apa style citation for presentation

APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.) for Student Papers

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Formatting a Powerpoint Presentation in APA 7th Style

The apa 7th manual and the apa website do not provide any specific rules about using apa format or citation in powerpoint slides. , here are some recommended guidelines:, 1. always follow any specific instructions given by your instructor., 2. you will need in-text citations on a powerpoint slide where you are quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing someone else's ideas. , 3. you also will include a reference list as your powerpoint's last slide (or slides). , this youtube video from smart student shows you how to create apa7th in-text citations and a reference list: .

• Citing and Referencing in Powerpoint Presentations | APA 7th Edition This video will show you how to create APA 7th in-text citations and a Reference page for your PowerPoint presentation.
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• Last Updated: May 3, 2024 2:22 PM
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APA 7th Edition Guide

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Citing Sources in PowerPoint Slides

• PowerPoint - In-text Citations
• PowerPoint - References List

Note:  APA does not have specific rules about the format of PowerPoint slides.  Rasmussen University does have recommended guidelines outlined below and in the attached PPT presentation.

PowerPoint slides  may   need citations, depending on what type of information is included on the slide.

If the text on a slide is a quote (someone else's words, verbatim) or someone else's ideas in the presenter's own words, then a citation is needed.

If the text placed on a slide is simply a word or phrase that represents a topic that the presenter will be discussing in greater detail, then a citation is not needed.

The table below includes two PowerPoint slides (left side). The column on the right tells whether or not the information would need to be cited and why.

Speaker Notes:  Some assignments require text in the Speaker Notes area of the PowerPoint slide. If information from a source is quoted, summarized, or paraphrased in that area, an in-text citation and reference will likely be required. Ask your instructor for clarification.

• Presentations & APA Citation Style at Rasmussen University Great resource to share with students if they are having struggles with APA in PPTs.

PowerPoint Slides - References

There are two ways to include the Reference list in your presentation:

• Coordinating reference lists are typically handed out during or after the presentation either in print if presenting in person, or electronically if presenting online. This is the preferred method of including a Reference list of the sources cited in your slide deck.
• Include a Reference list in the last slide of the presentation. This is an acceptable method if there are not many resources to include. Avoid adding so many resources to the list that the type is not legible to those attending the presentation

Creating the Reference List Slide

• If you use outside sources in your presentation (noted in your in-text citations), you must cite those sources on a References page/slide.
• Your Reference page can be created in NoodleTools, exported to Microsoft Word, and distributed or submitted with your slides to those who attend your presentation. Ask your instructor if they would like a Reference slide as the last slide of your presentation. Note that you may need more than one slide depending on how many references are needed.

See the slide deck below for more information.

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APA Citation Guide (7th Edition): Presentations and Class Notes

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In-Text Citation or Reference List?

Handouts distributed in class and presentation slides such as PowerPoint should be cited both in-text and on the Reference list.

Your own notes from lectures are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the Reference list.

Presentation Slides from a Website

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation  [Lecture notes, PowerPoint Slides, etc.]. Publisher. URL

Kunka, J. L. (n.d.). Conquering the comma [PowerPoint presentation]. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/index.html#presentations

Presentation Slides from WebCampus (Canvas)

Instructor, I. I. (Year Presentation Was Created).  Title of presentation  [PowerPoint presentation]. WebCampus. URL

Graham, J. (2013).  Introduction: Jean Watson  [PowerPoint presentation]. WebCampus. https://unr.instructure.com/login/canvas

Note : The first letter of the word Watson is capitalized as it is part of a person's name.

Class Handouts from WebCampus (Canvas)

Instructor, I. I. (Year Handout Was Created if known).  Title of handout  [Class handout]. WebCampus. URL

Magowan , A. (2013).  Career resources at the library   [Class handout]. WebCampus. https://unr.instructure.com/login/canvas

Class Handout in Print

Instructor, I. I. (Year Handout Was Created if known).  Title of handout  [Class handout]. University Name, Course code.

Wood, D. (2013).  Laboratory safety overview  [Class handout]. University of Nevada, Reno,  BIO173.

Class Lectures (Notes from)

Note : Your own notes from a lecture are considered personal communications in APA style. They are cited within the text of your assignment, but do not get an entry on the Reference list. Put the citation right after a quote or paraphrased content from the class lecture.

(I. I. Instructor who gave lecture, personal communication, Month Day, Year lecture took place)

"Infections are often contracted while patients are recovering in the hospital" (J. D. Black, personal communication, May 30, 2012).

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APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation
• Audiovisual
• Conference Presentations

Standard Format

Formatting rules, various examples.

• Social Media
• Legal References
• Reports and Gray Literature
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Reference Page

Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

• Date should match the date(s) of the full conference
• Conference Proceedings published in journal or book should follow the same format for a journal or edited book chapter

See Ch. 10 pp. 313-352 of APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

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How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Apa

If you’re working on a research project or presentation, citing your sources is an essential part of the process. In this article, we’ll guide you through the process of citing a PowerPoint presentation, specifically using APA citation style. We’ll cover everything from the importance of citing your sources to the formatting requirements for references pages. So, let’s get started!

