers, writers demonstrate attention to detail and adherence to established standards. This conveys professionalism and enhances the credibility of the essay, making it more persuasive and impactful.
Consistency ensures accuracy: Writing numbers inconsistently can lead to inaccuracies and errors, especially when dealing with statistical or technical information. By maintaining consistency, writers can avoid potential mistakes and convey accurate data to support their arguments. Whether it is using consistent formatting for decimal places, percentages, or measurements, consistency ensures the precision and reliability of the information presented.
Consistency fosters a cohesive narrative: Writing an essay involves presenting ideas and arguments in a logical and coherent manner. By employing consistent styles and conventions for numbers, writers create a cohesive narrative that flows smoothly throughout the text. This consistency not only aids in the readability of the essay but also contributes to the overall coherence and structure of the piece, allowing the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought effortlessly.
In conclusion, consistency in writing numbers is essential as it eliminates ambiguity, enhances readability, promotes professionalism, ensures accuracy, and fosters a cohesive narrative. By applying consistent formatting and following established rules, writers can effectively communicate numerical information in an essay, making it more accessible, impactful, and engaging for the readers.
Choosing whether to write a number as a numeral or spell it out can be a matter of style and convention. There are certain guidelines that can help determine when it is appropriate to spell out numbers in an essay.
When considering whether to use numerals or words to represent numbers, it is important to consider the context and purpose of the writing. In academic or formal writing, it is generally recommended to spell out numbers that can be expressed in one or two words, and to use numerals for numbers greater than nine or when emphasizing a specific quantity. However, in more informal or creative writing, it is often acceptable to use numerals for any number, as long as it is consistent throughout the essay.
Another factor to consider is the specific style guide or formatting guidelines being used. Different style guides, such as APA, MLA, and Chicago, have their own rules for when to spell out numbers and when to use numerals. It is important to consult the appropriate style guide for the specific requirements of the essay or writing assignment.
Additionally, when writing about percentages, currencies, and measurements, it is generally recommended to use numerals instead of spelling them out. This helps to ensure clarity and consistency in the representation of these specific types of numbers.
Ultimately, the decision to spell out numbers or use numerals in an essay may vary depending on the style, context, and guidelines being followed. It is important to consider the specific requirements and expectations of the writing situation to determine the most appropriate approach for representing numbers in the essay.
One of the key elements in writing a well-crafted essay is effectively using numbers. While it may be tempting to use numerals for convenience and brevity, there are instances when it is important to spell out numbers. By doing so, you can enhance readability, maintain consistency, and adhere to established writing conventions.
When it comes to writing numbers, it is important to consider the context and purpose of your essay. In some cases, it is best to spell out numbers to provide clarity and avoid confusion. For instance, when expressing exact quantities, such as counting individuals or items, it is generally preferred to spell out numbers from one to nine. This helps to maintain flow and avoid disruption in the text.
Furthermore, when writing about statistics or data that are not precise measures, it is often recommended to spell out the numbers. This can help to convey a sense of importance and avoid the appearance of unnecessary precision. For example, instead of writing “5.3 million people,” you could write “over five million people” to capture the magnitude of the statistic without an excessive level of detail.
In addition, spelling out numbers can be particularly important when discussing percentages or ratios. This allows you to emphasize the proportion or relationship being described without the distraction of numerals. For example, instead of writing “25% of the population,” you could write “a quarter of the population” to convey the same information in a more engaging and understandable way.
Another instance where spelling out numbers is important is when they are used at the beginning of a sentence. It is considered more appropriate and aesthetically pleasing to spell out numbers in these cases to maintain consistency and avoid starting sentences with numerals. This can help to create a smoother reading experience for your audience.
Overall, understanding the instances when numbers should be spelled out in your essay can greatly enhance the quality of your writing. By being mindful of the context, purpose, and conventions of your essay, you can effectively utilize numbers to enhance clarity and readability. So, whether you are discussing exact quantities, statistics, percentages, or starting a sentence, remember to consider when it is best to spell out the numbers rather than using numerals.
Utilizing digits and numbers effectively is a fundamental aspect of academic writing. The correct presentation of numerical data can enhance the clarity, precision, and professionalism of your writing. Whether you are discussing statistics, presenting results, or referencing research findings, understanding how to use numerals properly is essential.
