biology paper 2 essay questions and answers

• Schemes of Work
• Video Lessons
• Question Papers
• Universities

Sample Biology Paper 2 Essay revision questions and Answers

Institution: Secondary

Course: Education

Content Category: Class Notes

Posted By: mikeGreen

Document Type: PDF

Number of Pages: 43

Download 2020 biology paper 2 essays revision questions with answers. The paper contains questions set based on the KCSE examination trends and frequent topics. 1. Explain how the various specialized cells are modified to carry out their functions in plants and animals Animal cells: Sperm cell; has acrosome containing lytic enzymes; that digest the egg membranes for penetration during fertilization; has a long tail; containing numerous mitochondria; to generate maximum energy for propulsion/swimming in the vaginal fluid after ejaculation; Red blood cells; are flattened, circular/spherical biconcave in shape; to increase the surface area for packaging of haemoglobin; has haemoglobin; that combines with respiratory gases; for transport to and from body tissues; White blood cells; are amoeboid in shape hence able to change shape; to engulf pathogens through phagocytosis; lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight pathogens; Nerve cell; has extensions/dentrites; to receive and send information for sensation; Ciliated epithelial cells; have cilia for propulsion of mucus that traps dust and micro-organisms in the respiratory tract; Muscle cells; elongated, striated and contractile; to bring about movement; Plant cells: Guard cells; bean-shaped; to regulate the size of the stomata allowing gaseous exchange; and control water loss; has chloroplasts with chlorophyll; for photosynthesis; Root hair cell; elongated; thin-walled; with dense cytoplasm for absorption of water and mineral salts; Epidermal cell; thin; for protection of inner tissues from mechanical and micro-organism attack; Palisade cell; contains numerous chloroplasts with chlorophyll; for photosynthesis; elongated; to increase surface area for trapping maximum amounts of light energy; Meristematic cell; thinwalled; with dense cytoplasm; for primary and secondary growth; Max. 20 mks 2. Explain the various ways in which a typical cell is adapted to its functions Has a cell membrane; with pores; that regulates substances entering and leaving the cell; cytoplasm; contain sugars and salts; for maintaining its osmotic pressure; also has a liquid medium; for all biochemical reactions; nucleus; contain chromosomes having hereditary material; and controls all the activities of the cell; ribosomes; are sites for protein synthesis; golgi bodies/apparatus; for secretion of hormones and enzymes; formation of lysosomes; lysosomes; contain lytic enzymes for breaking down worn-out organelles; secretory vesicles; formed from golgi apparatus for secreting substances; smooth endoplasmic reticulum; synthesizes and transports lipids; rough endoplasmic reticulum; transport proteins; nucleolus; controls the activities of the nucleus; produces ribosomes; mitochondria; form sites for energy production; centrioles; formation of cilia and flagella; forms spindle fibres used in cell division; plant sap vacuoles; store salts and other dissolved substances; controls osmotic pressure and turgidity of cells; food vacuoles involved in digestion of engulfed food; chloroplasts; form sites for photosynthesis in plant cells; Max. 20 mks .....................

Below is the document preview. Purchase to access the complete document.

This is the end of this document preview. Buy to download the complete document.

More Resources

Grade 4 End of Term 2 2022 assessment Test covering Grade 4 content taught in Term 1 and 2. Suitable for the learners in Grade 4.Learners in grade 5 and 6 can also use the test for revision.

Price: KES :  100

Grade 5 assessment test at the end of term 2 2022. It covers the content taught in Grade 4 and part of Grade 5 work. It is suitable for learners learning French in Grade 5. Also suitable for...

Grade 6 assessment test for end term 2 2022. It covers all the content learnt in Grade 4,5 and part of Grade 6. Suitable for learners in Grade 6.

Get high quality Grade 6 Physical Health Education Lesson Notes Term 2 . Available in Ms word format. GRADE 6 PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION NOTES NETBALL Facility - NETBALL is a non-contact...

Download detailed Grade 7 term 2 Visual Arts notes with illustrations and relevant pictures.

Price: KES :  150

Critically expose Jonathan Swift;s "Gullivers Travels" to a post modernism approach. - The paper gives an insight to how you can evaluate the above mentioned text using a post modernism approach. -...

Short notes on Business Studies: Forms of Business Units ............

Price: KES :  47

A clear summary of heat energy topic taught in high school. Heat Energy Notes.

Price: KES :  29

This is a well highlighted and well explained topic about project appraisal case studies. It has the following sub topics: (i) Transport networks (ii) Project identification (iii) Feasibility and...

These notes help build adequate understanding concerning the human resource management in an organization including its environment, both micro and macro explained in detail.

Price: KES :  300

I have prepared my notes after research and i think they have the content needed in this unit.They are 15 pages in number and they cover the major parts of the unit.The best way to proof them is by...

Price: KES :  350

Introduction to computer studies notes. Brief Overview: Definition of a Computer: - A Computer is an electronic device that operates (works) under the control of programs stored in its own...

Price: KES :  200

CCP 4I6: Security Design and Formulation Notes Brief Overview: 2 Introduction Physical security is defined as: Physical measurers, policies, and procedures to protect an organizations systems,...

This is a summarized class notes document for the entire unit. The notes include some practice exercises that can speculate how the continuous assessment and final exams look like. Brief...

Price: KES :  1200

These notes include the definition of protozoa, the relationships between the protozoa and the host, the reproduction of protozoa and taxonomy of protozoa.

These notes contain detailed information on livestock metabolic diseases,their clinical signs, the animals they affect,control measures as well as the treatment to be administered.

The notes contain key principles and information on agricultural marketing. Brief Overview: 1.1 Purpose of the Course This course aims at introducing students to how the market works and how...

Price: KES :  250

The notes define various terms used in Pharmacology and various modes of administration of drugs. They also state the various forms of drugs, definition of bioavailability of drugs and the factors...

Agriculture Kcse 2016 Paper 1 questions and answer. This is good revision material for the candidates. Brief Overview: No.1.List four factors that would determine the stage at which a crop is...

Price: KES :  30

This document contains comprehensive notes for form 3. They are very beneficial to students and teachers. Brief Overview: 1. a) i) What is meant by the term binomial nomenclature? - scientific...

Price: KES :  290

This is an easy to read article on Batholiths that is comprehensive but enjoyable. It simplifies the description of batholiths. The objective is to make the topic less abstract.

Price: KES :  50

The notes are structured in a systematic way according to the council of legal education requirement for the core law subject Evidence law. Case laws, statutes and the constitution are provided in...

Price: KES :  950

Looking for Primary Teacher Education (PTE) notes for physical education 1st year and 2nd year? You can find them here. These notes helps the tutor in lecturing and the student teacher in revisions...

Solved questions and answers for macroenomics. High quality questions with answers. Brief Overview: Chapter 3, Question 1 (Evolution of the household) Determine whether each of the following...

Price: KES :  259

These notes may be used by tutors in lecturing and student teacher in revision. This document summaries the main content of the new syllabus for teachers’ colleges. Besides samples examination...

English Methodology Notes for Primary Teacher Education (PTE). These notes may be used by student teacher in revision.. Brief Overview: Definition of Language Language as a word is based on the...

Best Ushairi Kiswahili notes. It is in point form to help both the teacher and the student in Ushairi. Brief Overview: Kitengo Ushairi Mashairi yanaweza kugawanywa katika aina mbalimbali...

This document contains Kiswahili notes which may be used by the teacher in teaching and the student in revision. Brief Overview: STADI ZA LUGHA Katika Kiswahili kuna sauti mbili ambazo...

Oral literature is one of the are as tested in Literature in English of the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations. The other are as in this paper include The Novel, Drama, Poetry and...

FORM FOUR BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES TOPIC: EVOLUTION Topic objectives At the end of this topic, the learner should be able to: I)Define the term Evolution II) Describe the origin of life III) Describe...

FORM TWO BIOLOGY NOTES. TOPIC: EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTATIS Objective: At the end of this topic, the learner should be able to; i) Distinguish between excretion and homeostasis ii) Explain various...

Price: KES :  90

This document contains 14 pages of Microsoft Access Notes. They are high quality, detailed and ready for use. Brief Overview: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS These are software that allow records...

UNIT I 1. What is an Operating system? An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. It also provides a basis for application programs and act as an intermediary between a...

Price: KES :  360

Structured programming questions and answers. This document contains sample questions and answers for the unit of structured programming offered under diploma course in information and communication...

Introduction to Programming and Algorithms Notes: Questions and Answers Brief Overview: 1. Define high level language over machine language ?, explain advantages and disadvantages. High level...

These notes are very broad on human computer interaction. Brief Overview: 1.1 Definition HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent...

Home Science Notes Questions and Answers Form 1, Form 2, Form 3 and Form 4. Brief Overview: 1. How can you ensure that a sitting room is well ventilated? (3mks) 2. What two precautionary...

This document is Chemistry revision booklet for Form 1 to Form 4 in form of questions and answers. It is suitable for use by both students and teachers. Brief Overview: 1. Against each mixture...

Price: KES :  120

Comprehensive Home science revision notes across the forms. Brief Overview: 1. How can you ensure that a sitting room is well ventilated?(3mks) 2. What two precautionary measures should be...

Geography revision series paper 2. This is suitable for teachers a well as students who want to excel in the subject. Brief Overview: 1. Climate (a) Temperature – warm temperatures facilities...

Price: KES :  80

Biology Charts For use with any course book .....................

