business government and society essay

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What Role Should Business Play in Society?

• Mariana Mazzucato

Companies talk the talk of creating stakeholder value, but most don’t walk the talk. In this article, the author outlines two major reasons why — an insular financial sector and stock buybacks — and describes a new model for a truly symbiotic relationship among business, government, and citizens. For this model to succeed, business and government in particular need to address three key questions: What should we create? How should we evaluate social impact? And how should we share?

We must reconsider how value is created in capitalist economies.

The private sector is often considered to be the heart of wealth creation and innovation — the late 1990s and early 2000s success story of Silicon Valley being a prime example. In this model, shareholder value is seen as the ultimate measure of a company’s success. Indeed, the idea that businesses are the most productive actors in the economy has served as a convenient justification for high incomes and great wealth.

From articles on “Successful Wives of Successful Executives” to “Women Rising: The Unseen Barriers.”

• MM Mariana Mazzucato is a professor in the Economics of Innovation and Public Value at University College London, where she is the founding director of the UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose (IIPP). She is the author of Mission Economy: A Moonshot Guide to Changing Capitalism . MazzucatoM

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Sociology Arenas: Government, Business, Society Essay

Introduction, the government, the business, the civil society, works cited.

Social scientists use three types of arenas to advocate for their interests. The three arenas are the government, businesses, and the civil society. However, there exists a comparison, as well as a contrast of how these arenas are organised in a developed society compared to a newly developing society. The size and effectiveness of these arenas also differ between the two societies. This paper aims to compare, as well as contrast these arenas in a developed society versus a developing society. However, Monti, Borer, and Macgregor claim that these institutions are so closely related that it is almost impossible to have one institution in operation without the other (106). Monti, Borer, and Macgregor also argue that several civil societies work in a way that supports or counter the activities of the government. Other civil societies are politically oriented. On the other hand, businesses behave in a manner that affects the lives of the civil society. However, it is essential to conduct comparisons between differing societies, as this gives historians and other interested individuals a chance to express their ideas on how other systems work compared to what they deeply hold onto (Monti, Borer, and Macgregor 27).

The interests of a government in a developed society are different from the interests of a government newly developing society. This is evident as explained by Lane, who acknowledges that there existed a sharp difference between the interests of the poor and the rich even in Rome (2). Another good example is given by Monti, Borer, and Macgregor who opine that a developing society is faced with many challenges, such as the vastly increasing population in the cities that lead to over-urbanisation (29). This results in a situation whereby the government is unable to effectively offer housing amenities to its citizens. On the contrary, a government in a developed society does not have to worry too much over the housing problem. The reason is that most of its citizens are housed and one can hardly find shanties such as those found in a newly developing society. From this example, it is evident that the government of a developing society will have to prioritise its interests in providing better housing for its citizens as a way of meeting the needs of the growing population. On the other hand, the interests of the government in a developed society will focus on other goals other than housing. Monte also notes that industrialisation has greatly contributed to the ever growing population in the cities (104). Although industrialisation mainly took place in the 1800s and the late 1900s, newly developing societies are still undergoing the process of industrialisation. This attracts big populations of the youth from the rural areas to the cities in the search for jobs. The result of this massive migration is populated cities that have many youth who are jobless, uneducated, and poor (Monte 104). The government of such a society would focus on how to address the needs of the high population.

Another notable difference between a developed and a developing society is the issue of the rates at which people are born and die. Monti, Borer, and Macgregor note that birth rates in developing societies remain high, despite the reduction in the rate of deaths (29). As a result, the population of such societies continues to increase at an alarming rate. The situation is different when looking at the statistics gathered from developed societies, where the rates of birth are very low, which translate into a slower growth in the population. Therefore, a government in a developed society would focus more on other developmental agendas other than the issue of population.

The business arena has been an avenue that unites people who would not have met before (Monti, Borer, and Macgregor 106). However, there are notable differences in the way businesses in the developed society are handled in comparison to the developing societies. Businesses in a developed society are generally big in size and more effective in their administration compared businesses in newly developing societies (Ng 468). Most businesses in a developed society do not hold back from training their employees, as they view them as valuable assets that positively contribute to the development of the businesses. On the other hand, the majority of businesses in a newly developing society withhold conducting trainings for their employees (469). Such businesses hold the thought that training an employee is a big risk, as the employee can be poached by other developed businesses once they acquire more training (469).

Another difference that Ng identifies between businesses in different societies is that businesses in a developed society encourage innovation and inventions, both in the management as well as the employees (470). On the contrary, many businesses in newly developing societies do not encourage innovations and inventions as they direct most of their capital in other areas, rather than in innovations. Other reasons that are given by Ng why businesses in a newly developing society fail to promote innovations are; the small size of the business, the scale of operations is normally so small that it does not warrant innovation, the technology used in manufacturing is fairly narrow due to the small numbers of products in production, and the employees in such businesses do not have excellent educational backgrounds.

The civil society had a very rough time in the 18 th century. They could not air their views in a vibrant manner like they do today. Monte claims that the governments of both the developed and the developing societies used very cruel methods of dealing with the civil society in the event that they exhibited resistance against the governments (121). According to Monte, the methods that were used to counter resistant groups of people included torture, hangings, amputations, beheadings, and burnings, among other cruel means (121). These kinds of torture were conducted in public places, such as the market square or any other appropriate public gathering. The intention was to direct people’s behaviour in the direction that the government of the day viewed as acceptable.

However, the civil societies have played a crucial role in advocating the rights of their fellow citizens. On the other hand, their activities in the developed societies have been curtailed by the limited time that the advocates have (Monti, Borer, and Macgregor 109). The time they use to conduct demonstrations and other related civil activities have been reduced by the increasing demand to meet work hours, long hours being used in commuting, and the increased demand to have private entertainment, such as watching television. The situation is different from what the civil groups in the newly developing societies have. Many of the groups in the developing countries are willing to spend much of their time in doing what they fight for. According to Atwal and Bacon, the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the developing societies are not constrained by time as most of them have no other job other than being in the NGOs they serve (263).

One of the similarities that civil societies in developed societies share with those in the newly developing societies is the fact that they all unite if they want to deliberate on issues that are affecting them. This is supported by McGregor, who confirms that civil societies, from more than 120 countries had attended a seminar on global environment, as well as transnational politics in 2011 in Copenhagen (3). It is in such gatherings that civil societies are able to brainstorm on issues that will steer nations forward.

The government, businesses, and the civil society are the various avenues where people can air their interests. However, these institutions differ in terms of their size and effectiveness in operations, based on whether the institutions are in developed societies or newly developing society. Governments in developed societies operate in an environment where the issues of housing are not a big threat. The rates of birth are also low in developed societies, leading to a slow increase in the population. On the other hand, birth rates are usually higher in newly developing societies. This increases the population of such cities at an alarming rate and the government is challenged on how to house the high population. Businesses in a developed society are different from those in a newly developing society that has a majority of the employees not educated well. The situation contributes to the slow pace with which innovations are created in a business that is in a newly developing society. Civil societies in both developed and newly developing societies have in common the will and desire to come together and deliberate on the objectives that will foster growth of all nations across the globe.

Atwal, Maya, and Edwin Bacon. “The Youth Movement Nashi: Contentious Politics, Civil Society, and Party Politics.” East European Politics 28.3 (2012): 256-266. Print.

Lane, Mellisa. “An Ancient Civics Lesson.” The New York Times, Web.

McGregor, M. Ian. “Disenfranchisement of Countries and Civil Society at COP-15 Copenhagen.” Global Environmental Politics 11.1 (2011): 1-8. Print.

Monti, Daniel Joseph, Michael Ian Borer, and Lync C. Macgregor . Urban People and Places: The Sociology of Cities, Suburbs and Towns . Los Angeles: SAGE Publication Inc, 2014. Print

Ng, Sek-Hong. “Training Problems and Challenges in a Newly Industrializing Economy: The Case of Hong Kong.” International Labour Review 126.4. (1987): 467-479. Print.

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3.2 Business and Government Relations: How Do Government and Business Interact?

Learning objectives.

• Understand the different types of interactions of businesses with government.
• Explain how businesses try to influence government and the types of responses by businesses to their legal, social, and political environment.

Since businesses are strongly affected by public policies, it is in their best interest to stay informed about public policies and to try to influence governmental decision making and public policy. There are different general ways that businesses view and act on their relationship with government. One perspective is for businesses to consider business and government on “two sides” and in opposition to each other. Some have argued that this was the prevailing dominant mainstream business view in the aftermath of the Great Recession at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century. It has been characterized as the “antiregulatory” or “limited government” view, and it has been associated with those who believe that free markets with a minimal government role is best for the workings of the economy. This perspective most often focuses businesses’ interactions with government on efforts to minimize government and reduce the costs and burdens on private business and the general economy associated with government taxes, regulations, and policies.

Another business perspective on government is that government should favor businesses and incentivize business performance and investment because businesses are the main source of jobs, innovation, and societal economic well-being, and therefore government should support businesses with grants, tax credits, and subsidies.

A third general view of businesses and government relations is with business in partnership with government in addressing societal matters. This is in contrast to government being the regulator to ensure businesses act in a socially responsible manner.

These views are not mutually exclusive. For example, the same solar business can use some of its interaction with government to try to maximize the benefits, such as favorable tax credits, it receives from government and at the same time work in partnership with government to achieve a social purpose, such as reducing carbon emissions, and then try to minimize its tax obligations. It is also important, as described by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) CEO Peter Darbee previously, that the focus of business and government relationships should be on the type of policies required in response to societal challenges rather than an ideological response about the proper role of government in a free market economy.