In academic writing, it is common practice to use numerals for numbers greater than nine. This helps to ensure consistency, readability, and ease of comprehension for your readers. Additionally, using numerals can also help to create a concise and efficient writing style.
When discussing percentages, decimal numbers, or fractions, it is generally best to use numerals. For example, “The study found that 75% of participants reported an improvement in their overall well-being.” Similarly, numerical measurements such as distances, weights, and temperatures should also be expressed using digits, such as “The experiment was conducted at a temperature of -20°C.”
However, there are exceptions to the use of numerals in academic writing. For example, when beginning a sentence, it is recommended to spell out numbers instead of using digits. For instance, “Fifty participants were selected for the study.” Additionally, when referring to approximate or rounded numbers, it is often best to use words. For example, “The population of the city is approximately one million people.”
In some cases, the choice to use numerals or words may be a matter of style or preference, and it is important to follow the guidelines set by your academic institution or discipline. Paying attention to these details can help to ensure the accuracy and professionalism of your writing.
Overall, the appropriate use of numerals in academic writing can significantly enhance the clarity and impact of your work. By adhering to the conventions of using numerals for numbers greater than nine, using digits for percentages and measurements, and applying exceptions for certain situations, you can ensure that your writing is accurate, consistent, and engaging.
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Reviewing the Rules
Why do so many people find it difficult to remember the rules for using numbers in formal writing ? Probably because the rules seem a little fuzzy sometimes.
So what can you do? It's no mystery: as with anything, read and study the rules several times, and it will all seem natural, eventually.
Spell out numbers one through ten, as in this example:
Spell out numbers above ten, unless writing the number would involve using more than two words. For example:
It would look odd to begin a sentence with a numeral.
However, you should try to avoid using long, clunky numbers at the beginning of a sentence. Instead of writing that four hundred and fifty people attended a party, you could re-write:
Use numbers for dates:
And use numbers for phone numbers:
And use numbers for telling time if using a.m. or p.m.:
But spell out times when using "o'clock" or when the a.m. or p.m. are omitted:
General rules, multiple numbers in a sentence, room numbers, telephone numbers, years: decades and centuries.
University Marketing [email protected] 928-523-1741 nau.edu/university-marketing
In running text, write dates and times in chronological order beginning with the hour.
6 p.m., June 6, 2018
When writing days of the month, do not use th, nd, or st .
Incorrect: May 15th, June 21st, July 22nd Correct: May 15, June 21, July 22
Use a comma following the day and year in a complete date, but omit the comma when citing only the month and year.
The concert took place on Tuesday, January 23, 2017, at Ardrey Auditorium. We saw the beginning of a great ski season in November 2018.
Spell out and hyphenate fractions: four-fifths, three-fourths.
If a sentence includes multiple numbers that apply to the same thing or category, and if one of the numbers requires a numeral (10 or greater), use numerals for all the quantities of that category.
Candidates for the faculty senate include 7 engineering and science professors, 6 arts and letters professors, 11 education professors, and 15 professors from three other colleges. (Spell out three because it identifies number of colleges, not number of faculty.)
Spell out ordinals first through ninth used to indicate time or place.
Use superscripts when possible for print and digital materials using numerical ordinals.
Do not include subscripts or superscripts for dates. See dates for more information.
In running text, spell out the word percent with the numeral. Use the percent sign (%) in scientific, technical, or statistical copy or when appropriate to the design.
Professor Small found that 63 percent of the student enrollment is female. Water temperatures have increased 17%–22% in coastal zones.
Room numbers should follow the name of the building. Do not capitalize room in running text. Capitalize room when it is part of a stacked address. In instances of print and copy, it is not useful to include building numbers. For a complete list of NAU buildings see the reference page .
The history department office is located in Liberal Arts 219. The meeting will be held in Adel Mathematics, room 150.
Cline Library, Room 201 1001 S. Knoles Dr.
Do not use parentheses for area codes. Phone numbers should only include dashes.
928-555-5555
For full contact block formatting, reference the addresses page .
In running text, it is preferable to spell out the decade or use the full numeric decade. Do not use an ’s in numeric decades.
the nineties the 1990s (not 1990’s)
Use the abbreviated numeric decade format only in informal copy or in lists where space is limited. Do not use an abbreviated format if it creates any confusion about the century.
Unless referring to century changes, inclusive years should be styled with only the last two digits of the second number.
1999–2000 2001–02
A conversation with henri nouwen about civil discourse and the art of writing..