This content primarily highlights how viruses are classified into many cohorts as per there strands and genome. Brief Overview: Fundamentals of virology for medical laboratory sciences students...

Comprehensive PTE and KCSE English Grammar Revision Notes. THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH ? There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition,...

These are detailed notes on management of renal conditions. It contains types of renal conditions , their manifestation and risk factors associated . Dialysis and nutrients of concern in the...

Sample questions of different excerpts from The Blossoms of the Savanna. Brief Overview: Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. “No Joseph,” she said in an infantile...

Biology summarized notes on photosynthesis. Brief Overview: Energy for Life Processes Energy is the ability to do work Work for a cell includes growth & repair, active transport across cell...

Price: KES :  60

This document contains simplified business studies notes on trade. Brief Overview: International trade refers to trade between countries. ¨ If the trade involves only two nations it’s...

This is a detailed notes on the topic nutrition and liver conditions . It is part of the course HND 207 which describes diseases and nutrition management . In it is a sammary of types of liver...

VITATE VITAWE NA VISAWE Baadhi ya maneno ya Kiswahili yanaweza kuwa na maana sawa, maana zaidi ya moja au matamshi yanayotatiza. Vikundi hivi vitatu ni: 1. Vitate- maneno yanayotatiza kimatamshi....

Price: KES :  70

English Grammar Exercises for Form 1, Form 2, Form 3 and Form 4. Brief Overview: EXERCISE 1. D The words below can be countable or uncountable depending on the contexts of their usage. Briefly...

Kiswahili revision kit: Mada zilizomo :karatasi ya kwanza; karatasi ya pili na karatasi ya tatu. ......................

Aina za Mashairi, Istilahi za Ushairi, Bahari za Ushairi. Brief Overview: Kuna aina nyingi za mashairi. Majina ya aina hizi hulingana na idadi ya mishororo katika kila ubeti. Mfano: ·...

Price: KES :  40

This document contains detailed lecture Notes on Criminology. Brief Overview: Introduction Criminology is a knowledge body that treats crimes as a social phenomenon. Criminological theories are...

Business Studies Revision Kit With Questions and Answers. TOPICS COVERED PAGE 1. Introduction to Business Studies……………………………………………… 3 2. Business and it environment……………………………………………………3 3....

This document explains the three theories of the mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata. Brief Overview: Mechanism of Closing and Opening of Stomata There are three theories which have...

Hadithi Aina za Hadithi Kuna vipera kadhaa vya ngano katika fasihi simulizi kulingana na wahusika au dhamira yake: o Visaviini o Visasili o Hekaya o Khurafa o Mighani/Usuli/Visakale o Hadithi...

USHAIRI YALIYOMO Aina za Mashairi Kuna aina nyingi za mashairi. Majina ya aina hizi hulingana na idadi ya mishororo katika kila ubeti. Mfano: · Umoja/tathmina - ni shairi lenye mshororo mmoja...

This document contains Biology Questions and Answers Form 2 Brief Overview: a) i) Define transport • Movement of substances from one part of the body to another ii) Explain the necessity of...

Kiswahili Revision Booklet, Question and Answers.(Ufahamu, Ufupisho, Matumizi ya lugha na Isimu Jamii). Brief Overview: Soma kifungu kifuatacho halafu ujibu maswali uliyoulizwa Tsunami,...

This document has details on the action of drugs in the body and to the target tissue. It have great description on the path followed by the drugs once ingested, absorbed, metabolized within the body...

i. Identifying the factors which affect International business activity. ii. Assessing the impact of Economic, Political, Legal, Social, Cultural, Technological factors in influencing the extent...

Information System –is a set of devices, procedures and Operating Systems designed around user-based criteria to produce info and communicate it to the user for planning, control and performance...

Chemistry Practicals Teacher Notes. Brief Overview: Introduction Scientific subjects are, by their nature, experimental. It is accordingly important that an assessment of a student’s knowledge...

Underlined notes on the important points that are usually tested on chemistry - sulphur and its compound (part one). Brief Overview: Sources of sulphur Copper pyrites Iron pyrite Extraction...

This document contains tips on how to treat dark spots and get beautiful skin and how to avoid dark sports on your face. Brief Overview: Top 10 helpful tips to correct dark spots and get...

Price: KES :  500

Very well explained notes on rocks and minerals tested in Geography paper 1. Brief Overview: A rock is a naturally formed aggregate of mineral particles forming solid part of crust A mineral is...

Karatasi hii ni ya kumsaidia mwanafunzi kuelewa nyakati za kiswahili. Nyakati hizi ni: Wakati uliopo Wakati ujao Wakati uliopita. ...................................

Contains detailed notes on computer networking and data communication. Brief Overview: Definition of terms used in Networking Network A Network can be defined as a collection of independent...

Price: KES :  1000

Has in depth description of data organization, data collection and files used in data processing. Brief Overview: DATA PROCESSING. Data processing deals with how data is organized & processed...

Explanation on how computers interpret and converts data for processing to give the desired output to the user. Brief Overview: DATA REPRESENTATION IN A COMPUTER. Digital computers process data...

The notes defines the stages involved in system development life cycle with each of the stages clearly discussed, types of systems, theories of system development, information systems and...

Database models, database maintenance and database management systems are some of the key points discussed in the notes. Brief Overview: What is a Database? - It is a collection of information...

The notes provide definitions of the key terms used in desktop publishing, purpose of desktop publishing and features of desktop publishing among others to enable the learner acquire the basic...

INTRODUCTION 1.1 NATURE AND SCOPE OF FINANCIAL LAW Financial law is the branch of law that regulates social relationships arising from the financial activities. Financial law applies only to those...

The notes have briefly enumerated all styles which have been used in Blossoms of the Savannah which include: Brief Overview: The language used in literature is different from that used in other...

Detailed notes on development and organization of long distance trade. Brief Overview: • Local trade refers to the exchange of goods among members of a community. Regional trade involves...

The note have tackled all themes in Blossoms of the Savannah Brief Overview: Themes are issues that are consistent in a creative work. They are sub categories or sub topics of the subject matter...

A character is a fictitious personage created by a novelist in order to convey an idea. Characterization is the process of selecting suitable characters that suit specific roles by the novelist....

These are notes that enable a student who is learning computer studies to know what a computer is, characteristics of a computer, peripherals such as keyboard, mouse etc., types of memory e.g. RAM,...

Well detailed chemistry notes on acids, bases and indicators. Chemistry Notes - Acid, Bases and Indicators ACIDS BASES AND Indicators revision notes Introduction to Acids, Bases And...

This document describes the various various of macroeconomic theory and how they interact to achieve the state of the economy. Brief Overview: 1. Question: how does microeconomics differ from...

This document contains notes on Kwasi wiredu essay on what philosophy can do to Africans. .......................

Christian Religious Education paper one notes is the most simplified and comprehensive. It covers all paper one notes in form of questions well arranged in order as indicated in the syllabus. The...

Price: KES :  450

Haya ni makala ya Isimu Jamii kwa wanafunzi wa kidato cha Pili. Pia kunaouwezekano wa kutumiwa na wanafunzi wa sekondori kuanzia kidato cha kwanza hadi kile cha nne. Kwa mwanafunzi yeyote ambaye...

The document contains summarized notes on gas preparation, methods of drying as well as collection. ................

three categories of questions in physics • statement questions • calculations questions • diagrammatical answering .......................

Maasai Mara University BBM 362: Labour and Industrial Relations Notes \ BBM362: LABOUR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS @willy2va EMPLOYEE/ LABOUR RELATIONS Employee relations consist of those are as of...

Egerton University Bachelor of Science in Ecotourism and Hospitality Management WIEM 411 Human Resource Management - Job Evaluation and Performances Appraisal Notes A job evaluation is a systematic...

WIEM 411: Human Resource Management - Recruiting Employees Notes Egerton University Bachelor of Science in Ecotourism and Hospitality Management Recruitment – synonymous with "hiring" in American...

This documents contains Biology essay questions and answers. Brief Overview: Explain the various ways in which a typical cell is adapted to its functions Has a cell membrane; with pores;...

This document contains examination standard Mathematics questions and answers. MATHEMATICS 1 PART I SECTION A: 1. Use logarithm tables to evaluate (4 mks) 0.0368 x 43.92 361.8 2. Solve for x...

Computer Studies Revision Kit For Form 1 to Form 4 - Questions and Answers About the book Education is a key for a country’s development, but it becomes a hindrance when it is unequally...

Diploma in Information Technology Module II Database Management Systems. DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. MODULE II Author: David Mumo Musyoka. Contents. 1.0 Objectives 1.1...

The document has simplified, more elaborate handwritten notes on solubility and solubility curves. Makes a student develop good attitude towards form 4 chemistry. ..............

Price: KES :  99

Covers a wide range of knowledge areas in System simulation and Modeling with all topics discussed. SIMULATION AND MODELLING Model-A representation of a system. Can either be physical or...

Mwongozo wa Sauti ya Dhiki Brief Overview: Utangulizi Mashairi yaliyomo kwenye kitabu cha Sauti ya Dhiki ni zao linalotokana na kufungwa kwa Abdilatif Abdalla. Kifungo hiki kilikuwa cha dhiki...

Contains the differences between electronic medical records and electronic health records, and outlines how m-health can be utilized to improve health care service delivery in Kenya. Over the last...

Meaning of communication, types of communication, elements of communication, reasons for communication, barriers to effective communication. .........................