Sustainable businesses, such as the companies presented in the case study chapters in this textbook—such as Stonyfield Yogurt, Oakhurst Dairy, and Green Mountain Coffee—tend to focus on their responsibility to the environment and societal impact and also tend to recognize that government policies and programs are often necessary to help them achieve their objectives and therefore are inclined to try to work with and even partner with government to achieve desired ends. It is always important for sustainable businesses to understand how their efforts to achieve profits and to serve a social purpose are both strongly influenced by government policies, and it is always important for sustainable businesses to manage their relationships with government (local, state, national, and international) effectively.

Types of Business Responses

Once a business has an understanding of how government affects their operations and profitability, it can formulate strategies for how best to interact with government. There are three general types of business responses to the public policy environment—reactive, interactive, and proactive.

Reactive responses involve responding to government policy after it happens. An interactive response involves engaging with government policymakers and actors (including the media) to try to influence public policy to serve the interests of the business. A proactive response approach entails acting to influence policies, anticipating changes in public policy, and trying to enhance competitive positioning by correctly anticipating changes in policy. For most businesses, a combination of the interactive and proactive approaches is the best approach.

In meeting challenges from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the media, businesses may respond in a variety of ways, including the following:

• Confrontation. It may aggressively attack either the message or the messenger, and in extreme cases, business has felt justified to sue its critics for libel.
• Participation. Business may develop coalitions or partnerships with NGOs, as McDonald’s did with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF; see the following discussion) or as Home Depot did with the Rainforest Alliance (see the following sidebar).
• Anticipation. Business may adopt issues management programs to forecast emerging issues and to adjust or change business practices in advance of the passage of stringent laws or regulations.

When business is in a reactive response mode, it most often engages in confrontation of its adversaries. When it assumes an interactive response mode, it participates in dialogues with NGOs and the media and develops partnerships or coalitions to advance new policies and programs. When business behaves in a proactive manner, it anticipates future pressures and policy changes and adjusts its own internal corporate policies and practices before it is forced to do so. While a reactive stance may sometimes work, it often only delays needing to engage in a more interactive or proactive way. An interactive or proactive approach is usually a better way to meet political and societal challenges while also protecting the reputation of the firm.

Home Depot and Rainforest Action Network: From Combative to Collaborative Relationship

Home Depot’s relationship with the Rainforest Action Network (RAN) on the issue of preserving old-growth forest began as combative and reactive but wound up being collaborative and interactive. After discussions with RAN, Home Depot agreed to sell only lumber that was certified as grown from sustainable forests.

Tactics That Businesses Use to Influence Government

Businesses often engage in a variety of tactics to influence government policy. This includes lobbying, political contributions, and interest group politics.

Business Lobbying

Businesses lobby in different ways. This can include lobbying of Congress and state legislatures and executive branch agencies directly through its own government relations specialists, through an industry trade association, through consultants, or through a combination of all those avenues. Businesses may also engage in indirect or grassroots lobbying by appealing to its own employees, stakeholders Any person, group, or organization affected by an organization’s actions. For businesses, it can include owners and investors, employees, customers, suppliers, and all members of society affected by the organization. , or the general public to make their views known to policymakers. In order to build a broad grassroots constituency, business may manage “issue advertising” campaigns on top-priority issues, or purchase issue ads in media outlets that target public policymakers or Washington insiders.

Business lobbying has a strong influence on public policies. There are more than 1,500 private companies in the United States with public affairs offices in Washington, DC, and more than 75 percent of large firms employ private lobbyists to make their case for policies that can benefit them. This includes more than 42,000 registered lobbyists in state capitals across the nation.

Business may engage in reactive defensive lobbying (defending its own freedom from government regulation) or interactive lobbying (partnering with interest groups on policies that the firm can benefit from). Businesses can also choose to engage in social lobbying, examples of which include chemical companies with the best environmental track record joining environmental NGOs in lobbying for an increased budget for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and retailers wanting to address consumer concerns joining interest groups in pressuring the Consumer Product Safety Commission to adopt more stringent product safety standards. Corporations showing a willingness to join such public interest coalitions can gain reputational rewards from NGOs, the media, and public policymakers.

Energy Company Lobbying

In 2010. energy companies spent more than $2.5 billion to lobby members of the US Congress, according to the Center for Responsive Politics. While oil, gas, and utility companies spent most of that money, renewable energy lobbying efforts were also sizable.

Source: Stephen Lacey, “Top 25 U.S. Energy Lobbyists of 2010,” Renewableenergyworld.com , http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2010/12/top-25-u-s-energy-lobbyists-of-2010 .

Political Contributions

Businesses also use campaign contributions to support their position and to try to influence public policies that can help them increase profits. Seven of the ten largest corporations in the world are oil companies, based on revenues. Their access to funds for lobbying and campaign contributions gives them a significant voice in the political system and on policies that can impact sustainable businesses.

There are a range of avenues a company might use in making political contributions. The most transparent and legitimate is that of forming a political action committee A private group organized to elect political candidates or promote a particular policy or political cause. (PAC) to which voluntary contributions of employees are amassed and then given in legally limited amounts to selected candidates. Not surprisingly, larger firms in regulated industries, or in industries exposed to greater risk from changing public policies, such as oil companies in 2010 during and after the British Petroleum (BP) Gulf of Mexico oil crisis, use PACs more often than other firms. Beyond contributing directly to political candidates, firms can also advertise on ballot measure campaigns, and those contributions can come from corporate assets and are subject to no legal limitations.

A 2010 US Supreme Court decision, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruled that the government could not ban independent political spending by corporations, as well as labor unions and other organizations, in candidate elections. This has led to rise of what have become known as “super PACS.” In the 2012 Republican presidential primary, about two dozen individuals, couples, or corporations gave $1 million or more to Republican super PACs to try to influence the primary election.

Interest Group Participation

Business response can include participation in interest group politics. Interest groups play a key role in all democratic systems of government. However, as an interest group is a group of individuals organized to seek public policy influence, there is tremendous diversity within interest groups. Business is just one of many interest group sectors trying to influence public policy (see the discussion previously mentioned). Businesses will encounter interest groups that may support or conflict with their position on an issue.

Other Business Interactions in the Public Arena

Businesses face a complex array of formal and informal public policy actors beyond (just) government. Business practices can be strongly influenced by citizen actions that bypass the formal institutions of government. Though they lack the economic clout and resources of industry as tools of influence, citizen groups do possess other tools. They can lobby and litigate, and they can get out large groups to demonstrate in public events and use exposure in the news media as a vehicle for getting their perspective heard.

Businesses are influenced by direct citizen activism and protest. Organized interests and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have been the source of influence. After their experiences in affecting public policy in the 1960s and 1970s, many citizen activists grew skeptical of the government’s ability to respond rapidly and effectively and discovered they could often accomplish their objectives more directly and quickly. Citizen groups have both confronted and collaborated with corporations in order to foster change.

Finding that confrontation is often counterproductive and that government lobbying is protracted and ineffective, NGOs often turn to collaboration with business to resolve issues. Indeed, as both sides have matured and grown less combative, business and NGOs have learned to work together to resolve problems. There are many examples of such productive collaboration, the most prominent of which have emerged on the environmental front. For example, the Rainforest Action Network (RAN) has worked with Home Depot, Lowe’s, and several timber companies in an initiative to protect old-growth forest. RAN combines elements of activism and even militant protest along with peaceful collaboration.

The EDF is an example of an NGO working cooperatively, in contrast to a confrontational approach, with corporations. The EDF was an early actor in this way. In November 1990, the Fund began to work with McDonald’s to help the company phase out its polystyrene clamshell food containers. It was a collaborative effort to significantly reduce McDonald’s negative environmental impact by cutting its solid waste. It was the first major partnership between an environmental group and a Fortune 500 company in an era when environmental and business interests were often at odds. EDF and McDonald’s worked together to develop a new solid waste reduction plan. The initiative eliminated more than 300 million pounds of packaging, recycled 1 million tons of corrugated boxes, and reduced waste by 30 percent in the decade following the initial partnership, and this was all achieved at no additional cost to the company.

Beyond the traditional political tactics, NGOs also have developed new tactics to pressure business. Ralph Nader pioneered the use of the shareholder resolution to protest such corporate actions as discriminatory hiring, investment in South Africa, nuclear power, environmental impacts, and corporate campaign donations. Since the 1970s, religious organizations, most prominently the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility, have been the chief sponsors of such resolutions. More recently, they have been joined by mainstream shareholder groups, such as large institutional investors and pension funds, in calling for major changes in corporate governance and more recently for more attention to businesses’ environmental footprint and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.

Businesses have to also understand the importance of another actor in the business and public policy sphere—the news media. The media provides important functions for both society and business. For example, it influences the public policy agenda by filtering the various events and interest-group areas of attention and it can serve as a sort of “watchdog” over both business and government exposing any unethical practices. Business must constantly monitor the media and be ready to respond. In particular, since the media are usually a pivotal actor in any corporate crisis, company “crisis management” plans must include steps for dealing appropriately with the media and other critics.

Key Takeaways

• There are three general categories of business responses to the public policy environment—reactive, interactive, and proactive.
• Business efforts to influence public policy and government include not only individual company efforts but also business association efforts.
• For most businesses, some combination of the interactive and proactive approaches with government and other interest groups is most often the best approach.
• Businesses, individually and collectively; citizen interest groups; and NGOs all have influence on government policies. These entities often partner to influence public policy.
• Business practices can be strongly influenced not only by government but by direct citizen and NGO actions that bypass the formal institutions of government. Especially since the 1990s, business has been increasingly influenced by direct citizen activism.
• The media has a strong interest in giving visibility to issues and setting the policy agenda. Businesses must view the media as an important influencing agent affecting their operating environment and must be effective in its relations with the media.
• Search the business press and Internet for recent examples of businesses responding to challenges from NGOs or the media in confrontational, participatory, and anticipatory manners. Discuss the benefits and problems associated with the three approaches.
• Find two recent examples of businesses using lobbying to try to influence government policy, one successful and one not successful. Describe why one failed and one was successful.
• Pick an environmental or energy policy being considered at a federal or state level. Discuss how businesses, individually and collectively; citizen interest groups; and NGOs all have influence on this policy.

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Business,government and society First chapter.

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The Book “Business, Government and Society”

Though the relation between the process of managing entrepreneurship and the social life of the citizens may be considered somewhat farfetched, the link between society and the state economy is much stronger than it may appear to be. In The study of business, government, and society , the first chapter of their recent work, Steiner & Steiner (2012), reflects on the connection between the aforementioned elements, making it clear that the three phenomena listed above are the components of a greater entity. To illustrate their point, Steiner & Steiner (2012) provide the infamous ExxonMobil case as an example of the inability to coordinate the needs of the business with the social morals and the state laws and regulations.

Proving that the three elements listed above are inseparable, Steiner & Steiner (2012) introduce such a term as the business-government–society (BGS) field (Steiner & Steiner, 2012, p. 4). Including government, ideas, and institutions, the specified field can be identified as the study of the economy and social activity within the context of a particular society (Steiner & Steiner, 2012, p. 4). Thus, Steiner & Steiner offer their unique method of market studies, which can be adopted to analyze literally any era or stage of human evolution.

Finally, Steiner & Steiner (2012) suggest their own four models of BGS functioning. The Market Capitalism, the Dominance Model, the Countervailing Forces Model, and the Stakeholder Model represent unique approaches towards structuring the relation hips between the stakeholders, particularly between an entrepreneur, a customer, and the state government (Steiner & Steiner, 2012). Steiner & Steiner end their chapter with a description of the approach that they personally prefer to the existing alternatives. Presupposing a comprehensive scope, it requires a thorough observation of every single factor affecting the market (Steiner & Steiner, 2012, p. 20).

What Has Been Learned

Even the first chapter of Steiner & Steiner’s book provides a lot of food for thoughts. It provokes an evaluation of the existing market models and their efficiency, as well as makes one question the existence of a perfect market model in general. The authors provide a very decent overview of the roles that entrepreneurs, customers, and state play in the economic processes. The fact that Steiner & Steiner manage to locate the role and responsibilities of the latter in such a precise and reasonable manner is very impressive, seeing that nowadays, in the realm of global trade, the process of defining the role of the state bodies is especially hard.

On the one hand, the trade process is to be regulated and supervised; on the other hand, entrepreneurs have the right to dispose of their resources the way that they consider the most appropriate. Steiner & Steiner tackle the controversial issue in a very delicate manner.

The model that Steiner & Steiner have designed is quite convincing; the authors seem to have taken all major social and economic processes into consideration to have come up with such an accurate representation of the relationships between the customer, the entrepreneur, and the government. However, there are also a few dents in Steiner & Steiner’s theory. The historical perspective (Steiner & Steiner, 2012, p. 21) seems to be a major problem. While the representation of the BSG relationships in several states on a specific time slot can be compared, the search for similarities between the economic systems adopted in different eras may become quite a problem. Nevertheless, Steiner & Steiner have provided a very detailed and honest overview of the BGS relationships.

Steiner, J. & Steiner, G. (2012). Business, government, and society (13th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Web.

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• Essay on Development

Example Of Essay On Business Government And Society

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Development , Professionalism , Principles , Morality , Friendship , Life , Ethics , Belief

Words: 2250

Published: 12/06/2019

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Moral Intelligence Development Paper

Business Government and Society Moral Intelligence Development Paper Upon completion of the Moral Competency Inventory (Lennick & Kiel, 2007) I discovered that there are several competencies that dominate my moral image. When I thought about one competency to choose so as to describe it is this paper, I decided to pick up the one that is the most important from my point of view. I can but say that it turned out to be really hard, as all the competencies are extremely important in life and should be paid proper attention and developed as soon as possible. After I analyzed my experience and the competencies, in which I discovered considerable progress that happened within the previous several years. It is acting consistently with principles, values and beliefs. In the past I didn’t know what I know now, but still I felt that it is important to act in the way described above. I knew that I had to develop my own point of view considering all the important aspects of life and, what is even more important, I had to keep to these points of view, no matter what. I think that I developed such position in life owing to my parents first of all, as all the time in my childhood I saw their example, which showed me that it is always important to keep to my principles and beliefs. Thus, I started following this tendency from childhood – I remember that even in the beginning of my school life I was able to show what is important to me and explain my actions in a way that other people had no other variant than to let me follow my way. Of course, it didn’t mean that I didn’t want to find out some new information and broaden my worldview. Instead, I was open to such information and ready to take it as one of my principles, if it didn’t contradict my previous ones. In my life I remember many examples of acting in accordance with my principles. Now I would like to describe one of them, for which I am proud, as in that case I showed my friend that acting in accordance with one’s beliefs is extremely rewarding and useful for people. Two my friends and I were walking in the park, when I got a message from my cousin who asked me whether I could help him with his Math project. He told how important it was for him and how little time he had to complete it and I agreed to help him. My friends didn’t like it, as we were about to go to the movies, so they asked me, why wouldn’t I just give him one of my projects so as we could just continue having fun. But I told them that in this way I will break my own principles, as I am against cheating in general, I wanted my cousin to understand the material, not just to get a high grade. So, I did as I considered was right – went to him and explained the material. He was very grateful to me, thanked a lot and later helped me with my other project. I know that I did in the right way and my friends also understood that sometimes having fun is not as important as it seems. At that time I didn’t know exactly that it was a high moral competency – I just felt that it was right. Now that I know much more about the moral competencies, I always consciously analyze all my life situations, make a decision as to what my position in each of them is and keep to this position. It helps me a lot and I am sure that in future I will work on this competency even more to achieve success in life. As for the examples of this moral competency that I saw in my life, the main is the behavior of my relatives. I saw what results following of principles brought to my uncle. He always told me that it is very important to be honest with people and follow my principles. He said that if he understood it earlier, he would have been even happier. Still, he said that owing to this competency he achieved a lot in life, now being absolutely happy with it. I think that in the ethical decision making process this strength is the main foundation, on which the decision should rely (Trevino & Nelson, 2007). And now I am sure that all my decision will have my beliefs and values as a basis. Owing to this I will achieve a lot not only in my personal life, but also in professional career. I believe that people who don’t have clear principles cannot be really happy and successful. As I plan to become a successful person, I have no other variant, than to constantly develop this moral competency, making my life better and better. Analysis of my strengths revealed a lot of interesting information to me, but for me it was even more useful to analyze my weaknesses. After completion of the test, I saw that my most important weakness was standing up for what is right. After some self-analysis I really understood that inability to do it caused a considerable number of problems to me in life. From our course I saw that standing up for what is right is very important, as without it people won’t respect me and it will be hard to show that I am a serious person (Green, 2009). In professional life it is very important to be able to demonstrate this competency, as there are all the chances that I will witness certain unfair actions, even from my boss, and if I can show him/her that I understand what is right and will fight for it if it is necessary, he/she will respect me. In my life there are several examples that I can remember right away of what problems I experienced from being unable to demonstrate this quality. For instance, once I saw that my friend was unfairly treating his sister – he constantly made fun of her, teasing and offending her feelings. Still, as the situation didn’t involve me directly, I decided not to interfere with it and just watch what will happen. Eventually his teasing led his sister to experience major problems with self-confidence and I was impressed and at the same time very ashamed when once she came up to me and said: “You know, you could have influenced my brother, but you didn’t. Why? Do you hate me that much?” I really didn’t know what to answer, as I understand that I was wrong. I understood that it was my weakness, as it made me really uncomfortable and the other situations in my life strengthened my understanding of it. In the example described above this weakness was a decisive factor when I took the decision not to interfere in the situation, of which I now regret. Another example was when I found out that my cousin was unfairly treated by his teacher. I thought that it would be right to tell his parents about the situation, but decided not to interfere, as a result of which he received a poor grade, although having a perfect knowledge in the subject. I perfectly understand that I have to develop this weakness into strength if I want to succeed in my life, as I understand that without respect it is impossible to achieve the necessary results not only in the professional sphere, but also in my personal life (Philips, 2009). When I realized this weakness after test, I had an interview with my uncle considering this weakness and he also told me that I had to get rid of this weakness as soon as possible, as in my professional career it will become a major obstacle. He recommended me to analyze my feelings that I experience in such situations and understand what hinders the right reactions. In future I will certainly do it and will make it my strength, as I don’t want to lose a lot of opportunities because of it. After the analysis presented above it became possible for me to define my Personal Ethical Code. I am sure that it will be very helpful in my future life. Its statements are provided below: 1. For me it is rather easy to answer the question “Why be moral,” as in my life I have seen multiple examples as to where immoral life can lead people to. So, I have chosen to be moral a long time ago first of all to live happy and decent life, not regretting about my actions and the actions I wouldn’t have dared to take. In future I will work on my moral competencies to reach the highest level of mastering them and be more moral to be even happier. 2. My principles, beliefs and values are all centered around the moral competencies. In particular, I believe that it is important to always tell the truth, to keep to my promises and stand up for what is right, as in this way I will reach the state of integrity and will not regret about my actions. I also believe that I should always take responsibility for my actions, admit my mistakes and failures and actively care about the others. I should also learn how to let go of my mistakes and of the mistakes other people make. 3. The main purpose of my life is to realize my potential to the maximum extent, living my life full of exciting and interesting events and never regretting of my mistakes. As for my concrete life goals, they are as follows: I want to develop my moral competencies so as to live my life decently; I want to become a real professional in my chosen field; I want to have a friendly and large family; I want to realize my potential in all the spheres of life. I am sure that I can achieve my goals owing to my principles, beliefs and values. 4. Integrity, responsibility, compassion and forgiveness play a very important role in my life, as my beliefs and principles are based on them. Now I understand what I have to work on to develop my weaknesses into strengths and I am sure that in the nearest future I will be able to solve my main problems in this sphere, as I realized them and have a plan of concrete actions to change the situation. 5. My Moral Compass can be described in the following way: I am going to be always honest with people, making my principles, beliefs and values clear to my surrounding so that they could understand the basis of my actions. I am going to incorporate the integrity principle in my life completely, standing up for what is right and keeping my promises. I am going to take the full responsibility for my actions, admitting my mistake sand always being ready to let go of them, leaving the valuable experience left after them. I am going to be ready to continue trusting people who make mistakes, caring and serving them when it is necessary. 6. I understand that in my life there will be different situations, in which I will have to demonstrate my moral competencies, and I am sure that if I base my decisions on these principles, I will not regret them. I believe that any difficult ethical dilemma can be perfectly solved if I am sure in what I belief and in the fact that I am right when keeping to the moral principles described above. This Personal Ethical Code will be a major support in my life as well. In case there will be situations when outside support and guidance are needed, I will address my parents or relatives, as I am sure that they will show me the right way out of the difficulties. Still, I think that keeping to the moral principles will be just enough to deal with all the complex situations.

Trevino, L.K. & Nelson, K.A. (2007). Managing Business Ethics (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Green, S. (2009). Lecture on "The Ethical Use of Power" given on February 17, 2010. Lennick, D. & Kiel, F. (2007). Moral Intelligence. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Wharton School Publishing. Philips, L. (2009). Personal communication from interview on February 23, 2010. An interview was completed with Ms. Lillian Philips on February 23, 2010. I met with Ms. Philips in her office at Eminence Graphics Design (EGD) for just under an hour. Ms. Philips is the Northern California Division Manager for EGD, and I have worked in her division for two years. The interview was very successful in helping me to identify the sources of my struggles with standing up for my moral principles. Because Ms. Philips knows me fairly well, our meeting was relaxed and she took the opportunity to provide very specific suggestions for my future development. At the end of the interview, we agreed to meet again in a month to discuss further development of moral intelligence.

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Government And Society IELTS Essay: Writing Task 2 Samples

• Updated On December 12, 2023
• Published In IELTS Preparation 💻

The IELTS Writing Task 2 can have a large variety of questions, so it can never be predicted which question you will get in the IELTS exam. However, there still are some common IELTS essay topics that many students have reported as repeated in the IELTS exam. Thus, the general theme or the essay topics can be determined. In this blog, we discuss Government And Society IELTS Essay.

Table of Contents

As an IELTS exam aspirant, it is important you go through as many common topics for Writing Task 2 as possible. One such common IELTS test theme is ‘government and society’. This theme can form a multitude of questions for the second writing task. Therefore, students should go through some sample answers for Government And Society IELTS Essays.

Types of Questions

There are several types of questions that can be framed from the theme of ‘government and society’ for Writing Task 2 in IELTS. Let’s take a look at the two primary kinds of possible questions that you may be presented within the exam:

Opinion-based

These questions will describe two sides of an argument to you. You will be required to either discuss both and then give your opinion, or pick one side and give your opinion on why that is logical and more sound than the other side of the argument.

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Descriptive

This type of question usually asks the aspirant to either enlist some advantages and disadvantages or mention some effects and possible solutions to a particular social problem. These questions can also ask you to share your opinion with the examiner in writing the essay.

Whatever the type of question you get in the exam, to get a good band score, there are some general tips that you should apply:

• Using excellent vocabulary and grammar is important to get a high band score in writing (as well as in speaking).
• Providing relevant examples is the secret to scoring well.
• Taking help from a mentor whenever you get stuck throughout your preparation can be very helpful to ensure you get a good band score. For this purpose, you can explore online platforms like LeapScholar that offer outstanding mentorship and preparation courses for IELTS .

Sample Answers for Government And Society IELTS Essay

Sample answer 1.

Q: Some people believe that only the government can bring about significant changes in society, while others think that even an individual can have a lot of influence on society. What is your opinion on the above statement? You should take about 40 minutes for this answer and write a minimum of 250 words.

Ans: It is often advocated that the leadership of a country holds the supreme power in its hands to be able to change society for the better and get rid of all its cons. However, this view is flawed in my opinion as I believe that without the cooperation of every individual, there is only so much the government can do for society’s betterment. The government can make strong policies and can mobilise resources for their execution, but the policy only yields the desired results when it is acted upon by all members of society. If the policy has been set in place, but no one acts in accordance with it, then it will never be able to achieve its stated primary objective. For instance, of late, many countries have come up with policies aligned with the goal of achieving lower carbon emissions by 2025. However, the individuals living in those countries assume a reckless attitude and hardly abide by the policy for curbing climate change. Hence, without individuals’ cooperation, the government cannot achieve any positive results. Moreover, the government’s efforts are often focused on driving results on a macro scale (nationwide). In contrast, an individual’s efforts will show results on a micro-level and can immediately lead to the betterment of society. The ruling party cannot become aware of all the problems their society faces in many regions. However, the people of the region will be well aware of the problems existing in their region. Thus, the individual holds more power to bring about immediate change in their locality with the help of the resources mobilised by the government on a large scale. For instance, if there is a flood in an Indian state, and the government comes up with an immediate disaster relief response, these efforts will bear more fruit when the individuals of the region cooperate in the rescue operations rather than leaving it all up to the politicians and their forces. In conclusion, I believe that individuals can bring about a more immediate impact on society when they work in tandem with the government.

Sample Answer 2

Q: The government should come up with policies to control the internet for reducing cybercrime and ensuring the safety of users. Do you agree or disagree?

Ans: The frequency of cybercrimes has rapidly surged in recent times and has become a cause of concern globally. With the aim of curbing the rate of cybercrime, some experts argue governments should regulate and control the various internet activities that users of a specific country engage in. I agree with this statement only partially because I believe the ambit of these policies should not be in violation of the fundamental rights of citizens. With the ever-increasing number of internet users, the incidence of cybercrimes is also on an upward trajectory. This can be controlled with government policies that protect users’ data. By protecting users’ private data online, the government can get ahead of online predators looking to commit crimes (especially financial and bureaucratic ones) by making use of that data. For instance, by installing a strong technological architecture in place, the government can protect its country’s users’ data. This will have a significant impact on curbing the rate of cybercrimes committed by stealing personal data. Moreover, by mandating the nation’s organisations increase transparency, the leadership can ensure that online crimes are controlled and eliminated. By asking organisations to clearly state the kind of data they will be extracted from their online users and to educate users about netiquette (‘net etiquette’), the government can significantly reduce the nation’s cybercrime rate. For instance, Instagram informs its users about the kind of content that will be viewed as offensive or inappropriate and can lead to legal action. This has resulted in bringing down the incidents of hate speech online and reduced the incidence of fraud through phishing schemes on the platform.

In summary, governments should definitely put in place policies with the aim of reducing cybercrime. However, these steps should not undermine their citizens’ rights. A primary way forward to tackle this issue would entail raising awareness and establishing a strong online infrastructure. To gain a good band score, Government And Society IELTS Essay should be tackled with a clear thought process and excellent writing skills. Don’t forget to read more sample answers and keep practising!

Frequently Asked Questions

1. how do i prepare for writing an essay for ielts task 2.

Ans: You should start your preparation by first strengthening your vocabulary and grammar. Thereon, you should start by  reading  through some of the high band scoring model answers online, and then try to write answers for some common questions yourself.

2. What mistakes should I avoid in the IELTS writing task?

Ans: Certain pitfalls to avoid during writing the IELTS essay for task 2 are: a. Not taking time in the beginning to map out your main ideas for every paragraph b. Not proofreading your essay as it can lead to spelling and grammatical errors c. Not providing relevant examples

3. How can I get a band score of 8 in the IELTS writing exam?

Ans: The key tips of writing a high band scoring essay for IELTS task 2 are- Wide showcase of vocabulary, great sentence structuring, giving good examples and ensuring coherence between paragraphs.

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• Business, Government and Society

Business, Government and Society - Essay Example

• Subject: Business
• Type: Essay
• Level: Undergraduate
• Pages: 5 (1250 words)
• Downloads: 2
• Author: akris

Extract of sample "Business, Government and Society"

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Martha stewart's case, research and discuss the following: what makes advertising ethical or unethical cite specific examples, research and discuss the following: is employer monitoring of employee e-mail justified, u.s. homeland security and the business, government and society, writing assignment - model in action, conformity assessment, business and society, the interdependence of government and society.

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