By Christopher de Vinck
1:30 AM on Jul 20, 2024 CDT
In fall 1984, I was sitting under a tree on a bench at Harvard University with the beloved Catholic priest, professor, writer and theologian Henri Nouwen.
I had met him for the first time at an awards ceremony in New York where we both won the same accolade for our writing. After the event, as we were standing in line to retrieve our coats, Henri introduced himself and asked about my life. I spoke to him about my family and when I told him that I wrote essays and poetry he asked in his Dutch accent, “Can you teach me about poetry? I love poetry. [Gerard Manley] Hopkins. I read Hopkins.” He invited me to his home.
I spent four days with Henri at Harvard. He cooked us meals, read aloud portions of his newest book, and introduced me to the students in his class.
One afternoon he and I were sitting under that tree in one of the Harvard courtyards when he spontaneously asked, “How do you do that?”
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I was puzzled. “Do what, Henri?”
“How do you write? I like what you do. How do you write essays? How do you do that?”
An odd question coming from a man who had already published a dozen successful books on such topics as spirituality, aging, solitude and vocations.
“Your essays, they make me want to write like you.”
To explain how I went about writing an essay, I first shared with Henri that I wrote poetry for 10 years before I wrote anything else.
I use the techniques of poetry in my essays. Poetry makes more room for varied sentence patterns. A poem is concise with concrete nouns, with verbs that gallop, and with sentences that flow like a hymn. I explained these things to Henri, and he said, “Yes, yes. But what else?”
He recognized that there are obvious techniques in writing, but he wanted to know more. I knew what he was after. There are invisible shells to build an ocean, and subtle slants of light to build a horizon. Inside successful essays you will find evidence from the writer’s emotional reservoir.
I suggested to Henri that instead of writing about the ideas of theology and philosophy, he might illustrate those ideas with stories from his life, and embed theology and philology inside his personal parables.
I explained that if he just wrote about feelings there would be nothing unique about the feelings. Everyone feels the same thing. “What makes writing unique,” I said, “is your voice mixed with your unique stories from your life, from your unique life.”
The standard writing suggestion works. “Show, don’t tell, Henri. If you feel lonely, write about walking through a park by yourself. If you are feeling depressed, start with the words ‘Depression is darkness ...’, and then write about what it is like tossing in bed in the middle of the night. Describe the shadows. Explain looking at the clock again and again. Describe what it is like to see the car headlights passing through your dark room.”
Editors have told me that my essays are lyrical. That is because I listen to the cadence of the sentence and the way words sound when they are placed together as poets do.
“Henri, I read my work aloud, and if I stumble, that is where the potholes of the sentence need to be repaired.”
The American poet Carl Sandburg wrote that “Poetry is an echo, asking a shadow to dance.”
The French poet Charles Baudelaire wrote, “Always be a poet, even in prose.”
Readers want evidence in their hands, not vague words, not mere sounds like pennies tossed in a fountain attached to a fleeting wish.
Readers want to hold beautiful words and feel their weight. They want to run their own thoughts along the edges of meaning.
Henri wrote in his book In the Name of Jesus: Reflections on Christian Leadership , ”When we are securely rooted in personal intimacy with the source of life, it will be possible to remain flexible without being relativistic, convinced without being rigid, willing to confront without being offensive, gentle and forgiving without being soft, and true witnesses without being manipulative.”
An essay is successful if writers are rooted in a personal intimacy with the readers, and if they use the techniques of good writing mixed with meaningful stories from their souls.
That is how I do that.
We welcome your thoughts in a letter to the editor. See the guidelines and submit your letter here . If you have problems with the form, you can submit via email at [email protected]
Christopher de Vinck , Contributing Columnist . Christopher de Vinck’s novel Ashes, is based on his mother’s experiences under Nazi occupation in Belgium. He is a contributing columnist for The Dallas Morning News.
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Results of this year’s State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness showed that 35% of students scored zero on the writing portion. The result comes in the wake of controversy over the use of computers to score the STAAR , including essays.
The STAAR tests Texas public school students at several points during their academic career. Scott Marion, executive director of the National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment, says Texas administrators should consider several factors as they work to understand why so many students scored poorly. Listen to the interview above or read the transcript below.
This transcript has been edited lightly for clarity:
Texas Standard: Let’s start with the big questions. What are the possible explanations for why so many students in Texas scored a zero on this writing portion of the star test?