Price: KES :  0

Sample History and Government Paper 1 and 2 Questions and Answers. Brief Overview: SECTION A (COMPULSORY) 1. Name two sources of Kenyan History. (2mks) 2. Give two ways in which...

The notes allows one to understand the double entry concept and recording all the accounting transactions. Brief Overview: a) NATURE OF ACCOUNTING Accounting is defined as the process of...

More Content By mikeGreen

Download newly updated notes for form 2 biology, gaseous exchange. The notes are made from newly approved books and other materials by KICD and prepared by professionals. GASEOUS EXCHANGE ? This...

Download new updated notes for form 2 biology, respiration from the new books approved by KICD. RESPIRATION ? It is the process by which food substances are chemically broken down in all living...

Download latest 2020 notes for biology, Transport in plants and animals form 2 work. This work has been prepared based on the approved books and other learning materials by KICD and the ministry of...

Download 2020 well analyzed geography questions with answers based on the continuity and trend in examination settings by KNEC and professional setters. This work is prepared and counter checked by...

Download latest notes for Modern Computer Technologies and Their Applications in the field of Genomic Science. Due to increasing demand for bioinformatics these notes are prepared to equip you with...

Download updated notes on medical Epidemiology, general notes and types of study discussed in details. The notes entail and cover the most outcome research conducted and proven for study. MEDICAL...

Get the detailed notes on Epidemiology, covering from sampling to disease frequency measurements and all protocols involved in every study. Introduction Sampling is a familiar part of daily life....

Download detailed notes on disease causation and determinants of health covering upto interaction of such determinants. DESEASE CAUSATION Concepts of Disease Occurrence A critical premise of...

• Primary and High School Exams in Kenya With Marking Schemes
• PP1 Schemes of Work
• PP2 Schemes of Work
• Grade 1 Schemes of Work
• Grade 2 Schemes of Work
• Grade 3 Schemes of Work
• Grade 4 Schemes of Work
• Grade 5 Schemes of Work
• Grade 6 Schemes of Work
• Grade 7 Schemes of Work
• Class 8 Schemes of Work
• Form 1 Schemes of Work
• Form 2 Schemes of Work
• Form 3 Schemes of Work
• Form 4 Schemes of Work
• Class 8 Notes
• Grade 7 Notes
• Grade 6 Notes
• Grade 5 Notes
• Grade 4 Notes
• Grade 3 Notes
• Grade 2 Notes
• Grade 1 Notes
• Lecture Notes
• Past Papers
• Questions With Answers

© 2008-2024 by KenyaPlex.com. All Rights Reserved | Home | About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Terms Of Use | Privacy Policy | Advertise Contact us: info @ kenyaplex.com -->

• CPA NEW SYLLABUS 2021
• KCSE MARKING SCHEMES
• ACTS OF PARLIAMENT
• UNIVERSITY RESOURCES PDF
• CPA Study Notes
• INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN AUDITING (ISA)
• Teach Yourself Computers

KNEC STUDY MATERIALS, REVISION KITS AND PAST PAPERS

STUDY FOR FREE

• KCSE Past Papers 2021 Biology Paper 2 (231/2)

KCSE Past Papers 2021 Biology Paper 2 Questions (231/2)

SECTION A (40 marks)

Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1. The photograph below shows an organism from a certain Class of organisms.

a.i. Name the Class to which the organism belongs. (1 mark)

ii. Using observable features from the photograph , state two reasons for your answer

iii. State two ways in which the organism is important to the environment. (2 marks)

b.i. Name the Kingdom to which bacteria belong. (1 mark)

ii. Name two bacterial diseases in human beings. (2 marks)

2.a. State two adaptations of the frog’s skin to gaseous exchange. (2 marks)

b. Explain how the human nasal cavity is adapted to gaseous exchange. (3 marks)

c. Explain why the amoeba does not require an elaborate gaseous exchange system. (2 marks)

d. Name the respiratory disease caused by Bordetella pertussis (1 mark)

3. The diagram below shows a section through the mammalian skin.

a.i. Name the substance produced by the part labelled G. (1 mark)

ii. State two functions of the substance named in 3(a)(i). (2 marks)

b. Name the part labelled E. (1 mark)

c. Explain the function of the part labelled F to the mammal.(2 marks)

d. i. Name one part of the human body where the cornified layer is thickest. (1 mark)

ii. Give a reason for your answer in 3(c)(i). (1 mark)

4.a. Two dogs with black fur mated and produced an offspring with both black and brown fur. Given letter N represents the gene for black fur, determine the phenotypic ratio of the offspring. (5 marks)

b. The photographs below show a hairy pinna in a human ear.

i. Explain why this trait is only found in males. (2 marks)

ii. Name one other trait that only appears in males(1 mark)

5.a. State the role of sunlight in the formation of strong bones. (1 mark)

b. The photograph below shows the dorsal view of a part of the mammalian vertebral column.

i. Name the part of the vertebral column shown. (1 mark)

ii. Name the part labelled H.

iii. State three ways in which the vertebra shown is adapted to its functions.

c. Explain the significance of movement in plants.

i. The photographs below show a hairy pinna in a human ear.

ii. Explain why this trait is only found in males. (2 marks)

SECTION B (40 marks)

Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.

6. The table below shows the varying concentration of two hormones, progesterone and luteinizing hormone, determined at seven-day intervals during the human menstrual cycle.

a. On the same axis, draw graphs of concentration of hormones against time.(8 marks)

b. i. Name the physiological process taking place when the concentration of luteinizing hormone is highest. (1 mark)

ii. State the significance of the process named in 6 (b) (i). (1 mark)

c.i. Determine the concentration of progesterone hormone at which the endometrium is thickest. (1 mark)

ii. Explain your answer in 6(c)(i). (1 mark)

d. State two roles of progesterone hormone in humans. (2 marks)

e. Name two sites where progesterone hormone is produced in the human body. (2 marks)

f. Name another hormone, apart from the luteinizing hormone, that inhibits the secretion of progesterone hormone. (1 mark)

g.i. Predict the concentration of progesterone hormone seen days after the study period if fertilization did not take place. (1 mark)

ii. Give a reason for your answer in 6(9)(i). (1 mark)

h. Name the part of the human body where the luteinizing hormone is produced. (1 mark)

7.a. Explain the role of the placenta during pregnancy. (10 marks)

b. Explain features and mechanisms that hinder self pollination and self fertilisation. (10 marks)

8.a. Describe how the xylem tissue is structurally adapted to its functions. (5 marks)

b. Describe the functions of blood in the human body.(15 marks)

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Form 1 Mathematics Notes
• Form 2 Mathematics Notes
• Form 3 Mathematics Notes
• Form 4 Mathematics Notes
• Form 1 Mathematics Topical Questions and Answers
• Form 2 Mathematics Topical Questions and Answers
• Form 3 Mathematics Topical Questions and Answers
• Form 4 Mathematics Topical Questions and Answers
• Form 1 Functional Writing Notes
• Form 2 Functional Writing Notes
• Form 3 Functional Writing Notes
• Form 4 Functional Writing Notes
• Poetry Notes
• Grammar Notes
• Oral Literature Notes
• Oral Skills Notes
• Guide to Blossoms of the Savannah Summarized Notes - Easy Elimu
• A Doll's House
• The Pearl Study Guide
• Memories We Lost and Other Stories Study Guide
• Inheritance Study Guide
• A Silent song and Other Stories Guide
• Fathers of Nations Guide
• An Artist of the Floating World Guide
• The Samaritan Guide
• Sarufi na Matumizi ya Lugha
• Isimu Jamii Notes
• Fasihi Notes
• Ushairi Notes
• Mwongozo wa Kuandika Insha
• Tumbo Lililoshiba na Hadithi Nyingine
• Mwongozo wa Kigogo
• Mwongozo wa Chozi La Heri - Chozi la Heri Notes PDF
• Mwongozo wa Bembea ya Maisha - Bembea ya Maisha Notes PDF
• Mwongozo wa Nguu za Jadi
• Mwongozo wa Mapambazuko ya Machweo na Hadithi Nyingine
• Biology Form 1 Notes
• Biology Form 2 Notes
• Biology Form 3 Notes
• Biology Form 4 Notes
• Biology Essays
• Form 1 Biology Topical Revision Questions and Answers
• Form 2 Biology Topical Revision Questions and Answers
• Form 3 Biology Topical Revision Questions and Answers
• Form 4 Biology Topical Revision Questions and Answers
• Form 1 Chemistry Notes
• Form 2 Chemistry Notes
• Form 3 Chemistry Notes
• Form 4 Chemistry Notes
• All Chemistry Practicals Notes for KCSE and MOCKS
• Form 1 Chemistry Topical Revision Questions and Answers
• Form 2 Chemistry Topical Revision Questions and Answers
• Form 3 Chemistry Topical Revision Questions and Answers
• Form 4 Chemistry Topical Revision Questions and Answers
• IRE Form 1 Notes
• IRE Form 2 Notes
• IRE Form 3 Notes
• IRE Form 4 Notes
• Physics Form 1 Notes
• Physics Form 2 Notes
• Physics Form 3 Notes
• Physics Form 4 Notes
• CRE Form 1 Notes
• CRE Form 2 Notes
• CRE Form 3 Notes
• CRE Form 4 Notes
• Geography Form 1 Notes
• Geography Form 2 Notes
• Geography Form 3 Notes
• Geography Form 4 Notes
• History Form 1 Notes
• History Form 2 Notes
• History Form 3 Notes
• History Form 4 Notes
• Business Studies Form 1 Notes
• Business Studies Form 2 Notes
• Business Studies Form 3 Notes
• Business Studies Form 4 Notes
• Home Science Form 2 Notes
• Home Science Form 3 Notes
• Home Science Form 4 Notes
• Home Science Form 1 Notes
• Agriculture Form 1 Notes
• Agriculture Form 2 Notes
• Agriculture Form 3 Notes
• Agriculture Form 4 Notes
• Agriculture KCSE 2019 Project
• Computer Studies Form 1 Notes
• Computer Studies Form 2 Notes
• Computer Studies Form 3 Notes
• Computer Studies Form 4 Notes
• KCSE 2017 Reports
• 2018 Pre-Mocks
• 2019 Pre-Mocks
• 2022 Pre Mocks
• 2021/2022 Pre-Mock Past Papers
• 2023 Pre Mocks
• 2017 Mock Past Papers
• 2019 Mock Past Papers
• 2020 Mock Past Papers
• Mock Exam Papers 2021/2022 - Easy Elimu
• Mock Exam 2022 Questions and Answers
• Alliance Boys High School
• Maranda High School
• Form 1 Past Papers
• Form 2 Past Papers
• Form 3 Past Papers
• Form 4 Past Papers
• 2019 KCSE Prediction Papers
• 2020 KCSE Prediction Papers
• 2021 KCSE Prediction Papers
• 2022 KCSE Prediction Questions and Answers - EasyElimu
• KCSE Prediction 2023
• 2020 Post Mock Past Papers
• 2021/2022 Post Mocks
• 2023 Post Mocks
• Play Group: Activities, Homework and Syllabus
• 2023 PP1 Exams
• 2023 PP2 Exams
• Grade 1 Notes
• 2023 Grade 1 Exams
• Grade 2 Notes
• 2023 Grade 2 Exams
• Grade 3 Notes
• 2023 Grade 3 Exams
• Grade 4 Notes
• 2023 Grade 4 Exams
• Grade 5 Notes
• 2023 Grade 5 Exams
• Grade 6 Notes
• KPSEA Exams
• 2023 Grade 6 Exams
• Class 6 : Notes, Revision Papers and Syllabus
• Class 7 : Notes, Revision Papers and Syllabus
• Class 8 Notes
• 2023 Class 8 Exams
• 2023 Kcpe Prediction
• Grade 7 Notes
• 2023 Grade 7 Exams
• The New EasyElimu Website
• Form 4 End Term 1 Exams
• Form 3 Exams 2024
• Form 2 End Term 1 Exams
• Form 1 End Term 1 Exams
• All Kiswahili setbook guides
• All English setbook guides
• Form 1 - 4 High School Notes