Table of Contents

Understanding APA Citation Style for PowerPoint Presentations

APA (American Psychological Association) citation style is one of the most commonly used citation styles in academia. The APA citation style is used by social scientists and researchers alike to give credit to the sources they used in their research. The APA citation style is particularly useful for citing PowerPoint presentations because it provides a clear structure for citing sources that can help you avoid plagiarism and ensure your work is credible.

When citing a PowerPoint presentation in APA style, it is important to include the author’s name, the date the presentation was created, the title of the presentation, and the location where it was presented. Additionally, if the presentation was retrieved from an online source, the URL or DOI should be included in the citation. It is also important to note that any images or graphics used in the presentation should be cited as well, following the same guidelines as other sources.

Introduction to APA Guidelines for Citing PowerPoint Presentations

The APA guidelines for citing PowerPoint presentations are relatively easy to follow, and they can be broken down into two main parts: in-text citations and references. In-text citations are used when you are directly quoting or paraphrasing information from a PowerPoint presentation. References are a list of sources that you have cited in your work and may include the author, date of publication and other details such as the title and location of the presentation.

It is important to note that when citing a PowerPoint presentation, you should also include a description of the format in brackets after the title. For example, if the presentation was a lecture, you would include [Lecture slides] after the title. Additionally, if the presentation was retrieved online, you should include the URL or DOI in the reference. Following these guidelines will ensure that your citations and references are accurate and complete.

Why is Citing Sources in PowerPoint Presentations Important?

Citing sources in PowerPoint presentations is crucial because it helps you to avoid plagiarism and gives credit to the author of the original content. Citing sources also helps you to support your arguments with evidence and gives credibility to your work. A properly cited PowerPoint presentation can also help your audience to follow your argument and verify the information presented.

Moreover, citing sources in your PowerPoint presentation shows that you have conducted thorough research and have a deep understanding of the topic. It also demonstrates your respect for intellectual property and academic integrity. By citing sources, you are contributing to the academic community by acknowledging the work of others and building upon their ideas.

The Basic Elements of a PowerPoint Presentation Citation in APA Style

The basic elements of an APA citation for a PowerPoint presentation include the author’s name, the date of the presentation, the title, and the location of the presentation. The format for in-text citations includes the author’s last name and date of publication of the presentation. For example: (Smith, 2018).

It is important to note that if the PowerPoint presentation was retrieved from an online source, such as a website or database, the citation should also include the URL or DOI. Additionally, if the presentation was part of a larger conference or event, the citation should include the name and date of the conference or event. It is crucial to follow APA guidelines for citations to ensure proper credit is given to the original source and to avoid plagiarism.

How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA: Step-by-Step Guide

To cite a PowerPoint presentation in APA style, follow these steps:

• Begin with the surname of the author or presenter of the PowerPoint presentation.
• Follow the author’s name with their first initial
• Provide the date of the presentation in parentheses, followed by a period.
• Add the title of the presentation in italics.
• Add the retrieval statement, which includes the URL or DOI of the presentation if available.
• Here’s an example of a complete APA citation for a PowerPoint presentation:

Meyer, G. (2016). The Impact of Social Media on Adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/GinaMeyer/the-impact-of-social-media-on-adolescents

It is important to note that if the PowerPoint presentation was part of a larger work, such as a conference or symposium, you should include the name and location of the event in the reference list entry, not in the in-text citation. Additionally, if the presentation was not publicly available online, but was accessed through a private source, such as an email attachment or personal communication, it should be cited as a personal communication instead of a PowerPoint presentation.

Finally, it is recommended to double-check the citation format with your instructor or the publication you are submitting to, as different sources may have slightly different requirements for citing PowerPoint presentations in APA style.

Tips and Tricks for Accurate Citation of PowerPoint Presentations in APA Style

Citing a PowerPoint presentation in APA style can be challenging, especially if you are new to the citation process. Here are some tips and tricks that can help you cite your sources accurately.

• Consider getting a reference management system that can help you keep track of your sources and generate citations automatically.
• Use citation generators to create your citations quickly and easily, but be sure to check the accuracy of the generated citations manually.
• Double-check your references before submitting your work to ensure they are complete and accurate.

It is important to note that when citing a PowerPoint presentation, you should include the author’s name, the date the presentation was created, the title of the presentation, and the location where it was presented. If the presentation is available online, you should also include the URL or DOI. Additionally, if you are citing specific slides within the presentation, you should include the slide number(s) in your citation.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Citing a PowerPoint Presentation in APA

Even though citing PowerPoint presentations in APA style is relatively straightforward, there are some common mistakes that you should avoid.

• Not including all the necessary information in the citation, such as the author’s name, date, and title of the presentation.
• Forgetting to italicize the presentation title, which is a requirement in APA style.
• Inconsistently formatting your citations throughout your work.
• Failing to include in-text citations for direct quotes or paraphrasing information from the presentation.

