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10 Best Biology Research Papers and Presentation Topic Ideas

Reviewed by Linda Weems I got started researching colleges and universities about 10 years ago while exploring a second career. While my second career ended up being exactly what I’m doing now, and I didn’t end up going to college, I try to put myself in your shoes every step of the way as I build out College Cliffs as a user-friendly resource for prospective students.

Updated: March 9, 2024 , Reading time: 14 minutes

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Like most scientific studies, writing biology research papers and presentations is one of the challenging tasks for undergraduates and graduates.

Even high school students find it complicated to write a good biology paper. The main reason is that writing a biology research paper or presentation requires in-depth study and involves significant time and resources.

While most students strive to write a perfect biology paper, many often disregard the importance of finding the appropriate biology research paper topics first.

Narrowing down the best biology research paper and presentation topic ideas is essential since it makes your research paper high-quality and helps you save time and effort.

After all, choosing a biology topic that doesn’t spark interest will only de-motivate students quickly in the long run.

Choosing the Best Biology Topic for Research Papers and Presentations

Students should take their time and think thoroughly when choosing their preferred biology topics. Apart from motivating students, it is crucial to find an interesting biology topic since it forces them to develop their writing, analytical, and research capabilities.

Choosing a boring biology topic or a topic often used by many biology students can be challenging to come up with an outstanding research paper.

Here are some tips on how to find the best topic for your Biology research:

• Read thoroughly the requirements needed for a biology research paper.
• Brainstorm keywords, ideas, and breakthroughs in the field. This way, students can narrow down the topics they’re interested in.
• During lectures and activities, take down notes on the subjects being discussed. Since students gain an overview from their instructors, it’ll become easier for them to focus on one of the topics.
• Formulate a biology research question and develop it into a comprehensive research topic. From there, students can find an effective stepping stone for their research paper, which makes research paper writing easier.
• Browse through notes from discussions and presentations to refresh memory, allowing students to find a compelling topic for their research paper.
• Choose a biology topic from the thesis statement. Since thesis statements discuss an issue that requires solutions, they are excellent for creating a valuable research paper.

Whether you’re finding a topic for a research paper or a presentation, here are ten interesting biology research topics to write about.

Best Biology Research Topics

Neurobiology.

Do you find it fascinating how the human brain works? Neurobiology research topics are some of the most preferred in Biology. It is a biological field that studies tissues and cells that make up the nervous system.

Unlike neuroscience, neurobiology explores the different biological components of human perception, memory, and thought. It is an interdisciplinary study involving a deeper understanding of biology and the nervous system.

Since neurobiology highlights the physiology of the nervous system, biology students pursuing this topic discover more about the physical components of the nervous system and its interactions with the biological systems.

Given that it is an interdisciplinary field, students will also discover the vital role of neurobiology in psychology, especially in psychotherapy. If you also love psychology, pursuing this topic is an excellent option.

Apart from diseases related to the nervous system, students will also have an in-depth understanding of the role of biology in a person’s mental health.

Sample Neurobiology Topics:

• Brain Injuries and Related Diseases
• Factors and Causes Behind Brain Cancer
• Brain Structures: Male Brain vs. Female Brain

Genetic Biology

Do studying genes, cell cycles, and genomes pique your interest? Writing genetic research biology topics is one of the most interesting options to consider.

This biology topic helps students understand the inheritance of traits from parents to their children, handed down from one generation to another. If you often wonder why some parents have offspring who don’t look like them, a Genetic Biology research paper is ideal for you.

Dealing with topics related to chromosomes is also dominant in this field of biology. Hinged on molecular biology research, Genetic Biology also deals with the comprehensive study of human DNA.

The distribution, variation, and structure of genes are researched within the context of population, organism, and cellular levels.

Understanding genetic factors will help students answer some of the most interesting questions about hereditary diseases. Given that, they’ll discover the genetic characteristics of why some disorders are passed down from one generation to the other.

If you want to venture into Genetic Engineering and its benefits in curing genetic diseases, pursuing this research topic makes it easy for students to succeed in their biology studies.

Sample Genetic Biology Topics:

• Development and History of Genetics
• Epigenetics
• Human DNA Structure and History of Diseases

Microbiology

From food science and agriculture to the pharmaceutical industry to nursing, Microbiology is one of the most diverse fields of biology. It is the best biology research topic to pursue if you love anything that can only be seen through a microscope.

Biology students pursuing microbiology research topics study a diverse range of microorganisms, including viruses, archaea, microscopic algae, and bacteria. The application of microbiology in almost all aspects of life makes it easier for students to have an innate passion for writing about this topic.

The study of microbiology helps students understand the genetics, reproduction, physiology, and structure of microorganisms. In healthcare, biology students learn more about mycology, parasitology, and virology.

One of the breakthroughs in microbiology in medical science is fluorescent fusion, a vital process in the rapid detection of pathogens in tissue samples.

The food industry also benefits from students pursuing microbiology, where their expertise is highly needed in the different ways of making food safe and preventing food spoilage.

With pandemics and emerging diseases becoming more rampant, microbiologists can have breakthrough research on finding cures, medications, and other preventive measures for certain diseases.

Sample Microbiology Topics:

• DNA vs. RNA: Comparison and Differences
• Traditional vs. mRNA Vaccines
• Structures of DNA and RNA

Evolutionary Biology

If you want to explore the histories of different life forms, Evolutionary Biology is the best biology research topic. The study highlights the concepts and theories of how microorganisms and life evolve, the reasons for evolvement, and other related factors. Since evolution is an important aspect of life, delving into topics related to evolutionary biology can benefit us in several ways.

Through Evolutionary Biology, students find proof that all living organisms on the planet have a common origin and assess the biological evolution of individual organisms to populations over different generations. Apart from that, they also understand the various misconceptions about evolution.