Biology Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2022 Mock Exams Set 1

« Previous Topic Biology Paper 1 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2022 Mock Exams Set 1

Next Topic » Biology Paper 3 Questions, Answers and Confidential - KCSE 2022 Mock Exams Set 1

Instructions to candidate

• Write your name, school, index number in the space provided at the top of the paper
• Sign and write the date of examination in the space provided above
• This paper consists of two sections, A and B
• Answer all the questions in section A in the spaces provided
• In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the answer booklet provided
• Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed as indicated and that no questions are missing
• Candidates should answer the questions in English 

For Examiner’s Use Only

SECTION A (40 marks)

• State two reasons for classifying living organisms (2mks)

• Identify the structure drawn above (1 mark)
• Sate the significance of the structure shown above (1 mark)
• Name the parts labelled A, B and C (3 marks) A B C
• Give the functions of the part labelled B and C (2 marks) B C
• Name the cell organelle more abundant in goblet cells (1 mark)
• In human, premature baldness is controlled by a gene on the Y chromosome Using B to represent the gene for baldness, work out a cross between a bald man and his wife (4mks)
• What is the probability of their daughters being bald? (1mk)
• Give a reason for your answer (1mk)
• Name one trait in human beings that is determined by multiple allele (1mk)
• Name one genetic disorder affecting the red blood cells (1mk)

• Identify the type of circulatory system shown in diagram above (1mk)
• Give a reason for your answer in (a)i) above (1mk)
• Name the parts labelled X, Y and Z (3mks) X Y Z
• Explain the disadvantage of having the above circulatory system in the animals (2mks)
• Explain why amoeba lack a circulatory system (1mk)
• Name the process by which the aquatic plant absorbs ions from pond water (1 mk)
• State the four roles of the process you have named in (a)(i) above in a mammalian body (4 mks)
• Name the cell structure that allows passage of ions in and out of the cell (1mk)
• How can the rate of uptake of ions by the aquatic plant be increased (2mks)

SECTION B (40 marks) Answer question 6 (compulsory ) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8

• What was the concentration of glucose in the blood of Y and Z at the 50th minute? (2mks) Y Z
• During the first 45 minutes (2mks)
• After 45th minute to the end (4mks)
• Account for the decrease in glucose level person Z after 60 minutes (2mk)
• Low blood sugar level in harmful to the body Explain (3mks)
• Give four modes of expressing food relationship in an ecosystem (4 marks)
• Explain how food as a factor regulate the population of animals in an ecosystem( 8 marks)
• How are desert plants adapted to conserving water? (8 marks)
• Describe the structure and functions of various organelles in a mature animal cell (20mks)

MARKING SCHEME

• Leaf compound ……………………………… go to 2;
• Leaf simple ……………………………… COTTON WOOD;
• Leaf pinnate …………………………………..go to 3;
• Leaf bipinnate …………………………………HONEY LOCUST;
• Leaf margin serrated…………………………...WHITE CLOVER;
• Leaf margin smooth……………………………BLACK WALNUT;
• Put similar organisms together and separate different;
• Put organisms in correct group for future reference;
• Arrange information about organisms in an orderly manner to avoid confusion
• Establish evolutionary relationship between different organisms
• Villi; rej. Villus
• Increase surface area for absorption of digested food;
• A- Epithelium; B- Lacteal; C – Blood capillaries;
• B- responsible for absorption of fats; rej. Fatty acids and glycerol C- Important for transporting digested food;
• Secrete mucus to lubricate food; Form a protective layer for the gut wall to prevent it from being digested;

• 0; acc. Zero/ none
• The gene for baldness is located on the Y chromosome which the girls lack;
• Blood group;
• Sickle cell anaemia;
• Open circulatory system.
• Transporting fluid/ blood flows into the general body cavity/ coelom;
• X -Aorta ; Y- Ostia ; z- Dorsal diaphragm ;
• Blood flows under low pressure; therefore nutrients are supplied to the tissues/ waste products are removed from the tissues at a lower rate;
• It has a large surface area to volume ratio, materials can diffuse into and out of the body fast;
• Active transport;
• Reabsorption of glucose/ salts in kidney tubules; Absorption of digested food from the alimentary canal into the blood stream; Excretion of waste materials from cell of the body; Accumulation of substances in the body to counter osmotic imbalance in saline Environment; STRICTLY IN MAMAMALS
• Cell membrane/Plasma membrane;
• Increasing supply of oxygen/ oxygen concentration; Increasing supply of glucose/ glucose concentration;

• Y - 120mg / 100cm 3 Z – 178mg / 100cm 3  
• Blood sugar level increased to 130 mg / 100cm 3 ; glucose is being absorbed from the intestines; Some of it by – passes the liner without entering the cells thus raising blood glucose level;
• Glucose concentration declined to normal 90mg / 100cm 3 high blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin ; which stimulates the liver cells to take up glucose ; and consists it to glycogen; (4mks)
• Some of the glucose is used in respiration to generate energy; some is lost in urine; (2mks)
• Food web; Food chain; Pyramid of biomass; Pyramid of numbers;
• A lot of food; causes population increase; leading to high rate of reproduction; and immigration; Little food ; leads to stiff competition (for food) ; leading to low rate of reproduction; high rates of deaths; and emigration; thus reducing the population.
• Leaves are modified to spines/ thorns; to reduce surface area over which transpiration can occur; Shed their leaves during the dry season; to reduce the surface area exposed to transpiration; Leaves have thick , waxy cuticles; to minimize rate of cuticular transpiration. Leaves for some plants can roll or fold; to reduce rate of transpiration by not exposing stomata to environmental factors. Have sunken stomata; which accumulates moisture in sub-stomatal air spaces hence low diffusion gradient thus reducing transpiration rate. Reduced number of stomata; hence low rate of transpiration. Some plants have reversed stomatal rhythm; to prevent excessive water loss by transpiration. Possession of very deep roots; to absorb water from deep in the soil surface; Possession of parenchyma cells in swollen stems and leaves; for storage of water; Many leaves are sclerophylous/ possess resin coatings; to increase reflection of solar radiation ; hence lower transpiration rate. NB Award transpiration once
• Has a double membrane surrounding it and inner membrane folded to form cristae which increases the surface area for attachment of respiratory golgi body/apparatus, are stack of membrane bound like sac/is a system of membranes sacs/hollow spaces; that transports glycoproteins/carbohydrates and proteins; They package glycoproteins; secrete mucus/enzymes/synthesized proteins.
• Are spherical in shape and enclosed by a single membrane; contain hydrolytic enzyme which destroy worn out organelles, micro-organism/ingest food/breakdown large molecules.
• Are membrane bound cavities in cytoplasm; smooth endoplasmic reticulum site for lipid/sterot transport. Rough endoplasmic reticulum ahs ribosome on its surface; and transport proteins.
• Rod shaped; located outside the nuclear membrane, for formation of fibs and cilia
• It’s a fluid medium; where chemical reaction occurs, contains organelles and inclusions (e.g. glycogen granules, fat droplets and dissolved substances).
• Encloses all cell organelles; has phospholipid layer between two protein layers/it’s a lipoprotein layer has pores that selectively allows substances to pass in and out of the cell/its semipermeable.
• Has a double membrane/nuclear membrane around it, which has pores to allow substances in and out of the nucleus; Has nucleoplasm, which contain nucleolus/chromatin, nucleus controls all cell activities, Nucleolus manufactures ribosomes and centrioles.
• Are spherical in shape and suspended in cytoplasm and attached on endoplasmic reticulum; synthesis proteins.

