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Grade 9 - Term 1: World War II (1939 - 1945)

World War II (1939 to 1945) was the most devastating war in history, accounting for between 50 million to 80 million deaths. What made the war significant was the sheer scale of the conflict and the gross violation of Human Rights. All the great powers were involved as the conflict between the Axis and the Allies stretched across all five continents.

Section 1 (The rise of Nazi Germany) begins by  looking at the aftermath of WW I, focusing on the signing of the Treaty of Versailles (1919) and the reparations and concessions made by Germany. The rise of Hitler and Nazism will be examined, as well as how the Great Depression and the failure of democracy in the Weimar Republic boosted Hitler’s popularity. Finally, this section will show how Germany became a Fascist state, through its suppression of Jewish citizens and the persecution of its political opponents. 

Section 2 (World War II: Europe) describes the foreign policy of Nazism and how it lead to the outbreak of WWII. The Axis vs. Allies will be presented and explained. This section will also focus on Human Rights abuse, specifically extermination camps and genocide, the Holocaust and the ‘Final Solution’. Examples of resistance movements such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising will be provided and the end of WWII will be explained. 

Section 3(World War II in the Pacific) will focus on the Pacific, looking at the conflict between the USA and Japan, known as Pearl Harbour. This will highlight forced movements and human rights abuses committed by both parties during WWII. 

World War II

The Second World War was the most widespread and deadliest war in history, involving more than 30 countries and resulting in more than 50 million military and civilian deaths. Sparked by Adolf Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939, the war would drag on for six deadly years until the final Allied defeat of both Nazi Germany and Japan in 1945. 

This lesson focuses on how Nazi Germany came to power, how the World War II took place in Europe, and how the World War II occurred in the Pacific, as required by the CAPS Curriculum. 

The Rise of Nazi Germany

In 1919, army veteran Adolf Hitler, frustrated by Germany’s defeat in World War which had left the nation economically depressed and politically unstable, joined an emerging political organization called the German Workers’ Party. Founded earlier that same year by a small group of men including locksmith Anton Drexler (1884-1942) and journalist Karl Harrer (1890-1926), the party promoted German nationalism and anti-Semitism, and felt that the Treaty of Versailles, the peace settlement that ended the war, was extremely unjust to Germany by burdening it with reparations it could never pay. In July 1921, he assumed leadership of the organization, which by then had been renamed the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party. Throughout the 1920’s, Hitler gave speeches regarding different socio- economic problems, believing that if communists and Jews were driven from the nation, all Germany’s problems will be solved. His fiery speeches swelled the ranks of the Nazi Party, especially among young, economically disadvantaged Germans.

In 1929, Germany entered a period of severe economic depression and widespread unemployment. The Nazis exploited the situation by criticizing the ruling government and began to win elections. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed German chancellor and his Nazi government soon came to control every aspect of German life.

On 28 June 1919, the peace treaty that ended World War I was signed by Germany and the Allies at the Palace of Versailles near Paris. The Treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement with Germany; it was very harsh. Germany had to accept blame for starting the war;  lose all of its colonies, lose most of its army, navy and all its air force, lose huge territories in Europe, and pay reparations of £6.6 billion.

The Germans despised the Treaty of Versailles and throughout the 1920s and 1930s German politicians tried to reverse the terms of the treaty. In the 1920s Hitler and the Nazis gained support as they promised to reverse the treaty. In the 1930s when the Nazis were in power, Hitler set about reversing these terms. Britain believed that Hitler should be allowed to do this. The policies of letting the Germans take back their lands and building their armed services, with a vague promise of future good behaviour, were called Appeasement.

In 1920 the German Workers' party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi, party; in 1921 it was reorganized with Hitler as chairman. He achieved leadership in the party (and later in Germany) largely due to his extraordinary skill as a speaker, holding large crowds spellbound by his oratory. Hitler made the party a paramilitary organization and won the support of such prominent nationalists as Field Marshal Ludendorff.  Adolf Hitler's contempt for traditional German law had been manifest from his earliest days as leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). The NSDAP's Twenty-Five point programme of 1920 proposed that existing law 'be replaced by a German common law'. By implication the NSDAP believed that the primary purpose of law should be to serve a racially defined Aryan national community, enshrined in a 'strong central state power' that would replace the democratic Constitution of 1919. Hitler shared the Party's rejection of the principle of equality for all before the law. 

The Great Depression was a worldwide economic slump that began as an American crisis. Germans were not so much reliant on exports as they were on American loans, which had been propping up the Weimar economy since 1924. No further loans were issued from late 1929, while American financiers began to call in existing loans. Despite its rapid growth, the German economy was not equipped for this retraction of cash and capital. Banks struggled to provide money and credit; in 1931 there were runs on German and Austrian banks and several of them folded. In 1930 the US, the largest purchaser of German industrial exports, put up tariff barriers to protect its own companies. German industrialists lost access to US markets and found credit almost impossible to obtain. Many industrial companies and factories either closed or shrank dramatically. By 1932 German industrial production was at 58 per cent of its 1928 levels. The effect of this decline was spiraling unemployment. By the end of 1929 around 1.5 million Germans were out of work; within a year this figure had more than doubled. By early 1933 unemployment in Germany had reached a staggering six million.

The effects this unemployment had on German society were devastating. While there were few shortages of food, millions of people found themselves without the means to obtain sustence. The children suffered worst, where thousands died from malnutrition and hunger-related diseases. Millions of industrial workers – who in 1928 had become the best-paid blue collar workers in Europe – spent a year or more in a state of inactiveness. But the Great Depression affected all classes in Germany, not just the factory workers. Unemployment was high among white-collar workers and the professional classes. A Chicago news correspondent in Berlin reported that “60 per cent of each new university graduating class was out of work”.

At the annual party rally held in Nuremberg in 1935, the Nazis announced new laws which institutionalized many of the racial theories prevalent in Nazi ideology. The laws excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of "German or related blood." Ancillary ordinances to the laws disenfranchised Jews and deprived them of most political rights.

Between mid-1933 and the early 1940s, the Nazi regime passed dozens of laws and decrees that eroded the rights of Jews in Germany. Anyone who had three or four Jewish grandparents was defined as a Jew, regardless of whether that inpidual identified himself or herself as a Jew or belonged to the Jewish religious community. Weeks after Hitler became Chancellor, a campaign was launched to boycott all Jewish businesses where they were plastered with yellow Stars of David or with negative slogans. During this boycott some Jews were assaulted while others’ property was destroyed. Laws were passed to abolish the employment rights of Jews, and banned non- Aryans from having state jobs. This led to the prevention of Jewish judges, doctors, lawyers and teachers to be able to practice their professions.  Some of these laws were seemingly insignificant, such as an April 1935 mandate banning Jews from flying the German flag; or a February 1942 order prohibiting Jews from owning pets. But other laws withdrew the voting rights of Jews, their access to education, their capacity to own businesses or to hold particular jobs. In 1934 Jews were banned from sitting university exams; in 1936 they were forbidden from using parks or public swimming pools and from owning electrical equipment, typewriters or bicycles. Jews were also subject to cultural and artistic restrictions, forcing hundreds to leave jobs in the theatre, cinema, cabaret and the visual arts. The summer of 1935 saw an escalation in spontaneous violence against Jewish people and property. 

World War II in Europe

Germany started World War II by invading Poland on September 1, 1939. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. Within a month, Poland was defeated by a combination of German and Soviet forces and was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. German forces invaded Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940. On May 10, 1940, Germany began its assault on Western Europe by invading the Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg), which had taken neutral positions in the war, as well as France. In July 1943, the Allies landed in Sicily and in September went ashore on the Italian mainland. On June 6, 1944, as part of a massive military operation, over 150,000 Allied soldiers landed in France, which was liberated by the end of August. The Soviets began an offensive on January 12, 1945, liberating western Poland and forcing Hungary (an Axis ally) to surrender. In mid-February 1945, the Allies bombed the German city of Dresden, killing approximately 35,000 civilians.

Adolf Hitler's government conducted a foreign policy aimed at the incorporation of ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) living outside German borders into the Reich; German domination of western Europe; and the acquisition of a vast new empire of "living space" (Lebensraum) in eastern Europe. The realization of German hegemony in Europe, Hitler calculated, would require war, especially in Eastern Europe.

A temporary deviation from Germany's normally anti-Communist foreign policy, this agreement allowed Hitler the freedom to attack Poland on September 1, 1939, without fear of Soviet intervention. Britain and France, Poland's allies, declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Hitler's aggressive foreign policy resulted in the outbreak of World War II. 

Despite this, there was a good deal of anti-Nazi criticism, dissent and resistance between 1933 and 1939. Much of this was conducted in secret because of the expansive Nazi police state and the extensive powers of agencies like the Gestapo. The Nazi regime’s decisive leadership and economic successes also meant that it remained popular with many Germans, some of whom were willing to denounce others for anti-Nazi behavior.  

World War 2 in the Pacific

Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the "Axis." Faced with severe shortages of oil and other natural resources and driven by the ambition to displace the United States as the dominant Pacific power due to the economic sanctions imposed on Japan by the USA, Japan decided to attack the United States and British forces in Asia and seize the resources of Southeast Asia. In response to Japan’s attach of Pearl Harbour on 1 December 1941, the United States declared war on Japan. After the attack on Pearl Harbour, Japan achieved a long series of military successes, including the conquering of the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, and Burma.

The turning point in the Pacific war came with the American naval victory in the Battle of Midway in June 1942. The Japanese fleet sustained heavy losses and was turned back. In August 1942, American forces attacked the Japanese in the Solomon Islands, forcing a costly withdrawal of Japanese forces from the island of Guadalcanal in February 1943. The Japanese, however, successfully defended their positions on the Chinese mainland until 1945. On August 6, 1945, the United States Air Force dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Tens of thousands of people died in the initial explosion, and many more died later from radiation exposure. Three days later, the United States dropped a bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Approximately 120,000 civilians died as a result of the two blasts. On August 8, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Japanese-occupied Manchuria. After Japan agreed to surrender on August 14, 1945, American forces began to occupy Japan. Japan formally surrendered to the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union on September 2, 1945.