One of the most notable discoveries in this field is Charles Darwin’s concept of natural selection. Students research the role of reproduction and survival as some of the crucial aspects of evolution. Like genetics and molecular biology, Evolutionary Biology also involves genes and DNA as part of the study.

Mutation, for instance, occurs when heritable cells of living organisms make a wrong replication of DNAs. Biology students will delve deeper into these topics and make their stand.

Sample Evolutionary Biology Topics:

• Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and its Relevance Today
• Human Awareness and Diversity of Life
• Ecological Factors in the Emergence of Infectious Diseases

Ecology-Concerning Biology

Nowadays, extreme weather and climate change have become more relevant than ever. Ecology-concerning Biology is one of the most crucial scientific ventures as the environment deals with human behavior results.

As a result, new findings can contribute to creating a safer and greener natural world. This field can also be used as a predecessor to medical school.

Pursuing ecology-concerning or conservation biology topics, or often environmental biology research topics as a whole, is a stepping stone in a career dedicated to addressing and understanding different threats to the environment.

Both conservation biologists and students discover how humans affect the planet’s biodiversity and ways to prevent species extinction.

Given the environmental diversity, the branch of Ecology offers several sub-topics, including Landscape Ecology , Ecosystem Ecology , Population Ecology , and Community Ecology .

As wildlife or nature advocates, students wanting to become wildlife and ocean conservationists, climate change analysts, hydrogeologists, and environmental protection specialists can benefit from pursuing Ecology-concerning Biology or Conservation Biology topics.

Sample Ecology-concerning Biology Topics:

• Global Warming and Biodiversity
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Ecotourism
• Benefits of Organic Farming

Animal Biology

Do you love studying biology and have a passion for animals? Animal Biology is undoubtedly one of the most interesting biology topics! It is a biological field focusing on the environments, behaviors, and origins of non-plant living organisms. Apart from that, students explore the physical and chemical composition of animals. 

Although the field primarily focuses on biology, it specializes in other areas that make interesting topics as well, including animal behavior, veterinary medicine, zoology, animal cellular, and molecular biology research topics, 

Pursuing research topics in Animal Biology will help students become more knowledgeable in animal genetics, physiology, molecular biology, and animal evolution. They also learn the different principles of biology that are essential in resolving issues involving domestic, wild, urban, and farm animals.

Some relevant topics include animal nutrition and genetics, livestock management, and farm animal protection. As students explore different learning resources, they identify the crucial roles of animals in the cultural, societal, and economic aspects.

While many career opportunities exist, most professional settings in the field of Animal Biology involve working in a laboratory, working hands-on with animals, researching and teaching, or a hybrid of these options.

Sample Animal Biology Topics:

• Adaptation, Migration, and Hibernation of Animals during Winter
• Animal Behavior due to Climate Change
• Factors and Causes of Animal Extinction

Cell Biology

As its name implies, Cell Biology deals with the smallest living organisms and cellular units of all living things. It is one of the most complex biology research topics, examining the relationship between cellular parts, membranes, and cytoplasm.

From a molecular and microscopic perspective, cell biology studies the interactions, life cycles, and structures of cells. Given the dynamics of cells, it is one of the most progressive areas in the biological field.

Cell Biology doesn’t only involve the overall composition and essence of cells. Students pursuing this topic also discover the different types of cells by function and organism, the biological activity of cells, and other complex cell biology concepts.

Writing about Cell Biology provides students with a detailed understanding of organisms, organ systems, organs, and tissues involving cell composition. It is a diverse topic that can be interconnected with other specializations, including immunology, microbiology, genetics, and molecular biology.

Thanks to progressive and thorough research in the field, many advancements and breakthroughs have been discovered to improve ways to diagnose, treat, and cure various autoimmune diseases.

Sample Cell Biology Topics:

• Stem Cell Research or Stem Cells for Therapy and Cancer
• Dormant Viruses and How They Reactivate
• Cell Tissue Engineering

Human Behavior and Hormones Biology

Like neurobiology, pursuing Human Behavior and Hormones Biology is a fascinating research topic to write about, dealing with the complexities and diversities of the human mind. 

As biology majors, students discover how evolution significantly affects the human brain. The topics explain how the brain is influenced by early experiences, controlled by hormones, freed and constrained by genes, and developed through time.

These topics also help students understand genetic abnormalities and how they can be passed down from generation to generation.

Through an in-depth study of biology and human behavior, students examine how a single neuron operates and how millions of neurons work in a specific brain area. Depending on the specialization, some students focus more on the comprehensive study of the brain and its regions involving specific behavior and emotions.

This field of biology also discusses genes and how they influence behaviors from specific genders. Students identify how genes facilitate a series of reactions to their current environment.

The study can interconnect with the field of psychology, discovering advanced treatments for some of the most common psychological disorders.

Sample Human Behavior and Hormones Biology Topics:

• Behavioral Economics
• Differences and Similarities between Male and Female Hormones
• The Biology Behind Mental Health and Psychological Disorders

Immune System Biology (Immunology)

With several infectious diseases emerging, any breakthrough in Immune System Biology is highly desired. As part of students’ research works and presentations, writing about this biology topic helps them identify several factors affecting the immune system.

They learn how the immune system protects the body from pathogens, including toxins, fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Like cell biology, Immune System Biology explores the different proteins, cells, and organs that help the body fight against autoimmune diseases and other disorders.

Biology majors in this field understand the fundamentals of immunology and certain diseases. The topic discusses how certain diseases manifest due to weakened immune systems.

Students also learn how immunodeficiency conditions increase the risk of cancers and infections caused by gene mutation, malnutrition, and viruses like SARS-COV-1 and HIV.

Thanks to the field of immunology, several disciplines have benefitted, especially with diagnoses and treatment plans to cure certain physical and mental disorders. The field has interconnections with several disciplines, including dermatology, psychology, virology, and oncology.