Another common mistake to avoid when citing a PowerPoint presentation in APA style is failing to include the URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier) of the presentation. Including the URL or DOI is important because it allows readers to easily access the presentation if they want to learn more about the topic. Additionally, if the presentation is not publicly available, you should include a note indicating that it is an unpublished presentation.

How to Reference a PowerPoint Presentation in APA: Examples and Samples

The following are examples of how to reference a PowerPoint presentation in APA style:

Buchanan, E. (2017). Encouraging Self-Regulated Learning in Higher Education. [PowerPoint presentation]. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/EmmaBuchanan1/encouraging-selfregulation

Armitage, G. (2018). “Introducing Cryptocurrency”. [PowerPoint presentation]. Teesside University.

When referencing a PowerPoint presentation in APA style, it is important to include the author’s name, the year of publication, the title of the presentation, and the source of the presentation. Additionally, if the presentation was presented at a conference or event, it is important to include the name and location of the event.

Another important consideration when referencing a PowerPoint presentation in APA style is to ensure that the formatting is consistent with other references in your paper. This includes using proper capitalization, italicizing the title of the presentation, and using proper punctuation.

How to Cite Multiple Authors in a PowerPoint Presentation Using APA Style

To cite multiple authors in a PowerPoint presentation using APA style, follow these guidelines:

• For two authors, list both names separated by an ampersand (&).
• For three or more authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”
• If the authors are listed on the presentation slide, include only the first author’s name in the in-text citation, followed by “et al.”

Differences Between In-Text Citations and References for PowerPoint Presentations in APA Style

In-text citations and references are two essential parts of the citation process and are often confused with one another. In-text citations appear in the body of your work and are used to signal that you are using someone else’s ideas or words. On the other hand, references appear on a separate references page at the end of your work and provide the reader with detailed information about the sources cited in your work.

How to Cite Images, Graphs, and Tables from a PowerPoint Presentation in APA Style

Images, graphs, and tables are commonly used in PowerPoint presentations, and you may need to cite them in your work. Here are some guidelines for citing these elements in APA style:

• Use the author’s name, date, and title of the image, graph, or table to create an in-text citation. Example: (Smith, 2018, Figure 2).
• To cite images, include the type of medium in brackets. Example: [Image].
• To cite graphs or tables, include the type in brackets. Example: [Table].
• Include a full reference for each image, graph, or table in your references page.

How to Format Your References Page for APA Citations of PowerPoint Presentations

The references page is an essential part of the citation process, and it’s where you list all the sources you cited in your work. Here’s how to format your references page for APA citations of PowerPoint presentations:

• Start your references page on a new page at the end of your document.
• Title your references page “References” and center it at the top of the page.
• List your sources alphabetically by the author’s last name.
• Include the title of the presentation in italics, followed by the date of the presentation and the URL or DOI if available.

Best Practices for Properly Citing Sources in Your PowerPoint Presentation

Now that you know how to cite a PowerPoint presentation in APA style, here are some best practices to keep in mind:

• Always cite your sources accurately and completely, including authors, dates, titles, locations, and any other information needed to identify the source.
• Consistently use APA style formatting for in-text citations and references.
• Check the accuracy of your citations manually, even if you use citation generators or reference management software.
• Double-check any specific citation requirements from your professor or institution.

Conclusion: Mastering the Art of Citing a PowerPoint Presentation Using APA Style

Citing a PowerPoint presentation in APA style is an essential part of the research process, and it can be challenging if you are not familiar with APA citation guidelines. By following the guidelines provided in this article, you’ll be well on your way to mastering the art of citing a PowerPoint presentation in APA style and creating high-quality, credible, and well-researched work.

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APA Citation Guide (7th Edition)

• What's New in the 7th Edition - Handouts!
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• Basic Information
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• Finding the DOI
• Formating a PowerPoint presentation in APA Style
• Academic Integrity & Plagiarism
• Academic Writer This link opens in a new window

How to format a PowerPoint presentation in APA Style:

The APA manual does not have a section on how to format a PowerPoint presentation, but y ou can follow APA style guidelines within your PowerPoint . For example:

• Include the same information on your title slide that you would have on a title page. 
• Include in-text citations for any quote, paraphrase, image, graph, table, data, audio or video file that you use within your presentation. Please note that photographs are considered figures in APA style. See section 7.30 of the APA manual for more information about this.
• The last slide will be your References List. 
• “No citation, permission, or copyright attribution is necessary for clip art from programs like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint” (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, p. 346).
• Do not reproduce images without permission from the creator or owner of the image. See section 12.15 of the APA manual for more information about this.

How to cite PowerPoint slides in your References List

You will use the following format to cite PowerPoint slides:

Author, A. A. (year).  Title of presentation  [PowerPoint slides]. Website Name. https://xxxxx

Please note that “if the slides come from a classroom website, learning management system [e.g., Blackboard], or company intranet and you are writing for an audience with access to that resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL for sites requiring login)” (APA, 2020, p. 347). Don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines.

Goodwin University. (n.d.).  Social media and marketing communications: Written/Oral project outline . [PowerPoint slides]. Blackboard. https://goodwin.blackboard.com

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA or Chicago

How to Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA, MLA or Chicago

Let’s be honest: Sometimes the best information for a paper comes straight from a professor’s PowerPoint presentation. But did you know that source needs to be cited?

Whether you’re making use of your instructor’s lecture materials or pulling information from a Powerpoint found online, you need to make sure to cite your sources if you use information from it in a project or paper.

Here’s a run -t hrough of everything this page includes:  

• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in MLA format
• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA format
• Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Chicago Style

By now, you’re probably familiar with how to cite websites, books or journal articles, but not as knowledgeable about how to cite a Powerpoint presentation. In actuality, citing PowerPoint presentations aren’t all that different from citing written materials, so don’t let yourself be phased! It’s not too hard and compiling an MLA works cited or APA reference page doesn’t take too long—each one should take just a few minutes to create.

To help you with the process, we’ve put together a handy guide demonstrating how to cite a PowerPoint presentation in three commonly used citation styles: MLA, APA and Chicago.

Let’s start by looking for basic information you’ll need for the citation.

Information you may need to cite a PowerPoint Presentation:

• Author or authors of the presentation
• Presentation title
• Date of publication/presentation
• Place of publication/where the presentation was given
• URL (if used to locate the presentation)

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in MLA format:

MLA format citation structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. Presentation Title. Month Year, URL. PowerPoint Presentation.

Example citation :

Park, Lisa. Effective Working Teams . Jan. 2011, https://www.company.meetings/teams. PowerPoint Presentation.

In-text citation structure:

(Last Name)

Example in-text citation:

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in APA format:  

APA reference structure:

Author or Presenter Last Name, Middle Initial. First Initial. (Date of publication). Title of presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Conference Name, Location. URL

Example reference:

Park, L. (2011, March 24-28). Effective working teams [PowerPoint presentation]. Regional Dairy Workers National Conference, New York, NY, United States. https://www.company.meetings/teams

Cite a PowerPoint Presentation in Chicago Style:

Chicago citation structure:

Author Last Name, First Name. “Presentation Title.” Lecture, Location of Lecture, Month Day, Year.

Example citation:

Park, Lisa. “Effective Working Teams.” Lecture, The Plaza Hotel, New York, NY, January 11, 2011.

Troubleshooting

Solution #1: how to cite a powerpoint that has multiple authors..

For a presentation with multiple authors, list the authors alphabetically by last name for the full reference citation. The citation will list each author by Last Name, First Initial.

If the PowerPoint has just two authors, separate them with a comma and an ampersand (&). If the PowerPoint has more than two authors, list the authors separated by commas.

Reference examples:

Felner, D., & Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Felner, D., Nguy, A., Becham, G. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

For an in-text citation for two authors, give both surnames separated by an ampersand (&) followed by a comma and the year of publication or presentation.

For an in-text citation for three or more authors, list the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” followed by a comma and the year of publication or presentation.

In-text citation examples:

(Felner & Nguy, 2021)

(Felner et al., 2021)

For a PowerPoint with two presenters or authors, include both names in the full works-cited citation. The names need to be written as follows: First presenter’s Last Name, First Name, and then the second presenter’s First Name and Last Name.

For an in-text citation, simply list the surnames of both presenters.

In-text citation example:

(Nguy and Felner)

Work-cited entry example:

Nguy, Anna and Dominic Felner. The History of Claymation. Apr. 2021. PowerPoint Presentation.

For a PowerPoint with three or more presenters, only list one presenter’s name followed by a comma and “et al.”

For an in-text citation for three or more authors or presenters , list the surname given in the full works-cited citation followed by “et al.”

(Nguy et al.)

Nguy, Anna et al. The History of Claymation. Apr. 2021. PowerPoint Presentation.

Solution #2 How to cite a slideshow that wasn’t made with PowerPoint

If making a full works-cited citation for a slideshow that was made with another program other than PowerPoint, include the medium in brackets instead of PowerPoint.

If the presentation is not in PowerPoint, and you can’t determine what software was used, include the word “slideshow” in brackets in place of PowerPoint.

Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Prezi presentation]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Nguy, A. (2021 April 10-12). The history of Claymation [Slideshow]. Animation Now, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

The in-text citation will be formatted like any other APA in-text citation (author last name, year).

(Nguy, 2021)

At the end of your full works-cited citation, include the program the slideshow was made with, formatted as:  ______ Presentation.

If you are uncertain of the program used, end your citation with “slideshow” followed by a period. Nguy, Anna. The history of Claymation. Apr. 2021. Prezi Presentation. Nguy, Anna. The history of Claymation . Apr. 2021. Slideshow.

The in-text citation will be formatted like any other MLA in-text citation (author last name).

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Updated April 26, 2021.

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To cite PowerPoint presentation slides, include the author name, year/date of presentation, the title, the source description, the website and/or university name, and the URL where the source can be found.

If the PowerPoint presentation is not accessible to the reader, cite the slides as personal communication.

If you want to cite a PowerPoint in MLA or APA style, you need to have basic information including the name of the author(s), title of the presentation, date and place of publication, and URL. For in-text citations, you need to include only the author name(s) in MLA style and author name(s) and year in APA style.  

APA in-text citations

(Author Surname, publication year)

(Dhanalakshmi, 2004)

MLA in-text citations

(Author Surname)

(Dhanalakshmi)

Citation Basics

Harvard Referencing

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Cite a presentation or lecture in APA style

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
• Edited book
• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

Use the following template or our APA Citation Generator to cite a presentation or lecture. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

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• How to cite a Chapter of an edited book in APA style
• How to cite a Conference proceedings in APA style
• How to cite a Court case in APA style
• How to cite a Dictionary entry in APA style
• How to cite a Dissertation in APA style
• How to cite a E-book or PDF in APA style
• How to cite a Edited book in APA style
• How to cite a Email in APA style
• How to cite a Encyclopedia article in APA style
• How to cite a Government publication in APA style
• How to cite a Interview in APA style
• How to cite a Legislation in APA style
• How to cite a Magazine in APA style
• How to cite a Music or recording in APA style
• How to cite a Newspaper in APA style
• How to cite a Patent in APA style
• How to cite a Podcast in APA style
• How to cite a Presentation or lecture in APA style
• How to cite a Press release in APA style
• How to cite a Religious text in APA style
• How to cite a Report in APA style
• How to cite a Software in APA style

APA Style Formatting in PowerPoint

APA Style (7th Edition) Formatting in PowerPoint

In this video, Purdue Global Learning and Development Specialist, Chrissine Cairns, demonstrates how to format a PowerPoint applying APA Style (7th Edition) to a title slide; body slides using bullet points, figures, tables, and copyright statements; and a reference list with hanging indentations.

Presentation Times for Video Sections

• Title Slide 00:00:00 – 00:03:45
• Bulleted Points 00:04:16 – 00:07:13
• Figures and Tables and Copyrights 00:07:14 – 00:13:36
• Reference List 00:13:32 – 00:15:37

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APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: Posters & Conference Sessions

• APA 6/7 Comparison Guide
• New & Notable Changes
• Student Paper Layout
• Journal Article with One Author
• Journal Article with Two Authors
• Journal Article with Three or more Authors
• Help?! I can't find the DOI
• One Author/Editor
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• Chapter in a Book
• Electronic Books
• Social Media Posts
• YouTube or other streaming video
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• Infographic, Powerpoint, or other visual works
• Government Websites & Publications, & Gray Literature
• Legislative (US & State House & Senate) Bills
• StatPearls, UpToDate, DynaMedex
• Dissertations & Thesis
• Interviews & Emails
• Magazine Articles
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• Datasets, Software, & Tests
• Posters & Conference Sessions
• Photographs, Tables, & PDF's
• Canvas Posts & Class Discussion Boards
• In-Text Citations & Paraphrasing
• References Page
• Free APA 7th edition Resources, Handouts, & Tutorials

Citing Conference sessions, Poster abstracts, and Poster presentations

Conference sessions, poster abstracts, and poster presentations follow a significantly different format than other types of APA references.

• The author of the work is always listed first.
• Next, the FULL date of the conference is listed in the date area, so if a conference is held over several days, you need to list the date the conference starts, through the date the conference ends.
• Next add the title of the work and put it in italics, then add (in square brackets), whether it's a [Poster session], a [Poster abstract], or a [Conference session] and then add a period.
• In the source area share 1) the name of the conference or organization - or both (comma), 2) the name of the city or town the conference was held (comma), 3) the abbreviation of the state or the region (depending on the country) (comma), 4) the country the conference was held.
• Lastly share the URL of the WORK (not the conference in general) as a live hyperlink. 

Examples: 

Conference session : .

Hinck, J., Brewington, J., & Harding, K. (2018, September 12-14). Nurse educators - Making a difference in self and others to strengthen networks and partnerships [Conference session]. National League for Nursing, Chicago, IL, United States.  https://tinyurl.com/37bx7uku  

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Hinck, et al., 2018). 

Poster Abstract :

Jackson, C., McCalmont, J., Ward, J. Solanki, E., Seguin, R., & Perry, C. K. (2017, October 10). Mujeres fuertes y corazones saludables: Adaptation of the Strong Women - Healthy Hearts (SWHH) program for rural Latinas using an intervention mapping approach [Poster Abstract]. 2017 Oregon Public Health Association Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, United States.  https://tinyurl.com/y2panrdm  

(Jackson, et al., 2017). 

Poster Presentation :

NOTE: Because the poster presentations of this conference were presented in a journal, there are actually two ways you could cite this particular poster abstract, either way is acceptable in APA .  

Option 1 - Referencing ONLY the poster abstract itself : 

Leckenby, S., & Acklaghi, H. (2017, November 19-23). Is point-of-care troponin enough in decision making process in emergency departments [Poster Presentation]. ACEM ASM 2017 "Impossible is Just a Perspective" Darling Harbour, Sydney, Austalia.   https://tinyurl.com/cpkjbsu5

(Leckenby & Acklaghi, 2017). 

Option 2 - Referencing the poster abstract within the actual journal & supplement that printed the conference abstract : 

Leckenby, S., & Acklaghi, H. (2018). Is point-of-care troponin enough in decision making process in emergency departments [Poster Presentation]. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 30 (S1), 43-44.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12962  

Carrie Forbes, MLS

Page References

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (7th Edition). Please refer to page 332-333 of the APA Manual (7th Edition) for more information.

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• Last Updated: Jan 12, 2024 10:05 AM
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ENGL 102: Butler M. (Spring 2024): APA style

• Evaluating sources
• Background sources
• Annotated bibliographies

What is APA?

Your instructor/s may ask you to write your papers and presentations in APA format. But, what is APA?!

• A style manual published by the American Psychological Association
• Used in the health and social sciences
• Governs how we format our papers and ensures consistency
• selection of headings, tone, and length;
• punctuation and abbreviations;
• presentation of numbers and statistics;
• construction of tables and figures,
• citation of references;
• and many other elements that are a part of a manuscript.
• APA style refers to both the physical appearance of your paper (type size, margins, running headers, etc.) and to the way you cite your sources, both in text and in your bibliography.
• You will collect the same information you would for an MLA style bibliography (author, title, title of journal, date, etc.), but arrange it in a slightly different manner. 
• Remember than many of the Library's databases will provide an APA citation that you can cut and paste.
• What is APA? Here is the official definition of APA style from the American Psychological Association

What does citing mean?

After you gather information from outside resources to add to your own ideas about a topic, you will quote, paraphrase, or summarize those sources within the body of your paper. 

Citing allows you to share with your readers where you got your information so that they can verify what you've written or follow up on an interesting idea, and it protects you from any charges of plagiarism.

There are two parts to a proper APA citation:

• The citation "in text, " letting your readers know when an idea comes from someone other than yourself  within the text of your paper  ( see these examples ). Remember you must always cite when borrowing another author's words or ideas. That is true not only when you quote directly from another author's works but also when you paraphrase or summarize (i.e. EVEN if you put it in your own words you need to cite it!).  
• The separate "References" page where you will list complete information about each of those sources, which comes  at the end of your paper ( see these examples ).

APA citation example, 7th edition

The following are examples of how to do an APA style in-text citation and corresponding References list citation for a journal article from a library database.

In-text citation

Using a signal phrase.

The first time you introduce a source within the body your paper, it is generally preferred that you use a signal phrase (and many instructors require that you do so). A signal phrase introduces a source and "signals" to your reader that the material to follow comes from someone other than yourself. The signal phrase in the example below is "According to Jones." After the signal phrase list the year of  publication in parentheses. Finally, after the quote, list the page number or numbers in parentheses preceded by a "p." for a single page or a "pp." for multiple pages.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time"  (p. 199) .

Alternative to using a signal phrase

If you do not use a signal phrase, then you would put the author’s last name along with the year of publication and page number preceded by a "p." or a "pp." in parentheses after the quote. For example: 

"Students often had difficulty  using APA style, especially when it was their first time"  (Jones, 1998, p. 199) .

References list entry

List the complete citation information for the source listed in your in-text citation in the References list at the end of your paper. Please note that the examples below do NOT include hanging indent formatting, which is the standard for references list entries.

Author's last name, First initial. (Publication year). Article title in sentence case: Subtitles are also in sentence case. Journal Title in Title Case , Volume# (Issue#), page range. DOI.

Example with DOI

Jones, H. (1998). Why citation styles are challenging for students: A review of the literature. Journal of Education ,  88 (2), 199-201. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/77.1.123

Example without DOI

Jones, H. (1998). Why citation styles are challenging for students: A review of the literature.  Journal of Education ,  88 (2), 199-201. 

NOTE: Library databases will provide you with the DOI for an article if there is one (and not all articles have a DOI). These are also generally provided on the first page of the article itself. When there isn't a DOI, simply end your citation with the page range, unless your instructor asks you to provide the URL. Detailed information about DOIs can be found in the box below.

What is a DOI? (APA 7th edition)

All citations are meant in part to serve as a kind of 'address' to help your readers find the sources that you use in your papers. The ordering of the citation is deliberate and precise. Several journal article citations ends with a "DOI" number.

What's a "D.O.I."?

• D.O.I. stands for "digital object identifier". D.O.I.s are assigned to every scholarly journal article that is published electronically. Each article has its own unique number. This number can help your reader locate information about the article you used even if they do not have access to the database you retrieved it from.
• Most articles published after 2010 have the D.O.I. printed somewhere on the first page. Since 2012 the D.O.I. is commonly displayed as a URL, prefaced with https://doi.org/
• APA requires that you use the D.O.I. as the retrieval link, presented as a live hyperlink, with no punctuation at the end
• If the D.O.I. you find for an article is not prefaced with https://doi.org , APA requires that you type in that root in front of the D.O.I yourself. See below.

Example, when a D.O.I. can be found:

Gordon, M., & Cui, M. (2015). Positive parenting during adolescence and career success in young adulthood. Journal of Child and Family Studies , 24 (3), 762-771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9887-y

What if I can't find a D.O.I. on the article?

• If you cannot see a D.O.I. on the article itself, I recommend doing a Google search of the article title, locating information about the article, often on the journal's Website, and seeing if you can find the doi listed somewhere on the Website page.
• If you have exhausted all attempts to locate a D.O.I. for the article, APA requires that you leave that space blank.
• If you have exhausted all attempts to locate a D.O.I. for the article, but you then find that the article is freely available, in full-text, on the Web (not a library database), use the article's URL instead, formatted as an active hyperlink.

Example, when a D.O.I. cannot be found, and the article is not freely available on the Web:

Gordon, M., & Cui, M. (2015). Positive parenting during adolescence and career success in young adulthood. Journal of Child and Family Studies , 24 (3), 762-771.

Example, when a D.O.I. cannot be found, but the article is freely available on the Web:

Gordon, M., & Cui, M. (2015). Positive parenting during adolescence and career success in young adulthood. Journal of Child and Family Studies , 24 (3), 762-771. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mellissa_Gordon/publication/259634832_Positive_Parenting_During_Adolescence_and_Career_Success_in_Young_Adulthood/links/55fac42a08ae07629e0650e9.pdf

What if I am using a print journal article?

• If you can find the D.O.I. on the article, go ahead and include it in your citation. Many articles are still published both in print and electronically.
• If you cannot find the D.O.I. on the article, treat it as above, leaving that space blank.

Video tutorial: Introduction to APA, 7th edition

Watch the video below for an introduction to using APA style, 7th edition. To see it in a larger window, click on the link below. This video tutorial was created by TCC librarians.

• Introduction to APA, 7th edition - video tutorial slides [pdf] Slides from the video tutorial above.
• Introduction to APA, 7th edition - video tutorial slides [ppt] Slides from the video tutorial above.

TCC Library APA 7-style quick guide handouts

Citation handouts.

Here are some handouts (in both .docx and .pdf formats) featuring example citations for sources you might find through TCC's Library and the Web.

For the References page

• APA style References page citation guide (7th ed.) 2020 [.docx] This double-sided .docx handout provides some example References page citations for commonly used sources.
• APA style References page citation guide (7th ed.) 2020 [.pdf] This double-sided .docx handout provides some example in-text citations for commonly used sources.

For the In-text citations

• APA style in-text citations guide (7th edition) 2020 [.docx] This double-sided .docx handout provides some example in-text citations for commonly used sources.
• APA style in-text citations guide (7th ed.) 2020 [.pdf] This double-sided .pdf handout provides some example in-text citations for commonly used sources.

Purdue OWL guides for APA, 7th edition

• The Purdue OWL: APA 7 style citation guide Use the navigation on the left to find examples of in-text and reference list citations. Also contains a sample paper demonstrating in-text citations and paper layout .
• The Purdue OWL APA 7 changes The OWL goes over some of of the changes from APA 6 to APA 7
• The Purdue OWL APA 7 overview and workshop This workshop introduces important aspects of the American Psychological Association (APA) Style used to format research papers.

APA style books in the TCC Library

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• APA Citation Generator

Free APA Citation Generator

Generate citations in APA format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

• Save a considerable amount of time
• Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
• Be rewarded with a higher grade

In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

• Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
• MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
• Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
• Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Citation Guides

• APA: Introduction
• APA: Articles
• APA: Websites and Software
• APA: Film, TV, Video
• APA: Images, Photographs
• APA: Talon, Guidelines, Policies, Emails
• APA: In-text Citations

In-Text Citations for APA Style

In-text citations examples for various authors and situations.

• APA: References Page Formatting
• MLA: Articles
• MLA: Websites
• MLA: Social media (Instagram, TikTok, etc.)
• MLA: Film, TV, Video, Audio
• MLA: Photos, Images, Artwork
• MLA: Talon, Self-citing, Interview
• MLA: Generative AI, ChatGPT
• MLA: Formatting
• MLA: In-text Citations
• MLA: Tutorials
• MLA: Details on core elements
• Citation Managers
• Chicago Style

What is an in-text citation and how is it different from the Reference List citation?

APA style uses a two-part system, where each source used will have an in-text citation and a reference list citation. The in-text citation appears within the narrative of your work and is a shortened version of the reference list citation, which appears after the end of the narrative. The in-text and reference list citation will both include the author's name and the date published. See APA website for a detailed discussion of in-text citations. 

When should I use an in-text citation in my writing?

Use an in-text citation when you summarize, paraphrase, or directly quote a source. If it isn't your original idea, cite it. In-text citations are generally placed at the end of a sentence.

What information is included in the in-text citation?

In-text citations include the author's last name(s) and the year of publication. It also includes the page number if citing a direct quotation. If the author's name and the year are included in the sentence this is called a "narrative citation" and no in-text citation in parentheses is needed.

In what order do I put the quotation mark, parentheses and period?

In-text citations are generally placed at the end of a sentence. The period at the end of the sentence comes after the closing parenthesis. If there is a direct quotation, the quotation mark goes before the parentheses. For example:

• (Smith, 1972).
• "...in treatment" (Smith, 1972, p. 81).

However, if the in-text citation follows a block quote, the period goes at the end of the sentence instead, before the parentheses of the in-text citation.

How do I cite something that the source quoted? That is, a second-hand or secondary source?

Generally it is good practice to track down the original source, if possible, and quote it directly. If this isn't an option, use the phrase "as cited in". For example:

• Brown (as cited in Jones, 2010) wrote that...

(Luna, 2020)

According to Luna... (2020).

Two authors

(Salas & D'Agostino, 2020)

According to Salas and D'Agostino... (2020).

Three or more authors

• Use the last name of the first author, then the phrase "et al." to indicate that there are more authors found in the reference list citation.

(Martin et al., 2020)

According to Martin et al.,... (2020).

Group author

• The first time you include an in-text citation for a group author, write out the whole name. If the group's name is very long, also include an abbreviation in brackets right after. When you cite it after that, you may just use the abbreviation instead of writing out the whole name.

(Stanford University, 2020)

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020)

According to the National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH]... (2020).

(NIMH, 2020)

• If the source has no author given in your reference list citation, use a shortened form of the title.

("Super," 2017, para. 5)

• A source with no date is handled in the same way as in the reference list citation, with "n.d." 

(Trask, n.d.)

Personal communications

• Sources that are from personal communications or other unpublished communication not available to your audience do not need a reference list citation, but do still need an in-text citation.
• Give the first initial and last name of the person you communicated with.

"I was stationed at Pearl Harbor" (J. Rivera, personal communication, March 24, 2019).

Direct quotations

• When including a direct quotation include the author and year as usual. After the year, include a page number (p. 82), a paragraph number (para. 5), or a timestamp for audio or video recording (4:30)

Bede and Xing found that "the most commonly prescribed treatment is often ineffective" (2015, p. 10).

"The crowd laughed loudly and long" (Johnson, 2015, para.23)

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here .

Media File: APA PowerPoint Slide Presentation

This resource is enhanced by a PowerPoint file. If you have a Microsoft Account, you can view this file with   PowerPoint Online .

Select the APA PowerPoint Presentation link above to download slides that provide a detailed review of the APA citation style.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Potential Uses of Generative AI
• Concerns with Generative AI
• Citation and Copyright
• Additional Resources

Citing Generative AI

When conducting research on a generative AI tool like ChatGPT, it may be useful to include prompts and outputs in your written report or presentation. In this case, ChatGPT or other generative AI tools should be cited clearly. For example, the APA Style caption below provides information on the "author", OpenAI, and describes the prompt that was used to generate the image. Other style guides, such as Chicago Style may differ on whether these images have an author listed, though the AI tool still needs to be described. Please see the individual style guides for the most recent guidelines for citing AI works.

Example 1

This image was generated using DALL-E 3 (OpenAI, 2024) with the prompt "Generate an image of a wooden study carrel in a beautiful academic library with a laptop on the table surface."

Example 2 

Prompt: How might ChatGPT reproduce biases in the information it provides to a user? Give me a couple succinct examples.

ChatGPT Output: Sure, here are a couple of succinct examples:

Reflecting Training Data Bias: If ChatGPT is trained on text data containing gender stereotypes (e.g., "nurses are usually female" or "engineers are usually male"), it might generate responses that perpetuate these stereotypes when asked about professions.

Echoing User Biases: If a user asks ChatGPT a biased question (e.g., "Why are certain ethnicities more prone to crime?"), ChatGPT might inadvertently reinforce the bias in its response by providing information that appears to validate the assumption rather than challenging it. (OpenAI, 2024)

References (in APA Style )

OpenAI. (2024).  ChatGPT  (May 3 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

OpenAI. (2024). DALL-E (Version 3) [artificial intelligence system]. https://openai.com/index/dall-e-3 

See the following resources for more recommendations on how to cite generative AI outputs:

APA 7th Edition - Citations: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Justice Institute British Columbia

Citation and Attribution with AI Tools in APA, Chicago and MLA Styles, Brown University Library

How to Cite Generative AI, Marshall University Libraries

Copyright Concerns

According to the U.S. Copyright Office, works that contain "no human authorship" cannot be copyrighted. However, works that partially contain AI-generated elements, such as human authored elements combined with AI-produced images, can be. The individual images cannot be copyrighted (but you will still want to cite them in academic works for transparency and to follow style guidelines!). 

The Committee on Publication Ethics states that an AI cannot have authorship, as it cannot take responsibility for the work. Therefore, generative AI's should not be listed as co-authors for a paper, even if it utilized to some degree for assistance.

For updated information on AI and U.S. copyright law, please visit the U.S. Copyright Office website,  copyright.gov/ai .

Committee on Publication Ethics. (2023, February 13).  Authorship and AI Tools . https://publicationethics.org/cope-position-statements/ai-author

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• Last Updated: May 6, 2024 10:19 AM
• URL: https://libguides.uky.edu/genai