Internment camps

Over 127,000 United States citizens were imprisoned during World War II for being of Japanese ancestry, Japanese Americans were suspected of remaining loyal to their ancestral land.   Anti-Japanese paranoia increased because of a large Japanese presence on the West Coast. In the event of a Japanese invasion of the American mainland, Japanese Americans were feared as a security risk. Evacuation orders were posted in Japanese-American communities giving instructions on how to comply with the executive order. Many families sold their homes, their stores, and most of their assets. They could not be certain their homes and livelihoods would still be there upon their return. Because of the mad rush to sell, properties and inventories were often sold at a fraction of their true value.

Until the camps were completed, many of the evacuees were held in temporary centers, such as stables at local racetracks. Almost two-thirds of the interns were Nisei, or Japanese Americans born in the United States. It made no difference that many had never even been to Japan. Even Japanese-American veterans of World War I were forced to leave their homes.

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Class 9 History Chapter 3: Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Notes and Important Questions

• Updated on  
• Oct 7, 2023

Chapter 3 – Nazism and The Rise of Hitler is a vital chapter of History, Class 9 that familiarises us with post-World War I Germany and elaborates on the rise and fall of Hitler. It is one of the most complex chapters as it contains a variety of integral incidents from the World War I era and its aftermath. Often students find it difficult to understand and grasp all the intricacies of this topic, hence we have devised a simple and comprehensive summary of this chapter as per the CBSE class 9 syllabus . Read the Class 9 History Chapter 3: Nazism and the Rise of Hitler elucidating the important pointers on Nazism and the Rise of Hitler.

This Blog Includes:

Birth of the weimar republic, effects of world war i.

• Political Radicalism and Economic Crises
• The Years of Depression

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Reconstruction , establishment of racial state and the nazi worldview, important questions and answers, important topics for class 9 nazism and the rise of hitler, chapter 3 – nazism and the rise of hitler notes.

Read below to learn this chapter’s important topics in short. You can also download a PDF of these notes to study later.

This chapter begins with a description of various important wars and how the Weimar Republic was established. Here are some useful pointers that can help you understand this topic:

• The First World War (1914-1918) put a dent in Germany after they were defeated by the Austrian Empire and the allies including England, France, & Russia. In November 1918, Germany was swiftly defeated by the help of US entry. German-occupied France and Belgium were freed, and Germany was drained of all its resources. 
• The national assembly assembled at Weimar and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure. In the parliament, deputies were elected with everyone allowed to cast votes including women.
• The Treaty of Versailles was signed from which Germany lost all its overseas colonies and its resources, putting them in humiliation. 
• The blame for the First World War was put on Germany as they were forced to pay 6 billion Euros for damages & loss of life in the war.

World War I led to extensive destruction and loss of human lives as well as depreciated losses in various fields like social, political, financial, etc. Let us analyse them:

• The war destabilized the whole continent, mentally & financially. November Criminals was the name thrown around to every socialist, Catholic, & democrat in support of the Weimar Republic. The Republic was forced to pay compensation.
• The social structure now put soldiers above civilians, glorifying war and martyrdom.
• Democracy at that time could not hold the weight of the trauma of the war paving the way to more radical politics & aggressive propaganda.

The birth and rise of Weimar had a severe impact on society which could be seen in a variety of area. Mentioned below are some pointers of the chapter nazism and the rise of Hitler elucidating political radicalism and the economic crises of that time. 

• The historical coincidence of Weimar’s birth with the revolution of the Spartacist League against the pattern of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia.
• Free Corps, a war veteran organisation, helped crush the Spartacist League uprising while the Catholics, Socialists & Democrats met in Weimar for a democratic republic.
• Spartacists laid the foundation of the communist party in Germany. The radical Policy ran rampant in Germany. The French crept into Ruhr of Germany, an industrial area where they rebelled against the paying of gold.
• The Economic crisis soon developed into Hyperinflation. People carried cartons of currency to buy a loaf of bread which grabbed media attention worldwide.

As the economic depression grew more and more due to various reasons, it continued over a span of many years during which many historical events took place. Hence, you must go through the following events which are essentially elaborated to explain Nazism and the rise of Hitler. 

• 1924-1928 saw Germany stabilizing slightly. Short-term loans from the USA helped slowly sustain the economy. However, the crash of Wall Street in 1929 stopped the influx of cash. The great economic depression started taking over.
• In 1932, industrial work was cut down by about 40% accounting for the unemployment of 6 million people. The whole country lived in fear of the future and proletarianization (impoverishment of the working class).
• Suspended civil rights, rule by decree, and imposing emergency were some powers of the President due to Article 48.
• The democratic parliamentary system lost the trust of the public.

This is one of the most important topics covered under Nazism and the Rise of Hitler. This topic describes the early life of Adolf Hitler and how he came into power and became the name he is known for. Go through these important pointers to understand it in detail:

• Adolf Hitler was born in the year 1889 and raised in Austria. He enrolled in the army during World War I acted as a messenger and soon was promoted to Corporal.
• In 1919, he joined a small communist party named the German Workers Party. He soon took hold of the party and renamed it as National Socialist German Workers; later called the Nazi Party.
• Bavaria was the first target of Hitler and planned to seize it. He launched an attack in 1923 but failed. After 1929, the whole economic crisis was tearing apart the middle-class families of Germany.
• Hitler tried his hands at elections, but in 1929 his party only won 3.2% of the votes, though it soon became the largest party in 1932 by winning 37% of votes in Reichstag, Germany.
• He sidelined the parliament by his powers and ruled by decree. All other political parties and trade unions were disbanded forcefully, only the Nazi party remained.

As Hitler came into power, he brought drastic changes. The most important changes brought forward during Nazism and the Rise of Hitler are mentioned below:

• Hjalmar Schacht was appointed by Hitler to recover the economy employed full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation programme.
• Hitler removed Germany from the League of Nations in 1933, cemented his position in the Rhineland in 1936, and integrated Austria & Germany in 1938.
• Hitler then planned to wage war to gain resources out of the economic crisis. In 1939, he invaded Poland and declared war on France & England. In 1940, Germany sealed the tripartite pact with Italy and Japan. He attacked the Soviet Union in 1941, while the USA kept its distance from the war.
• When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, a US naval base, the USA had to reluctantly enter the war.
• In 1945, the US bombed Hiroshima with the atomic bomb, ending the war and bringing Hitler to his knees.

As the Nazi regime grew, it became the sole reason for the propagation of racial hierarchy in the country. Here are the major implications and consequences which happened with the establishment of the racial state during the advent of Nazism and the Rise of Hitler:

• A racial hierarchy system ruled the minds of Nazism followers. They believed that the Nordic German Aryans were the purest humans, all other races in the middle and the Jews were at the bottom.
• They began systematically removing other races to create a pure German Aryan community in Germany.
• Jews were hugely persecuted in this racial war. Not allowed to own lands, they were thrown in concentration camps and forced to leave their own home and finally, their numbers dwindled.
• The survivors of the Jewish extermination, also known as the Holocaust, started sharing their stories with the world.
• Hitler’s idea of establishing Nazi idealogy at the root level was soul-shaking. Schools were taught the Nazi approach and boys were taught masculine aggression.
• Those Children of Jews who were physically handicapped or undesirable were thrown into gas chambers.
• The number of deaths reached upwards of 2.7 million, almost all Jews during the Holocaust.
• In History, Hitler is remembered as the ruthless leader who brainwashed an entire generation and fed them fascist ideals.

Here are some important practice questions and answers to Chapter 3 of Class 9 History chapter Nazism and the Rise of Hitler.

Economic crisis

The German Parliament is known as the Reichstag.

Concentration camp

President Hindenburg offered the chancellorship to Hitler.

Parliamentary system

Germany, Japan and Italy

Hitler as a messiah

Auschwitz was the centre of mass killing during Nazi rule.

The National Socialist German Workers Party.

Disinfection areas

Hitler viewed war as the way out of the approaching economic crisis.

On 3rd March 1933. The Enabling Act enabled Hitler to sideline the Parliament and rule by decree.

England, France, Russia and the USA were included in the Allied Powers.

The geopolitical concept or concept of living space revealed his desire for an extended empire.

Atomic bombs were used by the USA during World War II against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

It was set up to prosecute Nazi war criminals for crimes against peace, for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

The separately marked areas where the Jews lived were called ghettos.

Japan’s unprovoked attack on the US base at Pearl Harbour in December 1941 

Germany, Italy and Japan were known as Axis Powers.

The Youth League of the Nazis was founded in 1922.

• The Effects of the War
• The Destruction of Democracy
• Reconstruction
• Establishment of the Racial State
• The Racial Utopia
• Youth in Nazi Germany
• Ordinary People and the Crimes Against Humanity

Read more such interesting topics of history, links given in the table below.👇

We hope that through these notes on Nazism and the Rise of Hitler, we helped you in understanding the chapter with ease. Follow our school education page for more information.

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• Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 Notes CBSE History Chapter 3 (Free PDF Download)
• Revision Notes

Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 Notes History Chapter 3 - PDF Download

The era of Hitler is perhaps the darkest period in the entire history of the world. However, the coming up of Nazim and the Rise of Hitler did not happen in a single day. There are backstories to it. In the Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes by Vedantu, you will learn about the backdrop of Hitler’s rise, how he managed to brainwash large swathes of the German population and how he butchered millions of innocent people. The Chapter 3 History Class 9 Notes PDF, which are completely downloadable, will allow you to have a thorough understanding of the chapter highlighting all the important events in the rise of Hitler to power.