Sample Immune System Biology Research Topics:

• Effects of Stress on the Human Immune System
• Vaccination and Its Long-Term Effects on the Immune System
• Weakened Immune Systems and Related Disorders

Molecular Biology

A list of the best biology research topics wouldn’t be complete without molecular biology on it. The study highlights the complex interactions, structures, and compositions of cells in the body.

Unlike cell biology, Molecular Biology is a specialized branch of biochemistry and biology that deals with maintenance, replication, modification, and mutation at the molecular level.

Pursuing this topic for presentations and research papers helps students understand the different lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, DNAs and RNAs, and nucleic and amino acids in the human body. It establishes a concrete foundation on the importance of macromolecular functions, including DNA mutations, transcriptions, and cell division.

One of the most notable topics covered under Molecular Biology is nucleic acids, such as protein synthesis, RNAs, and DNAs. With climate change and pandemics, viruses that have been dormant for years can reactivate.

To discover state-of-the-art treatments and solutions to address health and environmental issues, Molecular Biology motivates students to have breakthroughs in the field.

Sample Molecular Biology Topics:

• Gene Mutations
• Human Cloning and its Advantages and Disadvantages
• Molecular Genetics

Parts of a Biology Research Paper

Choosing a biology research paper topic is equally important as the writing process. While there are different research paper formats available, the outline ultimately depends on the research requirements set by the school or academic program in which students are currently enrolled. 

Ask your instructor to confirm the required formatting style and adhere to it until the end of your research work. Students can also visit their school’s website, seek guidance in their writing center, or get ideas by hiring writers from a writing service organization.

 As an overview, most biology research papers have the following outline:

• Introduction
• Body of the research
• Additional Information

There are NO Easy Biology Research Topics!

Biology is one of the most diverse fields in the world of sciences, with various branches and sub-branches. Given the variety of good biology research topics, it is a minefield out there for students looking to ace their papers by featuring the most interesting and fitting topics on biological processes.

This article highlights some of the best biology topics for high school and college students and post-graduate majors.

Apart from these topics, the importance of choosing a biology topic and its standard research paper outline were also discussed to bring students confidence and enthusiasm to create a good biology research paper.

Related Resources:

• Top Survival Tips for Graduate Students
• The Best Online Degrees for Career Advancement
• All About the Modern College Student

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Top 11 Biology Research Proposal Ideas with Samples and Examples (Free PDF Attached)

Hanisha Kapoor

“Cancer cure is finally here! Doctors found the miracle drug! Cancer in all patients vanishes,” these have been some screaming headlines in newspapers in 2022. Even as the discovery of the cure (with many qualifiers as of now) is a miraculous achievement, it took real hard work.

At the centre of any sublime achievement in health sciences is a team of world-class researchers and doctors, who worked hard to draft a biology research proposal idea that got the nod of funding agencies. In the specific example cited above, Dostarlimab, was the drug that was researched.

What we illustrate through this study is the necessity and essentiality of crafting a research proposal that meets its goals and outperforms competition.

Explore this guide to write an impeccable research proposal to ensure you always write a winning proposition, and turn ideas into reality.

In this blog, we study the nuts and bolts of a well-structured presentation. The thing to ensure is that the research proposal covers all bases and leaves nothing to chance.

Biology Research Proposal Ideas Templates to Get Funded for New Discoveries and Advancements

If you want to project new developments and innovation that your research will bring to life, perk up your presentations with SlideTeam’s well-designed PPT Templates. Whether it is about showcasing different experiments or drug testing, incorporate our ready-made PPT Templates to gain that extra edge and purpose.

Persuade reviewers to support your findings using our actionable PowerPoint diagrams.

Writing a thorough dissertation proposal is a stepping stone to excelling in your academic projects. Read this blog and learn more on structuring your thesis.

Browse this collection of PowerPoint slides to make a substantial positive impact on how your research proposal is seen.

Let's begin!

Template 1: Biology Research Proposal PowerPoint Template

This is a 29-slide research proposal PPT diagram to help you put forth your ideas and discoveries in the field of biology. Use these well-crafted PowerPoint Templates to give your audience an overview of the project. You can also showcase steps of your research process, requirements, and other capabilities for completing the study. This ready-made PowerPoint Deck also comprises a slide on Budgeting to help you convince your reviewers to sanction that grant. Download this PPT Template now!

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Template 2: Biology Cover Letter Research Proposal Idea PPT Slide

As the adage goes, First Impression is the Last Impression . Ensure that you leave a long-lasting impression on your audience with the showcasing of your new research using this engaging PPT Template. Deploy a predesigned and easy-to-use PowerPoint Layout to pitch your client your project idea. Get a head-start from your reviewer and dig deeper into your research with this template as the reference. Download now!

Grab this slide

Template 3: Vision and Mission for Biology Research Proposal PowerPoint Graphic

Want to showcase the aim and goal of your research project? Get this content-ready PPT Template to pen down the vision and mission of your biology research proposal project. Present your future goals and expectations from this study with this fully editable PowerPoint Slide and help your audience comprehend your mission for this project. This PPT diagram can easily be downloaded. Just click the link below and use it as per requirements.

Grab this template

Template 4: Biology Project Objectives PowerPoint Template

What you plan to achieve by the end of the project is what matters the most to the reviewers. Thus, ensure that you highlight the project objectives, which include timelines, budget, etc., with this content-ready PowerPoint Template. Leave no scope for error and uncertainties in your proposal. Get your audience on board with you on your research idea using this customizable PPT slide. Download now!

Template 5: Biology Research Idea Context PPT Diagram

Here is another ready-to-use PowerPoint Template that helps you with the framework of how to contextualize your project. Walk your audience through the strategies you plan to execute to create practical solutions to the problems. Incorporate this fully editable PPT diagram and highlight the best possible treatment, medicines, vaccinations, etc., to combat disease. Use this custom-made PowerPoint Slide and present your detailed study with confidence. Grab this slide now!