Scott Marion: It’s hard to say exactly why so many kids in Texas scored a zero. This might not make you feel any better, but this is a pattern we’ve been noticing across the country, and we think it’s due to a few factors.
It hasn’t just been happening this year. It’s just been going on and perhaps building a little bit post-pandemic. But we think that some of it has to do with some change in expectations that we’re asking of kids on writing.
Kids are being asked to compare and contrast different points of view from a pair of reading prompts or things like that, and where they have to actually cite evidence from the reading passages and where they have to actually explain their reason in a coherent way. So if they write something that’s what we say is completely off-task, they won’t get any points for that.
You also have kids just not engaging at all and just not writing anything, so they would get a zero for that. It’s rarely the case that they just don’t know the material or don’t know the techniques of how to analyze what’s being asked.
So it’s likely due to one of three things: motivation – and we see more of that post-pandemic. Are they being asked to demonstrate skills in writing that they’re not necessarily being taught about, you know, citing specific evidence and producing clear arguments and rationale?
And then, you could look at the scoring, but I think that’s a lost leader. I don’t think there’s really anything there with the ways in which the computer is scoring the test.
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So if you were in charge of Texas schools, which I know would be a big learning curve, but, you see a zero on 35% of these writing tests, what’s step one for improvement?
So I think that you have really good folks in the Texas Department of Education – TEA – and I think that they’re doing a lot of this now. So the first thing you want to look at is you don’t have to pull off 35%, but you could pull a good random or perhaps systematic sample and actually look at the papers with humans: Do the humans agree that this is completely off-task and worthy of a zero response? That’s like the low bar. That’s easy to do.
Now let’s say that’s the case. Then you have to now look at other things, and maybe it’s looking at what’s being asked of kids on these essays, and maybe pull together a sample or set of Texas educators, likely language arts teachers, and ask them, are these the kind of expectations that we’re asking on the STAAR, or are they similar to the expectations that you’re asking in your classroom assessments and other types of assessments that you’re doing locally? If they say no, these are completely different, then you have a bigger problem.
The other thing I would do: I would try to get to talk to a handful of kids who got these zeros, show them the the paper and ask them either why they didn’t write anything or why they wrote what they did. Those three strategies, I think, will give you a lot of information. And again, I know some the folks at TEA; I’m sure they’re undertaking at least most of those.
Editor’s note: We’ve replaced a photo with this story that implied student demographics for zero scores on the STAAR test, which are not included in this story.
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Watch CBS News
By Aimee Picchi
Edited By Anne Marie Lee
Updated on: July 12, 2024 / 1:42 PM EDT / CBS News
Project 2025, a 900-page blueprint for the next Republican president, is gaining attention for its proposals to overhaul the federal government. Among those changes: a major restructuring of the U.S. tax code.
President Biden and Democrats have been citing Project 2025 in recent weeks as they seek to highlight what could be in store if former President Donald Trump wins at the polls in November and retakes the White House in January. Many of the blueprint's proposals touch on economic matters that could impact millions of Americans, as well as social issues such as abortion and diversity, equity and inclusion, or DEI, topics.
Project 2025 , overseen by the conservative Heritage Foundation, is spearheaded by two ex-Trump administration officials: project director Paul Dans, who was chief of staff at the Office of Personnel Management, and Spencer Chretien, former special assistant to Trump who is now the project's associate director.
For his part, Trump has distanced himself from the blueprint, writing on Truth Social early Thursday that he isn't familiar with the plan. His campaign has proposed its own goals through " Agenda 47 ," which tends to focus on social and political issues such as homelessness and immigration rather than taxes.
"I know nothing about Project 2025. I have not seen it, have no idea who is in charge of it, and, unlike our very well received Republican Platform, had nothing to do with it," Trump wrote Thursday.
His pushback comes after Heritage Foundation President Kevin Roberts opined in a podcast interview that the U.S. is "in the process of the second American Revolution, which will remain bloodless if the left allows it to be."
According to Project 2025's website, its goal is to have "a governing agenda and the right people in place, ready to carry this agenda out on day one of the next conservative administration."
The tax proposals of Project 2025, if enacted, would likely affect every adult in the U.S. by tossing out the nation's long-standing system of multiple tax brackets, which is designed to help lower-income Americans pay a smaller share of their income in federal taxes compared with middle- or high-income workers.