Download CBSE Class 9 History Revision Notes 2023-24 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 9 History revision notes for All chapters:

Access Class 9 Social Science (History) Chapter 3 - Nazism and The Rise of Hitler Notes

1. Otto Frank was at the pinnacle of his success. As a businessman, he had earned a lot. He was also living a happy life with his wife and two of his daughters. But fate was very cruel. Hitler gradually rose to power in the initial part of the 20th century. But clever Frank was foresighted. He also knew inside of him about what was to come. So he shifted from Germany to Amsterdam so as to escape from the madness of Hitler. He also tried hard to send his family to the U.S, so as to leave that hell once and for all. Later when Hitler became too much powerful, the Nazi soldiers separated the once happy family & transported them to the various concentration camps. Imagine a father, who is not able to look at his two lovely daughters &  his beloved wife. Every day he had hoped to see his family alive. That hope never came. In 1945 the father, Otto Frank, got to hear the news that he so desperately did not want to hear.

2. How did Hitler become so powerful? Why did the Germans support him in the very beginning? What happened during the time of Hitler? This chapter is devoted to all of these topics.

3. Germany’s Defeat In The World War I

i. Germany entered the world war on 1st August, 1914. Its aim was to dominate over Russia and France, the most powerful countries on either side of Germany.

ii. It first attacked Belgium. After this move by Germany, Great Britain attacked Germany.

iii. Later as the U.S joined the Allied forces, Germany was easily defeated by them.

iv. First, the failure of the Schlieffen plan and then the weakness of Kaiser Wilhelm II made the general public and the army lose respect for him.

v. In 1918 Wilhelm abdicated the throne.

vi. The Social Democratic Party & the Independent Social Democratic party convened a National Congress. Ultimately, a weak coalition government was made.

  4. Paris Peace Conference &  the Treaty of Versailles

Meanwhile, in Paris, the Allies met basically to take revenge (politically and economically) upon the defeated Central Powers. The main outcome of the peace conference was the Treaty of Versailles (1919). This treaty was signed with Germany. The terms of this treaty put the blame of all the description & damages squarely on Germany. Because of this treaty:

i. Germany had to lose its overseas colonies. Nearly 13% of the German territory was given away to various countries who directly or indirectly supported the Allies countries. 

ii. France also grabbed Alsace and Lorraine which were parts of Germany.

iii. Germany’s control over Poland was also taken away. Poland now had become a sovereign country again.

iv. As reparation, Germany had to shell out $33 billion.

v. Germany’s military prowess was more or less neutralised -especially in Rhineland.

vi. France and Belgium initially grabbed a significant part of Rhineland. Later when Germany failed to pay reparations the French and Belgian army occupied the Ruhr region as well.

5. After-Effects of The Treaty

i. It was a huge embarrassing  blow to the psychology of the proud Germans. They had to undergo extreme humiliation due to this treaty.

ii. The poor Weimar Republic - which had nothing to do with the war or the treaty - became the punching bag of the Germans. They felt that it was because of the weakness of the republic government that the Allies had dared to impose such heavy penalties.

iii. The conservative nationalistic people in Germany also abused the supporters of the Weimar Republic and turned against them. The supporters of it included mainly the Socialists. The Democrats and the Catholics also bore the brunt.

iv. As aggressive nationalism reared its head, so did the tendency to glorify the war and trench life.

6. Radical Elements In The Political Sphere

As the Weimar Republic came to existence so did the radical group called the Spartacist League. The group was impressed by the Soviets & wanted to imitate their style of governance. Initially, the Weimar Republic, with the help of the Free Corps, stunted the rise of the Spartacist League. As you can imagine from their love of the Soviet-style of governance, the league was Communist in spirit. Later it formed the Communist Party of Germany.

7. The Economic Fallout

i. Germany also had to pay the Allies an astronomical sum of money as reparations. On the other hand, during the war, it borrowed money & resources as well. So it was in great debt.

ii. France occupied the Ruhr upon non-payment of reparations.

iii. To counter the growing economic stress, Germany also printed a large amount of paper currency. This led to shocking inflation.

iv. Although America tried to bail Germany out, after the economic depression of 1929, America had stopped giving loans to Germany.

v. German industrial output also was at an all-time low. As many as 6 million Germans became unemployed.

8. The Emergence of Hitler

i. As the German economy was deteriorating day by day due to unfair ruling in the peace treaty, Hitler was seething with anger. Toxic nationalistic sentiment had filled him to the core.

ii. Who was Hitler as a man before Hitler became ‘the’ Hitler? He was the son of a customs official. He lived in Austria in his early days. Hitler also wanted to be an artist but was repeatedly rejected by the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna. (Imagine if he had been admitted to the Academy, the History could have been a lot less bloody).

iii. In 1913, Hitler then came to Munich and joined the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. An aimless Hitler had found refuge in war. He really loved the discipline and the way of life that he experienced while he was in the army.

iv. After his service, Hitler also joined the German Workers Party. That was in the year 1919 the year when the Versailles Treaty was also signed. He then became the topmost leader of the party and had renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. This same party was then transformed into the Nazi Party. The Promise For A Better Country

v. The morale of the German people was at the very bottom after the treaty. Hitler, through his Nazi Party, had promised the Germans the better future once he would come to power. The people started dreaming  just like a drowning ant would clutch a straw. 

vi. By 1932, Hitler’s nazi Party got 37% votes and became a majority party in the German Parliament. Ultimately on 30th January 1933, Hitler became the Chancellor and The Dictatorship Began. Hitler then intoxicated the conservatives & the general population with his promises.

vii. When a mysterious fire broke out in the German Parliament building, Hitler used this as an opportunity for the murder of freedom speech and press. He also imposed heavy restrictions on the right to assemble.

viii. The Communists were then condemned to the concentration camps. And came the Enabling Act of 1933. The Nazi party had became the one and only party in Germany. Every other party & organisation was termed illegal. The Storm Troopers, the Gestapo, the Surveillance Force along with regular police were given a free hand to locate the ‘enemies’ & send them to the concentration camps.

ix. Politically speaking, Hitler did manage to reverse the embarrassing rulings of the peace treaty of 1919 ( but at what cost?). He returned back to the Rhine area. Czechoslovakia and Sudetenland were also annexed by Germany. Hitler then attacked Poland. In many countries, Nazi stooges were also installed. By 1940 Hitler became extremely powerful.

9. Racism In Hitler

i. “All human culture, the results of art, science, & technology that we see before us today, are almost exclusively the product of Aryans” - Hitler writes in Mein Kampf. From this, you can imagine how blind Hitler was in his love for so-called pure race.

ii. Hitler was against the union of the Aryans & other races as that would then produce inferior sons and daughters.

iii. Hitler was also a believer in the racial hierarchy. The Aryans were normally considered to be the most superior & the Jews were considered to be the most inferior. All other races were between these two extremes.

iv. His blind hatred against Jews led to the killing of 6 billion Jews. Killing is a very understatement here. The Jews were tortured, gassed, orphaned, widowed, separated & forced to live a life of hiding and constant fear. This mass killing of the Jews is called in history as the Holocaust.

We must note that Hitler killed countless people in Poland and in Russia as well. In fact, even the German people who were considered unfit were treated very harshly.

10. Holocaust

Hitler’s hatred for Jews was deadly as a forest fire which showed no sign of stopping. After Hitler became the dictator of Germany, he then pushed forth his theory of Aryan supremacy. He believed that blue-eyed Nordic Aryans were at top of racial hierarchy & the Jews were at the bottom. He associated spiritual significance with the killing of Jews. Thus,  with the help of his police force, the SA unit & the Gestapo, he systematically located and sent the Jews to concentration camps and butchered them. This systematic killing of the Jew community by Hitler is known as the Holocaust.

The Defeat of Germany in The First World War

The Nazism and Rise of Hitler notes start with the fact that Germany fought World War 1 against the Allied forces.

After the US joined the Allies, they crushed the German soldiers.

The soldiers and the general public became disillusioned and went against Kaiser Wilhelm II.

A constituent assembly was elected. A coalition government was formed in 1918.

The Peace Treaty of Versailles

As the Central Powers became weaker and the Triple Entente became stronger with the entry of America, Germany decided to negotiate for an armistice. Yes, the war stopped. But Germany had to pay a heavy price after the end. The important points in this part of History Chapter 3 Class 9 Notes are:

Germany had to loosen its grips on its overseas colonies. It lost 13 per cent of its territories and a tenth of its population.

France took away Alsace and Lorraine.

Denmark got Schleswig. Belgium also took pieces from the German cake.

Poland was recreated. The newly created Poland was given West Prussia and Poznan.

Germany was demilitarized.

The Rise of Hitler Class 9 chapter in your book also mentions that the resource-rich province Rhineland was occupied by the Allied forces.

Humiliation: Economic and Psychological

The German people felt deeply humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles. They felt it was because of the weakness of the Weimar Republic that the Allied forces were able to enforce such heavy sanctions upon them. Because of this, the conservative nationalistic people of Germany became radical.

Political Radicalism

The Opponents of the Weimar Republic: The Spartacist League tried to rise against the established political order and wanted Soviet-style governance. However, the initial uprising was crushed by the Weimar Republic.

The Spartacist League later founded the Communist Party of Germany.

The Economic Crisis

The NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes describe how the economic condition of Germany deteriorated after the peace treaty.

On one hand, Germany already had heavy debts and on the other, it had to pay the Allied forces in gold. This emptied the coffers of the Weimar Republic.

In 1923 Germany refused to pay. France, in turn, occupied Ruhr - the main industrial area of Germany at that time.

The economic condition of Germany went from bad to worse. It started printing huge amounts of paper currency. This resulted in hyperinflation.

America came to its aid. It provided Germany with short term loans.

Then came the economic depression of 1929. The loan stopped. Industries all over the world suffered heavily.

Chapter 3 History Class 9 describes that the industrial output was reduced to 40% of the 1929 levels.