Template 6: Methods for Biology Research Proposal PowerPoint Slide

This ready-made PowerPoint Diagram is well designed to help you demonstrate actionable methods that fight diseases. Be methodical and explain each process using this PPT design. Convince reviewers and ensure to get funded for your research with this customizable PowerPoint Graphic. Download now!

Template 7: Roadmap Biology PowerPoint Template

Deploy this preset as a communication tool to draw a painting review of your action plan. Define major tasks and goals and lay out your strategies to achieve those targets. This roadmap PPT Template helps showcase major steps and milestones in your journey. Use this ready-made PowerPoint Graphic as a guide to keep everyone in your team informed on the project status. Download now!

Template 8: Gantt Chart Research Proposal PowerPoint Design

Wish to complete your project on time? Grab this actionable PowerPoint Template and set dates and times for each task. This PPT Template also allows you to keep track of business activities and ensure your project’s timely completion . It is a customizable PowerPoint Diagram to help you change time and date as per requirements. Grab this useful PowerPoint Layout now!

Template 9: Budget Research Proposal PPT Diagram

Struggling to create a budget for your research proposal idea? How about using this illustration to outline a detailed expected project cost? This PPT Template helps you list all activities and the estimated cost of each. Justify your budget and get approval from your stakeholders using this customized PPT Diagram. Download now!

Template 10: Next Steps for Biology Research Proposal PowerPoint Template

Want to seal the deal with researchers for your next biology project? Use this content-ready PowerPoint Template and state the next steps for your study in a professional manner. This PPT Diagram also allows you to include some content. Use this template to  convince your reviewers that you are a step ahead of all possible negative scenarios. Download now!

BONUS SLIDE

Contact us biology research ppt side.

It is impolite not to leave your contact number for your researchers or stakeholders. Thus, ensure you provide a point of contact so that your clients reach out to you without any inconvenience. Deploy this neat, clutter-free PPT Slide to add your address, phone number, and email id. It is a custom-made slide. You can use it as per requirement. Download now!

Justifying and presenting practical ways to study a research problem is a task. Thus, ease the burden and incorporate SlideTeam's ready-made research proposal presentation PPT Templates to showcase your analysis and in-depth research on a subject. These handy PowerPoint Diagrams can be customized with a single click. Download these ready-made and premium PowerPoint Slides from our monthly, semi-annual, annual, annual + custom design subscriptions here .

PS: Wish to present your scholarly literature review in a concise and easy manner? Explore this exclusive guide replete with literature review templates to make sure you reach the public as well, with your authoritative point of view.

FAQs On   Biology Research Proposal Ideas

How to write a research proposal in biology.

Every research proposal is unique and aims to tackle a specific problem statement or hypothesis. It should focus on potentially valuable outcomes, fill in the gaps, and lead to progress of Scientific Knowledge in general. In biology, of course, there is still endless ground to cover in terms of our ability to tackle diseases; the Covid-19 pandemic brought out all our inadequacies to the fore as well.

As the starting point for any effort to improve things, writing an effective research proposal in biology is the key skill to inculcate for hard-core researchers and the academia. Given below are the five key steps we need to master before we put pen to paper for a biology research paper that rocks.

• Study the existing literature
• Narrow the topic down
• Identify keywords
• Formulate the topic

What is the purpose of research in the field of Biology?

Biological scientists conduct research to gain better understanding of life processes and apply that understanding to developing new products and processes. Here, the aim is to know better and deeper, and work to develop novel solutions to diseases. Remember, disease prevention is even more important than developing cures.

How long should a biology proposal be?

A focused and extensive thesis proposal should not be longer than 12 pages of text. Figures and data can be presented on additional pages, if these are critical to the persuasive pitch. Please remember it is purpose of the research proposal, its organization of information and the real-life connect it has that gets it the money. Length of the proposal is required, but a part of the format that every other researcher will have to comply to. You shine when your problem statement and hypothesis are the most relevant.

What are the features of a successful biology research proposal?

A good research proposal must:

• Cover the basics
• Describe the relevance
• Focus on the significance of the research
• Explain the approach
• Highlight your expertise

In short, explaining your approach in a relevant manner is the key differentiator that mark out the successful projects as a class apart. Your sincerity of purpose and attention to detail also has to be evident when it is show-time for presentations.

Download the free Biology Research Proposal .

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• 7. Compare/contrast the different types of cell division and explain why we need different types of cell division.
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Beyond Bar and Line Graphs: Time for a New Data Presentation Paradigm

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America

Affiliations Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Affiliation Division of Biomedical Statistic and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America

• Tracey L. Weissgerber, 
• Natasa M. Milic, 
• Stacey J. Winham, 
• Vesna D. Garovic

Published: April 22, 2015

• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128
• Reader Comments

Figures in scientific publications are critically important because they often show the data supporting key findings. Our systematic review of research articles published in top physiology journals ( n = 703) suggests that, as scientists, we urgently need to change our practices for presenting continuous data in small sample size studies. Papers rarely included scatterplots, box plots, and histograms that allow readers to critically evaluate continuous data. Most papers presented continuous data in bar and line graphs. This is problematic, as many different data distributions can lead to the same bar or line graph. The full data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. We recommend training investigators in data presentation, encouraging a more complete presentation of data, and changing journal editorial policies. Investigators can quickly make univariate scatterplots for small sample size studies using our Excel templates.