Currently, there are seven tax brackets — 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35% and 37% — with each based on income thresholds. For instance, a married couple pays 10% in federal income tax on their first $23,200 of income, and then 12% on earnings from $23,201 to $94,300, and so on. Married couples need to earn over $487,450 this year to hit the top tax rate of 37%.
Project 2025 argues that the current tax system is too complicated and expensive for taxpayers to navigate. To remedy those problems, it proposes just two tax rates: a 15% flat tax for people earning up to about $168,000, and a 30% income tax for people earning above that, according to the document . It also proposes eliminating "most deductions, credits and exclusions," although the blueprint doesn't specify which ones would go and which would stay.
"The federal income tax system is progressive, and people who make more money pay a higher marginal tax rate than people who make less money," Brendan Duke, senior director for economic policy at the left-leaning Center for American Progress, told CBS MoneyWatch. "Conservatives look at that, and they feel that that's unfair to the wealthy to ask them to pay a greater share of their income in taxes than lower income families."
The Project 2025 proposal "is a dramatic reform of how we fund our government, where we ask the wealthy to pitch in more than lower income families," he said. "This shifts taxes from the wealthy to the middle class, full stop."
Project 2025 didn't immediately respond to a request for comment.
In a statement, the Heritage Foundation said it will ultimately be up to the next conservative president do decide which recommendations to implement, adding "As we've been saying for more than two years now, Project 2025 does not speak for any candidate or campaign."
Millions of low- and middle-class households would likely face significantly higher taxes under the Project 2025's proposals.
He estimated that a middle-class family with two children and an annual income of $100,000 would pay $2,600 in additional federal income tax if they faced a 15% flat tax on their income due to the loss of the 10% and 12% tax brackets. If the Child Tax Credit were also eliminated, they would pay an additional $6,600 compared with today's tax system, Duke said.
By comparison, a married couple with two children and earnings of $5 million a year would enjoy a $325,000 tax cut, he estimated.
"That 15% bracket is a very big deal in terms of raising taxes on middle-class families," Duke said.
Millions of U.S. households earning less than $168,000 would likely face higher taxes with a 15% rate. Currently, the bottom half of American taxpayers, who earn less than $46,000 a year, pay an effective tax rate of 3.3% — which reflects their income taxes after deductions, tax credits and other benefits.
Among other tax and economic changes proposed by Project 2025:
To be sure, overhauling the tax system would require lawmakers to approve changes to the tax code, which could be difficult if either the House or Senate is controlled by the opposing party. For instance, Trump was able to get his Tax Cuts and Jobs Act passed by a Republican-led Congress, even though no Democrats voted in support of the measure.
Trump hasn't yet proposed any concrete tax plans, but analysts expect that he would seek to extend the tax cuts enacted through the TCJA if he is reelected. Currently, many of the provisions of the TCJA, including lower tax brackets, are set to expire at the end of 2025.
One likely scenario if Trump is reelected is that Republican lawmakers would extend the TJCA's tax cuts, while seeking to fund the reduction in tax revenue by repealing some of the clean energy and climate-related provisions in the Biden administration's Inflation Reduction Act, according to an April report from Oxford Economics. Lawmakers could also seek to cut spending on social benefits to offset the tax cuts, the research firm added.
Trump has suggested a proposal to create a 10% tariff for all imports and a 60% tariff for Chinese imports that could raise enough money to eliminate the federal income tax.
Tax experts also say the math doesn't work out because money raised from new tariffs would fall far short of replacing the more than $2 trillion in individual income taxes collected by the IRS each year. Consumers are also likely to pay more in higher costs for imported consumer goods and services with tariffs tacked onto them, experts note.
"A tariff is a consumption tax, and there is a throughline between [Project 2025's] tax reform and what Trump has talked about, getting rid of taxes in favor of a consumption tax," Duke noted.
Aimee Picchi is the associate managing editor for CBS MoneyWatch, where she covers business and personal finance. She previously worked at Bloomberg News and has written for national news outlets including USA Today and Consumer Reports.
How to find freelance writing jobs in 2024.
Freelance writing allows you to express yourself creatively and fulfil your passion, writing about ... [+] what you love while getting paid for it
So you've decided that you want to get into freelance writing...But you don't know where to begin. After all, how can you make money from writing if you're an industry "nobody" and no one even knows who you are? How will you ensure that your voice matters online and in print?
Everyone wants to make money from home, and writing about what you love, what you're passionate about, is a relatively easy way to make money while working remotely as a freelancer.
But it's not always easy to get your foot in the door, especially if you don't have the advantage of previous writing, communications, or media relations experience to give you that extra edge.
Here's a simple step-by-step guide on how to find freelance writing jobs and make significant money through this venture:
If you have zero experience as a writer and you're struggling to express your thoughts in a succinct and easy to read manner, it would be worth undertaking a certification or short online training to get your skills up to speed, so you can write with clarity and have more confidence in your work. You should consider getting appropriate training depending on the type of freelance writing you are pursuing. For example, if you are focused on SEO, completing an SEO certification or training course on HubSpot might be a viable solution, adding a layer of credibility to your work and building trust with clients.
The Content Marketing Institute offers a plethora of advice and handy training and information for aspiring content writers.
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As you acquire writing skills, you can start thinking about practicing these skills through writing and sharing your own content. Build a portfolio of your work, which you can showcase to potential clients to evidence the topics you write on, your writing style, and the formats you can do. A personal website that showcases your portfolio, services, and client testimonials makes it easy for potential clients to find and reach out to you.
You can also write and create content on Medium or LinkedIn Pulse, which are excellent places to build a loyal following and showcase your breadth of expertise.
To get your name out there initially, you might want to link up with industry influencers and write for them as a guest blogger or contributor. Writing for popular blogs adds to your portfolio, brings your writing to a wider audience in a relatively faster time period, and leads to paid freelance writing opportunities.
As a freelancer, you will need to get proactive and step outside of your comfort zone. Activities such as cold-pitching may not come naturally to you and you may cringe at the idea, but they are necessary to maintain a steady stream of clients, income, and growth.
When it comes to freelance writing, you should research the companies and publications you'd like to write for, that align with your writing niche; identify their specific guidelines for pitching; review the type of content they have published previously and familiarize yourself with their writing style; and finally, ensure you create and send personalized pitches to editors and content managers.
Finally, you can find freelance writing opportunities through freelance or gig platforms that regularly advertise such jobs. For example you could try Contently, a content marketing agency, or FlexJobs, Fiverr, or Upwork.
You can even scour regular job boards for remote freelance writing jobs, by searching "freelance writer," "freelance technical writer," or similar relevant title, in the search function of job boards such as Indeed and LinkedIn Jobs.
Use Medium and your own website—even LinkedIn Pulse, to share your written content and create a ... [+] portfolio
Using a combination of these methods is most effective in securing a consistent stream of freelance writing gigs, and sets you up to be an in-demand freelance writer, making money while fulfilling your creative passion.
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MILWAUKEE — Speakers at the Republican National Convention have been given specific advice about how to handle their speeches in the wake of Saturday’s attempted assassination of Donald Trump: Change nothing.
Trump aides and convention leadership have not told those speaking at the weeklong convention in Milwaukee to alter their original speeches after the shooting at a Trump rally in Butler, Pennsylvania. Trump did not want to show signs of weakness or signal that the shooting affected the long-planned convention, according to seven people who are either set to give RNC speeches or their aides.
“It seems people are just going to talk about what they were going to talk about,” a source familiar with the speaking arrangements said. “Trump is setting the tone, and the tone is business as usual.”
The one issue that has been discussed is which specific speakers will bring up the assassination attempt. There was concern that the topic would come up in every speech, which organizers wanted to avoid.
“Only thing that we were told is they are going to figure out who they want to talk about it,” said a scheduled speaker, Matt Brooks, the executive director of the Republican Jewish Coalition. “It was to avoid having 100 speakers saying the same thing.
“In terms of substance, nothing else has changed,” he added.
An aide for another speaker said: “That tracks with what we have heard.
“The guidance has been not to change speeches,” the person added.
Neither Trump’s campaign nor the Republican National Committee responded to requests seeking comment.
There was a sense, according to the people interviewed by NBC News, that Trump and the convention organizers did not want the appearance of being weak in the face of the assassination attempt.
“Project confidence,” a speaker said of what they are being told. “Keep the status quo.”
Though speakers are being told to maintain their original plans, the impact of an assassination attempt on the party’s presumptive nominee will be felt in Milwaukee.
NBC N e ws re ported Sunday that in the day since the assassination attempt, there has been renewed energy and a sense of enthusiasm among many Republicans attending the event.