Download Biology Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2022 Mock Exams Set 1 .

Why download.

• ✔ To read offline at any time.
• ✔ To Print at your convenience
• ✔ Share Easily with Friends / Students

Related items

• Art And Design Paper 2 Questions - KCSE 2022 Past Papers
• Home Science Paper 3 Questions - KCSE 2022 Past Papers
• Art and Design Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2021 Past Papers
• French Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2022 Past Papers
• Power Mechanics Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2022 Past Papers

access all the content at an affordable rate or Buy any individual paper or notes as a pdf via MPESA and get it sent to you via WhatsApp

What does our community say about us?

• KCSE Revision Questions
• Privacy Policy
• Mobile App Privacy Policy
• High Schools in Kenya
• Teacher Resources
• Questions and Answers
• Online Tuition and Classes in Kenya

Copyright © 2022 EasyElimu

Education News Hub

FORM 4 BIOLOGY PAPER 2 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS

Name ………………………………….candidate’s signature…………………

Date ………………………

Time: 2hrs.

Paper 231/2

Instructions to candidates

.Write your name, index number in the spaces provided above.

.Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above.

.This paper consists of two sections. A and B.

.Anwer all the questions in section a in the spaces provided.

.In section B answer question 7(compulsory) and either question 8 or 9 in the spaces provided after question 9.

.Check to ascertain that all pages are printed and that no questions are missing.

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY

Also read..

BIOLOGY FORM ONE SUMMARIZED NOTES

Biology Form one to four exams, notes and revision materials

BIOLOGY FORM FOUR SUMMARIZED NOTES

BIOLOGY FORM TWO SUMMARIZED NOTES

Biology notes form 1-4; Free KCSE downloads

Free Biology notes, revision questions, KCSE past Papers, Exams, Marking Schemes, Topical revision materials, Syllabus and Many more

BIOLOGY FORM ONE NOTES FREE

BIOLOGY FORM THREE SUMMARIZED NOTES

Biology notes (Updated form one to four free notes)

Biology Simplified Notes Form 1 to 4 Free

Biology Free notes and Exams for Form one to Four

BIOLOGY KCSE MARKING AND SETTING TIPS IN LINE WITH EMERGING TRENDS

Biology topical questions and answers

Biology KCSE Past Papers and all marking schemes free downloads

Biology free lesson plans for all topics (Form one to four)

CBC Senior School Subjects (Grade 10, 11, 12)

CRE free lesson plans for all topics (Form one to four)

History and Government free lesson plans for all topics (Form one to four)

Free Secondary School Exams and Marking schemes (Form 1 to 4)

Syllabus For All Secondary Schools Per Subjects (Latest Syllabus)

English free lesson plans for all topics (Form one to four)

Free Physics notes, revision questions, KCSE past Papers, Exams, Marking Schemes, Topical revision materials, Syllabus and Many more

FORM 4 EXAMINATIONS AND MARKING SCHEMES: ALL SUBJECTS FOR KCSE CANDIDATES- OVER 1,000 PAPERS

Form 4 Term 1-3 Free Exams and marking schemes; All subjects downloads

FORM 3 ALL SUBJECTS EXAMS, ASSIGNMENTS: FREE TERM 1-3 EXAMS & ANSWERS

Updated Secondary School Notes form one to four Free Downloads (All subjects Comprehensive Notes)

Physics free lesson plans for all topics (Form one to four)

SECTION A 40MKS

Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.

Q1. In an ecosystem energy flows from the sun and is transferred in a series of organisms.  The diagram represents different levels of energy levels of energy transfer.

(a) Insert the sun in the diagram and using arrows show the direction of energy transfer. (1mk)

(b) Name the trophic levels represented by D and B (2mks)

(c) Identify the general trend in the amount of energy along the path illustrated in (a) give reasons for the trend. (2mks)

(d)Explain short term effect of decreasing the number of individuals in the level C. (2mks)

Q2. In maize, yellow colour W is dominant over white colour.  Describe how one would establish whether a given sample of yellow maize is pure or hybrid.  Show your working. (4mks)

Q3. The sketch graph shows how the metabolic rate in man and lizard is affected by environmental temperature.

• Suggest why the metabolic rate was high in man between 5 o c and 20 o (2mks)
• Account for increase in metabolic rate in lizard as environmental temperature was increasing. (2mks)
• (i) state two physiological processes that occur in man when environmental temperature rises above 35 o (2mks)

(ii) How would the lizard respond to similar temperature changes in (c) (1mk)

Q4. The apparatus shown was set up by a group of students.

• What was the aim of the experiment? (1mk)
• Explain the results obtained in the set up at the end of the experiment. (2mks)
• State the expected results if the cellophane was replaced with a thin section of

(i) Raw arrowroot (1mk)

(ii) Boiled arrowroot (1mk)

(d) (i) Account for the results obtained in ( c) (ii). (1mk)

(ii)  What is the equivalent of sucrose solution in plant tissue? (3mks)

Q5. The diagram represents a plant cell

• Name a carbohydrate which forms the structure label S. (1mk)
• (i) state the function of the part labeled R (2mks)

(ii) Suggest what would happen in the plant if the number of organelle labeled    T is

(c) Name two cell organelles present in the diagram but absent in animal cells                             (2mks)

Q6. The set of apparatus was assembled by a group of students to investigate some physiological process.

• (i) give two aims of the experiment. (2mks)

(ii) Explain the observation expected after 24 hours. (2mks)

• Before experiment, the glucose solution was boiled then cooled.

(i) Why was it necessary to boil the solution? (1mk)

(ii) What was the importance of oil layer in the experiment?(1mk)

• Describe a control experiment for the set up. (1mk)
• Suggest two industrial application of the process being investigated. (1mk)

SECTION B (40mks)

Answer question 7 (compulsory) and EITHER question 8 or 9 in the spaces provided after question 9

Q7 The table below represents body weight, metabolic rate and eaten per day by different mammals. (Compulsory)

• (i) Draw a graph of metabolic rate against body weight of the animals (6mks)

(ii) From the graph estimate the metabolic rate of an animal whose body weight is 35 kg (2mks)

• Express the food eaten per day of the following mammals as a percentage of their body weight.

(i) Rat (2mks)

(ii) Elephant (2mks)

• Account for the difference in percentage obtained in (b) (4mks)
• Which of the six mammals would least suffer dehydration during a sunny day? Give reasons for your answers. (2mks)
• A reptile would require less food than a mammal of the same weight. Explain. (2mks)

Q8. (a)Define the terms

(i)Transpiration (2mks)

(ii)Translocation (2mks)

(b)Explain five factors that affect the rate of transpiration in plants.(16mks)

Q9.           (a) Define

(i) Chemical evolution (2mks)

(ii) Organic evolution (2mks)

(b) Describe the evidence of organic evolution (16mks)

BIOLOGY FORM 4 PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME

level D             Level C            Level B         Level

( All must be correct)

(b) B- secondary consumers; D-producers (2mks)

(c) Amount of energy decrease along the path (from D to A); some energy is lost through respiration unconverted materials and uneaten individuals. (2mks)

(d) Number of individuals in level B decrease leading to decrease at level A due to starvation/less energy available; number of individuals in level D would increase due to decrease of herbivores/grazers. (2mks)

Q2. (a)Back cross with white maize (ww)

Parent                                             Pure breed                    X                           White

Genotype                                           WW                                                          ww

Gametes                W                                             W                  w                                 w

F1 genotype            Ww           Ww               Ww                                 Ww

NB all yellow NB:Gametes should be circled individually. (2mks)

Hybrid                                                     White

genotype                                           Ww                                                           ww

Gametes                W                                             w                   w                                 w

F1 genotype            Ww           Ww               ww                                  ww

2 yellow                           2 white

Mixture of yellow and white  (2mks)

(b) Male sex chromosome XY female XX.