Citation: Weissgerber TL, Milic NM, Winham SJ, Garovic VD (2015) Beyond Bar and Line Graphs: Time for a New Data Presentation Paradigm. PLoS Biol 13(4): e1002128. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128

Copyright: © 2015 Weissgerber et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Funding: This project was supported by Award Number P-50 AG44170 (Project 1, VDG) from the National Institute on Aging ( http://www.nia.nih.gov/ ). TLW and SJW were supported by the Office of Research on Women's Health (Building Interdisciplinary Careers in Women’s Health award K12HD065987; http://orwh.od.nih.gov/ ). This publication was made possible by CTSA Grant Number UL1 TR000135 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS; http://www.ncats.nih.gov/ ), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH; http://www.nih.gov/ ). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of NIH. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; ARRIVE, Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error

Introduction

Data presentation is the foundation of our collective scientific knowledge, as readers’ understanding of a dataset is generally limited to what the authors present in their publications. Figures are critically important because they often show the data that support key findings. However, studies of the Journal of the American Medical Association [ 1 ] and the British Medical Journal [ 2 ] provide compelling evidence that fundamental changes in the types of figures that scientists use are needed. Authors generally use figures to present summary statistics, instead of providing detailed information about the distribution of the data or showing the full data [ 1 , 2 ].

Bar graphs are designed for categorical variables; yet they are commonly used to present continuous data in laboratory research, animal studies, and human studies with small sample sizes. Bar and line graphs of continuous data are “visual tables” that typically show the mean and standard error (SE) or standard deviation (SD). This is problematic for three reasons. First, many different data distributions can lead to the same bar or line graph ( Fig 1 and Fig 2 ). The full data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics ( Fig 1 and Fig 2 ). Second, additional problems arise when bar graphs are used to show paired or nonindependent data ( Fig 2 ). Figures should ideally convey the design of the study. Bar graphs of paired data erroneously suggest that the groups being compared are independent and provide no information about whether changes are consistent across individuals (Panel A in Fig 2 ). Third, summarizing the data as mean and SE or SD often causes readers to wrongly infer that the data are normally distributed with no outliers. These statistics can distort data for small sample size studies, in which outliers are common and there is not enough data to assess the sample distribution.

• PPT PowerPoint slide
• PNG larger image
• TIFF original image

The full data may suggest different conclusions from the summary statistics. The means and SEs for the four example datasets shown in Panels B–E are all within 0.5 units of the means and SEs shown in the bar graph (Panel A). p -values were calculated in R (version 3.0.3) using an unpaired t-test, an unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction for unequal variances, or a Wilcoxon rank sum test. In Panel B, the distribution in both groups appears symmetric. Although the data suggest a small difference between groups, there is substantial overlap between groups. In Panel C, the apparent difference between groups is driven by an outlier. Panel D suggests a possible bimodal distribution. Additional data are needed to confirm that the distribution is bimodal and to determine whether this effect is explained by a covariate. In Panel E, the smaller range of values in group two may simply be due to the fact that there are only three observations. Additional data for group two would be needed to determine whether the groups are actually different.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.g001

The bar graph (mean ± SE) suggests that the groups are independent and provides no information about whether changes are consistent across individuals (Panel A). The scatterplots shown in the Panels B–D clearly demonstrate that the data are paired. Each scatterplot reveals very different patterns of change, even though the means and SEs differ by less than 0.3 units. The lower scatterplots showing the differences between measurements allow readers to quickly assess the direction, magnitude, and distribution of the changes. The solid lines show the median difference. In Panel B, values for every subject are higher in the second condition. In Panel C, there are no consistent differences between the two conditions. Panel D suggests that there may be distinct subgroups of “responders” and “nonresponders.”

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.g002

In contrast, univariate scatterplots, box plots, and histograms allow readers to examine the data distribution. This approach enhances readers’ understanding of published data, while allowing readers to detect gross violations of any statistical assumptions. The increased flexibility of univariate scatterplots also allows authors to convey study design information. In small sample size studies, scatterplots can easily be modified to differentiate between datasets that include independent groups ( Fig 1 ) and those that include paired or matched data ( Fig 2 ).

We conducted a systematic review of standard practices for data presentation in scientific papers, contrasting the use of bar graphs versus figures that provide detailed information about the distribution of the data (scatterplots, box plots, and histograms). We focused on physiology because physiologists perform a wide range of studies, including human studies, animal studies, and in vitro laboratory experiments. We systematically reviewed all full-length, original research articles published in the top 25% of physiology journals between January 1 and March 31, 2014 ( n = 703) to assess the types of figures that were used to present continuous outcome data ( S1 Fig and Table A in S1 Text ). We also abstracted information on sample size and statistical analysis procedures, as these factors may influence figure selection. Detailed methods and results are presented in the data supplement. Based on our findings, we recommend major changes to standard practices for presenting continuous data in small sample size studies. We hope that these recommendations will promote scientific discourse by giving readers the information needed to fully examine published data.

Are Your Figures Worth a Thousand Words?

In addition to showing data for key findings, figures are important because they give authors the opportunity to display a large amount of data very quickly. However, most figures provided little more information than a table (Panel A in S2 Fig and S1 Text ). Bar graphs were the most commonly used figures for presenting continuous data. 85.6% of papers included at least one bar graph. Most of these papers used bar graphs that showed mean ± SE (77.6%, Panel B in S2 Fig ), rather than mean ± SD (15.3%). Line graphs and point and error bar plots were also common (61.3% of articles, Panel A in S2 Fig ), and most showed mean ± SE. Figures that provide detailed information about the distribution of the data were seldom used. 13.4% of articles included at least one univariate scatterplot, 5.3% included at least one box plot, and 8.0% included at least one histogram. The journals that we examined publish research conducted by investigators in many fields; therefore, it is likely that investigators in other disciplines follow similar practices. The overuse of bar graphs and other figures that do not provide information about the distribution of the data has also been documented in psychology [ 3 ] and medicine [ 1 , 4 ].