“What was already going to be a significant moment of unification behind President Trump will now become the most unified and vocal support for a presidential nominee this nation has ever witnessed,” said Trump-endorsed Miami-Dade County Commissioner Kevin Cabrera.
The convention officially kicks off Monday, and more than 80 speakers are scheduled throughout the week.
Matt Dixon is a senior national politics reporter for NBC News, based in Florida.
Your essay and short answer responses help us get to know you.
We’ve selected the following prompts for the UNC-specific portion for the first-year and transfer applications for 2024-2025. We’re proud of the Carolina community and how each student makes us better through their excellence, intellect, and character. In reading your responses, we hope to learn what being a part of the Carolina community would mean to you.
We’d like to know how you’d contribute to the Carolina community and ask that you respond to each prompt in up to 250 words.
You’ll choose one Common Essay prompt to respond to in 250-650 words. These prompts are common to all schools who accept the Common Application, and you can view the prompts here. Choose the option that best helps you answer that question and write an essay of no more than 650 words, using the prompt to inspire and structure your response. Remember: 650 words is your limit, not your goal. Use the full range if you need it, but don’t feel obligated to do so. The Common Application also has an optional section where you’ll have the opportunity to write about how COVID-19 has affected you.
Your responses will be evaluated not only for admission, but also for possible selection for scholarships and other special opportunities. We look forward to learning more about you!
First-year application, transfer application.
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Here are some key rules to keep in mind: 1. Spell out numbers one to nine: In general, spell out numbers from one to nine (e.g., "two apples", "seven participants") to improve readability and avoid confusion. 2. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above: Use numerals for numbers 10 and above (e.g., "12 years old", "22 participants ...
Revised on July 23, 2023. Numbers can be written either as words (e.g., one hundred) or numerals (e.g., 100). In this article we follow the guidelines of APA Style, one of the most common style guides used in academic writing. In general, words should be used for numbers from zero through nine, and numerals should be used from 10 onwards.
Rule 7. Write decimals using figures. As a courtesy to readers, many writers put a zero in front of the decimal point. Example: A meter is about 1.1 yards. As a courtesy to readers, many writers put a zero in front of the decimal point with numbers less than one.
Repeat numbers in commercial writing. The bill will not exceed one hundred (100) dollars. Use numerals in legal writing. The cost of damage is $1,365.42. Numbers in series and statistics should be consistent. two apples, six oranges, and three bananas. NOT: two apples, 6 oranges, and 3 bananas. 115 feet by 90 feet (or) 115' x 90'.
Generally, it's best to write specific years in Arabic numerals. For example: I was born in 1972. Spell out decades in formal writing, but know that it's also safe to write them in numerals. Just remember there's no apostrophe before the 's.'. For example: I love the fashion in the sixties.
Numbers Expressed in Numerals. In general, use numerals to express numbers 10 and above, and use words to express numbers zero through nine. there were 15 psychologists at the clinic. the study had 40 participants. students were in the third, sixth, eighth, 10th, and 12th grades. However, there are exceptions to this general guideline for ...
Numbers. Numbers are used in all sorts of scholarly works. For example, writers may report numerical information about participants (number of participants, demographic information such as age, etc.) as well as the results of statistical analyses. Even writers who are not conducting empirical research often use statistical information to ...
Use particular conventions if you are required to write numbers in words . a. To create a plural, add 's' or 'es' (e.g., twos, sixes). b. Use hyphens for fractions and if necessary to write a two-digit number in words such as at the beginning of a sentence (e.g., 94 = ninety-four; ⅜ = three-eighths).
9. Two numbers next to each other. It can be confusing if you write "7 13-year-olds", so write one of them as a numeral, like "seven 13-year-olds". Pick the number that has the fewest letters. 10. Ordinal numbers and consistency. Don't say "He was my 1st true love," but rather "He was my first true love.".
Starting sentences with numbers. Avoid starting a sentence with a numeral. Either write the number in words or rearrange your sentence. For example, "Three hundred and sixty-five days make one year" could become "There are 365 days in a year". If you start a sentence with a year, write "The year" first e.g.
academic writing. You need to know and use the conventions for writing numbers correctly when you are writing and proofreading your work. 1. When to write numbers in words • Write in words one or two-word numbers, rounded numbers and ordinal numbers For general academic writing, you need to write these numbers in words: all numbers under one ...
In general, words should be used for zero to ten, and numerals used from 11 onwards. The same rule should be applied to ordinal numbers, i.e. use words for first, second up to tenth, and numbers plus 'th' (or 'st') from 11th onwards. However, it is always best to check what the accepted practice is at your university (or in your department/on ...
Technical Numbers. In technical writing, such as in the sciences and math, it's more common to use numerals than words. This is especially true when a number is followed by a unit of measurement. So, for instance, the weight "four grams" could be expressed as "4 g" or "4 grams."
A simple rule for using numbers in writing is that small numbers ranging from one to ten (or one to nine, depending on the style guide) should generally be spelled out. Larger numbers (i.e., above ten) are written as numerals. For example, instead of writing "It cost ten-thousand four-hundred and sixteen dollars to renovate the local library ...
But if you want advice on writing numbers, you can keep the following general guidelines in mind. 1. Numbers "0-10" should be written with words. Anything higher should be written in digits. One major guideline many writers follow is to write numbers "0-10" (sometimes "0-9" or "0-12") in words and numbers that are higher in ...
Level Up Your Team. See why leading organizations rely on MasterClass for learning & development. Different editorial style manuals have different rules for when to spell out numbers instead of using numerals. Here are a few examples of when to spell out numbers, and when to use numerals.
Learning how to write numbers in English involves understanding the rules. Read on to find ways to remember the rules for when to write out numbers!
I like the MLA style, which advises that for a percentage less than one hundred, you should write it in words: two percent, seventy-six percent, ninety-nine percent, but, for a percentage greater than one hundred, write it in numerals: 110 percent, 500 percent, 999 percent. Besides that, as you can see, in non-technical writing, it is better to ...
We use numerals for writing time as well as phone numbers. We use a hyphen (-) to connect two-word numbers in writing. You should hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine. For example: My sister is twenty-seven years old. This coat costs ninety-eight dollars and ninety-nine cents.
1. Spell out numbers from zero to nine. Numbers that are spelled out from zero to nine should be written as words in an essay. For example, "two apples," "sixty-three percent," or "nine thousand.". This helps to maintain consistency and readability in the text. 2. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above.
Writing Numbers Above Ten. Spell out numbers above ten, unless writing the number would involve using more than two words. For example: I have sixty-three dead bugs in my collection. My cousin has 207 bugs in his. This site has given me a thousand helpful hints for my homework. My grandmother is seventy-two today.
Spell out numbers used in a casual sense: "I told you a hundred times to stop biting your nails.". Use numerals for numbers 10 and greater, and spell out numbers one through nine. With either numerals or spelled out numbers, do not include ".00" for dollar amounts in running text. Limited exceptions should be followed: addresses: 3 ...
Writing the Amount in Numbers. There's a box just under the date line on your check, specifically for writing the amount in numbers. Whether it's a round figure like 50 or 75, always include the cents to show as $50.00. It's a smart move to include cents in all cases, such as $1,298.24. This simple step acts as a safeguard, preventing ...
An essay is successful if writers are rooted in a personal intimacy with the readers, and if they use the techniques of good writing mixed with meaningful stories from their souls. That is how I ...
Similarity Report and AI Writing guidance: Academic integrity tools: Creating PeerMark assignments guidance: Class and assignment management: Creating and managing QuickMarks, rubrics and grading PeerMark assignments guidance: Grading and feedback: User profile guidance for administrators and instructors: User profile settings
Results of this year's State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness showed that 35% of students scored zero on the writing portion. The result comes in the wake of controversy over the use of computers to score the STAAR, including essays.. The STAAR tests Texas public school students at several points during their academic career.
Trump has suggested a proposal to create a 10% tariff for all imports and a 60% tariff for Chinese imports that could raise enough money to eliminate the federal income tax.. Tax experts also say ...
You can also write and create content on Medium or LinkedIn Pulse, which are excellent places to build a loyal following and showcase your breadth of expertise. 3. Guest-Blog
"It seems people are just going to talk about what they were going to talk about," a source familiar with the speaking arrangements said. "Trump is setting the tone, and the tone is business ...
You'll choose one Common Essay prompt to respond to in 250-650 words. These prompts are common to all schools who accept the Common Application, and you can view the prompts here. Choose the option that best helps you answer that question and write an essay of no more than 650 words, using the prompt to inspire and structure your response.