Hitler's Rise to Power Notes

When Germany was slowly moving into the abyss of economic and political crisis, Hitler was watching with anger and toxic nationalistic sentiment. His military career started as a messenger ( he was deemed unfit for combat) and then he became a corporal.

Later when Germany suffered greatly, Hitler joined the German Workers Party in 1919. Soon he took over the reins of the party and renamed it as National Socialist German Workers’ Party. Later this party became the Nazi party as we know it.

The Dream of a Better Future

Hitler made the German people dream of a better future at a time when the German economic system was in the brink of collapse and the people had no job or money. The Nazi propaganda took advantage of the people’s willingness to believe in anything (however improbable) that promised to pull them out of the misery. In 1932, he got 37% votes in the German parliament.

The Days of Repression

Now comes the part in ‘Nazism and The Rise of Hitler Summary’ where we get to know why Hitler is hated so much across the world. The important points in this part of History Class 9 Chapter 3 Notes are:

In 1933 Hitler Got Chancellorship - The highest position in the cabinet.

First, he became successful in getting the support of the conservatives.

Somehow a fire broke out in the German Parliament building. Hitler used this incident to his advantage and suspended the previously established rights of people like free speech, the right to assemble, free press etc.

The Communists were sent to the concentration camps.

After the Enabling Act of 1933, Hitler became the true dictator. No other political parties than the Nazi and Nazi affiliates were allowed. The parliamentary system was virtually abolished.

Hitler started shaping German society as he envisioned with the help of Storm Troopers and Gestapo.

Yes, Hitler did reverse the effects of the peace treaty. He reacquired the Rhineland. He annexed Sudetenland with Germany. Germany attacked Poland. And after the Tripartite Pact, the power of the Nazi empire increased in the vast swathe of Europe.

He created a centralised political system.

Racism and the Pogrom Aimed at Jews

Hitler was a strong opponent of equality among people. He believed in the racial hierarchy. In this hierarchy, the blond, blue-eyed, Nordic Germans were considered to be the most superior race. The Jews were considered to be the most inferior of the races. All the other races were in between.

Hitler was Also a Proponent of Lebensraum - The concept that the area of the MotherLand needs to be extended so that more and more Germans can have enough space to live. It is with this racist mentality that Hitler went on to massacre millions of Jews. However, it is not the Jews alone who were killed by the Nazi forces- there were gipsies, blacks, Russians, Poles etc., who were also persecuted. Ironically, Hitler did not even spare his own people. Any German who was considered unfit was decreed to be killed.

Did You Know?

When it became that Hitler’s Germany won’t last long against the Allied forces, Hitler committed suicide - A man who gave so many lectures on bravery and heroism shoots himself in the head. Was Hitler truly brave then? What was he afraid of?

FAQs on Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 Notes CBSE History Chapter 3 (Free PDF Download)

1. Write a Short Note on the Fall of Hitler.

After the 1940 Tripartite Pact, Hitler considered himself invisible. He desired to capture the Eastern European regions. Thus he attacked the Soviet Union in 1941. But the Soviets crushed the Nazi army and captured vast swathes of German-occupied land. On the hand, since the Nazi army was busy in the East, the Western border of Germany became vulnerable to Britain. Ultimately as the Second World War started, America and a host of other nations joined the Allied force, leading to Hitler’s defeat in 1945.

2. What is the Holocaust? What was the Reason Behind it?

Hitler, out of his racist mentality, massacred 6 million innocent Jews. He was of the opinion that the Jews were beyond ‘purification’ and hence needed to die. The murders were done in a systematic and cold-blooded manner. The Gestapo searched for Jews and transported them to the concentration camps and gas vans. This cruel, soulless programme of Hitler massacring innocent Jews is known as the Holocaust.

3. What led to the rise of Hitler according to Class 9 History?

After World War I, Germany began to face a huge economic crisis. The German soldiers became unemployed after the war. The commerce and trade in Germany was also ruined. Germany was in a huge slump with starvation and unemployment. The prices of the economy rose leading to the fall in the value of money. The Germans began to lose faith in democracy as it started to go against their traditions and culture. Therefore, they gave all their support to Hitler who promised to turn their dreams into reality.

4. What were the problems faced by the Weimar Republic?

The main reason why the Weimar Republic fell into a drawback was because of the Weimar Constitution. The Constitution consisted of a proportional representation. This made it difficult for any other parties in the region to win a lead in the majority of coalition governments. Apart from this, Article 48 of the constitution gave the president the power to rule by decree. This in turn suspended the civil rights of the people, and gave the president the authority to impose emergency.

5. Why was the Nazi propaganda effective in creating a hatred for Jews?

One of the Nazi propaganda to create hatred for Jews was by creating films that promoted this idea. One of the most famous films was titled ‘The Eternal Jew’ where the Jews were referred to as rats, vermin, and pests. They even used mathematics lessons to popularize stereotypes about Jews. Students were taught about how to hate jews. The Nazi Propaganda was so effective in creating hatred for Jews as people began to feel hatred and anger everytime they saw someone who was a Jew.

6. What are the important topics for notes for Class 9 Social Science history chapter 3?

There are many important concepts that students need to learn in Class 9 social science history Chapter 3. Vedantu provides students with revision notes that they can access to score well in their examination. The important topics for notes of this chapter include the defeat of Germany in The First World War, The Peace Treaty of Versailles, Economic and Psychological Humiliation, Political Radicalism, Economic Crisis,  Rise of Hitler, the days of Repression, and many more. These revision notes will help students to clear their doubts in this chapter.

7. Where can I find NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science chapter 3?

Vedantu provides students with a free PDF for NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science chapter 3. Students can download this PDF for free on the Vedantu Mobile app as well the online website. NCERT Solutions are the best study materials that Students can use. This will ensure that they score well in their examinations as most of the questions from the final question paper are asked from NCERT Solutions. NCERT Solutions will even provide students with a thorough understanding of the chapter with focus on all important concepts.

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Chapter 3 Nazism and The Rise of Hitler Class 9 History Important Questions

Class 9 History Chapter 3 Important Questions are asked every year in final examinations. In this chapter you are going to study the reasons of Hitler’s rise and how he removed Germany from the League of Nations in 1933. You are also going to know about Nazism in detail as you progress in it.

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Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Summary Notes Key Points Class 9

• Post last modified: 20 February 2022
• Post category: Class 9 SST Notes

A short Summary of ‘Nazism and the rise of Hitler’ is given here for class 9 students. The key points are given under proper headings. This summary will help revise the chapter in a short period of time.

GERMANY IN WORLD WAR–I

• The First World War was fought between Germany, the Austrian empire and Turkey (Central powers) against the Allies (England, France and Russia).
• They all joined the war assuming a quick gain and a quick victory.
• France and Belgium were occupied by Germany resulting in initial gains for it.
• But soon after USA joined the War (in 1917), the situation turned around.
• In 1918, the First World War was won by the Allies by defeating Germany and the Central powers.

THE BIRTH OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC

• After the defeat of Germany in the First World War and the abdication of the king, the German polity was rebuilt.
• Proportional representation. This created problem for any one party to gain majority, leading to a rule by coalition
• Article 48, which gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspended civil rights and rule by decree.
• The Weimar Republic dissolved about 20 times by the President within a span of 239 days. Due to this democratic parliamentary system, crisis in the economy, polity and society leading to the rise of Hitler to power.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

• Signed between Germany and the Allied Powers (England, France and Russia)
• Germany lost all its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population and 13% of its territories.
• 26% of its coal mines and 75% of its iron mines were given to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
• To weaken its powers, the allied powers demilitarised Germany.
• The resource rich Rhineland of Germany was occupied by the Allied armies.
• Germany was held responsible for the First World War and the damages suffered by the Allied countries. Due to this reason, Germany was forced to pay compensation of £6 billion.

EFFECTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ON GERMANY

Social Effects

Due to the harsh impact of the war, the soldiers were placed above civilians. There was great stress laid on for men to be aggressive, strong and masculine by the political leaders and media. Aggressive war propaganda and national honour resulted in popular support for conservative dictatorship

Political Effects

The birth of Weimar Republic coincided with the revolutionary uprising of the Spartacist League. Soviet –style of government was demanded in Berlin. But the uprising was suppressed with the help of war veterans’ organisation known as ‘Free Corps’.

Economic Crisis (Hyperinflation)

Germany fought the First World War mainly on loans and later had to repay it in gold. This resulted in depletion of gold reserves. As Germany refused to pay the loan in 1923, in return France occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr. Germany began printing paper currency recklessly and this resulted in over circulation of the paper currency, due to which the value of German mark fell. This came to be known as hyperinflation, a situation when prices rose phenomenally high

HITLER’S WORLD VIEW

• According to his views, there was a racial hierarchy that followed and no equality between people.
• Hitler considered Blacks, Gypsies and Jews as racial inferiors. They were persecuted on a wide scale.
• He wanted a society consisting of only pure and healthy Nordic Aryans.
• In his views, blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while Jews were located at the lowest rung. They came to be regarded as an anti-race, the arch-enemies of the Aryans.
• Another ideology of Hitler was Lebensraum, i.e. living space. He believed that new territories had to be acquired for settlement. This would widen the area of his motherland and their resources.
• But the worst sufferers were the Jews. They were stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers by the Nazis. They were made to live in separately marked areas known as ghettos. Concentration camps and gas chambers were built to execute them on a larger scale

YOUTH OF NAZI GERMANY

• The teachers who were Jews or seen as politically unreliable were dismissed from the job. In Nazi terms the schools were cleansed and purified.
• The children of German and Jews were segregated. They were not allowed to sit or play together anymore. And soon the physically handicapped, Gypsies and Jews were thrown out of the school as they were considered as undesirable The German children went through an ideological training in Nazi schools. Where school textbooks were re-written, radical science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race. Stereotypes about Jews were popularised.
• The ideologies of Nazis included the hatred towards Jews and worshipping Hitler and to be loyal and submissive towards him.
• Even the function of sports was utilised to make children iron hearted, strong and masculine.
• Youth Organisations were responsible for educating German youth in the spirit of National Socialism. Ten-year-olds had to enter Jung Volk.
• At 14, all boys had to join the Nazi youth organization called Hitler Youth, where they learnt to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, condemn democracy, and hate Jews, communists, Gypsies and all those categorised as undesirable.

NAZI PROPAGANDA

• The Nazi regime were careful of using language and media. They never used the word kill or murder in their official communications. Mass killing were termed as special treatment, final solution, euthanasia, selection and disinfections.
• Media won the support and helped in popularising their worldview. Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, films, radio, posters, catchy slogans and leaflets.
• The Germans, mocked, abused and stereotyped the group identities of their enemies in the posters. Socialists and liberals were represented as weak and degenerate.
• Orthodox Jews were shown with flowing beards wearing kaftans. They were referred to as vermin, rats and pests. Their movements were compared to those of rodents.

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Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Notes, Class 9, Social Science PDF Download

The Allied Powers:   The UK, France, the then USSR and USA. Axis Powers: Germany, Italy and Japan. Central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey (Ottoman Empire).

Genocidal war

• Killing of a selected racial group by the other. Under the shadow of the  Second World War, Germany had waged a genocidal war against Jews.
• The number of people killed included 6 million Jews, 200,000 Gypsies, 1 million Polish civilians, 70,000 Germans who were considered mentally and physically disabled, besides innumerable political opponents.
• Nazis devised an unprecedented means of killing people, that is, by gassing them in various killing centers.

What was international Military Tribunal?

• After the Second World War the allied powers formed an international military court (Tribunal) at Nuremberg to punish Nazi war criminals.
• The Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death . Many others were imprisoned for life.

Germany in the World War I

• Germany,  a  powerful  empire  fought  the   First  World  War  (1914-1918) alongside  the Austrian empire and Turkey and against the Allies (England, France and Russia.)
• All  joined  the  war  enthusiastically  hoping  to  gain  from  a  quick victory. 
• Germany made initial gains by occupying France and Belgium.
• But USA’s entry  changed the course of the war.
• However the Allies won the War by defeating Germany and the Central Powers in November 1918 .

Birth of the Weimar Republic

• In the early years of the twentieth century, Germany fought the First World War (1914-1918) alongside the Austrian empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia.). 
• All resources of Europe were drained out because of the war. 
• Germany occupied France and Belgium . 
• But, unfortunately, Allies, strengthened by the US entry in 1917, won, defeating Germany and the Central Powers in November 1918 . 
• At Weimar, the National Assembly met and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure. In the German Parliament, deputies were elected on the basis of equal and universal votes cast by all adults including women. 
• Germany lost its overseas colonies. 
• The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages the Allied countries suffered. 
• The Allied armies occupied Rhineland in the 1920s.

The Effects of the War

• The entire continent was devastated by the war both psychologically and financially. 
• The war of guilt and national humiliation was carried by the republic and was financially crippled by being forced to pay compensation. 
• Socialists, Catholics and Democrats, supported the Weimar Republic and they were mockingly called the ‘November criminals’. 
• The First World War left a deep imprint  on European society and polity. 
• Soldiers are placed above civilians but unfortunately, soldiers lived a miserable life . 
• Democracy was a young and fragile idea , which could not survive the instabilities of interwar Europe.

Political Radicalism and Economic Crises

• The Weimar Republic birth coincided with the revolutionary uprising of the Spartacist League on the pattern of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia . 
• They crushed the uprising with the help of a war veterans organisation called Free Corps . 
• Communists and Socialists became enemies. Political radicalisation heightened by the economic crisis of 1923. 
• Germany refused to pay, and the French occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to claim their coal. 
• The image of Germans carrying cartloads of currency notes  to buy a loaf of bread was widely publicised evoking worldwide sympathy. 
• This crisis came to be known as hyperinflation , a situation when prices rise phenomenally high.

The Years of Depression

• The years between 1924 and 1928  saw some stability. The support of short-term loans was withdrawn when the Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929. 
• Great Economic Depression started and over the next three years, between 1929 and 1932, the national income of the USA fell by half. 
• The economy of Germany was the worst hit. Workers became jobless and went on streets with placards saying,  ‘Willing to do any work’. Youth indulged themselves in criminal activities. 
• The middle class and small businessmen were filled with the fear of proletarianisation, anxiety of being reduced to the ranks of the working class or unemployment. Politically also the Weimar Republic was fragile . 
• The  Weimar constitution due to some inherent defects made it unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship. One inherent defect was proportional representation. 
• Another defect was Article 48 , which gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

• Hilter rose to power. 
• He was born in 1889 in Austria  and spent his youth in poverty. 
• In the First World War, he enrolled for the army, acted as a messenger in the front, became a corporal, and earned medals for bravery. 
• Hitler joined a small group called the German Workers’ Party in 1919 . 
• He took over the organisation and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party , which later came to be known as the Nazi Party. 
• In 1923, he planned to seize control of Bavaria , march to Berlin and capture power. During the Great Depression, Nazism became a mass movement. 
• After 1929, banks collapsed, businesses shut down, workers lost their jobs and the middle classes were threatened with destitution. In such a situation, Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future. Hitler was a powerful speaker and his words moved people. 
• In his speech, he promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people. He also promised employment for those looking for work and a secure future for the youth. 
• He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany. 
• Hitler started following a new style of politics and his followers held big rallies and public meetings to demonstrate support. 
• According to the  Nazi propaganda , Hitler was called a messiah, a saviour, as someone who had arrived to deliver people from their distress.

The Destruction of Democracy

• The entire continent was devastated by the war both  psychologically and financially . 
• Socialists, Catholics and Democrats,  supported the Weimar Republic and they were mockingly called the ‘November criminals’. 
• The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity. Soldiers are placed above civilians but unfortunately, soldiers lived a miserable life. 

Reconstruction

• Economic recovery was assigned to the economist Hjalmar Schacht by Hitler who aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation programme. 
• This project produced the famous German superhighways and the people’s car, the Volkswagen . Hitler ruled out the League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936, and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan, One people, One empire and One leader. 
• Schacht advised Hitler against investing hugely in rearmament as the state still ran on deficit financing.

The Nazi Worldview

• Nazis are linked to a system of belief and a set of practices . 
• According to their ideology, there was no equality between people, but only a racial hierarchy. 
• Racism of Hitler borrowed from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. 
• The argument of Nazi was simple: the strongest race would survive and the weak ones would perish. 
• The Aryan race was the finest  who retained its purity, became stronger and dominated the world. 
• The other aspect of Hitler’s ideology related to the geopolitical concept of Lebensraum, or living space. 
• Hitler intended to extend  German boundaries by moving eastwards, to concentrate all Germans geographically in one place.

Establishment of the Racial State

• Nazis came into power and quickly began to implement their dream of creating an exclusive racial community of pure Germans . 
• They wanted a society of ‘pure and healthy Nordic Aryans’.  Under the Euthanasia Programme, Helmuth’s father had condemned to death many Germans who were considered mentally or physically unfit. 
• Germany occupied Poland and parts of Russia , captured civilians and forced them to work as slave labour. Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. Hitler hated Jews based on pseudoscientific theories of race. 
• From 1933 to 1938 the Nazis terrorised, pauperised and segregated the Jews, compelling them to leave the country.

The Racial Utopia

• Genocide and war became two sides of the same coin. Poland was divided and much of north-western Poland  was annexed to Germany. People of Poland were forced to leave their homes and properties. 
• Members of the Polish intelligentsia were murdered in large numbers, polish children who looked like Aryans were forcibly snatched from their mothers and examined by ‘race experts’.

Youth in Nazi Germany

• Hitler was interested in the youth of the country. Schools were cleansed and purified. Germans and Jews were not allowed to sit or play together. 
• In the 1940s Jews  were taken to the gas chambers. Introduction of racial science to justify Nazi ideas of race. Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews and worship Hitler. 
• Youth organisations were responsible for educating German youth in  ‘the spirit of National Socialism’. 
• At the age of 14 , boys had to join the Nazi youth organisation where they were taught to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, condemn democracy, and hate Jews, communists, Gypsies and all those categorised as ‘undesirable’. 
• Later, they joined the Labour Service, at the age of 18 and served in the armed forces and enter one of the Nazi organisations. 
• In 1922, the Youth League of the Nazis was founded.

The Nazi Cult of Motherhood

• In Nazi Germany , children were told women were different from men. 
• Boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel hearted and girls were told to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. 
• Girls had to maintain purity of the race, distance from Jews, look after their home and teach their children Nazi values . But all mothers were not treated equally. 
• Honours Crosses were awarded to those who encouraged women to produce more children. 
• Bronze cross for  four children, silver for six and gold for eight or more . 
• Women who maintained contact with Jews, Poles and Russians were paraded through the town with shaved heads, blackened faces and placards hanging around their necks announcing ‘I have sullied the honour of the nation’.

The Art of Propaganda

• Nazis termed mass killings as special treatment, final solution (for the Jews), euthanasia (for the disabled), selection and disinfections . ‘Evacuation’ meant deporting people to gas chambers. 
• Gas chambers were labelled as ‘‘disinfection-areas’, and looked like bathrooms equipped with fake showerheads. 
• Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, films, radio, posters, catchy slogans and leaflets . 
• Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and marked and were referred to as vermin, rats and pests. 
• The Nazis made equal efforts to appeal to all the different sections of the population. 
• They sought to win their support by suggesting that Nazis alone could solve all their problems.

Ordinary People and the Crimes Against Humanity

• People started seeing the world through Nazi eyes and spoke their Nazi language. 
• They felt hatred and anger against Jews and genuinely  believed Nazism would bring prosperity and improve general well-being. 
• Pastor Niemoeller protested an uncanny silence, amongst ordinary Germans against brutal and organised crimes committed in the Nazi empire. 
• Charlotte Beradt’s book called the Third Reich of Dreams describes how Jews themselves began believing in the Nazi stereotypes about them.

Knowledge about the Holocaust

• The war ended and Germany was defeated. 
• While Germans were preoccupied with their own plight, the Jews wanted the world to remember the atrocities and sufferings they had endured during the Nazi killing operations – also called the Holocaust . 
• When they lost the war, the Nazi leadership distributed petrol to its functionaries to destroy all incriminating evidence available in offices.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9th: Ch 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler History

Ncert solutions for class 9th: ch 3 nazism and the rise of hitler history social studies (s.st), contact form.

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NCERT Solutions For Class 9 History Social Science Chapter 3: Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Ncert book solutions for class 9 history chapter 3 – cbse term ii free pdf download.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 3 help students understand the historical events given in the chapter in an easy way. In September 1919, Hitler rose to power in Germany when he joined the political party, then known as the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – DAP (German Workers’ Party). In 1920, the name was changed to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers’ Party, commonly known as the Nazi Party). One of the best ways to understand the topics of History is by solving the NCERT Solutions of Class 9 History Chapter 3. The solutions provided here will help you to understand the significance of the topics. With our solutions, you will be able to grasp the connections between various events in History.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 3 – Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

The solutions for Chapter 3, Nazism and the Rise of Hitler are given below. Students should also check NCERT Solutions for Class 9 for other subjects.

1. Describe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.

The defeat of Imperial Germany at the hands of the Allied powers in World War I led to the abdication of the emperor Wilhelm II. This gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast the German polity.

Thus, a National Assembly met at the town of Weimar to form a republic with a democratic constitution and a federal structure. But this newborn republic was not well received by its own people for the following reasons:

(I) The Allied powers imposed a harsh and humiliating treaty at Versailles, which squarely placed the blame of starting World War I on Germany’s soldiers. It was the Weimar Republic that signed the treaty much to the displeasure of the German populace.

(II) Germany lost all of its overseas colonies and a tenth of its population, along with 75% of its iron and 26% of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.

(III) The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the war and the subsequent damage it caused in the Allied nations. They were forced to pay compensation of £6 billion in total. Due to the loss of most of its revenue-generating colonies, Germany was unable to repay the amount.

(IV) Due to the failure to pay compensation, the Allied Armies occupied the resource-rich Rhineland for a time. The Weimar Republic reacted to this by printing paper currency in large numbers to pay off the huge debt. This led to hyperinflation and the eventual collapse of the economy.

(V) Coupled with the humiliation of a foreign power occupying German territory and economic collapse, the German public held the new Weimar Republic responsible for the defeat in World War I and accepting the disgrace at Versailles.

2. Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930.

The end of World War I had changed the political landscape of Germany. Right from the beginning, the infant Weimar Republic was beset by problems.

(I) The harsh Versailles Treaty was a serious blow to the national prestige of the Germans and to the economy.

(II) The economic situation was worsened by the Great Depression of 1929, which had severely affected the already fragile German economy. The inability of the Weimar Republic to remedy the situation only further inflamed public sentiments.

(III) The political scenario was not any better as the various political factions, such as the communists and socialists fought with each other that stalled any policy that would uplift the plight of the German people.

(IV) It was in this background that Hitler would organise the fledgling National Socialist German Worker’s party, otherwise known as the Nazi party into a mass movement.

(V) By implementing Nazi ideals, Hitler promised to undo the injustice of the Versailles treaty and restore the dignity of the German people, promising economic security and to build a strong German nation free from all foreign influences and ‘conspiracies’.

(VI) He found strong support among the German middle class, who were threatened with destitution due to economic collapse that had shut down banks, businesses and factories.

(VII) Nazi propaganda, along with Hitler’s powerful oratory skills, successfully portrayed Hitler as a saviour and Nazism as the means to deliver the German people from the distress of living in a time of acute economic and political crisis.

3. What are the peculiar features of Nazi thinking?

The Nazi thinking was synonymous with Hitler’s world view. The features of such thinking are as follows:

(I) There was no equality among the human race, only a racial hierarchy – with the blonde, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans being at the top and the Jews being placed at the bottom level. All the other coloured people were placed somewhere in between, depending on their external features.

(II) The other aspect of Nazi ideology was the concept of Lebensraum or living space. It was believed that new territories had to be acquired at the expense of the local population in order to enhance material resources and the power of the German nation.

(III) They believed in the survival of the fittest, which was a twisted version of Charles Darwin theory about natural selection. In their version, they believed that the strongest race would survive, while the weak would perish.

(IV) Nazi thinking put much emphasis on ‘racial purity’. This meant that anyone born with physical and mental disabilities was considered ‘undesirable’ and impure. Allowing their existence would only pollute the German race and hence they had no right to exist. Along with Jews, Gypsies, Slavic and blacks were all considered subhuman and executed in large numbers under the shadow of World War II.

(V) Nazis believed in war and aggression. Any notion of peace or related ideologies were considered weak by their standards. They believed that world domination through war justified in proving the superiority of the German race.

4. Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews.

The Nazis were quite effective in using propaganda to great effect. They made propaganda films to fan hatred for Jews with the most infamous being The Eternal Jew . Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and marked. They were shown with flowing beards, wearing kaftans and were referred to as rats and vermin who fed off good Germans.

Jews were also blamed for Germany’s defeat in World War I, despite the fact that a large number of them served with distinction in the conflict. The propaganda by the Nazis effectively worked on the minds of the people, making use of the centuries of anti-Semitic feelings and tapping their emotions. This turned their hatred and anger at those who were blamed for all of Germany’s past and present ills. And the Nazis would be the remedy for these ‘ills’

5. Explain the role of women in Nazi society. Return to Chapter 1 on the French Revolution. Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the role of women in the two periods.

Women in Nazi society were relegated to housewives who were charged with upholding the honour of the German race by limiting contacts with ‘undesirables’ and raising as many pure-blooded children as possible. Those who conformed to this role were given favoured treatment in hospitals, concessions in shops, theatre tickets and railway fares. Despite Hitler’s statement on ‘women being the most important citizen’, it did not apply to every woman. Especially those who deviated from Nazi ideology. Those that did, risked public humiliation, loss of civic honour, loss of family, jail sentence and even death.

This was in total contrast to the role of women in the French Revolution, where women led movements and fought for the right to education and the right to equal wages as men. They could not be forced to marry against their will. They could also train for jobs, become artists or run small businesses. Schooling was made compulsory for them, and they could even hold property.

6. In what ways did the Nazi state seek to establish total control over its people?

President of the Weimar Republic Paul Von Hindenburg made Hitler the chancellor of Germany. Shortly after, a mysterious fire broke out in the Reichstag, the parliament building of Germany. Blaming the act of arson on communists and other ‘enemy of the state, Hitler passed the First Fire decree in 1933 which suspended the civic rights like freedom of speech, press and freedom of assembly. Thus, Hitler effectively started controlling the German population. Other measures he undertook to systematically dismantle democracy in Germany were the following:

(I) ‘The Enabling Act’ was passed, which gave all powers to Hitler to sideline the parliament and rule by decree.

(ll) All political parties, with the exception of the Nazi Party, were banned. The members of these banned parties were either imprisoned, exiled or assassinated.

(III) The communists were eradicated, with the remaining members being sent to concentration camps.

(IV) Special security forces such as the SA, SS, SD and Gestapo were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted. These organisations were given extra-judicial powers.

(V) In schools, children were taught to be loyal and submissive. They were also taught to hate Jews and worship Hitler, thus cultivating a personality cult in the process.

(VI) Nazi youth organizations, the like ‘Jungvolk’ and ‘Hitler Youth’ were created, where the youth were taught to hate democracy, communism, Jews and other ‘undesirables’.

Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Summary

The NCERT Class 9 India and the Contemporary World – II Chapter 3 talks about the following topics:

1. Birth of the Weimar Republic

• The Effects of the War
• Political Radicalism and Economic Crises
• The Years of Depression

2. Hitler’s Rise to Power

• The Destruction of Democracy
• Reconstruction

3. The Nazi Worldview

• Establishment of the Racial State
• The Racial Utopia

4. Youth in Nazi Germany

• The Nazi Cult of Motherhood
• The Art of Propaganda

5. Ordinary People and the Crimes Against Humanity

• Knowledge about the Holocaust

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Class 9th Social Science - Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Case Study Questions and Answers 2022 - 2023

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QB365 provides a detailed and simple solution for every Possible Case Study Questions in Class 9th Social Science Subject - Nazism and the Rise of Hitler, CBSE. It will help Students to get more practice questions, Students can Practice these question papers in addition to score best marks.

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Nazism and the rise of hitler case study questions with answer key.

9th Standard CBSE

Final Semester - June 2015

Social Science

Case Study 

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow All boys between the ages of six and ten went through a preliminary training in Nazi ideology. At the end of the training they had to take the following oath of loyalty to Hitler: ‘In the presence of this blood banner which represents our Fuhrer I swear to devote all my energies and my strength to the saviour of our country, Adolf Hitler. I am willing and ready to give up my life for him, so help me God.’ From W. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. (i) Who were supposed to get a preliminary training in Naziideology? (ii) What did they do at the end of the training? (iii) What oath did they take?

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow ‘In an era when the earth is gradually being divided up among states, some of which embrace almost entire continents, we cannot speak of a world power in connection with a formation whose political mother country is limited to the absurd area of five hundred kilometers. Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 644 (i) Where has the above-mentioned source been taken from? (ii) What is the imperial ambition of Hitler expressed in the above extract?

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Nazism and the rise of hitler case study questions with answer key answer keys.

(i) Boys between the ages six and ten were supposed to get a preliminary training in Nazi ideology. (ii) At the end of the training they took an oath of loyalty to Hitler. (iii) The oath that each boy took was-'In the presence of this blood banner which represents our Fuhrer I swear to devote all my energies and my strength to the saviour of our country, Adolf Hitler. I am willing .and ready to give up my life for him, so help me God.'

(i) The above-mentioned source has been taken from Hitler's Mein Kampf, p.644. (ii) Hitler wanted to extend German boundaries by moving eastwards to concentrate all germans geographically in one place.

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MCQ Questions for Class 9 History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler with Answers

We have compiled the NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 9 History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler with Answers Pdf free download covering the entire syllabus. Practice MCQ Questions for Class 9 History with Answers on a daily basis and score well in exams. Refer to the Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 MCQs Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation.

Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 MCQs Questions with Answers

Question 1. What was the destination of all ‘undesirables’ of the German Empire called? (a) Land of ‘undesirables’ (b) Cursed land (c) General government (d) Land for the abnormals

Answer: (c) General government

Question 2. Which of these were the reasons of Nazi hatred of the Jews? (a) Jews had been stereotyped as killers of Christ (b) They were ‘usurers’, i.e. moneylenders (c) The Jews had always cheated the Nazis (d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 3. When did the Second World War come to an end? (a) January 1944 (b) May 1945 (c) June 1946 (d) August 1947

Answer: (b) May 1945

Question 4. What was Nazi Ideology with regard to schoolchildren? (a) He believed that education of children was not necessary (b) A control should be kept over children both inside and outside school (c) All children should be regarded as equal (d) None of the above

Answer: (b) A control should be kept over children both inside and outside school

Question 5. The Nuremburg laws of citizenship of 1935 stated that : (a) Only persons of German or related blood would henceforth be German citizens (b) Marriages between Jews and Germans were forbidden (c) Jews were forbidden to fly the national flag (d) All the above

Answer: (d) All the above

Question 6. What was the process of Nazi schooling for ‘Good German children’? (a) Racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race (b) School textbooks were rewritten (c) Even the function of sports was to nurture a spirit of violence and aggression among children (d) All the above

Question 7. What was the thinking of Nazi Germany about women? (a) The fight for equality between men and women was wrong (b) Girls had to maintain the purity of the race and teach their children Nazi values (c) Their role was to be of mothers who had to be bearers of the Aryan culture and race (d) All the above

Question 8. In which country did Nazi Germany first try its experiment of ‘concentration of Germans in one area’? (a) Poland (b) France (c) Czechoslovakia (d) England

Answer: (a) Poland

Question 9. Who wrote ‘Mein Kampf’? (a) Herbert Spencer (b) Charles Darwin (c) Adolf Hitler (d) Goebbels

Answer: (c) Adolf Hitler

Question 10. What was ‘Jungvolk’ in Nazi Germany? (a) Magazine (b) Holocaust camp (c) Youth organisation (d) Schools

Answer: (c) Youth organisation

Question 11. Who among the following was assigned the responsibility of economic recovery by Hitler? (a) Goebbels (b) Hindenburg (c) Hjalmar Schacht (d) Adam Smith

Answer: (c) Hjalmar Schacht

Question 12. In Germany students between 10-14 years of Age had to join an organisation named : (a) Jungvolk (b) Hitler’s youth (c) Volkswogan (d) Young Nazi Party

Answer: (b) Hitler’s youth

Question 13. In context of Germany what was ‘Holocaust’? (a) Nazi propaganda (b) Nazi Honour Crosses (c) Nazi killing operations (d) A Nazi School

Answer: (c) Nazi killing operations

Question 14. What did the term ‘Evacuation’ mean? (a) Living in separately marked areas called ghettos (b) Deporting people to gas chambers (c) Arrested without any legal procedures (d) Detained without due process of law

Answer: (b) Deporting people to gas chambers

Question 15. What was the name given to gas chambers by Nazis? (a) Killing Machine (b) Solution Areas (c) Revolutionary Ground (d) Disinfection Areas

Answer: (d) Disinfection Areas

Question 16. When did Germany withdraw herself from the League of Nations? (a) 1930 (b) 1931 (c) 1932 (d) 1933

Answer: (d) 1933

Question 17. In Germany students between 10-14 years of Age had to join an organisation named : (a) Jungvolk (b) Hitler’s youth (c) Volkswogan (d) Young Nazi Party

Question 18. The Great Depression was a period of: (a) Economic crisis (b) Global crisis (c) Political crisis (d) Social crisis

Answer: (a) Economic crisis

Question 19. The Nazi party had become the largest party by: (a) 1930 (b) 1931 (c) 1932 (d) 1933

Answer: (c) 1932

Question 20. Which article of the Weimar Constitution gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree in Germany? (a) 46 (b) 47 (c) 48 (d) None of these

Answer: (c) 48

Question 21. To justify Nazi ideas of race: (a) Social Science was introduced (b) Racial Science was introduced (c) Biological Science was introduced (d) Moral Science was introduced

Answer: (b) Racial Science was introduced

Question 22. In May 1945, Germany surrendered to: (a) Britain (b) USA (c) Italy (d) Allies

Answer: (d) Allies

Question 23. Who among the following propounded the theory of the “Survival of the Fittest’’? (a) Charles Darwin (b) Herbert Spencer (c) Adolf Hitler (d) Isaac Newton

Answer: (b) Herbert Spencer

Question 24. According to the Nazis, which people were to be regarded as desirable? (a) Pure and healthy Nordic Aryans (b) German soldiers who helped in territorial expansion (c) German police of different types (d) All those who were willing to consider Hitler as God

Answer: (a) Pure and healthy Nordic Aryans

Question 25. Which incident led to the start of World War II? (a) German invasion of Switzerland (b) German invasion of Poland (c) Russian invasion of Germany (d) Japan’s sinking of ship at Pearl Harbour

Answer: (b) German invasion of Poland

Question 26. Which incident persuaded the USA to join the war? (a) Hitler’s attack on Eastern Europe (b) Hitler’s policy of genocide of the Jews (c) Helplessness of England and France (d) Japan’s attack on the US base at Pearl Harbour

Answer: (d) Japan’s attack on the US base at Pearl Harbour

Question 27. What gave Nazi state its reputation as the most dreaded criminal state? (a) Extra-constitutional powers were given to the newly organised forces like Gestapo, the SS and SD (b) People could be detained in Gestapo torture chambers and sent to concentration camps (c) No legal procedures were there for the arrested people (d) All the above

Question 28. When and among which countries was the Tripartite Pact signed? (a) 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan (b) 1939, Germany, Austria and USSR (c) 1940, England, France and USA (d) 1938, England, Germany and USSR

Answer: (a) 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan

Question 29. Which of the following statements is true about the economic crisis in Germany in 1923? (a) The value of ‘Mark’ (German currency) collapsed (b) Prices of goods soared high (c) Weimer Republic brought economic prosperity (d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 30. Which of the following was a feature of Hitler’s foreign policy? (a) He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933 (b) He decided not to attack any country (c) He thanked the Allied Powers for having put Germany on the right track (d) All the above

Answer: (a) He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933

Question 31. War in 1917 led to the strengthening of Allies and the defeat of Germany because of entry of (a) China (b) Japan (c) the USA (d) Spain

Answer: (c) the USA

Question 32. What was ‘Dawes Plan’? (a) A plan which imposed more fines on Germany (b) A plan which withdrew all punishment from Germany (c) A plan which reworked the terms of reparation to ease financial burden on the Germans (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) A plan which reworked the terms of reparation to ease financial burden on the Germans

Question 33. Who were called the ‘November criminals’? (a) The Opponents of Weimar Republic (b) The Emperor who abdicated, and his men (c) The supporters of Weimar Republic (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) The supporters of Weimar Republic

Question 34. The National Assembly met at Weimer and decided to establish (a) a democratic constitution with a federal structure (b) a communist form of government (c) a powerful monarchy (d) a military state

Answer: (a) a democratic constitution with a federal structure

Question 35. What was the most important result of the Spartacus League uprising in Germany in 1918-19 ? (a) The Weimar Republic crushed the rebellion (b) The Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany (c) The Weimar government accepted the demands of the Spartacus League (d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 36. Germany’s ‘genocidal war’ was against which of the following people? (a) Jews and political opponents (b) Gypsies and Polish civilians (c) Germans who were considered mentally and physically disabled (d) All the above

Question 37. Against which of these countries had Germany fought during World War I (1914-1918) ? (a) England (b) France (c) Russia (d) All the above

Question 38. Which of the following bodies was set up to try and prosecute the Nazi war criminals at the end of World War II? (a) International Military Tribunal (b) British Military Tribunal (c) Allied Military Tribunal (d) Allied Judicial Court

Answer: (a) International Military Tribunal

Question 39. Hitler’s world view, which was also the Nazi ideology, was (a) There was no equality between people, only a racial hierarchy (b) The blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans were at the top and Jews at the bottom. The coloured people were placed in between (c) Jews were the anti-race, the arch enemies of the Aryans (d) All the above

Question 40. Which of the following was a special surveillance and security force created by Hitler? (a) Regular police force in green uniform and stormtroopers (b) Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads) (c) Criminal police (SD), the security service (d) Both (b) and (c)

Answer: (d) Both (b) and (c)

Question 41. Why did Helmuth’s father kill himself in the spring of 1945? (a) He was depressed by Germany’s defeat in Second World War (b) He feared that common people would mishandle him and his family (c) He feared revenge by the Allied Powers (d) He wanted to die because of the crimes he had committed during Nazi rule

Answer: (c) He feared revenge by the Allied Powers

Question 42. What was Hitler’s historic blunder and why? (a) Attack on Soviet Union in 1941 was a historic blunder by Hitler (b) He exposed his western front to British aerial bombing (c) The Soviet Red Army inflicted a crushing and humiliating defeat on Germany at Stalingrad (d) All the above

Question 43. Which of the following statements is false about soldiers in the World War I? (a) The soldiers, in reality, led miserable lives in trenches, survived with feeding on the copras (b) They faced poisonous gas and enemy shelling and loss of comrades (c) All soldiers were ready to die for their country’s honour and personal glory (d) Aggressive propaganda glorified war

Answer: (c) All soldiers were ready to die for their country’s honour and personal glory

Question 44. What was the response of the Germans to the new Weimar Republic? (a) They held the new Weimar Republic responsible for Germany’s defeat and the disgrace at Versailles (b) The republic carried the burden of war guilt and national humiliation (c) It became the target of attacks in the conservative national circles (d) All the above

Question 45. In what ways did the First World War leave a deep imprint on European society and polity? (a) Soldiers were put above civilians, trench-life was glorified (b) Politicians and publicists laid stress on men to be aggressive and masculine (c) Aggressive war propaganda and national honour were given the most support and Conservative dictatorships were welcomed (d) All the above

Question 46. The Treaty of Versailles (1920) signed at the end of World War I, was harsh and humiliating for Germany, because (a) Germany lost its overseas colonies, and 13 percent of its territories (b) It lost 75% of its iron and 26% of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania, was forced to pay compensation of 6 billion pounds (c) The western powers demilitarised Germany and they occupied resource-rich Rhineland in the 1920s (d) All the above

Hope the information shed above regarding NCERT MCQ Questions for Class 9 History Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler with Answers Pdf free download has been useful to an extent. If you have any other queries of CBSE Class 9 History Nazism and the Rise of Hitler MCQs Multiple Choice Questions with Answers, feel free to reach us so that we can revert back to us at the earliest possible.

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What to Know About the Trial Donald Trump Faces in Manhattan

Prosecutors accused Donald Trump of falsifying business records to cover up a sex scandal. It will be the first criminal trial of a former president.

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By Ben Protess ,  Kate Christobek and Jonah E. Bromwich

In just one week, Donald J. Trump will go on trial in Manhattan — the first former U.S. president to be criminally prosecuted.

The trial, which will begin with jury selection and last up to two months, will oscillate between salacious testimony on sex scandals and granular detail about corporate documents.

Mr. Trump faces 34 felony counts of falsifying business records in the first degree, all of which are tied to the former president’s role in a hush-money payment to a porn star, Stormy Daniels.

But that payoff is not the only hush-money deal that prosecutors plan to highlight. The prosecutors, from the Manhattan district attorney’s office, have accused Mr. Trump of orchestrating a broader scheme to influence the 2016 presidential election by purchasing damaging stories about him to keep them under wraps.

It is the first of Mr. Trump’s four criminal cases to go to trial — and it could be the only one to do so before Election Day.

Mr. Trump, who is again the presumptive Republican nominee for president, has denied all wrongdoing. He also assailed the district attorney, Alvin L. Bragg, for bringing the charges, accusing him of carrying out a politically motivated witch hunt. And he has attacked the judge presiding over the case, Juan M. Merchan.

Here are answers to some key questions about the trial:

What is Mr. Trump accused of?

The charges trace back to a $130,000 hush-money payment that Mr. Trump’s fixer, Michael D. Cohen, made to Ms. Daniels in the final days of the 2016 campaign. The payment, which Mr. Cohen said he had made at Mr. Trump’s direction, suppressed her story of a sexual liaison that she said she had with Mr. Trump.

Paying hush money is not always illegal.

But while serving as the commander in chief, Mr. Trump reimbursed Mr. Cohen, and how he did so constituted fraud, prosecutors say.

In internal records, Mr. Trump’s company classified the repayment to Mr. Cohen as legal expenses, citing a retainer agreement. Yet there were no such expenses, the prosecutors say, and the retainer agreement was fictional too.

Those records underpin the 34 counts of falsifying business records: 11 counts involve the checks, 11 center on monthly invoices Mr. Cohen submitted to the company, and 12 involve entries in the general ledger for Mr. Trump’s trust.

Why did prosecutors cite other hush-money payments?

Mr. Bragg’s office linked Mr. Trump to three hush-money deals. While Mr. Trump is indicted only in connection with the business records related to Ms. Daniels, the prosecutors most likely mentioned the other deals to begin the work of proving that Mr. Trump intended to conceal a second crime.

In addition to the indictment, the prosecutors filed a so-called statement of facts that referenced the other payoffs.

That document, common in complex white-collar cases, provides something of a road map for what the prosecutors could reveal at trial. And based on evidence presented to the grand jury, the document details the two hush-money deals involving The National Enquirer, which has longstanding ties to Mr. Trump.

The first involved the tabloid’s payment of $30,000 to a former Trump Tower doorman who claimed to know that Mr. Trump had fathered a child out of wedlock. The publication later determined the claim to be untrue.

The National Enquirer also made a payment to Karen McDougal, Playboy’s Playmate of the Year in 1998, who wanted to sell her story of an affair with Mr. Trump during the 2016 campaign. She reached a $150,000 agreement with the tabloid, which bought the rights to her story to suppress it — a practice known as “catch and kill.”

The deals suggest that the payment to Ms. Daniels was not an isolated incident but rather part of a broader strategy to influence the 2016 election.

Why is it a felony to falsify records?

Falsifying business records in New York State can be a misdemeanor. But it can be elevated to a felony if prosecutors prove that the records were falsified to conceal another crime.

In this case, there are three potential additional crimes that Mr. Bragg has accused Mr. Trump of concealing: a federal campaign finance violation, a state election-law crime and tax fraud.

The campaign crimes, prosecutors say, involve the hush-money payoffs to Ms. Daniels and Ms. McDougal. The payments, they argue, were illegal donations to Mr. Trump’s campaign.

The potential tax fraud stems from the way in which Mr. Cohen was reimbursed for his payment to Ms. Daniels.

Do prosecutors need to convict Mr. Trump of the other crimes?

No. Prosecutors do not have to charge Mr. Trump with any secondary crime or prove that he committed it.

They still must show, however, that there was intent to “commit or conceal” a second crime.

Who will the witnesses be?

Mr. Cohen is expected to be a crucial witness for the prosecution. His testimony could take days.

Mr. Bragg’s prosecutors are also expected to call David Pecker, the former publisher of the National Enquirer, as well as Hope Hicks, a former campaign and White House aide to Mr. Trump, to shed light on the tumultuous period surrounding the hush-money payments.

Ms. Daniels and Ms. McDougal could be witnesses as well.

What will the defense do?

The defense will most likely try to paint Mr. Cohen as a Trump-hating liar, noting that he and the former president had a falling-out years ago. Mr. Trump’s lawyers are expected to emphasize that Mr. Cohen pleaded guilty to a variety of federal crimes in 2018 — including for his role in the hush-money payment.

Mr. Cohen might be the only witness who could directly tie Mr. Trump to the false business records, a potential limitation of the case that Mr. Trump’s lawyers could seek to exploit.

Whether Mr. Trump’s lawyers will call any witnesses is unclear, but Mr. Trump could take the stand in his own defense.

Who is the judge?

Justice Merchan is a veteran judge known as a no-nonsense, drama-averse jurist. This case is already testing his patience.

Since the Manhattan district attorney charged Mr. Trump last year, the former president has used campaign emails, social media and repetitive legal filings to attack the judge’s integrity and family. Last week, the former president demanded for a second time that Justice Merchan step aside , citing his daughter’s position at a Democratic consulting firm that worked for the 2020 Biden campaign.

The judge, who is expected to rule on that request in the coming days, has also issued a gag order to protect prosecutors, witnesses and his own family from Mr. Trump’s vitriol. And yet the former president has continued to post articles with pictures of the justice’s daughter.

During the trial, Justice Merchan will be in charge of keeping order in the courtroom and ruling on objections made by prosecutors and Mr. Trump’s lawyers. The jury will ultimately decide whether Mr. Trump is guilty.

What is the maximum sentence if Mr. Trump is convicted?

The charges against Mr. Trump are all Class E felonies, the lowest category of felonies in New York. Each count carries a maximum prison sentence of four years. Justice Merchan has made it clear that he takes white-collar crime seriously and could throw Mr. Trump behind bars. It’s possible, however, that Justice Merchan would impose a concurrent sentence — under which Mr. Trump would serve all prison time simultaneously — if the former president were convicted of more than one count.

And nothing in the law requires Justice Merchan to imprison Mr. Trump if he’s convicted by a jury. The judge could instead sentence him to probation.

Ben Protess is an investigative reporter at The Times, writing about public corruption. He has been covering the various criminal investigations into former President Trump and his allies. More about Ben Protess

Kate Christobek is a reporter covering the civil and criminal cases against former president Donald J. Trump for The Times. More about Kate Christobek

Jonah E. Bromwich covers criminal justice in New York, with a focus on the Manhattan district attorney's office, state criminal courts in Manhattan and New York City's jails. More about Jonah E. Bromwich

Our Coverage of the Trump Hush-Money Case

The manhattan district attorney has filed charges against former president donald trump over a hush-money payment to a porn star on the eve of the 2016 election..

Taking the Case to Trial: Trump is all but certain to become the first former U.S. president to stand trial on criminal charges after a judge denied his effort to delay the proceeding and confirmed it will begin on April 15 .

Implications for Trump: As the case goes to trial, the former president’s inner circle sees a silver lining in the timing. But Trump wouldn’t be able to pardon himself  should he become president again as he could if found guilty in the federal cases against him.

Michael Cohen: Trump’s former fixer was not an essential witness in the former president’s civil fraud trial in New York  that concluded in January. But he will be when he takes the stand in the hush-money case .

Stormy Daniels: The chain of events flowing from a 2006 encounter that the adult film star said she had with Trump has led to the brink of a historic trial. Here's a look inside the hush-money payout .