Our data show that most bar and line graphs present mean ± SE. Fig 3 illustrates that presenting the same data as mean ± SE, mean ± SD, or in a univariate scatterplot can leave the reader with very different impressions. While the scatterplot prompts the reader to critically evaluate the authors’ analysis and interpretation of the data, the bar graphs discourage the reader from thinking about these issues by masking distributional information. The question of whether investigators should report the SE or the SD has been extensively debated by biomedical scientists and statisticians [ 5 , 6 ]. We argue that figures for small sample size studies should show the full distribution of the data, rather than mean ± SE or mean ± SD. However, given that figures showing these summary statistics are ubiquitous in the biomedical literature, researchers should understand why the SE and SD can give such different visual impressions. The SD measures the variation in the sample, whereas the SE measures the accuracy of the mean. The SE is strongly dependent on sample size (SE = SD / √ n )—as sample size increases, the uncertainty surrounding the value of the mean decreases. If two samples have the same SE, the one with the larger sample size will have the larger SD. Showing the SE rather than the SD magnifies the apparent visual differences between groups. This effect is exacerbated when the groups being compared have different sample sizes, which is common in physiology and in other disciplines.

While scatterplots prompt the reader to critically evaluate the statistical tests and the authors’ interpretation of the data, bar graphs discourage the reader from thinking about these issues. Placental endothelin 1 ( EDN1 ) mRNA data for four different groups of participants is presented in bar graphs showing mean ± SE (Panel A), or mean ± SD (Panel B), and in a univariate scatterplot (Panel C). Panel A (mean ± SE) suggests that the second group has higher values than the remaining groups; however, Panel B (mean ± SD) reveals that there is considerable overlap between groups. Showing SE rather than SD magnifies the apparent visual differences between groups, and this is exacerbated by the fact that SE obscures any effect of unequal sample size. The scatterplot (Panel C) clearly shows that the sample sizes are small, group one has a much larger variance than the other groups, and there is an outlier in group three. These problems are not apparent in the bar graphs shown in Panels A and B.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.g003

The infrequent use of univariate scatterplots, boxplots, and histograms is a missed opportunity. The ability to independently evaluate the work of other scientists is a pillar of the scientific method. These figures facilitate this process by immediately conveying key information needed to understand the authors’ statistical analyses and interpretation of the data. This promotes critical thinking and discussion, enhances the readers’ understanding of the data, and makes the reader an active partner in the scientific process. In contrast, bar and line graphs are “visual tables” that transform the reader from an active participant into a passive consumer of statistical information. Without the opportunity for independent appraisal, the reader must rely on the authors’ statistical analyses and interpretation of the data.

Summary Statistics Are Only Meaningful When There Are Enough Data to Summarize

Sample size is an important consideration when designing figures and selecting statistical analysis procedures ( Box 1 ) for continuous data. Our analysis shows that most studies had very small sample sizes (Panel C in S2 Fig ). The minimum sample size for any group shown in a figure was four (median number of independent observations), with an interquartile range of three independent observations (25th percentile: n = 3, 75th percentile: n = 6). The maximum sample size for any group shown in a figure was ten, with an interquartile range of nine (25th percentile: n = 6, 75th percentile: n = 15). Univariate scatterplots would be the best choice for many of these small studies. The summary statistics shown in bar graphs, line graphs, and box plots are only meaningful when there are enough data to summarize. Histograms are difficult to interpret when there aren’t enough observations to clearly show the distribution of the data.

Box 1. Data Analysis

• The distribution of the data and the sample size are critical considerations when selecting statistical tests. Univariate scatterplots immediately convey this important information.
• T-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are examples of parametric tests. These tests compare means and assume that the data are normally distributed with no outliers. In small samples, these tests are prone to errors if the data contain outliers or are not normally distributed.
• The Wilcoxon rank sum test is an example of a nonparametric test. Nonparametric tests don’t make assumptions about the distribution of the variables that are being assessed. These tests often compare the ranks of the observations or the medians across groups. Nonparametric statistics are often preferred to parametric tests when the sample size is small and the data are skewed or contain outliers.
• Some statisticians recommend nonparametric tests for small sample size studies. Others argue that these tests are underpowered, especially if the data distribution appears symmetric.
• Our data suggest that most authors assume that their data are normally distributed, use parametric statistical analysis techniques, and select figures that show parametric summary statistics (Table B in S1 Text ). 78.1% of studies performed only parametric analyses. 13.6% of studies used both parametric and nonparametric analyses, whereas 3.8% included only nonparametric analyses.
• More than half of the authors who performed non-parametric analyses showed means when presenting their data. Investigators should show medians whenever they use nonparametric statistical tests. Medians are often used in situations where the mean is misleading due to outliers or a skewed distribution.
• Investigators who use nonparametric statistics for paired or matched data should report the median difference instead of the median values for each condition ( Fig 2 ). Unlike means, medians are not additive. The median difference is not the same as the difference between the medians for each condition.
• Scientists and statisticians continue to debate many statistical practices that are commonly used in basic science research. These include whether to test the assumptions underlying parametric analyses [ 7 ], when to use parametric versus nonparametric tests [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], whether to report SD versus SE for normally distributed data [ 5 , 6 , 8 ], and how to use p -values [ 11 ]. The data presentation practices that we recommend will benefit scientists and statisticians on all sides of these debates by allowing others to examine the potential impact of using different statistical techniques.

Recommendations for a New Data Presentation Paradigm

These results suggest that, as scientists, we urgently need to change our standard practices for presenting and analyzing continuous data in small sample size studies. We recommend three changes to resolve the problems identified in this systematic review.