50% boys, 50% girls/equal chances (2mks)

Q3. (a) Environmental temperature lower than body temperature more heat was being generated to maintain body temperature. (2mks)

(b) The lizard is poikilothermic, enzymes were inactive at low temperature, their activity increased as temperature increased because enzymes were activated.(2mks)

(c) ) (i) vasodilation, sweating, hair lie flat on skin (first two) (2mks)

(ii)Aestivation, migration to shade, burrowing, sand bathing, (any one correct)(1mk)

Q4. (a) To demonstrate osmosis in non -living tissue (1mk)

(b) Level of sucrose rose in thistle funnel, water drawn into funnel by osmosis,since     sucrose solution was hypertonic to/more concentrated than distilled water. (2mks)

(c)  (i) Sucrose solution level would rise in funnel.(1mk)

(ii) No observable change/sucrose level remained the same.(1mk)

(d) (i) Cell membrane in arrow root destroyed hence no osmosis (1mk)

(ii) Cell sap/dissolve sugars and salts in vacuole.(1mk)

Q5 (a) Cellulose (1mk)

(b) (i) Store sugar/salts/food; create osmotic gradient for osmosis; cause cell turgidity(2mks)

(ii) Rate of photosynthesis would reduce/inadequate food produced.(1mk)

( c ) Cell wall; chloroplast(2mks)

Q6.(a) (i) to show energy is released in anaerobic respiration; to show carbon( IV)  ; oxide is produced in anaerobic respiration. (2mks)

(ii) Increase in temperature since energy is released colour of indicator; changed to yellow due to acidity/carbon. (IV)oxide released changed indicator to yellow. (1mk)

(b) (i) Expel dissolved oxygen; (1mk)

(ii) Prevent entry of air/oxygen into glucose solution.(1mk)

( c) use glucose solution without yeast/used killed yeast cells.(1mk)

(d) Ethanol production in breweries, breads production in bakeries.(1mk)

(i) Labeling axis (2mks)

Scale (2mks)

Curve (1mk)

Plotting (1mk)

(ii) 205cm 3 oxygen /ghr   -1            – +   5 evidence from gragh (2mkS)

(b) (i)     RAT                   food eaten                         X           100%    0.098                          X100 =98% (2mks)

Body weight                                           0.1

(ii)Elephant     40  X 100     =5% (2mks)

(C)Rat  eat more food per  unit body  weight  than  elephant; Rat has  larger  surface  area to volume ratio; therefore tend t0 lose more heat per unit body weight; oxidize more food/faster to maintain body temperature(4mks)

(d ) Elephant : least  surface  area to  volume  ratio; lose  water very  slowly  since  some  tissues  are  far  from  body  surface; metabolic  rate  very  slow; hence little water lost through sweating per unit body weight(2mks)

(e)Reptile poikilothermic/depend on environmental temperature; mammal homiothermic/oxidize food to maintain body temperature (2mks)

8(a) (i)   Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere in form of water vapour

(ii)Translocation is the process by which soluble products of photosynthesis/simple sugars are transported from leaves ;to other parts of the plants through phloem

(b) Temperature : high temperature increases water evaporation from mesophyll cell; increase capacity of atmosphere to hold more water due to faster movement of molecules/ low temperatures reduces the rate of water evaporation; air capacity to hold more water hence low transpiration rate

Humidity: high humidity lower the saturation deficit /reduce ability of atmosphere to hold more water;hence low transpiration rate/low humidity offering great saturat

ion deficit;hence high rate of transpiration

Light intensity: at low light intensity stomata close; reduce surface area over which water is lost/low transpiration rate/stomata open at high light intensity;surface area hence increases transpiration rate

Wind/air current: fast air movement /strong air current  sweep away saturated air around plant;increasing transpiration rate ;still air/weak  air currents make water accumulate around the plant lowering transpiration rate

Size of  stomata/number of  stomata/leaf  area: large/many  stomata/leaves/large area; increase  transpiration  rate/few  leaves/small/few  stomata  reduce  surface  area; hence  low  transpiration  rate

Atmospheric  pressure: low  atmospheric pressure  increase  water evaporation; hence  high  rate  of  transpiration/high  atmospheric pressure  reduce  water  evaporation; hence  low  rate  of  transpiration [3marks] award only  once in each condition/low or high. {max 16marks}

6 thoughts on “FORM 4 BIOLOGY PAPER 2 EXAMS WITH ANSWERS”

Am interested in having more revision materials for every subject

I is very good

Wow I t was very impressive learning like it.

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Sun. Apr 7th, 2024

2023 KCSE Prediction Mocks- Free Download

Kcse Exams Revision Material

BIOLOGY PAPER 2 -Questions and Answers

GET THE KCSE PREDICTION BIOLOGY P2 MARKING SCHEMES HERE

SECTION A (40MKS) Bunyore

1. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

• Identify the structure                                                                                             (1mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• State the role of the part labeled  R                                                                        (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) A student took a meal of lean meat. Briefly describe the digestion of the food substance where this structure is found                                                                                                            (3mks) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(d)What is the role of the following: enterokinase and cholecystokinin in digestion?        (2mk)

Enterokinase. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Cholecystokinin…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

e) State the deficiency disease associated with lack of vitamin B 2                                       (1mk) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The diagram below shows how gaseous exchange occurs across the gills in fish.

•  i Name the type of flow shown above                                                                     (1mk)

              ii Explain the advantage of the above flow named in a(i) above.                           (1mk) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) If the fish is removed from water it dies immediately. Explain why                               (2mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Explain mechanism of gaseous exchange in frog through the skin                                   (4mks) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. A freshly obtained stem from herbaceous measuring 4cm long was split lengthwise to obtain two similar pieces. The pieces were placed in two different solutions of different concentrations in petri dishes (l1 and L2) for 30 minutes. The appearance after 30 minutes is as shown

• State the type of solutions in which L 1 and L 2 was placed                                       (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

• Account for the appearance of the pieces in solutions L 1 and L 2                              (4mks)                                                                           ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• State two significance of the biological process involved in the experiment.(2mks)

4 .The diagram below shows structures of the bat wing and human arm.

a) These structures are thought to have same ancestral origin.  State one structural similarity and one adaptation difference between the two.

i) Structural similarity.                                                                                                            (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) Adaptation difference.                                                                                                       (2mks)

(b)Give two other examples of structures in nature that show the type of evolution as in (a) above.                                                                                                                                               (2mks)

(c)Distinguish between the terms ‘chemical evolution’ and ‘organic evolution’.                 (2mks)

(d) What is the study of fossils called?                                                                                   (1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Pure breed of red cows and pure breed of white bulls were crossed to give F 1 calves which had a mixture of red and white coat known as roan. The F 1 were selfed.

(a) Using letter R to represent gene for red colour and W to represent gene for white colour work out the phenotypic ratio of F 2 .                                                                                    (4mks)                                                            

(b) Work out the genotypic ratio of a cross between F 1 offspring and white bull.                 (3mks)

 (c) Comment on the gene(s) controlling the colour of coats in cattle mentioned above.      (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION B (40MKS) GET THE KCSE PREDICTION BIOLOGY P2 MARKING SCHEMES HERE

Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.

6. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of hormones on growth of lateral buds of three pea plants. The shoots were treated as follows; Shoot A – Apical bud was removed Shoot B – Apical bud was removed and gibberellic acid placed on the cut shoot.

Shoot C – Apical bud was left intact.

 The length of branches developed from lateral buds was determined at regular intervals. The results obtained are as shown in the table below:

• Using the same axes, draw graphs to show length of branches against time.      (8mks)

• (i) What was the length of the branch in Shoot B on the 7th day?            (1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii)What would be the expected length of the branch developing from Shoot A on the 9th day?                                                                                                               (1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………………

 (c) Account for the result obtained in the experiment.                                        (6mks) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Why was Shoot C included in the experiment?                                              (1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) What is the importance of gibberellic acid in Agriculture?                            (1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………………

(f) State two physiological processes that are brought about by the application of gibberellic acid on plants.                                                                           (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7(a) Describe the process of fertilization in a flowering plant.                                            (14mks)                        

(b) State the changes that take place in a flower after fertilization.                                      (6mks)

8 Describe the structural adaptation of the mammalian heart to its functions                     (20mks)

Related Post

2024 mang’u high form 4 pre-mock questions with marking schemes in all subjects, form 4 2024 kcse prediction exam 1 with marking scheme, english set books questions and answers, leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

More Exams Questions and Marking Schemes

Mapambazuko ya machweo questions and answers-kcse.

• Uncovering the History of Omogusii using Questions and Answers
• Academic Environment
• KNOWLEDGE CENTRE
• How its Done
• Educational Technology
• The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
• Atika School Short Stories for 7-12 Years Learners
• KNEC Portal
• Effective teaching
• ZERAKI HELP AND SUPPORT
• KNEC KCSE PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS
• JOBS IN KENYA AND ABROAD FOR KENYANS AND BEYOND
• MEDICAL ADVISORY
• Pricing and Membership
• GRADE 7 RESOURCES
• CBC EXAMS GRADE 5
• CBC EXAMS GRADE 6
• CBC PROFFESSIONAL TOOLS
• CBC KISWAHILI NOTES
• CBC KPSEA EXAMS
• KCSE Computer Studies Questions and Answers: Comprehensive Analysis and Resources
• KCSE Computer Studies Paper 2 and 3: Questions and Answers
• BUSINESS STUDIES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
• KCSE AGRICULTURE TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
• KCSE HOME SCIENCE DIRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
• KCSE Mathematics Topical Questions
• KCSE Biology Topical Questions and Answers
• CHEMISTRY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
• KCSE Physics Topical Questions
• KCSE physics Practical Sample Quiz
• ATIKA SCHOOL - KCSE CRE Questions and Answers
• ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION (IRE) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
• KCSE History Topical Questions and Answers
• GEOGRAPHY TOPICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
• FOCUS MATHEMATICS TUTORIALS AND EXAMS FREE
• KCSE BIOLOGY NOTES
• FREE KCSE CHEMISTRY NOTES
• KCSE PHYSICS NOTES, AUDIOVISUALS AND MORE
• Secondary English Questions and Answers
• FATHER OF NATIONS STUDY GUIDE
• A GUIDE TO SILENT SONG AND OTHER STORIES
• ENGLISH POETRY QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS FOR K.C.S.E CANDIDATES
• KCSE English Grammar: A Comprehensive Guide for Students
• Bembea ya Maisha
• USHAIRI MASWALI NA MAJIBU
• KCSE Kiswahili Fasihi
• COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES LATEST
• HOME SCIENCE NOTES
• KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES
• KCSE AGRICULTURE NOTES, SYLLABUS, QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, SCHEMES OF WORK AND OTHERS
• KCSE History Notes Form 1 to 4
• FREE KCSE CRE NOTES
• KCSE GEOGRAPHY NOTES
• IRE NOTES, AUDIOVISUAL, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
• FORM 1 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
• FORM 2 QUESTION PAPERS, ANSWERS AND MARKING SCHEMES COLLECTIONS
• FORM 3 EXAMINATIONS, QUESTION PAPERS AND ANSWERS
• FORM 4 MOCKS PAST EXAMS BY REGION
• TOP SECONDARY EXAMS ALL SUBJECTS
• KPSEA NATIONAL EXAMS
• KCSE PAST PAPERS BY SUBJECT
• KNEC KCSE PAST PAPERS, MARKING SCHEMES, QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
• Free KCSE Past Papers Mathematics
• Free KCSE Biology Questions and Answers
• PRE PRIMARY ONE CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
• PRE PRIMARY TWO CURRICULUM WITH SYLLABUS
• KNEC KCSE SYLLABUS AND COURSE OUTLINES
• Regulations for the TIVET Craft and Diploma Business Examinations
• NOVELS and OTHER BOOKS
• PRIMARY RESOURCES CBC
• CBC NOTES AND TUTORIALS FOR MEMBERS
• 8-4-4 MEMBERS PRODUCTS
• 8-4-4 PORTAL

