academic essay on eating disorders

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Essay Examples on Eating Disorders

What makes a good eating disorders essay topic.

When it comes to selecting a topic for your eating disorders essay, it's crucial to consider a multitude of factors that can elevate your writing to new heights. Below are some innovative suggestions on how to brainstorm and choose an essay topic that will captivate your readers:

- Brainstorm: Begin by unleashing a storm of ideas related to eating disorders. Delve into the various facets, such as causes, effects, treatment options, societal influences, and personal narratives. Ponder upon what intrigues you and what will engage your audience.

- Research: Embark on a comprehensive research journey to accumulate information and gain a profound understanding of the subject matter. This exploration will enable you to identify distinctive angles and perspectives to explore in your essay. Seek out scholarly sources such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites.

- Cater to your audience: Reflect upon your readers and their interests to tailor your topic accordingly. Adapting your subject matter to captivate your audience will undoubtedly make your essay more engaging. Consider the age, background, and knowledge level of your readers.

- Unveil controversies: Unearth the controversies and debates within the realm of eating disorders. Opting for a topic that ignites discussion will infuse your essay with thought-provoking and impactful qualities. Delve into various viewpoints and critically analyze arguments for and against different ideas.

- Personal connection: If you possess a personal connection or experience with eating disorders, contemplate sharing your story or delving into it within your essay. This will add a unique and personal touch to your writing. However, ensure that your personal anecdotes remain relevant to the topic and effectively support your main points.

Overall, a remarkable eating disorders essay topic should be meticulously researched, thought-provoking, and relevant to your audience's interests and needs.

Best Eating Disorders Essay Topics

Below, you will find a compilation of the finest eating disorders essay topics to consider:

1. The captivating influence of social media on promoting unhealthy body image. 2. Breaking free from stereotypes: Exploring eating disorders among male athletes. 3. The profound impact of diet culture on body image and self-esteem. 4. Unraveling the intricate link between eating disorders and the pursuit of perfection. 5. The portrayal of eating disorders in popular media: Dissecting the battle between glamorization and reality.

Best Eating Disorders Essay Questions

Below, you will find an array of stellar eating disorders essay questions to explore:

1. How does social media contribute to the development and perpetuation of eating disorders? 2. What challenges do males with eating disorders face, and how can these challenges be addressed? 3. To what extent does the family environment contribute to the development of eating disorders? 4. What role does diet culture play in fostering unhealthy relationships with food? 5. How can different treatment approaches be tailored to address the unique needs of individuals grappling with eating disorders?

Eating Disorders Essay Prompts

Below, you will find a collection of eating disorders essay prompts that will kindle your creative fire:

1. Craft a personal essay that intricately details your voyage towards recovery from an eating disorder, elucidating the lessons you learned along the way. 2. Picture yourself as a parent of a teenager burdened with an eating disorder. Pen a heartfelt letter to other parents, sharing your experiences and providing valuable advice. 3. Fabricate a fictional character entangled in the clutches of binge-eating disorder. Concoct a short story that explores their odyssey towards self-acceptance and recovery. 4. Construct a persuasive essay that fervently argues for the integration of comprehensive education on eating disorders into school curricula. 5. Immerse yourself in the role of a therapist specializing in eating disorders. Compose a reflective essay that delves into the challenges and rewards of working with individuals grappling with eating disorders.

Writing Eating Disorders Essays: Frequently Asked Questions

Below, you will find answers to some frequently asked questions about writing eating disorders essays:

Q: How can I effectively commence my eating disorders essay? A: Commence your essay with a captivating introduction that ensnares the reader's attention and provides an overview of the topic. Consider starting with an intriguing statistic, a powerful quote, or a personal anecdote.

Q: Can I incorporate personal experiences into my eating disorders essay? A: Absolutely! Infusing your essay with personal experiences adds depth and authenticity. However, ensure that your personal anecdotes remain relevant to the topic and effectively support your main points.

Q: How can I make my eating disorders essay engaging? A: Utilize a variety of rhetorical devices such as metaphors, similes, and vivid descriptions to transform your essay into an engaging masterpiece. Additionally, consider incorporating real-life examples, case studies, or interviews to provide concrete evidence and make your essay relatable.

Q: Should my essay focus solely on one specific type of eating disorder? A: While focusing on a specific type of eating disorder can provide a narrower scope for your essay, exploring the broader theme of eating disorders as a whole can also be valuable. Strive to strike a balance between depth and breadth in your writing.

Q: How can I conclude my eating disorders essay effectively? A: In your conclusion, summarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis statement. Additionally, consider leaving the reader with a thought-provoking question or a call to action, encouraging further reflection or research on the topic.

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Eating disorders refer to a complex set of mental health conditions characterized by disturbances in one's eating behaviors and attitudes towards food, leading to severe consequences on an individual's physical and psychological well-being.

Anorexia Nervosa: Anorexia nervosa is a psychological disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of one's body image. People with this disorder exhibit extreme food restriction, leading to significant weight loss and the possibility of reaching dangerously low levels of body weight. Anorexia nervosa is often accompanied by obsessive thoughts about food, excessive exercise routines, and a constant preoccupation with body shape and size. Bulimia Nervosa: Bulimia nervosa involves a cyclic pattern of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors aimed at preventing weight gain. During binge episodes, individuals consume large quantities of food in a short period and experience a loss of control over their eating. To counteract the caloric intake, these individuals may resort to self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives. It is important to note that unlike anorexia nervosa, individuals with bulimia nervosa typically maintain a body weight within the normal range or slightly above. Binge Eating Disorder: Binge eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming a significant amount of food in a short period, accompanied by a feeling of loss of control. Unlike other eating disorders, individuals with binge eating disorder do not engage in compensatory behaviors such as purging or excessive exercise.

Distorted Body Image: Individuals with eating disorders often have a distorted perception of their body, seeing themselves as overweight or unattractive, even when they are underweight or at a healthy weight. Obsession with Food and Weight: People with eating disorders may constantly think about food, calories, and their weight. They may develop strict rules and rituals around eating, such as avoiding certain food groups, restricting their intake, or engaging in excessive exercise. Emotional and Psychological Factors: Eating disorders are often associated with underlying emotional and psychological issues, such as low self-esteem, perfectionism, anxiety, depression, or a need for control. Physical Health: Eating disorders can have severe physical health consequences, including malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, hormonal disruptions, gastrointestinal problems, and organ damage. These complications can be life-threatening and require medical intervention. Social Isolation and Withdrawal: Individuals struggling with eating disorders may experience a withdrawal from social activities, distancing themselves from others due to feelings of shame, guilt, and embarrassment related to their eating behaviors or body image. This social isolation can intensify the challenges they face and contribute to a sense of loneliness and emotional distress. Co-occurring Disorders: Eating disorders frequently co-occur with other mental health conditions, creating complex challenges for those affected. It is common for individuals with eating disorders to also experience anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse issues, or engage in self-harming behaviors. The coexistence of these disorders can exacerbate the severity of symptoms and necessitate comprehensive and integrated treatment approaches.

Genetic and Biological Factors: Research suggests that there is a genetic predisposition to eating disorders. Individuals with a family history of eating disorders or other mental health conditions may be at a higher risk. Biological factors, such as imbalances in brain chemicals or hormones, can also contribute to the development of eating disorders. Psychological Factors: Psychological factors play a significant role in the development of eating disorders. Factors such as diminished self-worth, a relentless pursuit of perfection, dissatisfaction with one's body, and distorted perceptions of body image can play a significant role in the onset and perpetuation of disordered eating patterns. Sociocultural Influences: Societal pressures and cultural norms surrounding body image and beauty standards can contribute to the development of eating disorders. Media portrayal of unrealistic body ideals, peer influence, and societal emphasis on thinness can impact individuals' self-perception and increase the risk of developing an eating disorder. Traumatic Experiences: The impact of traumatic events, be it physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, can heighten the vulnerability to developing eating disorders. Such distressing experiences have the potential to instigate feelings of diminished self-worth, profound body shame, and a compelling desire to exert control over one's body and eating behaviors. Dieting and Weight-related Practices: Restrictive dieting, excessive exercise, and weight-focused behaviors can serve as triggers for the development of eating disorders. These behaviors may start innocently as an attempt to improve one's health or appearance but can spiral into disordered eating patterns.

Psychotherapy: Various forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and family-based therapy (FBT), are employed to address the underlying psychological factors contributing to eating disorders. These therapies aim to challenge distorted thoughts and beliefs about body image, develop healthier coping mechanisms, and improve self-esteem. Nutritional Counseling: Working with registered dietitians, individuals receive personalized guidance on developing a balanced and healthy relationship with food. Nutritional counseling focuses on establishing regular eating patterns, promoting mindful eating practices, and debunking harmful dietary myths. Medical Monitoring: This involves regular check-ups to assess physical health, monitor vital signs, and address any medical complications arising from the disorder. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage associated symptoms like depression, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. Medications can complement therapy and help stabilize mood, regulate eating patterns, or address co-occurring mental health conditions. Support Groups and Peer Support: Joining support groups or engaging in peer support programs can provide individuals with a sense of community and understanding. Interacting with others who have faced similar challenges can offer valuable insights, encouragement, and empathy.

Films: Movies like "To the Bone" (2017) and "Feed" (2017) shed light on the struggles individuals with eating disorders face. These films delve into the psychological and emotional aspects of the disorders, emphasizing the importance of seeking help and promoting recovery. Books: Novels such as "Wintergirls" by Laurie Halse Anderson and "Paperweight" by Meg Haston offer intimate perspectives on the experiences of characters grappling with eating disorders. These books provide insights into the complexities of these conditions, including the internal battles, societal pressures, and the journey towards healing. Documentaries: Documentaries like "Thin" (2006) and "Eating Disorders: Surviving the Silence" (2019) offer real-life accounts of individuals living with eating disorders. These documentaries provide a raw and authentic portrayal of the challenges faced by those affected, raising awareness and encouraging empathy.

1. As per the data provided by the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), it is estimated that around 30 million individuals residing in the United States will experience an eating disorder during their lifetime. 2. Research suggests that eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness. Anorexia nervosa, in particular, has a mortality rate of around 10%, emphasizing the seriousness and potential life-threatening nature of these disorders. 3. Eating disorders can affect individuals of all genders and ages, contrary to the common misconception that they only affect young women. While young women are more commonly affected, studies indicate that eating disorders are increasingly prevalent among men and can also occur in older adults and children.

The topic of eating disorders is of significant importance when it comes to raising awareness, promoting understanding, and addressing the challenges faced by individuals who experience these disorders. Writing an essay on this topic allows for a deeper exploration of the complexities surrounding eating disorders and their impact on individuals, families, and society. First and foremost, studying eating disorders is crucial for shedding light on the psychological, emotional, and physical aspects of these conditions. By delving into the underlying causes, risk factors, and symptoms, we can gain a better understanding of the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Furthermore, discussing eating disorders helps to challenge societal misconceptions and stereotypes. It allows us to debunk harmful beliefs, such as the notion that eating disorders only affect a specific gender or age group, and instead emphasizes the reality that anyone can be susceptible to these disorders. Writing an essay on eating disorders also provides an opportunity to explore the impact of media, societal pressures, and body image ideals on the development of disordered eating behaviors. By analyzing these influences, we can advocate for more inclusive and body-positive narratives that promote self-acceptance and well-being. Moreover, addressing the topic of eating disorders is crucial for raising awareness about the available treatment options and support systems. It highlights the importance of early intervention, comprehensive treatment approaches, and access to mental health resources for those affected by these disorders.