• Encourage a more complete presentation of data . We encourage investigators to consider the characteristics of their datasets, rather than relying on standard practices in the field, whenever they present data. The best option for small datasets is to show the full data, as summary statistics are only meaningful if there are enough data to summarize. In 75% of the papers that we reviewed, the minimum sample size for any group shown in a figure was between two and six. Univariate scatterplots are the best choice for showing the distribution of the data in these small samples, as boxplots and histograms would be difficult to interpret. By displaying the full dataset, scatterplots allow readers to detect gross violations of statistical assumptions and to determine whether the results would have been different using alternative statistical analysis techniques. This is especially important for investigators who use parametric analyses to compare groups in small studies. While Microsoft Excel allows scientists to quickly and efficiently create bar graphs, univariate scatterplots are more challenging. We created free Excel templates that are available in the supplemental files for the manuscript ( S2 Text and S3 Text ). The templates can also be downloaded from CTSpedia ( https://www.ctspedia.org/do/view/CTSpedia/TemplateTesting ), where we will post updated versions. Researchers can quickly enter data to make univariate scatterplots for paired data, independent data, and independent data with points jittered so that points with similar values do not overlap. The supplemental files also include detailed instructions for investigators who wish to make univariate scatterplots for paired or independent data using Graph Pad PRISM ( S4 Text , S5 Text and S6 Text ).
• Change journal policies . We strongly recommend that journals change their editorial policies and peer review practices to discourage the use of bar graphs and encourage the use of univariate scatterplots, boxplots, and histograms to present continuous data. Journal policies should provide specific guidance about what types of figures are preferred. Nonspecific policies stating that figures are preferred to tables whenever possible do not effectively promote the use of figures that show the distribution of continuous data (Table C in S1 Text , Table D in S1 Text , and S1 Text ). Journals play a crucial role in redefining standard practices in scientific research [ 12 ]. However, editorial policies are only effective if they are implemented. There were few improvements in scientific reporting among animal studies two years after the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines were published, despite endorsement by top journals and funding agencies [ 13 ]. These guidelines were designed to encourage reporting of key methodological details in animal studies. Journals seeking to implement the policy changes recommended in this paper will need to work with editors and reviewers [ 14 ] to accomplish this goal.
• Train investigators in data presentation . This systematic review demonstrates that scientists need better training in how to select the appropriate type of figure for their data. A visually appealing figure is of little value if it is not suitable for the type of data being presented. Investigators should consider the type of outcome variable (categorical versus continuous), the sample size and the study design (independent versus nonindependent data, etc.) when designing figures. Presenting data in scientific publications is a critical skill for scientists [ 15 ], although this information is not universally included in statistics courses. This systematic review demonstrates that most scientists who publish in top physiology journals work with very small datasets. However, in the authors’ experience, statistics courses in many basic science departments are taught by statisticians, epidemiologists, or other researchers who perform complex analyses in very large datasets. Effective statistics instruction cannot follow a “one size fits all” approach [ 15 ]. Statistics instructors need to consider the types of data that their students will be working with and the standard practices in their students’ fields when designing courses. Basic science departments should work with instructors to develop course materials that will address the needs of their students and faculty. Data presentation training should include techniques for small sample size studies and address the problems with the standard practices identified in this review.

Conclusions

Our systematic review identified several critical problems with the presentation of continuous data in small sample size studies. A coordinated effort among investigators, medical journals, and statistics instructors is recommended to address these problems. We created free Excel templates ( S2 Text and S3 Text , https://www.ctspedia.org/do/view/CTSpedia/TemplateTesting ) that will allow researchers to quickly make univariate scatterplots for independent data (with or without overlapping points) and nonindependent data. We hope that improved data presentation practices will enhance authors’, reviewers’, and readers’ understanding of published data by ensuring that publications include the information needed to critically evaluate continuous data in small sample size studies.

Supporting Information

S1 text. supplemental methods and results..

This file contains the methods and results for the systematic review, including Table A in S1 Text, Table B in S1 Text, Table C in S1 Text and Table D in S1 Text. Table A in S1 Text: The number of articles examined by journal. Values are n, or n (% of articles reviewed that were eligible and included in the analysis). Journals are organized by 2012 impact factor. Articles that were not full length original research articles were excluded after screening (i.e. reviews, editorials, perspectives, commentaries, letters to the editor, short communications, etc.). Abbreviations: AJP, American Journal of Physiology; APS, American Physiological Society. *APS Journal. Table B in S1 Text: Most studies performed parametric analyses. Values are n (%). *n (%) of 493 articles which performed parametric analyses. The remaining articles did not specifically state whether these assumptions were tested. Table C in S1 Text: Relationship between journal affiliation and the use of bar graphs and univariate scatterplots. Abbreviations: APS, American Physiological Society. Seven of the top 20 physiology journals are published by the American Physiological Society (APS), which specifies that outcome data should be presented in figures rather than in tables whenever possible. Nonhuman studies did not include human participants, tissues, cells or cell lines. Human studies included human participants, tissues, cells or cell lines. Table D in S1 Text: Relationship between journal affiliation and the use of histograms and line graphs/point and error bars plots. Abbreviations: APS, American Physiological Society. Seven of the top 20 physiology journals are published by the American Physiological Society (APS), which specifies that outcome data should be presented in figures rather than in tables whenever possible.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.s001

S2 Text. Excel templates for creating univariate scatterplots for independent data.

Use this template to create scatterplots for independent data in two to five groups. Independent data means that the variable of interest is measured one time in each subject, and subjects are not related to each other. If your data do not meet these criteria, see the spreadsheet for paired or nonindependent data.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.s002

S3 Text. Excel templates for creating univariate scatterplots for paired or matched data.

Use this template to create scatterplots for paired or matched data. Paired data are when you measure the variable of interest more than one time in each participant. Matched data are when participants in groups one and two are matched for important characteristics. If your data are independent, please see the template for independent data. The template will allow you to create scatterplots for one group with two conditions, or two groups with two conditions.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.s003

S4 Text. Instructions for creating univariate scatterplots for independent data in GraphPad PRISM.