Mastering KCSE Biology with Comprehensive Topical Questions and Answers

ANSWERS [MARKING SCHEMES]

Leave a reply..

December 2024 January 2024 November 2023 January 2023 December 2022 September 2022 August 2022 April 2022 March 2022 November 2021 October 2021 September 2021 November 2020 October 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 September 2019 August 2019 October 2015

All 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Animals Bilharzia BIOLOGY ESSAY Blood Cells Cell Physiology CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS Chromosomes Circulatory System Classification Co-ordination DASHBOARD Diffusion Diseases DNA Ecology Evolution Excretion And Homeostasis Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 Form 3 Level Form 4 FUNGI Gaseous Exchange Genetics GERMINATION Growth And Development HIV/AIDS HORMONES Introduction To Biology Kidney Malaria METABOLISM Nutrition Nutrition In Animals Nutrition In Plants Osmosis Oxygen Paper 1 Paper 2 PAPER 3 Photosynthesis PHOTOTROPISM PLANT CELLS POLLINATION Reception Reception_Response And Coordination In Plants And Animals Reproduction In Animals Reproduction In Plants And Animals Respiration Response And Co Ordination REVISION KIT Section A SECTION B Section C Sodium Support And Movement In Plants And Animals TAXONOMY TERM 1 TERM 2 The Cell Theory Of Inheritance Of Acquired Characteristics Transplant In Plants Transport In Plants And Animals

Find what you need to study

Biology Short Essay Free Response Questions

10 min read • june 11, 2020

Jessica Nadzam

Overview of the Short Essay (FRQ) Questions

The AP Biology exam used to consist of eight long-form free response questions, but in 2019 it was redesigned to consist of only six free response questions. Two of those questions are in the “short” form, and these consist of 50% of the free response score, or 25% of your total score. 

Long story short, those four questions may not be as long as the first two, but they still pack a big punch on your score.

The short essay questions will always be the last four on your exam. They’re very different than the first two in length and point-value, but you can use the same techniques as the others. You still need to know the content and utilize the “essential verbage” to write an appropriate response, but this response will be shorter and take less time to complete. 

You have to write in blue or black ink (for all things that are good, please do not use a pencil), so have a few of your favorite pens ready. You’ll have lots of pages to write on (if you use all of them, you may have written too much), and you’ll be given a copy of the Formulas and Equations Sheet for any calculations you need to do. 

Questions are 4 points apiece, and they typically contain content and problems concerning multiple content areas. Since they are shorter they are less likely to cover multiple topics, but it does still happen. You could initially respond about protein structure in the first part and then end up describing the evidence of evolution by the end of the question. There’s a lot of points on the table, and CollegeBoard will make you work for them. 

Response Grading (from an AP Reader)

There are 16 points for the last four questions of the FRQ test, and they make up 25% of your AP Biology score. So, how are those points calculated and scored? CollegeBoard is fantastic at writing rigorous questions, but they’re also very good at training their graders (called AP Readers) how to objectively score the questions. Readers spend a whole day training to grade just two of the questions (they don’t get to look at the other four at all), and then spend a whole week grading only those questions, eight hours a day . 

A well-oiled machine may be an understatement. The bottom of the line is, AP Readers know exactly what they’re looking for when they’re grading. They read a hundred tests a day (minimum), and if you don’t have the answer they’ve been told is the right answer, they tend to move on pretty quickly. 

While this seems intimidating, it’s actually good news for you - but only if you pay very close attention to the next section on verbiage. You see, the bolded verbs in AP free response questions are just hints as to what AP Readers are looking for in an answer. If you know those verbs backwards and forwards, you will know what type of response AP Readers want. And if you know that, you don’t have to worry about writing something that may be right content-wise, but still missing a point on a technicality. 

Essential Verbiage

There are a lot of verbs used in AP exams to pose questions for students to ponder and rip their hair out over. 

To keep all that hair on your head, we’ve made you a table. It’s pretty easy - if you know exactly what to do when you encounter each bolded verb , you know exactly what to do to answer the question the way the Reader wants to see it. You know how many points it’s worth, and therefore can figure out how much time to spend on it. 

Side note - keep in mind that if a question asks you do something more than once - maybe to describe two factors or explain three phenomenon, you should multiple that # Points by however many things it expects you to do. 

Strategies for 5able Responses

Do you want a 5 on this test? Then here’s what you need to know and be able to do:

Read. The. Question. Carefully. Seriously. You don’t know how many students miss points because they were skimming and missed a critical word. It’s a heartbreaker for Readers, who want to give you that point, but can’t. Also, read the directions carefully. Your papers always say something about how responses on the actual question page will not be scored. Do not write on the question page . You can use it for brainstorming or outlining as scratch paper, but if your words aren’t written on lined paper or a graph or table, they won’t be scored. So make sure you put your answers in the right place! 

Complete. Sentences. Unless it’s an identify or construct or calculate question, you need a capital letter and a period, or the Reader will not grade that response. Period. Outlines, bulleted lists, and drawings won’t be graded unless specified in the question’s directions. 

Circle your bolded verbs . Find them. Figure out which are worth the most points, the least points, will take the longest, will be the quickest, etc. Then, figure out which ones to answer first. 

When you start the test, you don’t have to go in order. If your mind goes blank on question one, skip it . It’s not going anywhere, you can come back to it. But don’t waste time on it when there are others you can definitely answer later in the booklet. 

The identify and graph/draw questions are some of the quickest to respond to because they don’t require complete sentences, and the answers are usually very quick to come up with. Answer these questions first to get them out of the way. 

Time yourself. You get 90 minutes, but it goes by fast. Keep a digital watch that does not beep , and refer to it regularly. Plot how long you want to spend on each question so you don’t waste time in one area and lose points on another question you could have easily answered. Since the short questions are worth half your free-response score, you shouldn’t spend any more than 45 minutes on these four questions, or about 10-11 minutes apiece. 

This is not AP English. The graders are not English teachers. They don’t care how pretty your introduction is or how ~thought-provoking~ your thesis statement is. They just want to finish your paper and move on, so don’t ramble on and on. Skip the fluff and go straight to the point. Don’t restate the question or introduce the topic or regurgitate random knowledge - it won’t get you extra points, it’s a waste of time for you, and the Readers get bored sorting through all your thoughts and writing. 

Label your responses . While you still have to write in complete sentences, please label each response with a, b, c, etc. if the essay question has multiple parts. You don’t even have to go in order, but this helps Readers find your answer so they don’t have to sift and guess what you meant.

COMMIT TO YOUR ANSWER . Readers don’t like wishy-washy papers. Erase the words “might” and “possible” and “I think” from your vocabulary. You could be completely wrong, but if you’re writing about a purple hippopotamus, COMMIT to that purple hippopotamus. Don’t say “I think the purple hippopotamus might possibly maybe do photosynthesis if it feels like it.” That’s wishy washy, and Readers don’t accept that as an actual answer, so they won’t give points for it. Be committed , and loudly proclaim “This purple hippopotamus does photosynthesis!” Ta-da! 

If possible, always give an example. We said earlier not to mind dump and regurgitate, but examples are usually a good way to sweep up an extra point or two if you have budgeted your time wisely and can accurately apply it to the scenario. 

So, now that you know what the Readers are looking for in your responses, let’s talk about the types of questions they will ask you. 

Question Types

The short version of the free-response test has four questions, and each of those four questions has a distinct question type. These are based on “science practices” that CollegeBoard expects students to develop to be more ~well-rounded~ and ~critical thinkers~. Luckily, these questions go in a distinct order, too. Those types and order is as follows:

Scientific Investigation 

Conceptual Analysis

Analysis of Model or Visual Representation 

Analysis of Data 

With this, you can get a good idea of what to expect on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th question. And if you’re used to studying for the science section of the ACT, you probably recognize these question types. It’s all about analyzing graphs and tables, pulling information from passages, and performing analysis on data. 