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. 2. Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724-731. 3. Brown, T. A., Keel, P. K., & Curren, A. M. (2020). Eating disorders. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (6th ed., pp. 305-357). Guilford Press. 4. Fairburn, C. G., & Harrison, P. J. (2003). Eating disorders. The Lancet, 361(9355), 407-416. 5. Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Zeeck, A. (2020). Eating disorders in childhood and adolescence: Epidemiology, course, comorbidity, and outcome. In M. Maj, W. Gaebel, J. J. López-Ibor, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Eating Disorders (Vol. 11, pp. 68-82). Wiley-Blackwell. 6. Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 348-358. 7. Jacobi, C., Hayward, C., de Zwaan, M., Kraemer, H. C., & Agras, W. S. (2004). Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: Application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 19-65. 8. Keski-Rahkonen, A., & Mustelin, L. (2016). Epidemiology of eating disorders in Europe: Prevalence, incidence, comorbidity, course, consequences, and risk factors. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 29(6), 340-345. 9. Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(4), 406-414. 10. Stice, E., Marti, C. N., & Rohde, P. (2013). Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 445-457.

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Eating disorders are a group of psychological conditions that are characterized by abnormal eating habits or behaviors. They are serious mental illnesses that can have devastating consequences on a person’s physical and mental health. There are three main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.

Anorexia nervosa is a disorder in which a person restricts their food intake, leading to significant weight loss. People with anorexia have an intense fear of gaining weight and often have a distorted body image. They may see themselves as overweight even when they are dangerously underweight. Anorexia can cause numerous physical health problems, including malnutrition, dehydration, and organ failure.

Bulimia nervosa is a disorder in which a person engages in episodes of binge-eating followed by purging behaviors such as vomiting, using laxatives or diuretics, or excessive exercise. People with bulimia also have an intense fear of gaining weight and may have a distorted body image. Like anorexia, bulimia can cause numerous physical health problems, including electrolyte imbalances, gastrointestinal problems, and dental problems.

Binge-eating disorder is a disorder in which a person regularly engages in episodes of binge-eating without engaging in purging behaviors. People with binge-eating disorder feel a loss of control during these episodes and may eat to the point of discomfort. Binge-eating can lead to obesity and numerous physical health problems, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes.

The causes of eating disorders are complex and can include genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Societal pressures to be thin, low self-esteem, and perfectionism can also contribute to the development of eating disorders. Eating disorders are more common among women, but they can affect anyone, regardless of gender or age.

Treatment for eating disorders typically involves a combination of therapy, medication, and nutritional counseling. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been shown to be effective in treating eating disorders, as it helps people identify and change the negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their disorder. Medications such as antidepressants may also be used to treat the underlying psychological conditions that contribute to eating disorders.

Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses that require prompt treatment. Without treatment, they can lead to numerous physical and mental health problems, and in some cases, they can be fatal. If you or someone you know is struggling with an eating disorder, it is important to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. With the right treatment, recovery from an eating disorder is possible.

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Eating disorders

Affiliations.

• 1 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
• 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Serviço de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.
• 3 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
• PMID: 32171414
• DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30059-3

Eating disorders are disabling, deadly, and costly mental disorders that considerably impair physical health and disrupt psychosocial functioning. Disturbed attitudes towards weight, body shape, and eating play a key role in the origin and maintenance of eating disorders. Eating disorders have been increasing over the past 50 years and changes in the food environment have been implicated. All health-care providers should routinely enquire about eating habits as a component of overall health assessment. Six main feeding and eating disorders are now recognised in diagnostic systems: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, pica, and rumination disorder. The presentation form of eating disorders might vary for men versus women, for example. As eating disorders are under-researched, there is a great deal of uncertainty as to their pathophysiology, treatment, and management. Future challenges, emerging treatments, and outstanding research questions are addressed.

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Publication types

• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Feeding and Eating Disorders* / diagnosis
• Feeding and Eating Disorders* / physiopathology
• Feeding and Eating Disorders* / psychology
• Feeding and Eating Disorders* / therapy
• Nutritional Status

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23 Eating Disorders

• Published: March 2008
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This chapter presents the most commonly used and well-validated eating disorder assessments for the purposes of diagnosis, case conceptualization and treatment planning, and treatment monitoring and treatment outcome. General information is also discussed briefly as an introduction to the topic of assessment, including the criteria for an eating disorder diagnosis, prevalence and incidence of eating disorders, common comorbidities, treatment outcomes, and etiology of the disorders. Although structured or semistructured interviews or self-report questionnaires are often used in research studies, and have demonstrated their value for studying the natureof eating disorders in research, the assessments alsohave promise as clinical tools. As such, this chapter provides information for practitioners interested in using these measures in clinical practice.

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Journal of Eating Disorders

Call for papers: mindful journeys: a careful exploration of psychedelics in eating disorder treatment.

From the Editors

This year we thank Deciding Editor Professor Daniel Le Grange for his dedicated service as Associate Editor from the inception of the Journal. His contribution has been beyond expectations and his expertise in the field of Child and Adolescent Health invaluable.

Aims and scope

Journal of Eating Disorders is the first open access, peer-reviewed journal publishing leading research in the science and clinical practice of eating disorders. It disseminates research that provides answers to the important issues and key challenges in the field of eating disorders and to facilitate translation of evidence into practice.

Journal prize winners (2023)

Journal of Eating Disorders Editors are delighted to announce that the winner of the  Best Empirical Research paper award  is  Dr Renee Rienecke for  Adverse childhood experiences among adults with eating disorders: comparison to a nationally representative sample and identification of trauma profiles . J Eat Disord 10, 72 (2022)

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About the Editors

Phillipa Hay , Editor-in-Chief

Western Sydney University, Australia

Professor Phillipa Hay is a leading mental health researcher, educator, and practicing Psychiatrist. Her research has been translational, guided policy and practice, and award winning, e.g., in 2015 she received the Lifetime Leadership Award from the ANZ Academy for Eating Disorders, and in 2020 she was awarded the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) Senior Research Award. She laid the foundations for mental health programs in two new medical schools James Cook and Western Sydney. She has a DPhil in Psychiatry from the University of Oxford and MD (Medicine) from University of Otago, is a Fellow of the RANZCP, and Fellow of the Academy for Eating Disorders (AED).

Stephen Touyz , Editor-in-Chief

University of Sydney, Australia

Stephen Touyz is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Sydney and Director of the Inside Out Institute, a joint partnership between the Sydney Local Health District and the University of Sydney. He is Editor in Chief of the Journal of Eating Disorders which he co-founded a decade ago. He is a past president of the Eating Disorders Research Society. He is a member of the Commonwealth Government of Australia’s Technical Advisory Group for Eating Disorders and a member of the steering committee of the National Eating Disorders Collaboration. He was presented with a leadership award in research by the Academy of Eating Disorders in 2012, the first ever Lifetime Achievement Award by the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Eating Disorders in 2014 and the Ian M Campbell Prize in Clinical Psychology from the Australian Psychological Society in 2014. He has edited/co-edited 6 books and published over 480 scholarly papers/book chapters.

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2022 Citation Impact 4.1 - 2-year Impact Factor 4.2 - 5-year Impact Factor 1.209 - SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 0.833 - SJR (SCImago Journal Rank)

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Eating Disorders, Essay Example

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Introduction

Eating disorders affect men and women of all ages, although adolescents tend to be the age group that is more susceptible. This is because, as their bodies are changing, they may feel more pressure by society as well as peer groups to look attractive and fit in (Segal et al). Types of eating disorders include Anorexia, Bulimia and Compulsive Overeating, which can also be related to the first two. The reasons behind Eating Disorder usually stem from a reaction to low self-esteem and a negative means of coping with life and stress (Something Fishy).  Eating disorders are also often associated with an underlying psychological disorder, which may be the reason behind the eating disorder or which may develop from the Eating Disorder itself. Mental health disorders that are often associated with Eating Disorder include Anxiety, Depression, Multiple Personality Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, BiPolar, BiPolar II, Borderline Personality Disorder, Panic Disorder and Dissociative Disorder. The longer a person suffers from ED, the more probable that they will be dealing with another mental illness, most likely Anxiety or Depression (Something Fishy). The eventual outcome of Eating Disorder can be deadly. “Some eating disorders are associated with a 10-15% mortality rate and a 20-25% suicide rate. Sometimes, anorexia, bulimia and compulsive eating may be perceived as slow suicide (Carruthers).” In order to prevent the deadly consequences of Eating Disorder and to prevent it from becoming more pervasive in society, it is necessary to recognize the correct treatment method for this disease.  Traditional treatments have focused on providing risk information to raise awareness of the consequences of Eating Disorder (Lobera et al 263). However, since Eating Disorder is a mental illness, a more effective treatment is one that offers psychological evaluation, counseling and treatment. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is emerging as a more robust and effective method that can be used not only to treat Eating Disorder but the associated mental illnesses that may accompany it.

The Problem

Eating disorder is pervasive in society and can have deadly consequences on those that suffer from it. Many time Eating Disorder goes undetected by family members and friends because those suffering will go to great lengths to hide their problem. However, there are some signs and symptoms that can be clues that a person is suffering from some sort of eating disorder. According to Segal, these signs can include:

• Restricting Food or Dieting: A change in eating habits that includes restricting food or excessive dieting. The person my frequently miss meals or not eat, complaining of an upset stomach or that they are not hungry. A use of diet pills or illegal drugs may also be noticed.
• Bingeing: Sufferers may binge eat in secret, which can be hard to detect since they will usually do it late at night or in a private place. Signs of potential bingeing are empty food packages and wrappers and hidden stashes of high calorie junk food or desserts.
• Purging: Those who suffer from bulimia will force themselves to throw up after meals to rid their body of added calories. A sign that this is occurring is when a person makes a trip to the bathroom right after eating on a regular basis, possible running water or a fan to hide the sound of their vomiting. They may also use perfume, mouthwash or breath mints regularly to disguise the smell. In addition to vomiting, laxatives or diuretics may also be used to flush unwanted calories from the body.
• Distorted body image and altered appearance: People suffering from Eating Disorder often have a very distorted image of their own body. While they may appear thin to others, they may view themselves as fat and attempt to hide their body under loose clothing. They will also have an obsessive preoccupation with their weight, and complain of being fat even when it is obvious to others that this is not the case.

There are several possible side effects from Eating Disorders, both physical and psychological. Physical damage can be temporary or permanent, depending on the severity of the eating disorder and the length of time the person has been suffering from it.  Psychological consequences can be the development of a mental illness, especially depression and anxiety. Some sufferers of Eating Disorder will also develop a coping mechanism such as harming themselves, through cutting, self-mutilation or self-inflicted violence, or SIV (Something Fishy).

Physical consequences of Eating Disorders depend on the type of eating disorder that the person has. Anorexia nervosa can lead to a slow heart rate and low blood pressure, putting the sufferer at risk for heart failure and permanent heart damage. Malnutrition can lead to osteoporosis and dry, brittle bones. Other common complications include kidney damage due to dehydration, overall weakness, hair loss and dry skin. Bulimia nervosa, where the person constantly purges through vomiting, can have similar consequences as Anorexia but with added complications and damage to the esophagus and gastric cavity due to the frequent vomiting. In addition, tooth decay can occur because of damage caused by gastric juices. If the person also uses laxatives to purge, irregular bowel movements and constipation can occur. Peptic ulcers and pancreatitis can also common negative heath effects (National Eating Disorders Association).  If the Eating Disorder goes on for a prolonged time period, death is also a possible affect, which is why it is important to seek treatment for the individual as soon as it is determined that they are suffering from an Eating Disorder.

Once it is recognized that a loved one may be suffering from an Eating Disorder, the next step is coming up with an effective intervention in time to prevent any lasting physical damage or death. The most effective treatment to date is Cognitive-behavioral therapy, an active form of counseling that can be done in either a group or private setting (Curtis). Cognitive-behavioral therapy is used to help correct poor eating habits and prevent relapse as well as change the way the individual thinks about food, eating and their body image (Curtis).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is considered to be one of the most effective treatments for eating disorders, but of course this depends on both the counselor administrating the therapy and the attitude of the person receiving it.  According to Fairburn (3), while patients with eating disorders “have a reputation for being difficult to treat, the great majority can be helped and many, if not most, can make a full and lasting recovery.” In the study conducted by Lobera et al, it was determined that students that took part in group cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions showed a reduced dissatisfaction with their body and a reduction in their drive to thinness. Self esteem was also improved during the group therapy sessions and eating habits were significantly improved.

“The overall effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy can depend on the duration of the sessions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is considered effective for the treatment of eating disorders. But because eating disorder behaviors can endure for a long period of time, ongoing psychological treatment is usually required for at least a year and may be needed for several years (Curtis).”

  Alternative solutions

Traditional treatments for Eating Disorders rely on educating potential sufferers, especially school aged children, of the potential damage, both psychological and physical, that can be caused by the various eating disorders .

“ Research conducted to date into the primary prevention of eating disorders (ED) has mainly considered the provision of information regarding risk factors. Consequently, there is a need to develop new methods that go a step further, promoting a change in attitudes and behavior in the  target population (Lobera et al).”

The current research has not shown that passive techniques, such as providing information, reduces the prevalence of eating disorders or improves the condition in existing patients. While education about eating disorders, the signs and symptoms and the potential health affects, is an important part of providing information to both the those that may know someone who is suffering from an eating disorder and those that are suffering from one, it is not an effective treatment by itself. It must be integrated with a deeper level of therapy that helps to improve the self-esteem and psychological issues from which the eating disorder stems.

Hospitalization has also been a treatment for those suffering from an eating disorder, especially when a complication, such as kidney failure or extreme weakness, occurs. However, treating the symptom of the eating disorder will not treat the underlying problem. Hospitalization can effectively treat the symptom only when it is combined with a psychological therapy that treats the underlying psychological problem that is causing the physical health problem.

Effectively treating eating disorders is possible using cognitive-behavioral therapy. However, the sooner a person who is suffering from an eating disorder begins treatment the more effective the treatment is likely to be. The longer a person suffers from an eating disorder, the more problems that may arise because of it, both physically and psychologically. While the deeper underlying issue may differ from patient to patient, it must be addressed in order for an eating disorder treatment to be effective. If not, the eating disorder is likely to continue. By becoming better educated about the underlying mental health issues that are typically the cause of eating disorder, both family members and friends of loved ones suffering from eating disorders and the sufferers themselves can take the steps necessary to overcome Eating Disorder and begin the road to recovery.

Works Cited

“Associated Mental Health Conditions and Addictions.” Something Fishy, 2010. Web. 19 November2010.

Carruthers, Martyn. Who Has Eating Disorders?   Soulwork Solutions, 2010. Web. 19 November 2010.

Curtis, Jeanette. “Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders.” WebMD (September 16, 2009). Web. 19 November 2010.

Fairburn, Christopher G. Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders. New York: The Guilford Press, 2008. Print.  

“Health Consequences of Eating Disorders” National Eating Disorders Association (2005). Web. 21 November 2010.

Lobera, I.J., Lozano, P.L., Rios, P.B., Candau, J.R., Villar y Lebreros, Gregorio Sanchez, Millan, M.T.M., Gonzalez, M.T.M., Martin, L.A., Villalobos, I.J. and Sanchez, N.V. “Traditional and New Strategies in the Primary Prevention of Eating Disorders: A Comparative Study in Spanish Adolescents.” International Journal of General Medicine 3  (October 5, 2010): 263-272. Dovepress.Web. 19 November 2010.

Segal, Jeanne, Smith, Melinda, Barston, Suzanne. Helping Someone with an Eating Disorder: Advice for Parents, Family Members and Friends , 2010. Web. 19 November 2010.

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A Retrospective Literature Review of Eating Disorder Research (1990–2021): Application of Bibliometrics and Topical Trends

Eunhye park.

1 Department of Food Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; rk.ca.nohcag@krape

Woo-Hyuk Kim

2 Department of Consumer Science, College of Commerce and Public Affairs, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea

Associated Data

Not applicable.

Despite the growing importance of eating disorders in society and academic literature, only a few bibliometric review studies using bibliometric analysis were available. Hence, this study aimed to explore and uncover hidden research topics and patterns in articles in terms of eating disorders over the last 30 years. In total, 4111 articles on eating disorders were analyzed using bibliometrics, network analyses, and structural topic modeling as the basis of mixed methods. In addition to general statistics about the journal, several key research topics, such as eating disorder (ED) treatment, ED symptoms, factors triggering ED, family related factors, eating behaviors, and social factors, were found based on topic correlations. This study found the key research variables that are frequently studied with EDs, such as AN, BN, BED, and ARFID. This study may help clinicians comprehend important risk factors associated with EDs. Moreover, the findings about key ED research topics and their association can be helpful for future studies to construct a comprehensive ED research framework. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use topic modeling in an academic journal on EDs and examine the diversity in ED research over 30 years of published research.

1. Introduction

According to the National Eating Disorder Association (NEDA) [ 1 ], about 30 million people in the United States (US) suffer from eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or binge eating disorder (BED) at least once in their lifetime. NEDA also reported that people who have AN at some point in their lives account for nearly 1% of females and 0.3% of males, while those who have BN account for roughly 1.5% of females and 0.1% of males [ 1 ]. BED is more common than AN and BN, with roughly 3.5 percent of women and 2.0 percent of men experiencing BED in their lives [ 1 ].

EDs are complicated illnesses that induce a variety of mental and physical health symptoms, significantly increasing the disease burden [ 2 ]. Through a national survey with the representative US adults, Udo and Grilo [ 3 ] uncovered that psychiatric disorders, especially substance use disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders, were more prevalent among groups of the US adults suffering from three types of EDs (i.e., AN, BN, and BED) than those without specific EDs. Moreover, they discovered EDs could increase rates of somatic comorbidities, such as arthritis, hypertension, sleep problems, and high cholesterol [ 3 ].

ED research has developed into a diverse and specialized field owing to the complicated nature of these diseases, having made practical and theoretical contributions in various areas, such as the conceptualization of EDs [ 4 , 5 ], diagnosis [ 6 , 7 ], treatment and intervention [ 8 , 9 ], and risk factors associated with EDs [ 10 , 11 ]. For continuous academic development, researchers must actively communicate and collaborate with other scholars, even in other disciplines or subject areas, if necessary [ 12 ]. However, the rapid growth of specialized and multidisciplinary ED research may challenge researchers, especially young researchers, to understand the progress in the sub-research topics of ED research [ 13 ]. An overall understanding of ED research can be even more difficult as trends and research foci in ED studies may change over time in line with the evolving concepts and environments around ED [ 14 ].

Formal or casual in-person meetings or researchers’ individual efforts to search for information online or offline can be helpful for scholarly communication. With the advent of online databases and bibliometrics, the development of academic achievement can be easily structured, and information exchange among researchers can be traced [ 15 ]. Therefore, bibliometric methods can provide practical, impartial approaches to evaluating the publication profiles of a journal and research outcomes [ 13 , 16 ]. Citation analysis, a part of bibliometrics, can demonstrate how scholars communicate to conduct research and revolutionize ED research [ 12 ]. This study also implemented topic modeling to discover prominent research themes and associations among research topics. A retrospective literature review of ED research can provide a broad understanding of key research areas and trends over time. Based on the findings of this study, researchers and practitioners can comprehend areas of research that have hitherto been influential or areas of study that will require greater input from fellow researchers and practitioners in the future.

Previous studies conducted an extensive review of ED research published in 1980, 1990, and 2000 through collaboration between statistical and field experts [ 17 , 18 ]. Based on solid empirical evidence, the authors successfully illustrate the historical changes in methodological approaches and hypothesis testing and draw useful implications for academic stakeholders, such as researchers, reviewers, and editorial boards. However, no studies have been conducted since 2006 that evaluate the bibliographic data and research output of ED studies to diagnose academic progress and establish sustainable development. Hence, the current study aims to summarize the history of articles on eating disorders by showcasing its intellectual structure according to authors, citations, and, more importantly, research perspectives on the topic since 1990. Of the numerous journals that accept ED-related research, this study focused on the ED-specialized journal, International Journal of Eating Disorders ( IJED ), which has been one of the most influential journals in the field of ED over the past three decades. The research questions (RQs) were as follows:

• RQ 1. What are the general characteristics of ED studies published in articles on eating disorders?
• RQ 2-1. Which articles on eating disorders received the most attention from other researchers?
• RQ 2-2. What was the status of the researchers’ collaboration in developing ED research?
• RQ 2-3. Which papers have been widely cited as grounds for ED research?
• RQ 3. What topics are being actively studied in the field of ED and how has the popularity of these topics changed over time?

To our knowledge, our study is the first to apply bibliometrics and topic modeling to content in an academic journal addressing EDs to explore the diversity of studies on the subject over 30 years. Hence, this study introduced bibliometric methods to the field of ED research. The methodology and findings of this study are expected to contribute to the continuous development of ED research and inspire researchers in the field.

2. Methodology

2.1. data collection.

The Web of Science (WoS) database was used to collect all articles published in International Journal of Eating Disorders ( IJED) between January 1990 and August 2021. For data collection, this study chose one representative ED-related journal, IJED. According to Shah et al. [ 19 ], Archives of General Psychiatry , American Journal of Psychiatry , International Journal of Eating Disorders , and Psychological Medicine published the most influential, in other words, most cited, ED research. Out of these journals, IJED was the only ED-specialized journal. Although there are other prestigious ED-specialized journals with high impact factors, such as Eating disorders, Journal of eating disorders, European Eating Disorders Review , this study focused on IJED. Since the main foci of the aforementioned ED-specialized journals can vary, we chose one journal to control the influence of journal features on bibliometric results. Papers published in Eating Disorders , for example, have been available in the WoS since 2012, and papers published in Journal of Eating Disorders have been available since 2017. Because the availability of papers published in various ED journals varies, the topic summary results may be influenced accordingly.

In the WoS database, all article-related information, such as keywords, abstracts, volumes, issues, and page counts; information about the authors, including names, affiliations, and ORCID; and citation information, such as the number of citations and cited references, were retrieved. Of the 4160 articles retrieved from the WoS, 49 that did not contain essential article information (i.e., year of publication, volume, or issue) were excluded, leaving 4111 articles for data analysis. By following the common practices of previous reviews and bibliometric studies [ 17 , 20 , 21 ], this study divided the dataset into three periods to discover the key characteristics of the journal in each decade: 1990–1999, 2000–2009, and 2010–August 2021.

2.2. Bibliometric Analysis

This study applied two computer-assisted tools to efficiently capture the massive amount of journal-related information over the past 30 years: (1) the R-based bibliometric package “bibliometrix”, and (2) structural topic modeling (STM), an R-based text mining tool.

Traditionally, bibliographic data have been analyzed manually, which largely relies on the researchers’ subjective judgments of the data and requires a significant amount of time for data analysis. However, as the size of the data increases and the reproducibility of the results becomes more important, automatic analysis techniques such as bibliometrics have been widely applied [ 15 ]. Bibliometrics are statistical or quantitative analyses of a comprehensive range of the data in the literature and have been widely applied in various academic disciplines [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Bibliometric analysis tools often provide statistical summaries of journals or articles, author characteristics, institution or country characteristics, and citation characteristics. This study conducted bibliometrics using the R studio (R version 3.6.3 (1 September 2021) with the R-package, “bibliometrix”. (version 3.1.4) [ 25 ]. The general statistics of the journals and citation characteristics were examined using this package.

The “bibliometrix package” was used for network analysis to identify collaborative author relationships and co-citation patterns. For the author collaborative relationship network, each node of the network indicates the author of the articles on eating disorders, and the researchers who collaborated are connected with a line. Only key edges and 30 nodes consisting of key authors were used for network visualization to improve the visibility of the network. Each node represents the cited reference for the co-citation network, and the top 30 giant nodes are included for network visualization. For both networks, betweenness centrality was calculated because of its good performance in detecting influential nodes in the network [ 26 , 27 ]. The sizes of the nodes and labels are proportional to their degree in the network. For both the author’s collaborative relationship network and the co-citation network, community detection was performed using the default setting to identify the key groups.

2.3. Topic Modeling

To identify major research topics in articles published in Eating Disorders , we conducted topic modeling , which is computer-based text analysis. Because the key information about each article is concentrated in the title, abstract, and keywords, these three pieces of information were combined and analyzed for text mining. Python3 (version 3.7.3) was used for data cleaning to improve the quality of the text mining results. We performed text cleaning using two Python packages: Natural Language Toolkit, better known as “NLTK (version 3.4.4)”, and Gensim (version 3.8.0).

For topic modeling, an STM algorithm was applied with the “stm” package (version 1.3.6) in R [ 28 ]. Topic modeling is a machine learning approach that automates the modeling process with multiple iterations. However, for machines to produce results, users of the topic modeling algorithm must determine the optimal number of topics for the dataset and provide that information as input. If the number of topics is too small, machine-generated topics may not capture important sub-research topics or research trends. If the number of topics is too large, on the other hand, multiple similar topics can be generated redundantly. To identify the proper range of topics, held-out likelihood scores were calculated for different topics and used as a quantitative index. To ensure the quality of topic modeling results, the authors of this study performed an additional review of the machine-generated results. That is, the two authors of this paper (both have expertise in the implemented methods, and one is a registered dietitian) have manually reviewed the top words and abstracts highly associated with each topic to confirm whether the results were reasonable and interpretable. Following these procedures, a topic model was built with 47 topics.

Each topic consisted of a series of terms that addressed specific themes. The algorithm examined the associations between the terms in the dataset and terms often used in the same document or context were grouped together. Because topic modeling is probabilistic modeling, the machine calculates each term’s probability of being associated with the 47 topics and each document’s probability of the same to obtain a probability score called the topic weight (β) . Because the sum of 47 topic weights per document is always one, a topic closely related to one document has a topic weight close to one, whereas the topic weight given low relatedness is close to zero.

Because the machine computes the probability of one document being associated with all 47 topics, the associations among the topics could be examined as well. More specifically, topics that often occurred together in the same document had strong associations, and topic networks were created based on these associations. To do so, the “topicCorr” function in the “stm” package was applied. This process provided us with insights into more general and broader trends in topics in the selected article sample. Based on topic correlation, the modularity optimization method (“cluster_optimal” in the igraph package in R) was used to apply a community detection algorithm with a high modularity score. The modularity score was applied to discover the optimal community structure in complex networks.

STM has a function of testing the effects of document-level metadata on topic weights, which is available as an “estimateEffect” function in the “stm” package [ 29 ]. To simulate the effects of document covariates on topic weights, a component of document-level metadata is included as a parameter ( X ) instead of a global mean prior applicable for all documents [ 29 ]. The topic weight was referred to from a multivariate normal linear distribution [ 29 ]. With the “estimateEffect” function, we compared topic weights across the three periods to uncover shifts in the popularity of topics over time. Specifically, the “pointestimate” method was used to estimate the expected topic weights ( β) by each value of covariates (that is, three-time points by each decade), and the “difference” method was used to calculate the difference in the expected topic weights and confidence intervals. Since this approach can contrast two groups with binary data, topic weights of the 1990s were compared with those of the 2000s and 2010s, and the 2000s with the 2010s.

2.4. Research Topic Classification

Two metrics, overall popularity and historical trends, were utilized for topic classification. Topic estimates were used as indicators to determine the overall popularity of topics. The topics ranking within the top 25% by median topic estimates were classified into “high”, between the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile into “moderate”, and below 25% into “low”.

For historical trend classification, topic weight estimates were compared every decade based on 95% confidence intervals as the basis for determining one of the following historical trend classifications: “increasing”, “decreasing”, and “constant”. Historical trends of topics were classified as “increasing” (or “decreasing”) if the low and high confidence intervals did not contain zeros and their weights increased (or decreased) over time. If the low and high confidence intervals contain zeros, those topics are classified as “constant”. Figure 1 illustrates a summary of the implemented methods.

Summary of methodology.

3.1. General Characteristics of Articles in Terms of Eating Disorders

As illustrated in Figure 2 , an average of 132 articles were published in the ED’s journals each year between 1990 and 2020 (2020 was excluded from the average calculation as this year was not complete at the time of data analysis). The number of publications peaked in 2004 at 341, nearly three times the annual average. Although the change in the number of articles over time was not significant, it tended to increase at the end of each 10 years. Of the 4111 articles, the number of articles published between 1990 and 1999 was 952, 1419 between 2000 and 2009, and 1740 between 2010 and 2021. Of these years, 2004 emerged as the peak year for the number of publications.

The number of articles published in Eating Disorders .

3.2. Citation Characteristics

Table 1 lists the top 20 articles of each decade that received the most citations regarding the characteristics of citations. The article that received the most citations throughout the 30 years, was “Assessment of Eating Disorders: Interview or Self-Report Questionnaire?” [ 30 ]. Among the articles published in the first decade, those on scale development tended to be cited frequently. In the second decade, the article “The Effect of Experimental Presentation of Thin Media Images on Body Satisfaction: A Meta-Analytic Review” [ 31 ] received the most citations, and studies involving systematic reviews or meta-analyses were cited most frequently. Among articles published since 2010, “Psychometric Evaluation of the Eating Disorder Examination and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire: A Systematic Review of the Literature” [ 32 ] received the most citations. In the final period, studies involving systematic reviews and meta-analyses were often cited, as were those with broader research topics (e.g., ethnic groups and the Internet).

Top 20 most cited papers published in each decade.

Author collaboration was visualized using the top 30 authors with the highest betweenness centrality scores to display collaborative relationships among researchers ( Figure 3 ). Betweenness centrality in the author collaboration network represents the researcher’s capacity to influence other researchers and spread information quickly [ 33 ]. The size and label of nodes are proportional to the frequency of each node in the author collaboration network. This means that authors with larger node sizes and labels often collaborate, and these researchers quickly transfer scientific knowledge. As a result, four clusters were found, centered on researchers with high betweenness centrality: Mitchell, JE in Cluster 1; Wifley, DE in Cluster 2; Builk, CM in Cluster 3; and Crosby RD in Cluster 4.

Author collaboration network.

In addition, a co-citation network was drawn to identify the relationships among the representative sources frequently cited by articles of Eating Disorders ( Figure 4 ). Each node of the co-citation network represents a cited reference source, and links between nodes are created if the corresponding nodes are cited by the same source. Articles frequently cited in the same journal tend to be densely networked. Densely connected nodes are grouped into the same cluster, and each cluster often shares similarities in terms of research topics. In this study, two large communities were discovered. The references in community one mainly focused on the assessment of eating disorders and clinical features (e.g., [ 30 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]). The references in community 2 are mainly about theory building and tool development (e.g., [ 32 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]).

Co-citation network.

3.3. Characteristics of Research Topics

3.3.1. discovery of prominent research topics.

Topic modeling and topic network analysis revealed the 47 most prominent research topics and their associations ( Table 2 ) and the representative article for each topic ( Table 3 ). At the topic level, technology (Topic 5 and T5) was the most popular among the 47 most salient research topics, accounting for approximately 3.8% of the total topic weight. The top words for that topic were “Internet”, “online”, “professional”, “technology”, and “international”. The article most closely associated with that topic was “User-Centered Design for Technology-Enabled Services for Eating Disorders [ 41 ]”. This result indicates online space became an important medium for ED diagnosis and clinical practices.

Topic summary.

Representative articles highly associated with each topic.

Dieting (T22) and BN (T18) were also widely studied topics, accounting for approximately 3.2% of the total topic weight. This result indicates that many researchers were interested in dieting (related to weight evaluation) as well as BN. An article related to dieting is “Eating Disorders, Dieting, and the Accuracy of Self-Reported Weight” [ 42 ]. The popularity of dieting topic demonstrated that many ED researchers found self-evaluation of body weight or excessive weight control relevant to EDs.

One article associated with BN is “Comparative Validity of the Chinese Versions of the Bulimic Inventory Test Edinburgh and Eating Attitudes Test for DSM-IV Eating Disorders Among High School Dance and Nondance Students in Taiwan” [ 43 ]. Compared to other ED topics (e.g., BED [T29], AN [T20], ARFID [T15]), BN was most widely studied in IJED . However, it should be noted that Topic 29 (BED) and Topic 1 (EDNOS) were related to binge eating, and these two topics accounted for about 6% of the overall topic weight, which is larger than BN. As shown in Table 2 , both Topic 29 (BED) and Topic 1 (EDNOS) contained keywords related to binge eating. Topic 29 and Topic 1 may diverge due to revisions in the definition of BED in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and DSM-5. In the fourth edition of the DSM-IV, BED was classified as an Autonomous Eating Disorder not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) [ 44 ]. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in May 2013, BED was listed in addition to other eating disorder diagnoses, BN and AN [ 45 , 46 ]. As this study targeted the ED research over three decades, those topics related to binge eating may have been classified into the eating behavior group rather than ED symptoms. In summary, the most researched ED-related topics in IJED were BED (accounting for nearly 6%), BN (3.2%), AN (2.8%), and ARFID (1.7%).

3.3.2. Research Topic Network

Some topics tended to have overlapped themes and characteristics. Based on the degree of similarities shared by the topics, topic correlations were estimated and topic network structures were identified ( Figure 5 ). As a result of the topic network analysis and community detection, six groups of 37 of the 47 topics were produced, leaving 10 stand-alone topics. The groups included BED risk factors (Group 1), factors triggering ED (Group 2), AN, BN risk factors (Group 3), treatment (Group 4), social factors (Group 5), and ARFID risk factors (Group 6). Groups 1, 3, and 6 were formed by connecting important risk factors with an emphasis on key EDs. Group 1 comprised, for example, BED-related topics and risk factors that are frequently studied in the context of BED.

Topic network result.

The group with the most significant total topic weight, accounting for approximately 18.3% of the total topic weight, was mostly related to BED risk factors: EDNOS (T1), obesity (T4), food intake (T7), dieting (T22), restrained eating (T27), BED (T29), cognitive avoidance (T36), and eating behavior on mood (T46). The close link between obesity (T4) and two binge eating topics (T1 and T29) was found, which demonstrated that many ED researchers were interested in the effects of obesity on binge eating. For instance, Amianto, Ottone, Abbate Daga, and Fassino [ 44 ] conducted a systematic review study with binge eating research and many studies were conducted with obese population. Similarly, the edge of BED topic (T29) was connected to food intake (T7), dieting (T22), and dietary behavior (T46), showing that much research examined the effects of food behaviors on BED.

Another major group, accounting for approximately 17.4% of the total topic weight, was the factors triggering EDs. In that group, research topics included the effects of gender (T19 and T40), body image and self-esteem (T17, T25, and T34), internalization (T31), ethnicity (T33), and groups at risk of ED (T8). T19 and T40 dealt with gender issues, but their research foci differed. Studies related to T40 (labeled as gender/gender identity) examined whether biological gender or gender identity can influence EDs, whereas T19 (labeled as a gender stereotype) questioned the impact of social preconceptions about gender attributes, such as masculinity and femininity, on EDs.

Group 3 was labeled as “AN, BN risk factor”, accounting for 16.4% of the total topic weight. This group consists of bulimic symptoms (T6), BN (T18), AN (T20), risk of comorbidity (T30), abuse (T35), birth (T42), and purge behavior (T43). We found a close relationship between AN (T20) and the birth topic (T42), indicating that many researchers examined the effects of birth-related issues on AN. The close relationship between these two topics can be supported by many previous studies examining the relationships between birth patterns and AN [ 91 , 92 ]. Similarly, the abuse topic (T35) was closely related to bulimic symptoms (T6) and BN (T18) and purge behavior (T43). The results may indicate that researchers who investigated BN and purging disorder frequently considered various forms of abuses, such as sexual [ 93 ], physical [ 94 ], emotional [ 95 ], and substance abuse [ 96 ].

Other topic groups included ED treatment (13.7%), social factors (9.1%), and family-related factors (6.6%). ARFID was found to be often studied with the family-based treatment (FBT) topic (T24). Several previous studies suggested that FBT could be used to treat people with ARFID [ 97 , 98 ], which explains the close connection between the ARFID (T15) topic and FBT (T24). FBT is also linked to the parent effect topic (T47), indicating that ARFID was frequently considered in the context of the family.

3.3.3. Classification of Research Topics by Overall Popularity and Historical Trend

Research topics were classified according to historical trends and overall popularity based on two metrics: changes in topic weights and expected topic estimates ( Table 4 ). In addition, topics were grouped using a combination of overall popularity and historical trends in topic popularity (see Figure 6 ).

Classification of research topics by overall popularity and popularity trend.

Expected topic weight comparisons over three decades.

In terms of historical trends, the following 11 topics were classified into “increasing” as their topic weights have increased over time: cognitive-behavioral theory (T2), online (T4), special care (T9), cost of illness (T10), ARFID (T15), recovery (T23), family-based treatment (T24), network analysis (T26), risk of comorbidity (T30), stigma (T41), and inpatient treatment (T44). In particular, popularity of topics belonging to Group 5 (social factor) and Group 6 (family) tend to increase over time, considering the topic weights of three topics out of four topics in Group 5 (social factor) and two topics out of four topics in Group 6 (family) were classified into “increasing” in historical trends.

The topic weights of the following 13 topics tend to be “decreasing”: bulimic symptoms (T6), self-esteem (T17), BN (T18), dieting (T22), body size (T25), restrained eating (T27), overeating (T29), syndrome (T32), ethnicity (T33), body image, appearance (T34), abuse (T35), sexual orientation (T40), and dietary behavior (T46). This trend was evident in the topics of Group 2 (factors triggering ED), as the topic weights of six out of eight topics decreased.

Finally, 23 subjects were classified as “constant” in the historical trends because there was no significant difference in topic weights over the three decades. These topics included binge-eating diagnosis (T1), BMI (T3), obesity (T4), food intake (T7), fragile groups (T8), medical complications (T11), personality (T12), self-shame (T13), social impact (T14), pregnancy (T16), gender differences (T19), AN (T20), hormones (T21), perfectionism (T28), body dissatisfaction (T31), cognitive avoidance (T36), genetics (T37), weight change (T38), physical activity (T39), birth (T42), purge behavior (T43), medication (T45), and parental impact (T47).

Expected topic weights were considered to determine the overall popularity of the topic. The following 12 topics were in the top 25th percentile of the median topic weights: binge-eating diagnosis (T1), cognitive-behavioral theory (T2), online (T5), medical complications (T11), BN (T18), AN (T20), hormones (T21), dieting (T22), overeating (T29), body dissatisfaction (T31), syndrome (T32), and sexual orientation (T40). The results show that many ED studies on treatment have been conducted, given that three out of six topics in Group 4 (treatment) were classified as “high” in the overall popularity classification.

The following 12 topics were in the bottom 25th percentile of the median topic weights, meaning they have been understudied compared to other major topics: obesity (T4), fragile groups (T8), cost of illness (T10), personality (T12), social impact (T14), pregnancy (T16), self-esteem (T17), perfectionism (T28), weight change (T38), physical activity (T39), stigma (T41), and parental impact (T47).

4. Discussion

This study implemented bibliometric analysis and a text mining approach to answer three major research questions. To answer RQ1, this study identified the general characteristics of ED studies. We found that the number of articles published in Eating Disorders has grown steadily. This indicates that the importance of ED topics has escalated, and each paper published in Eating Disorders has received more attention from researchers than in the past.

The main goal of RQ2 is to identify how ED research was developed, and citation patterns were examined to answer three specific research questions. As the first step of citation analysis, this study pinpointed articles that received the most attention from fellow researchers interested in EDs in the first (1990–1999), second (2000–2009), and third decade (2010–2021) of the ED research and how those articles served as guidance on their own. Among the articles published in the first decade, articles concerning assessment tool development received many citations. In the second decade, systematic review and meta-analysis studies that summarize the past ED research outcomes and propose future research directions were cited frequently. In the third decade, the popularity of studies using systematic reviews and meta-analysis remained high, but internet-based studies also drew a lot of interest from academics. This finding implies that research that serves as the foundation for further investigations and summarizes previous research outcomes is widely cited. However, such citation patterns may change over time.

Secondly, the author collaboration network was examined. The author collaboration network allows tracing collaborative efforts devoted to ED research. This result could show how knowledge is disseminated among researchers in developing ED research and the researchers who played a critical role in spreading knowledge. Specifically, we discovered four major hubs of the ED research in the author collaboration network. The prolific authors were centered in the network.

The final step of citation analysis was co-citation network analysis. The co-citation network reveals the key articles or documents that establish the foundation of ED research. In addition to academic research published in academic journals, many studies frequently cited all editions of handbooks of “ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ” by the American Psychiatric Association. This handbook is commonly used in the United States for psychiatric illness diagnosis. High centrality scores of these handbooks indicate that ED diagnosis is an important part of the ED research. By examining the associations among these cited references, this study also discovered salient research themes that underpin ED research. One stream of research themes was related to ED-related theories and tool development, and the other was related to the diagnosis and treatment of ED. This implies that articles on eating disorders are concerned with both the theoretical and clinical features.

To answer RQ3 regarding the research topic landscape, this study applied topic modeling and topic network analysis. We discovered the 47 most outstanding topics and the associations among these topics by examining the similarities among the ED research topics. As a result of the topic clustering, we found that ED researchers were particularly interested in the relationships between key EDs and risk factors. Based on the keyword network analysis, Shah, Ahmad, Khan, and Sun [ 19 ] discovered that BN and AN frequently appeared in the top 100 ED articles that are frequently cited. Alongside this previous finding, this study discovered that ED topics played an important role in the research topic clusters by linking ED-related risk factors. As a result of topic clustering, we found that EDs were studied in different contexts and variables. Many BED studies, for example, focused on eating behaviors and dietary patterns, while the effects of family-related factors on ARFID were often examined. Moreover, many AN studies focused on birth-related issues and various types of abuse were examined to comprehend BN.

Beyond that, our study revealed both snapshots and the evolution of research topics related to EDs frequently studied by researchers. This study utilized two indicators, overall topic popularity and historical trends of topic popularity, to demonstrate the progress of research development for specific research topics and track the varying popularity of each research topic over time. Higher societal and academic demands on a particular subject may lead researchers to investigate the related topic more actively than in the past. A recent bibliometric study on ED research [ 99 ] revealed that ED researchers’ interest in ED treatment has been steadily increasing. Compared to previous findings, our study can demonstrate more specific results. For example, we discovered that cognitive-behavioral theory is popular among ED researchers and its popularity is growing. In addition, we found that the overall popularity of AN was high and the popularity of this topic tends to be constant. The overall popularity of BN and BED were high, but weights of these topics tend to decrease over time. On the contrary, the overall popularity of ARFID was moderate but the popularity tends to increase over time. This result indicates that AN, BN, and BED were extensively investigated. However, BN and BED were less studied than the past as interest in ARFID grows. According to previous research in India [ 16 ], AN was the most extensively studied in India ED literature, followed by BED and BN. Similar to our findings, the share of BN research decreased over time, while the popularity of AN and BED increased significantly [ 16 ]. Based on our findings, young researchers may need to pay closer attention to these research topics, which have received more attention from ED researchers than in the past. In contrast, some topics were understudied and thus had much room for contribution, which requires more attention from researchers for the sustainable and continuous development of ED research.

5. Conclusions

This study aimed to illustrate the evolution of the articles of Eating Disorders , a leading peer-reviewed, SSCI-indexed journal for nutrition and dietetics, psychiatry, and psychology since 1990, by applying a computer-assisted bibliometric approach combined with text mining. In the process, we analyzed the major attributes of the journal, including authors, citations, and characteristics of research topics, and compared the results over three decades.

Our summary of key articles and authors in the field may facilitate a search for fundamental concepts or results prevalent in the previous ED research. Our findings regarding the research topic network demonstrated the topics that researchers and clinicians frequently considered together. For instance, a particular risk factor, such as abuse, was often studied together with BN. Based on this result, researchers and clinicians may connect the dots with regard to the evaluation of particular risk factors in different types of EDs that are understudied. Our findings concerning changes in topics published across three decades of the articles demonstrated that the popularity of research topics has evolved over time. Often the researchers choose research topics from the socially sensitive and pressing issues. Given that research topics that are actively studied can demonstrate the socially relevant ED issues within each time period, our results can benefit researchers to comprehend specific ED issues that are considered important. Clinicians and researchers can also use the summary to identify important topics related to EDs that have been continually studied by researchers or important but understudied topics for further development in the field.

Despite contributions, our study had several limitations and thus we encourage future research directions to overcome the limitations of this study. Firstly, this study chose only one journal for analysis. However, as mentioned in the methodology, there are many prestigious ED-related journals and other journals that publish ED studies. Hence, our findings may not be representative. Still, our findings can be important empirical evidence to understand ED research trends over time. Secondly, this study utilized the machine learning algorithm to identify salient ED-related research topics and to detect the relationships among them. This approach can demonstrate which topics were frequently studied together in the empirical research. However, this approach may not be consistent with the existing studies grounded on the formal classification system and frameworks. Hence, future studies need to compare the results derived from the machine learning approach and expert classifications. Thirdly, since bibliometrics are highly influenced by the quality of the database, our results could have been similarly influenced as well. For instance, WoS does not provide links or information to track authors who may have changed their names. This study focused on author collaboration networks rather than examining the general statistics of the authors to overcome this problem. Future studies need to examine the impact of authors in the ED research. Finally, we analyzed the articles according to their titles, keywords, and abstracts using an automated text mining approach. Although, such data points contain essential information about the articles and offer a good summary, more specific information (e.g., methodology used and participant profile) was inaccessible and should be considered in future analyses of the development of studies on EDs.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by Incheon National University Research Grant in 2021.

Author Contributions

Data curation, E.P. and W.-H.K.; Formal analysis, E.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Anorexia as Eating Disorder Essay

Introduction, prevalence of anorexia nervosa disorder, possible causes of anorexia nervosa, danger signs.

Significant amount of time has been dedicated by researchers in the study of anorexia, an eating disorder. Nonetheless, extensive data that is so far available has not been fully utilized towards combating this disorder. It is against this background that the number of anorexia patients across the world has continued to raise thereby negating available treatment methods.

Initially, the condition was restricted among western population but the very western standards of beauty have spread to other parts of the world leading to rapid spread of the disorder. This review will explore aspects of anorexia nervosa by tracing its historical background, possible causes, prevalence rate as well as treatment.

Types of eating disorders

As society continues to promote thin body mentality to be the ideal of beauty, Attia and Welsh observe that there is increasing number of people who are developing anorexia as they become more aware of their weight. [1] Most people are concerned about their body weight at some point in life. However, according to the above authors, those who develop eating disorders tend to take their concerns to the extreme.

Abnormal eating habits are a threat to a person’s well being and some extremities can cause death. Research over the past few years, has shown that there has been an increase in the number of people suffering from eating disorders especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The above disorders are more prevalent in young women and adolescents. Among the general population, it is estimated that about five million people will show signs of at least one type of the above disorders.

Three major types of eating disorders have been identified. The first and the most common type is anorexia nervosa. Individuals who suffer from this disorder are have a distorted view of their body image. Despite some of them being extremely underweight, they will always have feelings of being overweight. These individuals will refuse to eat but will continue to exercise compulsively with some starving themselves to death.

The second type is bulimia nervosa which until recently has always been confused with anorexia nervosa. These individuals unlike the one suffering from anorexia nervosa will consume large quantity of food although they feel guilty about it. The affected person will perform the above acts because they feel ashamed and disgusted of the binging act. Once they get rid of their stomachs’ contents, tension and negative emotions dissipate. Many scholars have dedicated their time to study anorexia. However, due to limitation in scope, the rest of the chapter will explore anorexia nervosa by tracing the historical background of the condition, reviewing prevalence of the disorder in terms of gender, culture and geographical background as well as the causes and the current treatment methods.

Understanding anorexia nervosa

According to Dare, anorexia has been associated with loss of appetite and does not occur due to physical sickness but mostly triggered by perception of the mind. [2] An individual has a similar appetite with a normal healthy person but they tend to suppress it by either eating very little or avoiding eating for a prolonged period of time. It is against this reason that psychologists view this condition as life threatening if left untreated. [3]

The motivating factor that makes the patient to lose appetite at the sight of food is their obsession to lose weight. Such people are very conscious of their body image, and they always strive to achieve the ideal slim body. The above individuals will deliberately starve themselves to maintain the ideal thin body. In addition, they adopt a strict exercising schedule motivated by their intent fear to become fat.

Historical perspective of anorexia nervosa

Knowledge about the condition came into the lime light in the late 18 th century, when two separate physicians; Charles Lesegue and William Gull researched on anorexia nervosa. The two have been regarded as pioneer researchers in this particular filed. At the initial stages, several names were put forward but, anorexia nervosa came to be widely accepted eventually.

Many other researchers such as Hilde Bruch, Arthur Crisp among other have come forward, and their works have contributed into the research by coming up with treatment plans. Despite the numerous studies into the condition, there is lack of adequate technological innovation as far as treatment is concerned. Hence, it has become a concern among contemporary physician researchers.

The development of anorexia disorder can be traced back to several cultures from ancient times. During this particular time, prolonged fasting was observed but usually it was for religious reasons. The fast was common among the Greek and Egyptian cultures, but, no evidence has been found to show the fasting was as a result of the disorder.

A close resemblance of the disorder in ancient times was that which developed among people who practiced eastern religions. As Steiner documents, some Eastern religious beliefs led to self starvation as people sought spiritual fulfillment. [4] Self starvation is regarded as one of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa today.

Although a slight similarity of ancient times self starvation can be compared with modern day anorexia nervosa, the motivating factors are very different. The ancient people practiced self starvation mainly for religious reasons, but not because they feared getting fat as it evident today.

Lack of a direct link between ancient and modern day disorder has made development of deep research in this disorder to be limited in scope. [5] The disorder has always been viewed from a social perspective, and earlier researchers have ignored the medial aspect of it.

Initially, anorexia was viewed as a social condition, that affected young women and girls from the high-class circles, and it was viewed as their fashion trend. For this reason, scholars saw the disorder as a pass time activity, which did not have any medical effects. It was not until later when the disorder was given attention by the medial experts when serious medial implications started to be discovered.

The prevalence of the disorder affects people of both gender types. It can affect individuals of any age. However, women are more predisposed to the disorder as compared to men. Statistics have identified the ratio to be one out of ten men. Scholars say the incidences of the disorder are increasing day by day, and we might have new statistical out look in the future.

The numerous studies conducted show the disorder is more prevalent among the population from the industrialized nations. Despite the industrialized nations having abundant-food supply, the population especially the females shy away from eating to maintain the slim image, which is considered to be attractive.

The disorder has been found to be common in the western countries such as United Kingdom, USA, Canada and other highly industrialized nations. Studies in the US show that 0.5 to 1 % of females in the US are likely to develop the disorder. In United Kingdom, an estimated 0.7 % to 1.2% females are at high risk of developing anorexia.

However, research of the spread of the disorders in African countries is very limited; hence it may not be easy to hypothesize prevalence rate in those areas due to limited research conducted in the past.

The results of such studies are hard to generalize across African and other minority cultures. The results of the above studies showed very minimal cases of the anorexia nervosa. Indeed, Rumney expounds that the low level of prevalence rate is a clear indication that cultural factors contribute in the development of anorexia nervosa.

Previous studies have also indicated that the disorder is common among post -puberty adults. However, in recent years, isolated cases have been identified among children as young as 7 years. [6] In addition, more recent studies have noted that the disorder is gaining momentum among pre-puberty individuals.

This information has led scholars today to agree that the disorder begins in mid and late adolescence. When the disorder develops at this age, prognosis is always better as compared to those who develop it past the age of 40 years. The disorder at rare times can affect order adults as life stresses catches up with them.

Individuals who develop the disorder do so when they start perceiving in their mind that they are overweight. When such a person begins to diet, he/she does not notice when the weight falls. They will thus continue to diet and exercise intensively, and the habit turns into an obsession.

Such people will do anything to lose weight, and the reason they undertake self starvation measures is because they see weight gain as a sign that they have failed. Eventually, if left untreated the disorder can lead to fatality as the individuals continue to lose weight beyond the required healthy weight for their age and height. Anorexia disorder prognosis is good when diagnosed at early stages.

Researchers have been interested to know what causes the anorexia nervosa disorder. Further, they have been interested to know the contributing factors that lead to the development of the disorder. However, it is difficult to determine the specific causes of the disorder, and most of the causes put forward are hypothetical. Scholars believe that anorexia nervosa can be attributed to a combination of factors, ranging from environmental, cultural, biological and psychological.

Biological causes

Researchers of anorexia disorder through numerous experiments have come across evidence, that some people could be genetically predisposed than others to develop the disorder. The probability of a person whose close family member suffered from an eating disorder, to get anorexia nervosa is higher than for a person whose family has not history of eating disorder.

Statistics has shown that the probability is 10 times higher, and more than 50 % of anorexia nervosa cases can be linked to the hereditary factor. [7] Although numerous experiments have been conducted, the researchers have failed to provide a clear explanation of how biological factors are directly related to the eating disorder.

However, research has been success as researchers have discovered specific chromosomes, which are directly linked to the disorder. The specific chromosomes identified are known to increase susceptibility to the eating disorders; anorexia nervosa and others.

Another biological factor that can be linked with the increased risk to the disorder has to do with the brain abnormal biochemical make up. The abnormal biochemical make up is related with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) which regulates a person mood, stress and appetite.

The gland releases certain neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, which are responsible for mood regulation. When the release of the above neurotransmitters is reduced, such a person is likely to develop the disorder. The above evidence shows that abnormal biochemical make up which is biological factor can be attributed to the eating disorder.

Cultural factors

Cultural beliefs and attitude factors can also be linked to the development of anorexia nervosa disorder, and other eating disorders. The rates of the disorders vary from one race or ethnic group to the other, and the dimension or extent changes with time as cultures evolve. So many studies have concentrated their researches among people within the western culture. [8] However, extensive research needs to be done all over the world to demonstrate the spread of the disorder across all cultures.

A cultural factor that has contributed to the development of the disorder originates from the western culture, where a thin body is viewed as the ideal. This idealization, which receives much attention through the numerous mass media, has been listed as a significant cultural factor that leads to the development of the disorder.

The media are powerful tool when it comes to influencing peoples’ attitudes towards a particular topic. The media are to blame for the widespread anorexia disorder as they portray slim body as the measure of attractiveness.

Although eating disorders can be traced back in history, the massive shift to the view that slim is ideal has emerged recently as promotions of slim body increases. The evidence that today men and women are not satisfied with a big body is evident from the numerous diet articles, diet medication and the like.

A further elaboration on the aspect of culture is that which explains the role of changing cultures to the change of development of anorexia nervosa, as well as the changing prevalence.

Several proposals have been put forward to classify anorexia as cultural-change syndrome rather than a cultural specific syndrome as many tend to believe. [9] This proposal cites studies done among the immigrants which show that though the disorder is rare, it is gaining momentum, as the immigrants culture change because of interaction with the host culture.

In addition, rare cases of the disorder are being reported in less developed world since the process of industrialization brings with it changes in culture. As the world become a global village, the interaction and transfer of cultural values is inevitable; hence anorexia will be a cultural-changing syndrome in the future.

The reason why anorexia disorder is being transferred from the western to other world cultures is because the western culture has always been viewed as ideal. The media have played a great role in communication the values of the western culture to other parts of the world and hence eroding traditional values especially among the young people.

Apart from the idealization of slim body among the western culture, another cultural force which has caused the widespread occurrence of the disorder is identified. [10] In the recent decades, the role of women in society has taken a great shift.

Several feminist theorists have associated the rapid development of eating disorder with the changing roles of women in society especially in western cultures. [11] Feminists theorists have hypothesized that the pressures placed on today’s woman will increase their vulnerability to eating disorders. A historical perceptive of eating disorders to support the hypothesis, is that which shows that eating disorders among women develop, when they are presented with many opportunities.

However, the available opportunity has to be combined with absolute freedom for such a woman to develop anorexia nervosa. Lack of freedom is what makes wealthy women in Muslim cultures to shy away from self starvation since they live restricted lifestyles.

Today woman is pushed to be a high achiever; at the same time, society expects her to maintain her femininity and attractiveness. The anorexia disorders among females come about as they try to balance the demand by society to be both successful and attractive.

Psychological causes

Studies to link the development of anorexia disorder and psychological factors received much attention in the 20 th century. The early theorists focused their attention on studying how person unconscious sexuality conflicts contributed to the development of the disorder.

They also wanted to find out the link between adolescent rebellion and regression to the oral stage of development to the anorexia nervosa. Similarly, earlier psychologists also associated the disorder with the advent of object relations theory. [12] The above theory focuses on how a parent relation with an infant affects the personality development of an individual.

The modern-day psychologists have developed a theory which shows anorexia disorder to be caused by emotional disturbances. The variables of emotional, logical and stimuli come into play in an attempt to classify anorexia as an emotional disorder. According to the anorexia nervosa theory, anorexia, which resides on the emotional side of the human brain, can occur whenever the emotional elements are disturbed.

The disorder is said to develop during mental growth where one of the key points is affected. The theory postulates that the adolescence stage of growth is the most likely point, when the disorder will develop. This is because during adolescence an individual is developing a sense of self, and most of the times adolescents are not able to handle any form of criticism positively. [13]

During this search of identity stage, criticism carries a lot of weight and the person will try to distance themselves from it by manipulating the external environment to avoid further criticism. This escapism behavior suppresses the internal being and the person expresses though unconsciously the preferred emotional image.

When prolonged, exposure of the internal self to suppression will eventually lead to mental segregation presented as anorexia nervosa. Dare expounds that it is a form of mental illness that originates from emotional. Hence, an individual is always concerned with peoples perception of his/her image. [14]

Family therapists have also contributed to debate on how psychological factors associated with family relations, lead to the development of anorexia nervosa disorder. [15] The said therapists have tried to demonstrate the relationship between dysfunctional family relationships and broken down family interaction bonds, with the development of anorexia nervosa.

Individuals whose mothers are intrusive, overprotective and exhibit perfectionists’ characteristics are likely to develop anorexia disorder. In addition, if ones’ father is passive, withdraw, moody or ineffective the probability for such an individual to develop anorexia nervosa is increased.

Personality traits have also been linked with the development of the anorexia nervosa disorder. The individuals have been cited to have low self esteem, extreme fear of becoming fat and feeling of helplessness in life. [16] The individuals are usually people who are high performers in whatever sector they are in life, but their tendency of perfectionism is what compels them to develop the disorder.

Such people are always concerned with peoples’ opinion about them, and always strive to portray a perfect picture. [17] The see the tendency to control their weight as advantageous in gaining peoples approval. It is very hard to know that individuals have a problem as they tend to keep their feelings to themselves, and rarely show rebellious behavior.

Individuals who are developing anorexia nervosa disorder are likely to use weight reduction drugs during the initial stages of the obsession. Other behavioral signs have been identified by researchers. The individuals will start by cutting back on the portion of food they are used to take previously. The individuals will also exhibit an obsessive interest in exercises, and will spend every opportunity exercising.

Those with the bulimia nervosa disorder will be seen going to the bathroom right after they take any meals. [18] Those who suffer from anorexia nervosa will also avoid gathering where food is likely to be served as they do not want to be forced to eat under the circumstances. The above behaviors affect the body negatively and the patients start showing signs of poor health. The most initial symptom associated with anorexia nervosa is gradual but constant weight loss.

Initially, the weight loss is not harmful to the body especially if the patient was overweight. [19] At the later stage as the patient increases weigh losing exercises, the individual will start complaining about stomach problems accompanied by constipation diarrhea. As days goes by, the patient becomes weaker and weaker as the energy reserves are dangerously utilized by the body.

Dizziness may also be a common complaint, and at times, the patient may experience fainting episodes. If left untreated, the symptoms continue to appear which might lead to death. [20]

Eating disorders are very common problem among the population. Anorexia nervosa, which is one type of eating disorders, has become so common and if not watched more health problems are likely to arrive in the future. Researchers should put more effort to innovate on preventive and treatment measures of the condition.

Attia Evelyn, Walsh B. Timothy, 2007. “ Anorexia Nervosa”. American Journal Psychiatry 164(2007): 1805-1810.

Bell, Rudolph M. Holy anorexia . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Dare Chris, Isler Ivan, Russel Gerald, Treasure Janet & Dodge Liz .“Psychological

Therapies for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa.” British Journal of Psychiatry, 178 (2001): 216-221.

DeAngelis Tori, 2002. “ A Genetic Link to Anorexia”. Monitor on Psychology 33(2002), 34-37.

Halmi, Katherine A. “ The Multimodal Treatment of Eating Disorders”. World Psychiatry 4(2005): 69-73.

Kaye Walter H., Bulik Cynthia M., Thornton Laura, Barbarich Nicole, Masters Kim and the Price Foundation Collaborative Group. “Co-morbidity of Anxiety Disorders with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa ”. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004): 2215-2221.

Mehler, Philip S. “Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa in Primary Care Settings.” Annals of Internal Medicine 134(2001):1048-1059.

Naqvi, Syed. “Review of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.” Focus 2 (2004):529-540. Palmer, B. “Come the Revolution. Revisiting the Management of Anorexia Nervosa.” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12 (2006):5-12.

• Papadopoulos Fotios C, Ekbom Aders, Eselius Lisa & Brandt Lena. “ Excess Mortality, Causes of Death and Prognostic Factors in Anorexia Nervosa.” British Journal of Psychiatry 194 (2009): 10-17.
• Ramsay Rosalind, Ward Anne, Treasure Janet & Russel Gerald F. M. “ Compulsary Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa. Short Term Benefits and Long Term Mortality.” British Journal of Psychiatry 175 (1999): 147-153.

Rumney, Avis. Dying to please: anorexia, treatment and recovery . Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland, 2009.

• Steiner Hans, Mazer Cliff & Litt Iris F. “Compliance and Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa”. West J Med 153 (1990): 133-139.
• Swain, Pamela I., Scaglius, Fernanda Baeza., Balfour, Louise., and Hany Bissada. Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa: New Research . New York: Nova Biomedical Books, 2006.

Wade Tracey D., Bulik Cynthia M., Neale Michael, and Kendler Keneth S. “Anorexia Nervosa and Major Depression: Shared Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors” . Am J Psychiatry 157 (2000):469-471.

• Attia Evelyn, Walsh B. Timothy. “ Anorexia Nervosa”. American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (2007), 1805-1810.
• Dare Chris, Isler Ivan, Russel Gerald, Treasure Janet & Dodge Liz. “PsychologicalTherapies for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa.” British Journal of Psychiatry 178 (2001): 216-221.
• DeAngelis, Tori. “ A Genetic Link to Anorexia.” Monitor on Psychology 33 (2002), 34-37.
• Wade Tracey D., Bulik Cynthia M., Neale Michael, and Kendler Keneth S. “Anorexia Nervosa and Major Depression: Shared Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors” . Am J Psychiatry 157 (2000), 469-471.
• Mehler, Philip S. “Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa in Primary Care Settings’. Annals of Internal Medicine 134(2001):1048-1059.
• Mehler, Philip S., 2001. “Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa in Primary Care Settings.” Annals of Internal Medicine 134(2001):1048-1059.
• Rumney, Avis. Dying to please: anorexia, treatment and recovery . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2009.
• Palmer, B. “Come the Revolution. Revisiting the Management of Anorexia Nervosa.” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12 (2006):5-12.
• Bell, Rudolph M. Holy anorexia . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
• Naqvi, Syed. “Review of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.” Focus 2 (2004):529-540.
• Halmi Katherine A. 2005. “ The Multimodal Treatment of Eating Disorders”. World Psychiatry 4, no. 2 (2005): 69-73.
• Dare Chris, Isler Ivan, Russel Gerald, Treasure Janet & Dodge Liz . “Psychological Therapies for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa.” British Journal of Psychiatry 178 (2001): 216-221.
• Attia Evelyn, Walsh B. Timothy, 2007. “ Anorexia Nervosa”. American Journal Psychiatry 164 (2007): 1805-1810.
• Kaye Walter H., Bulik Cynthia M., Thornton Laura, Barbarich Nicole, Masters Kim and the Price Foundation Collaborative Group. “Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders with Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa ”. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004): 2215-2221.
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2023, December 22). Anorexia as Eating Disorder. https://ivypanda.com/essays/exploring-anorexia/

"Anorexia as Eating Disorder." IvyPanda , 22 Dec. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/exploring-anorexia/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Anorexia as Eating Disorder'. 22 December.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Anorexia as Eating Disorder." December 22, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/exploring-anorexia/.

1. IvyPanda . "Anorexia as Eating Disorder." December 22, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/exploring-anorexia/.

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IvyPanda . "Anorexia as Eating Disorder." December 22, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/exploring-anorexia/.

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Ozempic Hurts the Fight Against Eating Disorders

I t’s impossible to escape the soaring popularity of Ozempic and similar drugs these days—daily headlines, celebrity “success” stories, and apparent ease in procuring prescriptions (even Costco sells them now) abound. But the cumulative effect of all of this has many experts in the eating disorder field worried about how this might affect their patients. This makes sense—even for those without eating disorders, these drugs can feel both triggering and enticing. After all, research tells us about 90% of women are dissatisfied with their bodies. This sounds like a quick fix.

Then, I started hearing reports—first anecdotal, then published —that some doctors were prescribing weight loss drugs like Ozempic to their patients with eating disorders. As in, to help treat them.

As a journalist who has extensively researched the harms of eating disorders and the barriers to recovery—and as a woman who had suffered from eating disorders on and off for much of my own life—I thought I must have misunderstood. Yes, we as a society are in the midst of Ozempic Fever—and by “fever,” I’m referring to excitement, rather than a possible side effect of the drug (which it is). Researchers are continuing to find new potential applications for these drugs, initially developed to treat type 2 diabetes. In March, the FDA approved a new indication for the weight-loss drug Wegovy (which has the same active ingredient as Ozempic), allowing it to be used as a treatment to reduce the risk for heart attack and stroke. Ozempic, a diabetes drug, used off-label for weight loss, is also being studied to treat anxiety and depression , polycystic ovary syndrome, substance abuse, Alzheimer’s , and now—eating disorders.

Read More: Ozempic Exposed the Cracks in the Body Positivity Movement

It’s early days and research hasn’t yet caught up with the enthusiasm.  But our cultural misunderstanding of eating disorders, even by well-meaning practitioners, could exacerbate the illnesses for those who suffer from them—and have dire consequences.

The new class of weight loss drugs mimics the body’s GLP-1 hormone , stimulating insulin production, and lowering blood sugar levels, helpful to those with type 2 diabetes. The drugs also curb appetite and slow the speed that food moves into the small intestine—you feel full more quickly and eat less. Many patients without eating disorders who take these drugs, have reported a reduction of “food noise” in their minds—referring to obsessive thoughts and preoccupation with food. (Though, as philosopher Kate Manne wisely posited in a recent New York Times piece , isn’t “food noise,” simply, hunger?)

For folks suffering from binge eating disorder (BED) or bulimia nervosa (BN), a drug that decreases appetite may seem to make sense. Both illnesses are characterized by eating large amounts of food, eating until uncomfortably full, and feeling distress around that (bulimia is distinguished by purging after a binge).

Binge eating often emerges as part of a cycle of restriction—dieting, fasting, or eliminating entire food groups—like carbs, for example. “Many people struggling with BED view the binge episodes as the problem and the restriction as something to strive for,” said Alexis Conason, a psychologist specializing in the treatment of binge eating disorder. “When people with BED take a GLP-1 medication that dampens their appetite, many are excited that they can be ‘better’ at restriction and consume very little throughout the day.” Subsequently, Conason adds, there is a dangerous potential for BED to then morph into anorexia, starving oneself with possibly life-threatening complications.

Eating disorders are complex illnesses that aren’t yet fully understood, even by experts in the field. Underneath the behaviors around food is often an intricate web of trauma, anxiety, and even genetic predisposition, all set against the backdrop of a culture that prizes thinness . Low weight is frequently (incorrectly) conflated with good health, and people in larger bodies are often subjected to bullying, negative stereotypes, and discrimination in the workplace .

Read More: Ozempic Gets the Oprah Treatment in a New TV Special

Emerging research strongly supports that for many, eating disorders are brain-based illnesses and in most cases, there exists a co-morbidity like anxiety, mood disorders, or substance abuse.

“GLP-1’s can’t help someone deal with their stress, anxiety, [and] trauma-history,” said psychologist Cynthia Bulik, one of the world’s leading eating disorder researchers, and Founding Director of the University of North Carolina Center of Excellence of Eating Disorders. “All of that background distress—fundamental distress that might be driving the BED in the first place—is temporarily bypassed by removing the desire to eat.”

Nearly 30 million Americans will have an eating disorder in their lifetime, but only about 6% of those are medically diagnosed as “underweight,” according to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders. This means that a person may exhibit all of the diagnostic hallmarks of anorexia, for example, extreme restriction and even malnourishment, but still present as average weight or even overweight. They may even be told by a physician to lose weight, despite the fact that they are already going to dangerous extremes to chase that “goal.”

“We tend to think that everyone in a larger body with an eating disorder must have BED and everyone in a smaller body must have anorexia, but this couldn’t be further from the truth,” said Conason. “So many people with BED seek help in weight loss settings instead of seeking eating disorder treatment; many view the problem as their weight and think they need more help sticking to their diet” when in reality, an end to the restriction would more likely regulate their eating.

It’s much easier to get weight loss treatment than help for an eating disorder. There is no standard of care for eating disorders in this country and treatment is unregulated. While there are some promising, evidenced-based treatments (cognitive behavioral therapy for adults, and family-based treatment for children and teens), they don’t work for everyone. If a person is fortunate to be diagnosed and receive adequate treatment, relapses are common and full recovery can be elusive.

Further, these drugs are often intended to be taken for a person’s entire life. “When they go off the drug, or can’t access it due to supply problems, the urge to binge comes right back and they have not developed any psychological (or) behavioral skills to manage the urge,” Bulik told me. Just like with a diet, any lost weight will likely be regained when a person stops taking the drugs. Weight fluctuations, themselves ,may increase a person’s risk of chronic illnesses like type 2 diabetes, according to multiple studies.

“The focus on weight and erasing the desire to eat could indeed do harm,” cautioned Bulik. “The potential for abuse is high and will become higher with new preparations that don’t require an injection … Remember, these drugs are ‘for life.’ Stop them, and everything comes rushing back.”

The long-term side effects of GLP-1’s are not yet known. But the harms of eating disorders are: eating disorders have one of the highest mortality rates of any mental illness (second only to opioid overdose). People with eating disorders are more likely to attempt suicide, and during COVID-19, emergency room visits and inpatient admissions for eating disorders at pediatric hospitals skyrocketed, particularly for young women. According to the CDC, emergency room visits for 12-17 year old girls who suffer from eating disorders doubled during the pandemic. Those numbers, as shown by recent studies , have not returned to pre-pandemic levels.

An even greater concern is that the gaps in comprehensive care for eating disorders invite experimental, potentially harmful treatments and leave patients vulnerable. GLP-1’s may seem like a short-term “fix,” but they won’t graze the deeper issues nor will they diminish the eating disorder crisis in this country. And it is a crisis—every year, eating disorders cost the U.S. more than $65 billion .

I know too well that if a doctor advises their patient with an eating disorder “here’s something to make you eat less” most patients would happily oblige. That’s part of the pathology of the illness. It’s the eating disorder talking. Ideally, it wouldn’t be your doctor’s voice, too.

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Driven by empathy

Overcoming an eating disorder motivates addie sholar to excel in her academic journey.

Addie Sholar developed an eating disorder at 14 years old. At 18, she sought treatment and connected with a therapist, who helped her begin her six-year journey to recovery. She also received support from several dietitians to learn how to correct her restrictive eating habits.

Now, at age 24, Sholar considers herself to be fully recovered. Her experience has fueled her to pursue a career in dietetics, which she is working toward as a graduate student in the University of Cincinnati’s Accelerated Dietitian Nutritionist (ADN) program.

Five years into her academic pursuit, Sholar’s hard work and passion for dietetics is gaining recognition. In April, she received the Outstanding Dietetics Student Award from the Ohio Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics—as one of only three students to be recognized statewide this year. 

I always knew I wanted to study nutrition for the right reasons; I wanted to help people

Addie Sholar

Sholar's academic journey

Sholar began her academic career at Cincinnati State Technical and Community College in the fall of 2018. At the time, she had just started meeting with a therapist and dietitian for her eating disorder. Though Sholar was met with resistance about her choice to enter the field of nutrition and dietetics, she persisted anyway, earning her associate degree in dietetic technology and graduating at the top of her class in the summer of 2020.

“I always knew I wanted to study nutrition for the right reasons; I wanted to help people,” Sholar says. “Even though I was dealing with my own eating disorder, I was able to center myself in my values. I knew I had to work through it and heal to be able to provide the best care for my future clients. When things got particularly tough and I struggled to maintain motivation for recovery, I would remind myself to do it for the people that I’d help in the future.”

Sholar gained a couple hundred hours of internship experience during her time at Cincinnati State, working at UC Health's Daniel Drake Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Otterbein SeniorLife, Mercy Health – West Hospital and West Clermont City Schools.

Recognized for her outstanding GPA, Sholar received a UC Transfer Ambassador Scholarship when she transferred to the College of Allied Health Sciences’ ADN program in the fall of 2021. Over the next two years, Sholar would make the Dean’s list, maintain a part-time job and complete her community rotation working as a nutrition intern at Meals on Wheels of Southwest Ohio and Northern Kentucky.

"Addie has always excelled academically, but I’ve witnessed her become more and more excited about what she’s learning over the years,” says Lindsey Mills, PhD, undergraduate program director and associate professor in the Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, who has taught several of Sholar’s classes and served as her mentor. “Her face lights up when talking about macronutrient metabolism, which is a sure sign she’s destined to be a registered dietitian.”

Based on her academic achievement, professional service record and interpersonal skills, Sholar was unanimously selected by UC’s nutrition faculty for the nutrition lead position at the new student-run Interprofessional Community Clinic. The clinic, which the college launched last fall in partnership with Kroger Health, aims to provide free holistic health services to underinsured and noninsured community members. Sholar and five faculty-picked student leaders from other allied health professions have spent the past two semesters helping establish standard operating procedures and seeing mock patients.

“Addie brings much well-rounded directed practice experience into the clinic operations from her training as a dietetic technician,” says Sarah Couch, PhD, the clinic’s nutrition faculty supervisor and a professor in the Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences. “She has been the respectful student voice for the clinic operations, even speaking on their behalf at the opening ceremony last semester. Addie has done an outstanding job helping set up standard operating procedures, develop assessment practices and select counseling materials for the clinic, as well as successfully carry out mock patient visits as we gear up to take on our first patients.”

From left to right, Lindsey Mills, Adeline Sholar and Sarah Couch.

Couch nominated Sholar for the Outstanding Dietetics Student Award during one of the toughest semesters of her academic career. Receiving the award, Sholar says, is validation for all the hard work she’s put into her degree and speaks to how passionate she is about studying nutrition. She added that “it was the pat on the back I needed” during an especially overwhelming time and “a reminder that everything was going to be OK.”

“Addie is beyond deserving of the Ohio Outstanding Dietetics Student Award and I’m so proud to have her representing UC,” Mills adds. “She is academically gifted, mature, professional and empathetic. I have no doubt Addie will be an amazing registered dietitian.”

Sholar's future impact

Adeline Sholar in the College's Foods Lab.

A dietitian that Sholar worked with early on in her recovery journey didn’t always provide the support she needed. She says that dietitian, as well as another dietitian who later provided her adequate support, have helped fuel her passion.

“Eating disorders are terrible because you become all consumed in food and body and nothing else matters,” Sholar says. “It robs you of your life, your friends and family and normal teenager experiences, and it drains you of energy and joy.”

Sholar says she “got her life back” thanks to a few impactful therapists and dietitians, and she’s motivated to pay it forward to her future patients. 

“I hope to provide the level of care that I wish to have received when I was 18 and first getting treatment,” Sholar says. “There is so much misinformation about nutrition and the proper way to treat eating disorders. Many therapists, dietitians and doctors struggle to treat these individuals because they don’t have a holistic perspective of what eating disorders are, what fuels them and what helps these individuals heal. Because I have experienced an eating disorder—even though I wouldn’t wish it upon anybody—it gives me a better perspective on how to provide my future clients more well-rounded care.”

Though Sholar’s participation in the Interprofessional Community Clinic will end this semester, she’s excited to apply for a dietetic internship at Cincinnati Children's, where she currently works in the Human Milk and Formula Room. She’ll spend the upcoming fall and spring semesters gaining more hands-on clinical and foodservice experience before she graduates and takes her registered dietitian exam in the fall of 2025. Sholar hopes to land a job in eating disorders or an adjacent field and work with adolescents and adults in an inpatient or residential setting. 

“Nutrition is such an important component of healing from an eating disorder. To make strides on the psychological side, a person has to be nourished enough to be present for therapy.” Sholar says. “I’m studying nutrition to help these people. I can bring the softness, empathy and understanding I have developed though personal experiences when helping my future clients navigate the challenges of recovering from an eating disorder.”

Passion Meets Preparation

We're excited to train the next generation of registered dietitian nutritionist (RDNs). The University of Cincinnati has a variety of undergraduate and graduate nutrition science programs.

Katie Coburn

[email protected]

• College of Allied Health Sciences
• Student Experience

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