Use these instructions to create univariate scatterplots for independent data in one or more groups of subject using GraphPad PRISM 6.0. Independent data means that the variable of interest is measured one time in each participant or specimen and participants or specimens are not related to each other. If your data are paired or matched, please see the instructions for paired or matched data.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.s004

S5 Text. Instructions for creating univariate scatterplots for paired or matched data in GraphPad PRISM (one group, two conditions).

Use these instructions to create univariate scatterplots for paired or matched data (two or more conditions) in one group of participants or specimens using GraphPad PRISM 6.0. Paired data are when you measure the variable of interest more than one time in each participant. Matched data are when participants in group one and group two are matched for important characteristics. If your data are independent, please see the instructions for independent data.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.s005

S6 Text. Instructions for creating univariate scatterplots for paired or matched data in GraphPad PRISM (two groups, two conditions).

Use these instructions to create scatterplots for paired data (two conditions) in two groups of participants or specimens using GraphPad PRISM 6.0. Paired data are when you measure the variable of interest more than one time in each participant. If your data are independent, please see the instructions for Independent data.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.s006

S1 Fig. Study flow chart.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.s007

S2 Fig. Figure types, sample sizes, and statistical analysis.

Panel a: Bar graphs and other figures that typically show mean and SE or mean and SD were strongly preferred to figures that provide detailed information about the distribution of the data (scatterplots, box plots, and histograms). Panel b: Most bar graphs show mean ± SE. Panel c: Box plots show the minimum and maximum sample sizes for any group presented in a figure. The box shows the median and interquartile range. Whiskers show the furthest point that is within 1.5 times the interquartile range. Note that a few very high outliers are not shown ( n = 8 for minimum sample size; n = 7 for maximum sample size). The maximum values for minimum and maximum sample size per group were 593 and 2,192, respectively. Showing these outliers would make the box plots impossible to see. Seventeen studies were excluded from this analysis as sample size was not reported ( n = 614). Panel d: The types of figures that are selected depend on the type of statistical analysis that is performed. We performed ordinal logistic regression, with analysis type and figure type both classified as ordinal variables. The distribution of figure types differed significantly between studies that performed only parametric analyses and studies that performed both parametric and nonparametric analyses ( p < 0.001), and between studies that performed both types of analyses and studies that performed only nonparametric analyses ( p < 0.001).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002128.s008

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How to make a scientific presentation

Scientific presentation outlines

Questions to ask yourself before you write your talk, 1. how much time do you have, 2. who will you speak to, 3. what do you want the audience to learn from your talk, step 1: outline your presentation, step 2: plan your presentation slides, step 3: make the presentation slides, slide design, text elements, animations and transitions, step 4: practice your presentation, final thoughts, frequently asked questions about preparing scientific presentations, related articles.

A good scientific presentation achieves three things: you communicate the science clearly, your research leaves a lasting impression on your audience, and you enhance your reputation as a scientist.

But, what is the best way to prepare for a scientific presentation? How do you start writing a talk? What details do you include, and what do you leave out?

It’s tempting to launch into making lots of slides. But, starting with the slides can mean you neglect the narrative of your presentation, resulting in an overly detailed, boring talk.

The key to making an engaging scientific presentation is to prepare the narrative of your talk before beginning to construct your presentation slides. Planning your talk will ensure that you tell a clear, compelling scientific story that will engage the audience.

In this guide, you’ll find everything you need to know to make a good oral scientific presentation, including:

• The different types of oral scientific presentations and how they are delivered;
• How to outline a scientific presentation;
• How to make slides for a scientific presentation.

Our advice results from delving into the literature on writing scientific talks and from our own experiences as scientists in giving and listening to presentations. We provide tips and best practices for giving scientific talks in a separate post.

There are two main types of scientific talks:

• Your talk focuses on a single study . Typically, you tell the story of a single scientific paper. This format is common for short talks at contributed sessions in conferences.
• Your talk describes multiple studies. You tell the story of multiple scientific papers. It is crucial to have a theme that unites the studies, for example, an overarching question or problem statement, with each study representing specific but different variations of the same theme. Typically, PhD defenses, invited seminars, lectures, or talks for a prospective employer (i.e., “job talks”) fall into this category.

➡️ Learn how to prepare an excellent thesis defense

The length of time you are allotted for your talk will determine whether you will discuss a single study or multiple studies, and which details to include in your story.

The background and interests of your audience will determine the narrative direction of your talk, and what devices you will use to get their attention. Will you be speaking to people specializing in your field, or will the audience also contain people from disciplines other than your own? To reach non-specialists, you will need to discuss the broader implications of your study outside your field.

The needs of the audience will also determine what technical details you will include, and the language you will use. For example, an undergraduate audience will have different needs than an audience of seasoned academics. Students will require a more comprehensive overview of background information and explanations of jargon but will need less technical methodological details.

Your goal is to speak to the majority. But, make your talk accessible to the least knowledgeable person in the room.

This is called the thesis statement, or simply the “take-home message”. Having listened to your talk, what message do you want the audience to take away from your presentation? Describe the main idea in one or two sentences. You want this theme to be present throughout your presentation. Again, the thesis statement will depend on the audience and the type of talk you are giving.

Your thesis statement will drive the narrative for your talk. By deciding the take-home message you want to convince the audience of as a result of listening to your talk, you decide how the story of your talk will flow and how you will navigate its twists and turns. The thesis statement tells you the results you need to show, which subsequently tells you the methods or studies you need to describe, which decides the angle you take in your introduction.

➡️ Learn how to write a thesis statement

The goal of your talk is that the audience leaves afterward with a clear understanding of the key take-away message of your research. To achieve that goal, you need to tell a coherent, logical story that conveys your thesis statement throughout the presentation. You can tell your story through careful preparation of your talk.

Preparation of a scientific presentation involves three separate stages: outlining the scientific narrative, preparing slides, and practicing your delivery. Making the slides of your talk without first planning what you are going to say is inefficient.

Here, we provide a 4 step guide to writing your scientific presentation:

• