book review format mla

MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Book Reviews

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On This Page: Book Reviews

Book review - no title, book review - title refers to book being reviewed, book review - title doesn't refer to book being reviewed, abbreviating months.

In your works cited list, abbreviate months as follows: 

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper. 

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Author's Last Name, First Name. Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any , by Book Author's First Name Last Name.  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database . https://doi.org/DOI Number if Given.

 Note : If the book review is from a source other than an article in the library's database, view the appropriate section on the MLA guide to determine how to cite the source after the name of the book's author.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database . https://doi.org/DOI Number if Given.

 Note : If the book review is from a source other than an article in the library's database, view the appropriate section on the MLA guide to determine how to cite the source.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author's First Name Last Name .   Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. Name of Database . https://doi.org/DOI Number if Given. 

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Citation Help for MLA, 8th Edition: Book Review

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Month Abbreviations

According to p. 95 of the MLA Handbook  8th ed. Spell out months in the body of your paper and abbreviate as follows in your works cited list: January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Multiple Authors?

Example: McGill, Ivan, John Kurt Glenn, and Alice  Brockbank. The Action Learning Handbook: Powerful Techniques for Education . Rutledge Falmer, 2014.

Explanation: List the first author last name first followed by the first and middle names followed by a comma. All other authors are listed first name followed by the last name. Insert the word "and" and a comma before the last author. Note: If there are more than three authors, just list the first one followed by et al., which is Latin for and others . There is a period after al but not et. Example: Nelson, Karl, et al. Fish Is for Everyone . Penguin Press, 2016. 

Bell, Madison Smartt. "Are You My Mother?" Review of Let the Northern Lights Erase Your       Name , by Vendela Vida. The New York Times Book Review, 31 Dec. 2016, p. 10.

Explanation

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MLA Citation Guide (8th Edition): Book Reviews

• Advertisements
• Books, eBooks & Pamphlets
• Book Reviews
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• Government Documents
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• Videos & DVDs
• When Creating Digital Assignments
• Works Quoted in Another Source
• No author, no date etc
• In-Text Citation
• Sample Paper
• Annotated Bibliography

On This Page: Book Reviews

Book review - no title, book review - title refers to book being reviewed, book review - title doesn't refer to book being reviewed, abbreviating months.

In your Works Cited list, abbreviate months as follows: 

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper. 

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double-spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Author's Last Name, First Name. Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any , by Book Author's First Name Last Name.  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database . doi: DOI Number if Given.

 Note : If the book review is from a source other than an article in the library's database, view the appropriate section in the MLA guide to determine how to cite the source after the name of the book's author.

Learn more: See the  MLA Handbook , pp. 28-29

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database . doi: DOI Number if Given.

 Note : If the book review is from a source other than an article in the library's database, view the appropriate section on the MLA guide to determine how to cite the source.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author's First Name Last Name .   Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. Name of Database . doi: DOI Number if Given. 

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MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Book Reviews

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• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Books and eBooks
• Book Reviews
• Class Notes and Presentations
• Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
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• When Creating Digital Assignments
• When Information Is Missing
• Works Quoted in Another Source
• Paraphrasing
• Works Cited List & Sample Paper
• Annotated Bibliography

On This Page

Book review - no title.

• Title Refers to Book being Reviewed
• Title Doesn't Refer to Book being Reviewed

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Author's Last Name, First Name. Review of Title of Book: Subtitle if Any , by Book Author's First Name Last Name. Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. Name of Database . doi: DOI Number if Given.

Note : If the book review is from a source other than an article in the library's database, view the appropriate section on the MLA guide to determine how to cite the source after the name of the book's author.

Khovanova, Tanya. Review of  Love and Math: The Heart of Hidden Reality , by Edward Frenkel.  The College Mathematics Journal , vol. 45, no. 3, May 2014, pp. 230-231. JSTOR . doi: www.jstor.org/stable/10.4169/college.math.j.45.3.230.

(Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: (Khovanova 230)

Learn more: See the  MLA Handbook , pp. 28-29

Book Review - Title Refers to Book being Reviewed

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. Name of Database . doi: DOI Number if Given.

Note : If the book review is from a source other than an article in the library's database, view the appropriate section on the MLA guide to determine how to cite the source.

Grosholz, Emily R. "Book Review: Realizing Reason: A Narrative of Truth and Knowledge by Danielle Macbeth." Journal of Humanistic Mathematics , vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 263-275, Academic Search Complete . doi: 10.5642/jhummath.20170120.

Example: (Grosholz 264)

Book Review - Title Doesn't Refer to Book being Reviewed

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Review of Title of Book: Subtitle if Any by Book Author's First Name Last Name. Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. Name of Database . doi: DOI Number if Given. 

Rodriques, Elias. "Lonesome for our Home." Review of Barraccon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo", by Zora Neale Hurston. Nation , vol. 306, no. 18, 18 June 2018, pp. 35-39. MAS Ultra - School Edition .

Example: (Rodriques 35)

MLA Handbook

Abbreviating Months

In your works cited list, abbreviate months as follows: 

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper. 

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Cite Your Sources in MLA 9th: Book Reviews

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How to Cite Book Reviews

Book review without a title.

Review Author(s). Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any , by Book Author's First Name Last Name.  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Publication Date, pp. Page Numbers.  Name of Database , https://doi.org/DOI [if any].

Khovanova, Tanya. Review of  Love and Math: The Heart of Hidden Reality , by Edward Frenkel.  The College Mathematics Journal , vol. 45, no. 3, May 2014, pp. 230-231.  JSTOR , https://doi.org/10.4169/college.math.j.45.3.230.

Book Review With a Title

Review Author(s). "Title of Review with Book Title Italicized."  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Publication Date, pp. Page Numbers.  Name of Database , https://doi.org/DOI [if any].

Grosholz, Emily R. "Book Review:  Realizing Reason: A Narrative of Truth and Knowledge  by Danielle Macbeth."  Journal of Humanistic Mathematics , vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 263-275.  Academic Search Complete , https://doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.20170120.