Oh, while remembering all that AP Biology knowledge your teacher tried to get into your brain for the past 6-9 months. No pressure. 

Let’s break down what each of those question types is asking for, and the best ways to respond to maximize your time and your points. 

Scientific Analysis - this question will describe a lab experiment scenario, and expect you to be able to describe the biological concept or process involved, identify an experimental procedure, predict results, and justify your prediction.

Conceptual Analysis - in this question, CollegeBoard will present a question that describes a real-life scenario. It will relate that scenario to a biological phenomenon and tell you something has disrupted the process. To get all four points, you will have to describe the biological process that is happening, explain that biological concept, predict the causes and effects of the disruption, and justify your prediction. 

Analysis of Model or Visual Representation may seem like two separate question types, but they will ask you to do the same thing. Both will give you a description of some biological scenario with a visual model. You will be asked to analyze that model, and then describe different biological characteristics of the model, explain the relationships between the different characteristics, identify or draw the relationships within that model, and then explain how the scenario relates to a larger idea or concept. 

Analysis of Data - for the final question of the exam (and then you’re freeeeee !), you will receive data on a graph or table. You will then have to describe the data (twice), evaluate a hypothesis or prediction using the data, and then explain how the experimental results relate to some biological concept. 

These descriptions can seem a bit confusing on their own. Therefore, some examples are provided below. 

Sample Question 1 - Scientific Investigation  

A forest ecosystem has a delicate balance of life. Autotrophs, heterotrophs, and decomposers live together and exchange resources to survive. Sometimes their relationships are mutually beneficial, but sometimes they can be harmful for one species and beneficial for another. Buteo jumaicensis , or the red-tailed hawk, consumes smaller organisms such as small reptiles and small mammals. Recently, the ecosystem has been disturbed by deforestation of pine trees. Hawks typically roost on the crowns of tall trees, and as a result their habitat begins to diminish. 

a) Describe the niche of the red-tailed hawk. 

b) Identify the type of relationship shared between the red-tailed hawk and a common forest mouse. 

c) Predict the short-term impact of the decline of the red-tailed hawk due to deforestation, and how it will impact the rest of the ecosystem. 

d) Provide reasoning to justify your prediction. 

Sample Question 2 - Conceptual Analysis  

The lac operon model is a common phenomenon used to demonstrate the regulation of gene expression. In this model, a gene is essentially turned “on” and “off” to produce proteins only when they are necessary. This allows a bacteria called Escherichia coli ( E. coli) to metabolize lactose. 

a) Describe the gene expression process from DNA to protein. 

b) Explain why operons are an evolutionary advantage over allowing genes to undergo transcription and translation constantly. 

c) Although less commonly used for demonstration, the trp operon is another bacterial operon found in E. coli. Predict what would occur if a lac repressor was used on the trp operon. 

d) Provide evidence to support your prediction. 

Sample Question 3 - Analyze Model or Visual Representation  

Signal transduction pathways occur when cells receive signals from outside their membranes, and transduct those messages through the cell to a predetermined location. These signals are used for a variety of reasons including growth, division, mating, protein production, and more. In order for a cell to experience signal transduction, it must receive some signal that binds to a receptor and triggers the pathway. 

a) Referring to the figure, predict a possible response that may occur as a result of this signal. b) Describe the steps of the signal transduction pathway that must occur to elicit a response. 

c) Sometimes secondary messengers may enter the cell only after a ligand has bound to a receptor. Explain why secondary messengers may be necessary for cell signalling. 

d) Identify the ligand in the figure. 

Stay Connected

© 2024 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved.

AP® and SAT® are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse this website.

KCSE Past Papers 2021 Biology Paper 2 (231/2)

The kenya national examinations council  kenya certificate of secondary education 231/2 - biology - paper 2 2021 - 2 hours, click here - free kcse past papers » knec past exams » free downloads » kcse papers & marking schemes.

• NGOs Grants
• Current Scholarships
• Jobs in Africa
• Link to Us!
• Site Search
• What is New?
• Volunteer in Africa
• Volunteer in Kenya
• Medical Electives
• Submit Article
• Internships
• Scholarships Grants
• Undergraduate Scholarships
• Call for Proposals
• Study Abroad
• KCSE Past Papers
• Research Grants
• Entrepreneur Grants
• Journalist Grants

Scholarship 2024/25

How to answer IB Biology Paper 2 extended response questions

Your IB Biology Paper 2 exam will consist of short answer and extended response questions. Knowing how to properly answer both will help you maximise marks. In this article our author, Ashby Merson-Davies, provides examples of how to successfully answer your IB Biology extended response questions for the command terms Outline, Describe, and Explain. Additional examples can be found in both our Standard Leve l and Higher Level study guides for IB Biology. The guides also feature comprehensive syllabus review, easy-to-reproduce diagrams, and helpful hints for exam success.

IB Biology Paper 2 extended response questions – Maximising your marks

The following extended response prompts are typical of those in IB Biology Paper 2. Each of these is marked out of 15. There is 1 additional mark if:

• your answers are clear enough to be understood without re-reading.
• you have answered the question succinctly with little or no repetition or irrelevant material.

Each question is in three parts, (a), (b) and (c). You do not need to answer them in this order but you MUST indicate clearly which part you are answering.

Read each sub-section carefully and look at the marks allocated. Each relevant fact gains a mark so 5 marks means you have included 5 facts.

Ensure you follow the command term precisely.

I would suggest spending at least 5 minutes planning time and then 25 minutes writing time for each question.

In the examples below, I have picked out the key words from the question and then listed the key vocabulary. In the exam I would suggest you scribble down the vocab and then, if desirable, produce a mind map from the vocab.

Another point to remember is that you do not have to answer in an essay format as you would for say History or Psychology. An answer could be an annotated diagram or a table.

Notice how in some of them I have broken each answer up into paragraphs, each paragraph dealing with a different component of the question. This helps to produce a clear and well-structured answer, and also, which is VERY important, helps the examiner to mark it.

Notice also how the first sentence is often an introduction stating the meaning of the key word in the question.

I have not included drawings in these answers. However, answers can be greatly enhanced by drawings and they also help you to structure your answer.

Example 1: Outline how plants use the nitrates and phosphates that they absorb from the soil to make organic compounds [3]

Nitrates; phosphates; organic compounds

Key vocabulary

Solution; Xylem; Amino acids / nucleotide bases; Calvin cycle; ATP / DNA/ RNA; Carbon compounds / triose phosphate; Photosynthesis

When a plant photosynthesises it makes triose phosphate in the Calvin cycle, a simple carbon compound. This is then used to make all the other organic compounds the plant needs. These include ATP, DNA and RNA which all require phosphate, and amino acids and nucleic acid bases which all require nitrogen from nitrates. The phosphates and nitrates are absorbed from the soil and transported to cells in solution in the xylem.

Example 2: Describe what takes place in the alveoli. [4]

Type I and type II pneumocytes; Oxygen / carbon dioxide; Diffusion; Capillaries; Haemoglobin; Ventilation; Blood flow

Alveoli are composed of type I and type II pneumocytes. Type I are very thin and allow rapid gas exchnage and type II secrete a sufactant that prevents the alveolar walls from sticking together. Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood and binds to haemoglobin in the red blood cells whereas carbon dioxide diffuses from the plasma into the alveolar air. The gases can do this as concentration gradients are maintained by ventilation changing the alveolar air and blood flowing through the capillaries covering the alveoli.

Example 3: Explain DNA replication in prokaryotes. [8]

Gyrase; Helicase; DNA primase; DNA polymerase I; DNA polymerase III; Ligase; RNA nucleotides; DNA nucleotides; Template strand; Replication fork, RNA primer; Complentary base pairing; Leading / lagging strands; Okazaki fragments; Semi-conservative; 5' - 3'; Single strand binding proteins

All you need to do is take each enzyme and explain what it does. The other terms should be included with the relevant enzyme. Four of them are below to illustrate this. Note how a blank line is left between each one to make it clearer and therefore easier to mark.

Helicase unwinds the double helix and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the strands at the replication fork. Single strand binding proteins then keep the strands apart.

DNA primase adds a short RNA primer strand in a 5' - 3' direction to the lagging strand using RNA nucleotides and complementary base pairing (CBP) to the template strand.

DNA polymerase I replaces the RNA nucleotides of the primer with DNA nucleotides using CBP to the template strand.

DNA polymerase III adds DNA nucelotides in a 5' - 3' direction using CBP to the template strand at the replication fork on the leading strand and to the primer on the lagging strand.

Becoming exam ready

Whether you are in your first or your final year of your IBDP studies, the IB exams will be on your mind. If you are a DP1 student, you have plenty of time to prepare and a crucial part of that preparation will be building your exam revision structure. Start early and revise often. Going over things little by little as you work your way through the syllabus will pay dividends in the end. A good place to start is by becoming familiar with the command terms you need to know and how to properly answer them, this article should help with that and your teacher is an obvious source of further support.

If you are a DP2 student, your approach will vary depending on how close your exams are. If you are early in your academic year, the advice for DP1 students applies to you too and you can really help yourself by not leaving your revision too late. If your exams are swiftly approaching, then take the time to identify what the gaps in your knowledge are and begin to fill these with concentrated study. While doing so, be sure to keep your command terms in mind and practice crafting answers to questions. The more you practice the more comfortable you will become with what will be expected of you on exam day. There are many resources out there to help you organise and focus your IB Biology exam revision, more of which can be found on our IB Biology subject resource page.