How to Format Author Names

• Works Cited List
• In-Text Citation

Last Name, First Name or Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial (if provided in source)

Name Examples:

Anzaldúa, Gloria Kendi, Ibram X. Wallace, David Foster

Citation Example:

Anzaldúa, Gloria.  Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza . 4th ed., Aunt Lute Books, 2012. 

Two Authors

Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name

Wykes, Maggie, and Barrie Gunter.  The Media and Body Image: If Looks Could Kill.  Sage, 2005.

Three or More Authors

First Author's Last Name, First Name, et al.

Chan, Sabrina S., et al.  Learning Our Names: Asian American Christians on Identity, Relationships, and Vocation.  InterVarsity Press, 2022.

Group or Corporate Author

If the group author is different from publisher.

If the group author and the publisher are different entities, list the Group Name as the author. 

Calgary Educational Partnership Foundation.  Employability Skills: Creating My Future . Nelson, 1996.

If the Group Author and Publisher Are the Same

If the group author and the publisher are the same, skip the author and list the title first. Then, list the group author only as the publisher.

Fair Housing—Fair Lending . Aspen Law & Business, 1985.

If a source has no author, skip the author and start with the title. Do not use "Anonymous" as the author name.

"How to Teach Yourself Guitar."  eHow,  Demand Media, www.ehow.com/how_5298173_teach-yourself-guitar.html. Accessed 24 June 2016.

(Last Name Page Number)

(Anzaldúa 30)

(First Author's Last Name and Second Author's Last Name Page Number)

(Wykes and Gunter 53)

(First Author's Last Name et al. Page Number)

(Chan et al. 97)

(Group Name Page Number)

(Calgary Educational Partnership Foundation 230)

If your full citation for a group author starts with the title rather than the group's name, follow the "No Author" in-text citation rules instead.

( Title of Longer Work  or "Title of Shorter Work" Page Number)

( Fair Housing  15)

("How to Teach")

Frequently Asked Questions

How do i format dates.

Dates in your Works Cited list should be formatted like this: Day Month Year. Month names should be abbreviated using the list below.  Example:  17 Oct. 2021.

For publication dates, include as much information as the source provides. This may be a full date, only the month and year, a season (such as Spring 2019), or just a publication year.

Month Abbreviations

In your Works Cited list, abbreviate months as follows:

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper.

What is a DOI?

Digital Object Identifiers, or DOIs, are unique numbers or hyperlinks assigned to some online resources, such as journal articles, to make them easier to find.

If a DOI is provided for a source, include it at the end of your citation after any page numbers. In your Works Cited list, you should always format a DOI as a URL beginning with "https://doi.org/" followed immediately by the DOI number.

Example:  For DOI "10.5642/jhummath.20170120," the URL version would be: https://doi.org/10.5642/jhummath.20170120

If no DOI is provided but a permalink or stable link is present, you can use that instead.

What if some information is missing?

If a source is missing information that you need for your Works Cited citation, you can skip that element and move on to the next element in the citation.

Examples: Some sources don't have an author; in this case, we skip the author and start our citation with the title. Most academic journals are published in volumes and issues, but some only have volumes; in this case, we list the volume number and skip the issue number. 

What if I don't know which source type I'm citing?

If you're not sure what type of source you're working with, don't worry! This is a very common challenge. Check out our page on Identifying Source Types .

What if I need to cite multiple sources by the same author?

Works Cited List:  To cite two or more works by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. For subsequent works by the same author, replace the author's name with three hyphens followed by a period (---.), which signifies that the name is the same as the preceding entry. Alphabetize works with the same author by title. 

In-Text Citations: To distinguish multiple works by the same author, add a comma followed by a shortened version of the title (usually the first 2-4 words) between the author name and the page number. Example: (Anzaldúa,  Borderlands / La Frontera  38). Alternately, you can mention the author and title in the sentence, and then only include the page number. 

For page numbers, should I use p. or pp.?

If you are citing a single page, use "p." If you are citing multiple pages, use "pp."

Example: If an article runs from page 10 to page 15, your citation should say "pp. 10-15" because it covers multiple pages. If it's a short article that only appears on page 11, your citation should say "p. 11".

More Information on MLA 9th

• Pierce Library's MLA 9th Quick Citation Guide Downloadable PDF with sample citations (including in-text) for different types of sources and a sample Works Cited page.
• MLA Style Center Tips for working in MLA Style, answers to common questions, and more.
• Purdue OWL MLA 9 Formatting & Style Guide Very thorough overview of MLA 9th with examples for how to construct both in-text and Works Cited entries.

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• MyExperience

MLA Citation Style, 9th Edition: Book Review

• In-Text References
• Works Cited
• One Author or Editor
• Multiple Authors or Editors
• Author and Editor
• Author and Translator
• Organization as Author
• Anonymous Work
• Chapter from an Edited Work
• Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword
• Multivolume Work
• Edition Other than the First
• Dictionary or Encyclopedia
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• Book Review
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• Sound Recording
• YouTube Video
• Interview or Personal Communication
• Lecture or Presentation
• Thesis or Dissertation
• Indirect Source
• Government Document
• AI Generated Content

Book Review - Examples

In-Text:       

(Powers 10)

Works Cited:

NOTE: If a review is untitled, include a title which incorporates the work that is being reviewed:

Help & Guide Contents

Home General Guidelines     In-Text Reference     Works Cited Books     One Author or Editor     Multiple Authors or Editors     Author and Editor     Author and Translator     Organization as Author     Anonymous Work     Chapter from an Edited Work     Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword     Multivolume Work     Edition Other than the First     Dictionary or Encyclopedia     E-Book Articles     Journal Article     Magazine Article     Newspaper Article     Book Review Websites     Basic Webpage     Blog Post     Tweet Audiovisual Media     Video Recording     Sound Recording     YouTube Video Other Sources     Interview or Personal Communication     Lecture or Presentation     Thesis or Dissertation     Scripture     Indirect Source     Government Document Plagiarism

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MLA Citation Guide: Book Reviews

• Advertisements
• Books, eBooks & Pamphlets
• Book Reviews
• Class Notes & Presentations
• Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
• Government Documents
• Images, Artwork, Charts, Graphs & Tables
• Interviews and Emails (Personal Communications)
• Journal Articles
• Magazine Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Primary Sources
• Religious Texts
• Social Media
• Videos & DVDs
• When Creating Digital Assignments
• When Information Is Missing
• Works Quoted in Another Source
• In-Text Citation
• Works Cited List
• Annotated Bibliography
• How Did We Do?

Abbreviating Months

In your works cited list, abbreviate months as follows: 

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper. 

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Book Review - No Title

Author's Last Name, First Name. Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any , by Book Author's First Name Last Name.  Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database . doi: DOI Number if Given.

 Note : If the book review is from a source other than an article in the library's database, view the appropriate section on the MLA guide to determine how to cite the source after the name of the book's author.

Learn more: See the  MLA Handbook , pp. 28-29

Book Review - Title Refers to Book being Reviewed

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number.  Name of Database . doi: DOI Number if Given.

 Note : If the book review is from a source other than an article in the library's database, view the appropriate section on the MLA guide to determine how to cite the source.

Book Review - Title Doesn't Refer to Book being Reviewed

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author's First Name Last Name .   Name of Journal , vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. Name of Database . doi: DOI Number if Given. 

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MLA Citation Examples

• Volume and Issue Numbers
• Page Numbers
• Citing a Source within a Source
• DOIs and URLs
• In-Text Citations
• Academic Journals
• Encyclopedia Articles
• Book, Film, and Product Reviews

Review without a specific title

Review with a title.

• Online Classroom Materials
• Conference Papers
• Technical and Research Reports
• Dissertations and Theses
• Interviews and E-mail Messages
• AI: ChatGPT, etc.
• Review of Title of Work , by Author.
• Title of Journal ,
• Volume number, issue number,
• Publication Date,
• Page number(s).
• Title of Database ,
• DOI or URL.

Reviewer. Review of Title of Work , by Author. Title of Journal , vol. #, no. #, date, pp. #-#. Title of Database , DOI or URL.

Conn, David R. Review of The World as We Knew It: Dispatches from a Changing Climate , by Amy Brady and Tajja Isen. Library Journal , vol. 147, no. 4, Apr. 2022, p. 104. EBSCOhost , ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=155859448&site=eds-live&scope=site.

• "Title of Review."

Reviewer. "Title of Review." Review of Title of Work , by Author. Title of Journal , vol. #, no. #, date, pp. ##-##. Title of Database , DOI or URL.

Grimes, William. "Beyond Mandalay, the Road to Isolation and Xenophobia." Review of The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma , by Thant Myint-U. New York Times , 13 Dec. 2006, pp. E8+. ProQuest , ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/433471566?accountid=14580.

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Citation & Style Guide

• Chicago/Turabian

Note about new MLA 9th Edition

Who uses modern language association (mla) style, what's unique about mla, mla style center documentation, in-text citations, the 9 core elements in "works cited" page, print journal, online journal article from a database, online magazine, online newspaper, ai / chat gpt, book review, formatting captions (for figures, illustrations, images), how to cite primary sources, optional elements, annotated bibliographies.

• Other Styles
• Zotero / Citation Tools
• Writing & Plagiarism
• Other Resources
• Annotated Bibliography

Research Librarians

Need More Help with MLA?

Find examples online at:

MLA: Sample Papers MLA: Quick Guide MLA by OWL at Purdue

MLA released the new 9th edition in 2021. See MLA's " What's New in the Ninth Edition " for changes since the 8th edition. Check with your faculty to learn which edition to use. You can find the print version of the 8th and 9th editions in the Reference section of the Library.

This page offers advice from MLA 9th edition.

• Literatures
• Other Humanities fields
• If you aren't sure which citation style to use, be sure to ask your professors which style they prefer for assignments.
• Use in-text citations . Example : (Wordsworth 262)
• Bibliography heading : Use "Works Cited" as page heading.
• Core elements : Rather than give strict format rules for different types of sources, the MLA Handbook  identifies 9 "core elements" common to most sources and provides flexible guidelines on how to reference them in your Works Cited list.
• Using MLA Format "Get started with MLA style. Learn how to document sources, set up your paper, and improve your teaching and writing."
• Sample Papers in MLA Style These award-winning student essays "provide models for organizing an argument and working with sources. They also demonstrate MLA documentation style and paper formatting."
• Formatting a Research Paper Provides guidance on margins, spacing, headings, etc.
• How do I cite generative AI in MLA style? Make sure it is clear how you you've used it in your citation and in the text surrounding the quote or paraphrase,

In-text citations are brief, parenthetical references to your sources that point readers to the full citation in your Works Cited page. In-text citations should interrupt the flow of your text as little as possible.

• Include the author's last name in parentheses immediately following the cited material.
• If there is a page number (or line number, time stamp, etc.), include it after the author's last name.
• Do not use commas inside the parentheses.
• Quotation marks come before the parentheses; sentence punctuation follows them. 

Rather than belabor the point or summarize what you've already said, a strong conclusion should "take your readers slightly by surprise and yet seem exactly right" (Zinsser 64).

Entire Works:  If you are citing an entire work, you can omit page numbers.

(Zinsser)  

Signal Phrases:  You don't need to include the author's name in the parentheses when context clarifies whom you are citing (e.g., you have used the author's name as part of your signal phrase or you have cited the same source immediately preceding the current citation.) If you are in doubt, include the author's last name.

In On Writing Well, William Zinsser argues a strong conclusion should "take your readers slightly by surprise and yet seem exactly right" (64).  

Multiple Works by Same Author:  If your Works Cited list has more than one work by the same author, include the work title in the in-text citation, separated by a comma.

(Zinsser, On Writing Well  64)  

Multiple Authors with Same Last Name:  If your Works Cited list has more than one author with the same last name, include the initial of the author's first name in the in-text citation.

(W. Zinsser 64)  

Multiple Authors of a Single Work:  If three or fewer authors, include all in your in-text citation; if four or more, list the first author only followed by the abbrevation "et al."

(Rodriguez, Jones, and Bartell 273) (Rodriguez et al. 273)  

Indirect or Quoted Material : Find the original source if possible. If not, use the abbreviation "qtd. in" for "quoted in".

(qtd. in Liu 392)  

Ebooks : If the ebook has stable page numbers (i.e., page numbers remain consistent regardless of device used or font size), use those as you would a print book. If the ebook has reflowable pages, do not use page numbers. Instead, cite the section or chapter if possible.

(Zinsser, ch. 9)

If the ebooks does not have stable page numbers, sections, or chapters, cite the work as a whole.

(Zinsser) 

In The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao , Oscar tells Grod and Grundy:

that what they were doing was wrong, that they were going to take a great love out of the world. Love was a rare thing, easily confused with a million other things, and if anybody knew this to be true it was him. (Díaz 321)

Instead of having separate citation groups for each format type, the MLA identifies a set of 9 elements for "universal guidelines" applicable to all of them. Besides standardizing the elements required for a citation, the MLA 8th edition introduced the idea of "containers", so that the basic elements of a citation in a works cited list are the same regardless of the type of resource cited.

Practice by trying out MLA's interactive template .

The following examples are the most commonly used.  Consult the MLA website citation examples or the full MLA Handbook (print edition at the Research Desk) for the official, comprehensive guide to sources and examples.

Format: Author’s last name/first name (and second author's name if applicable). Title of Source . Publisher, Date of Publication. 

Brooks, Max. The Zombie Survival Guide: Complete Protection from the Living Dead.  Three Rivers Press, 2003.

Book with two authors: Verstynen, Timothy and Bradley Voytek. Do Zombies Dream of Undead Sheep? A Neuroscientific View of the Zombie Brain.  Princeton, 2014.

Book with three or more authors: Evans, Arthur B., et al. The Wesleyan Anthology of Science Fiction . Wesleyan University Press, 2010.

Book with translator or other contributor: Murakami, Ryu. From the Fatherland with Love . Translated by Ralph McCarthy, et al. Pushkin Press, 2013.

Chapter from an anthology or edited compilation: Sabau, Ana. "The Perils of Ownership: Property and Literature in NIneteenth-Century Mexico."  Mexican Literature in Theory, edited by Ignacio M. Sánchez Prado, Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, pp. 33-54.  

Similar to print, except also add e-book source (where you got the e-book from database, Hathi Trust, Amazon, etc), Location.

Format: Author's last name. Title . Publisher, date of Publication. Ebook source, Location.

Zehr, E. Paul. Becoming Batman: the Possibility of a Superhe ro. Johns Hopkins Press, 2009.  EB L , www.middlebury.eblib.com.ezproxy.middlebury.edu/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=3318448.

Format: Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical, Volume, Issue, Date, pages. 

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol .  15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50. .

Author’s name. “Title of the Article.”  Journal Title, Volume, Issue, Date of publication): pages. Name of database or other relevant information. Access Provider, URL or DOI.

Joye, Stijn and de Walle Van. "Batman Returns, Again and again: An Exploratory Inquiry Into the Recent 'batman' Film Franchise, Artistic Imitation and Fan Appreciation".  Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies  7, no. 1, 2015, pp. 37-50. MLA International Bibliography,  ezproxy.middlebury.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1696259860?accountid=12447.

Format: Author's name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title , day month year: pages. URL or DOI.

Berlatsky, Noah.. "Bring back Doofus Batman: Attention, Ben Affleck: the Dark Knight Is Better when He's an Idiot." Atlantic, 26 Aug. 2013, www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/08/bring-back-doofus-batman/279038/.

Format: Same as magazine.

Muskus, Jeff. "A Sampler: A Batman Wrestling With Ghosts of the Past."   New York Times   Online, 29  July 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/arts/television/a-sampler-a-batman-wrestling-with-ghosts-of-the-past.html.

Format: Author’s name. "Title of Source." Title of Web Site , Other contributors, Institution or organization associated with/producing the website, Date of posting/revision, URL. [Optional: Date Accessed].

“Rover Report: Three Years on Mars!” NASA’s Journey to Mars: Videos , edited by Sarah Loff, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 30 July 2015, www.nasa.gov/topics/journeytomars/videos/index.html.

Format: Author of Review. "Title of Review." (if there is one) Rev. of Title of work reviewed , by Name of Author. Source Information. (follow format for print, online journal, etc. as given above)

Grimes, William. "Beyond Mandalay, the Road to Isolation and Xenophobia." Review of  The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma , by Thant Myint-U.  New York Times , 13 Dec. 2006, pp. E8+.  ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/93034828?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=12447.

From MLA Style Center , based on 8th edition:

How should I format captions for figures that I include in my paper?

Illustrative visual material other than a table—for example, a photograph, map, drawing, graph, or chart—should be labeled Figure (usually abbreviated Fig. ), assigned an arabic numeral, and given a caption:

Fig. 1. Mary Cassatt, Mother and Child , Wichita Art Museum.

The label and caption ordinarily appear directly below an illustration and have the same one-inch margins as the text of the paper. Visit our Formatting a Research Paper page to learn more about including tables, figures, and musical illustrations in papers. You can also read our post on punctuating captions .

• How to Cite Primary Sources From the Library of Congress. For items in print, just remove the online information at the end of the citation.

You may include additional elements if they help distinguish your source. Optional elements may be placed near related core elements or at the end of the citation.

• Date of original publication
• City of publication
• Other facts about the source (e.g., total number of volumes, series name, unexpected type of work such as a transcript, information about prior publication, Congressional session)
• Date of access (for online sources - especially when no publication date is given or for sites where content is likely to change)

In-text citations are brief, parenthetical references to your sources that point readers to the full citation in your Works Cited page.

Rather than belabor the point or summarize what you've already said, a strong conclusion should "take your readers slightly by surprise and yet seem exactly right" (Zinsser 64).

• Include the author's last name and the appropriate page number(s) in parentheses immediately following the cited material.

Special Situations

Signal Phrases:  You don't need to include the author's name in the parentheses when context clarifies whom you are citing (e.g., you have used the author's name as part of your signal phrase, you have cited the same source immediately preceding the current citation.) If you are in doubt, include the author's last name.

In On Writing Well, William Zinsser argues a strong conclusion should "take your readers slightly by surprise and yet seem exactly right" (64).

(Zinsser, On Writing Well  64)

Multiple Authors with Same Last Name:  If your Works Cited list has more than one author with the same last name, include the initial of the author's first name in the in-text citation.

(W. Zinsser 64)

Multiple Authors of a Single Work:  If three or fewer authors, include all in your in-text citation; if four or more, list the first author only followed by the abbrevation "et al."

(Rodriguez, Jones, and Bartell 273) (Rodriguez et al. 273)

Indirect or Quoted Material : Find the original source if possible. If not, use the abbreviation "qtd. in" for "quoted in".

(qtd. in Liu 392)

An annotated bibliography includes a citation and a written statement or abstract about each work to help potential readers decide if an item is relevant to their interests. 

• Annotated Bibliographies Middlebury College Library Citation Guide - section describing annotated bibliographies with examples.
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Organizing Research for Arts and Humanities Papers and Theses

• General Guide Information
• Developing a Topic
• What are Primary and Secondary Sources
• What are Scholarly and Non-Scholarly Sources
• Writing an Abstract
• Writing Academic Book Reviews
• Writing A Literature Review
• Using Images and other Media

Purpose of a Book Review

Note: This information is geared toward researchers in the arts and humanities. For a detailed guide on writing book reviews in the social sciences, please check the USC Libraries guide to  Writing and Organizing Research in the Social Sciences , authored by Dr. Robert Labaree.

When writing an academic book review, start with a bibliographic citation of the book you are reviewing [e.g., author, title, publication information, length]. Adhere to a particular citation style, such as Chicago, MLA, or APA.  Put your name at the very end of the book review text.

The basic purpose of a book review is to convey and evaluate the following:

a.     what the book is about;

b.     the expertise of the author(s);

c.     how well the book covers its topic(s) and whether it breaks new ground;

d.     the author’s viewpoint, methodology, or perspective;

e.     the appropriateness of the evidence to the topical scope of the book;

f.      the intended audience;

g.     the arrangement of the book (chapters, illustrations) and the quality of the scholarly apparatus, such as notes and bibliographies.

Point "c. how well the book covers its topics and whether it breaks new ground" requires your engagement with the book, and can be approached in a variety of ways. The question of whether the book breaks new ground does not necessarily refer to some radical or overarching notion of originality in the author’s argument. A lot of contemporary scholarship in the arts or humanities is not about completely reorienting the discipline, nor is it usually about arguing a thesis that has never been argued before. If an author does that, that's wonderful, and you, as a book reviewer, must look at the validity of the methods that contextualize the author's new argument.

It is more likely that the author of a scholarly book will look at the existing evidence with a finer eye for detail, and use that detail to amplify and add to existing scholarship. The author may present new evidence or a new "reading" of the existing evidence, in order to refine scholarship and to contribute to current debate. Or the author may approach existing scholarship, events, and prevailing ideas from a more nuanced perspective, thus re-framing the debate within the discipline.

The task of the book reviewer is to “tease out” the book’s themes, explain them in the review, and apply a well-argued judgment on the appropriateness of the book’s argument(s) to the existing scholarship in the field.

For example, you are reviewing a book on the history of the development of public libraries in nineteenth century America. The book includes a chapter on the role of patronage by affluent women in endowing public libraries in the mid-to-late-1800s. In this chapter, the author argues that the role of women was overlooked in previous scholarship because most of them were widows who made their financial bequests to libraries in the names of their husbands. The author argues that the history of public library patronage, and moreover, of cultural patronage, should be re-read and possibly re-framed given the evidence presented in this chapter. As a book reviewer you will be expected to evaluate this argument and the underlying scholarship.

There are two common types of academic book reviews: short summary reviews, which are descriptive, and essay-length critical reviews. Both types are described further down.

[Parenthetically, writing an academic/scholarly book review may present an opportunity to get published.]

Short summary book reviews

For a short, descriptive review, include at least the following elements:

a.     the bibliographic citation for the book;

b.     the purpose of the book;

c.     a summary of main theme(s) or key points;

d.     if there is space, a brief description of the book’s relationship to other books on the same topic or to pertinent scholarship in the field.

e.     note the author's affiliation and authority, as well as the physical content of the book, such as visual materials (photographs, illustrations, graphs) and the presence of scholarly apparatus (table of contents, index, bibliography, footnotes, endnotes, credit for visual materials);

f.     your name and affiliation.

Critical or essay-length book reviews

For a critical, essay-length book review consider including the following elements, depending on their relevance to your assignment:

b.     an opening statement that ought to peak the reader’s interest in the book under review

c.     a section that points to the author’s main intentions;

d.     a section that discusses the author’s ideas and the book’s thesis within a scholarly perspective. This should be a critical assessment of the book within the larger scholarly discourse;

e.     if you found errors in the book, point the major ones and explain their significance. Explain whether they detract from the thesis and the arguments made in the book;

f.     state the book's place within a strand of scholarship and summarize its importance to the discipline;

g.    include information about the author's affiliation and authority, as well as the physical content of the book, such as visual materials (photographs, illustrations, graphs) and the presence of scholarly apparatus (table of contents, index, bibliography, footnotes, endnotes, credit for visual materials);

h.     indicate the intended readership of the book and whether the author succeeds in engaging the audience on the appropriate level;

i.     your name and affiliation.

Good examples of essay-length reviews may be found in the scholarly journals included in the JSTOR collection, in the New York Review of Books , and similar types of publications, and in cultural publications like the New Yorker magazine.

Remember to keep track of your sources, regardless of the stage of your research. The USC Libraries have an excellent guide to  citation styles  and to  citation management software . 

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / MLA Book Citation

How to Cite a Book in MLA

Books are written works or compositions that have been published. They are no longer restricted to paper and have evolved into the online realm.

Below are examples of how to cite different types of books in MLA 9. If you need a different citation style, there is also a guide on citing a book in APA .

In MLA, a basic book citation includes the following information:

• Author’s name
• Title of book
• Publisher of the book
• Year published

Additional information is needed when citing:

• Name of website or database
• Name of e-book device
• Name of the translator or editor
• Name of book editor or author
• Name of chapter author
• Page numbers or ranges used
• Volume number of the book
• City the book was published in

Citing a book in MLA (print)

View Screenshot | Cite your book

Citing a book found on a Website or database in MLA

Many books are now found online. Popular sites or databases that hold e-books include Google Books, Project Gutenberg, and EBSCO.

Cite your book

*Keep “https:” at the beginning of the URL only when citing a DOI.

Digital sources with no page numbers means that no page numbers should be included in the in-text citation.

Citing an E-book in MLA (found via an e-reader)

E-Readers are electronic devices that display e-books. Kindles and Nooks are some of the more popular e-readers available today. Individuals can purchase or borrow e-books and read them on their e-readers.

Cite your ebook

Since the page numbers of an e-book can vary across e-reader, text preferences, and other factors, you should not include a page number. This is because a consistent page number does not exist. You can include section numbers (sec., secs.) or chapter numbers (ch., chs.) instead, if they exist and you feel it would be helpful.

Citing a translated or edited book in MLA

Citing a chapter of a book in mla.

*In the above citation example, The Body of the Queen: Gender and Rule in the Courtly World, 1500-2000 is an edited book that features a chapter by Louis Montrose. The title of the chapter that he wrote is found in quotation marks (“Elizabeth Through the Looking Glass: Picturing the Queen’s Two Bodies”).

Citing a book with multiple authors in MLA

*et al. is Latin for “and others.”

Published October 20, 2011. Updated May 9, 2021.

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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In the works cited: If the organization is the author and publisher, don’t include an author and start the citation with the book’s title. If the author and publisher are different, use the organization name as the author.

When the chapter’s author is different from the book’s editor or author. Chapters are usually cited when you use anthologies, multi-volume sets, or a foreword/afterword written by someone other than the book’s main author.

Place the author’s last name and the quote chapter number in parenthesis after the borrowed quote or information. Example: “Feeling that Peter was on his way back, the Neverland had again woke into life” (Barrie ch. 5).

MLA is the style most often used in literature, language, history, art and theater subjects.

If any important information is missing (e.g., author’s name, title, publishing date, URL, etc.), first see if you can find it in the source yourself. If you cannot, leave the information blank and continue creating your citation.

Yes! Whether you’d like to learn how to construct citations on your own, our Autocite tool isn’t able to gather the metadata you need, or anything in between, manual citations are always an option. Click here for directions on using creating manual citations.

To cite a book with multiple authors in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the authors, publication year, book title, and publisher. The templates for in-text citation and works-cited-list entry of a book written by multiple authors and some examples are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Citation in prose:

For sources with two authors, use both full author names in prose (e.g., Harold Napoleon and Richard Harris). For sources with three or more authors, use the first name and surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” (e.g., Harold Napoleon and others). In subsequent citations, use only the surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” (e.g., Napoleon and others).

First mention: Harold Napoleon and colleagues…. or Harold Napoleon and others ….

Subsequent occurrences: Napoleon and colleagues…. or Napoleon and others ….

Parenthetical:

In parenthetical citations, use only the author’s surname (e.g., Napoleon). For sources with two authors, use two surnames (e.g., Napoleon and Harris). For sources with three or more author names, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.”

….(Napoleon et al.)

Works-cited-list entry template and example:

The title of the book is given in italics and title case.

Surname, F. M., et al. Title of the Book . Publisher, Publication Date.

Napoleon, Harold, et al. Yuuyaraq the Way of the Human Being: With Commentary . University of Alaska, 1996.

Use only the first author’s name in surname–first name order in the entry and follow it with “et al.”

A book is a printed copy, whereas an e-book is an online version and is available via different electronic media (e.g., epub and Kindle).

To cite a print book in MLA format, you need to know the names of the authors, the title of the book, publisher name, publication date, and page range (optional). You need the same information to cite an e-book, however, you will not include page numbers unless they are the same as those in the print version of the book. MLA mostly treats citations for print books and e-books the same, except for noting that the e-book version is being cited within the entry.

The templates and examples for in-text citations and works cited list entries for a book and an e-book are provided below:

In-text citation template and example for a book:

Author Surname

(Author Surname Page)

(Damasio 7)

Works cited list entry template and example:

Surname, First Name. Title of the Book . Publisher, Publication Date, Page range.

Damasio, Antonio. Emotion, Reason and the Feeling Brain . Penguin, 1994.

In-text citation template and example for an e-book:

(Author Surname)

Author’s Surname, First Name. Title of the Book . E-book ed., Publisher, Publication Date.

Davis, Barbara. The Keeper of Happy Endings . E-book ed., Lake Union Publishing, 2021.

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Everything About APA, MLA, and CMS Book Review Format Styles

Are you looking for the information about book review format? There are a lot of articles on the Web dedicated to book reviews in general. However, it is hard to find the information particularly about book review formats. Here, you will find the information about how to format and cite a book review in APA, MLA, and Chicago. And also a short instruction on how to get “ write my essay for me cheap ” help.

What Is Book Review Format?

Font, margins, spacing, and other similar points are considered in the format requirements. Broadly speaking, review format contains requirements for the way the text should look. If you need to follow a specific format style such as APA, MLA, or another style you should find out what format requirements you need to apply for it. In further paragraphs, we will tell you about format requirements of the three popular format styles:

• APA (American Psychological Association)
• MLA (Modern Language Association)
• CMS (Chicago Manual of Style).

Typically, your instructor will tell you which format style you need to use. However, the teacher may not give you particular specifications about the format and style. In the text below we will show you the differences between APA, MLA, and CMS formats, and give you examples of the title pages and citations. Our recommendations are suitable for writing a critical book review, a compare and contrast book review, or other types of book reviews.

Note: Always give preference to the initial formatting instructions from your teacher.

How to Write a Book Review in APA Format

If you were asked to write a book review in the APA format, follow the basic guidelines in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA). Here we will share with you the general format for a book review in APA, 6th edition:

APA Book Review Title Page

Don’t make a title page if your instructor does not request you to do so. In the following attachment, you can see the sample title page for a book review formatted in APA style. First you need to set the font, spacing, and margins. In the sample, we use Time New Roman, 12 pt font, and double line spacing. Also, we recommend turning on the option labeled “don’t add spacing between paragraphs of the same style.” Indentation and spacing sections should be set to 0 pt. Set the margins to 1 inch at all sides.

According to APA style (6th edition) the title page should contain:

• Running head
• Author byline
• Institutional affiliation
• Author note

Sample APA Book Review Title Page

Note: Some educational institutions may add or remove certain sections, so make sure that our instructions are the same as what your college or university requires.

Also, you will need to identify full bibliographical information at the beginning of the main text of your APA style book review. This is how the next page after the title page will begin:

 Author, N.N. (Year of publication). Book title: Capital letter for the first word of       subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher, number of pages.

What if the professor didn’t require a title page? All is simple: you begin your first page with the bibliographical information as we have listed above. Also, you will need to mention your name at the end of the review. You can skip three lines after the end of the main text and type your name along the right margin with the course title and semester. For example:

Ashley Simpson HIS 3380 Introduction to Historical Methods Fall 2018

How to Cite a Book Review APA format

If you need to include in your references someone else’s book review in APA format, check the following templates:

How to Write an MLA Format Book Review

According to the MLA style (8th addition), the format of the paper should stick to the following requirements:

We recommend you to apply the formatting settings before you start writing your paper. This won’t distract you from writing, and you will be fully concentrated on the writing itself. When your text is ready, double-check the formatting standards.

MLA Format Structure and Requirements

There are no strict requirements in the MLA Handbook for book reviews. If the professor did not set the requirements for the format and structure of your book review, you can use the following basic structure:

• Informational block at the upper-left corner of the page
• The text of the book review
• Works cited list

Do you need a title page? We need to mention that the MLA guideline doesn’t require a cover page for your paper. The first page of your paper should contain a header with the page number and your surname on the top right corner. Also, you will need to list your name, professor’s name, course, and the date in the left corner. It will look something like this:

Bill Green Professor George T. Michael English 111 3 September 2019

After this block, you need to write the title of your book review on the next line in the center. Write the title in title case (following the standards of capitalization). If you need to mention the book title in the paper’s title, use italics. For example:

• Women Characters in Their Eyes Were Watching God
• Book Review of The Great Gatsby

MLA Book Review: Title Page

If your teacher has asked you to add a cover page to your book review and did not set the requirements, check the following sample title page. Also, notice that there is no need to include information that we listed above on the first page after the title page.

Sample MLA Book Review Title Page

How to Cite an MLA Book Review

If you are writing an academic paper and need to cite a book review from another author, you can follow these samples:

And here we want to remind you that you can ease your life and don’t learn all these rules and nuances. You can pay someone to write my paper cheap here, and get an original paper sample.

How to Format a Book Review in Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)

CMS format is usually applied for book reviews written for history, English, and art classes. Make sure that your professor hasn’t given you particular requirements for the paper. In general, CMS format is much more flexible in comparison to APA and MLA styles. Here are general recommendations from Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.) that you can apply to your book review:

Chicago Style Citation Book Review: Title Page

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) handbook gives students the freedom of choice: either to make a title page, or start the paper with the title on the first page of the paper. Note that the title page should be double-spaced. If your teacher asked you to create a title page in CMS book review format, include the following points:

• Title centered in the first third of the page
• Your first and last name following several lines
• Course and class name

For better understanding, check out the following sample title page. And remember, your teacher’s requirements always dominate the instructions we give you in this article.

Sample CMS Book Review Title Page

What if your professor doesn’t require a title page? Start the first line of the main text with the complete bibliographical information about the book. Then list your name and the date. It will look like the following:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher’s Name, Year of publication. Nathan Drake 30 Aug. 2018

How to Cite a CMS Book Review

If you are writing an academic paper in the CMS format and need to cite a book review from another author, you can follow these samples:

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Literature Review

• Steps for Conducting a Lit Review
• Finding "The Literature"
• Organizing/Writing
• Sample Literature Reviews
• FAMU Writing Center

Internet Resources

• MLA Formatting and Style Guide - from the OWL at Purdue

MLA Handbook

For a complete list of style rules, consult the MLA Handbook at the Reference Desk:

Works Cited entries

The discipline of English, as well as many other disciplines in the humanities, use MLA citation format.  Below are some examples for formatting the Works Cited page.  Look in the drop-down menu for examples of in-text citations.

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How To Do In-Text Citations in MLA Format: A Quick Guide for Students

An in-text citation is a reference to information originating from another source. In-text citations must be used when you summarize, quote, paraphrase or refer to another source within a written document, such as academic literature. 

In-text citations are essential in academic writing. Without them, how would readers verify the information is reliable and accurate? Trustworthy authors include their sources for verifiable information rather than opinions so readers know where the evidence for claims can be explored further.

The Modern Language Association manages MLA style standards with the purpose to “strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature” and standardize how information sources are credited in scholarly writing. Not only does the MLA recommend proper citation format, but it also suggests proper general formatting, including document spacing, margins and font size.

As you begin authoring scholarly works, you’ll find the need to credit sources. Use this quick guide to learn how to do in-text citations in MLA format.

What is MLA format?

How to do in-text citations in mla, how to do a works cited page in mla, common challenges and solutions, tips for effective in-text citations.

MLA citation style is a system for crediting sources in scholarly writing and has been widely used in classrooms, journals and the press since 1931. What began with a three-page style sheet for the MLA’s scholarly journal became a uniform writing style preferred by academics and the editorial media everywhere.

Since its inception, the in-text citation style has changed from a recommended combination of footnotes and in-text citations in MLA format. The 1951 style guide suggested : “If the reference is brief, insert it, within parentheses, in the text itself . . . ; if it is lengthy, put it in a [foot]note.” As technology and society changed, so did the MLA style. In 1995, the document added recommendations for citing CD-ROMs and online databases. In 2016, the MLA published one of the most modern versions of the MLA Handbook , wherein in-text citations in MLA style should now be written according to a template of core elements.

The modern-day components of an in-text citation in MLA format, as of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook , include:

• Author’s name
• Page numbers (if applicable)

These short in-text citations serve as references to a Works Cited list, which should follow a written piece of work and list all sources used in detail.

Authors who correctly use in-text citations in MLA style will prove their credibility, integrity and responsibility to share accurate and reliable information and simultaneously protect themselves from stealing sources and ideas from other writers, also known as plagiarism. Plagiarism is a severe offense , and many institutions have strict rules against the practice .

Now that you understand the importance of citations let’s review how to use in-text citations in MLA style. When referring to another author’s work in your own written text, you must use parenthetical citations, including the source in parentheses within the sentence that refers to the work. 

If a source does not have page numbers, use another numbering system, such as chapters, sections, scenes or articles that are explicitly numbered. If there are no numbered divisions within the work, simply cite the author’s name.

The basic format for in-text citations in MLA writings is as follows:

• The pail of water was at the top of the hill, which Jack and Jill decided to climb (Mother Goose 1) .

If including a direct quote from a source, enclose the entire quote within quotation marks to avoid confusing the reader. The in-text citation should fall outside the quotation marks at the end of the sentence before the sentence’s period. Paraphrased information does not need quotation marks but does need proper in-text citation.

It should be noted that any information included in your in-text citations must refer to the source information on the Works Cited page listed at the end of your document.

If you’re wondering how to list the references on the Works Cited page, the format varies depending on the type, such as a book or a website.

How to cite a book in MLA

• Author last name, first name. Title. Publisher, year.

How to cite an article in MLA

• Author last name, first name. “Article title.” Publication, volume/issue, publication month. Year, page numbers. Database, reference URL.

How to cite a website in MLA

• Author last name, first name. “Title.” Publication, publication month. Year, web page URL.

While constructing your paper, you may encounter a few citation challenges, such as a source with multiple authors or no known author. Though this can be confusing, this is how to use in-text citations in MLA style for challenging situations.

How to cite multiple authors in MLA

To write an in-text citation in MLA format for a source with multiple authors , simply list each author’s last name before the page number. Sources with more than two authors should cite the first author, followed by “et al.” For example:

• 2 authors: (Hall and Oates 1)
• 3+ authors: (Hall et al. 1)

How to cite sources with no author in MLA

Sources with no author must match the first listed element within its Works Cited entry. For example:

• In-text citation: (Baa, Baa, Black Sheep 0:15)
• Works Cited entry: “Baa, Baa, Black Sheep.” Spotify . https://open.spotify.com/track/1Zpe8ef70Wx20Bu2mLdXc1?si=7TlgCyj1SYmP6K-uy4isuQ

How to cite indirect or secondary sources in MLA

A secondary source is a publication that provides second-hand information from other researchers. You may use secondary sources in your research, though it’s best practice to search for the primary source that supplied the first-hand information, so cite it directly.

If you don’t have access to the original source, include the original author and the author of the secondary source , with the abbreviation “qtd. in” indicating where you accessed the secondary quote. “Qtd. in” stands for “quoted in.” For example:

• (qtd. in Baa, Baa, Black Sheep 0:15)

Using et al. in MLA citations

As described above, et al. is used instead of listing all names of three or more authors, editors or contributors within your citations. It can also cite collections of essays, stories or poems with three or more contributors. When using et al., you should always use the last name of the first writer listed on the source. For example:

• (Earth et al. “September” 0:15)
• Contributors: Earth, Wind and Fire

The most crucial part of in-text citations in MLA style is to keep a consistent and accurate format within the entire body of work. Always use the same punctuation within the in-text citations and the same formatting for sources of the same type. Ensure that double-checking citations is part of your overall proofreading process. All citations, like the written work, should be precise and error-free.

Various tools exist to help you collect and manage your sources and citations. Popular tools include Zotero , EndNote and RefWorks . These tools can create citations for you and keep track of your research documents so you can reference them again if needed. It’s wise to track your sources as they’re included in your writing rather than compiling and citing them when finished.

More resources for writing in MLA format

For the most up-to-date in-text citation information, refer to the MLA Handbook , which can be found online, in bookstores and libraries. The most recent edition of the MLA Handbook is the 9th edition, published in spring 2021.

The MLA also operates the MLA Handbook Plus , a subscription-based digital platform that offers all of the content included in the print edition, plus annual updates and valuable resources, and can be accessed anywhere, whether you’re traveling, at home or in the classroom.

The MLA Style Center offers free online sources on the official MLA style, including templates, questions and answers and advice.

Furman University offers trained consultants for students on campus to provide one-on-one or small-group assistance for writing projects at the Writing & Media Lab (WML). You can make an appointment with a WML Consultant or stop by the James B. Duke Library in the Center for Academic Success (room 002) for on-demand help (subject to scheduling).

The Writing & Media Lab can help with many tasks related to student writing and multimedia projects, including:

• Brainstorming a paper or project
• Outlining your ideas
• Reading through your writing
• Creating a presentation or poster
• Helping you practice your presentation
• Planning a video or podcast
• Revising, proofreading, or editing

Mastering the art of in-text citations in MLA format will ensure that you, as an academic author, will portray yourself as a serious, responsible and factual writer who uses accurate and reliable sources.

The perspectives and thoughts shared in the Furman Blog belong solely to the author and may not align with the official stance or policies of Furman University. All referenced sources were accurate as of the date of publication.

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How do I cite a review of a product?

To cite a review of a product, such as a toaster, follow the examples for citing reviews provided in appendix 2 of the MLA Handbook . How you cite the review will depend on whether it is signed (i.e., whether it lists the author’s name or was published anonymously) and on whether it has a unique title. The following shows an example works-cited-list entry for a signed review with a unique title:

Sullivan, Michael, and Sabrina Imbler. “The Best Toaster.” The New York Times , 19 July 2022, www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-toaster/.

Below is an example of a review that has a unique title but was published anonymously:

“Five Best Toasters of 2022, Tested by Food Network Kitchen.”  Food Network , 15 June 2022, www.foodnetwork.com/how-to/packages/shopping/product-reviews/best-toasters.

If the review does not have a unique title, use a description in the Title of Source element ( MLA Handbook 5.23), as in the following example: 

Review of Café Couture Smart Toaster Oven with Air Fry. Consumer Reports , 2022, www.consumerreports.org/products/toasters-toaster-ovens-28972/toaster-oven-28731/cafe-couture-smart-toaster-oven-with-air-fry-407059/.

MLA Handbook . 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.  MLA Handbook Plus , 2021, mlahandbookplus.org/.

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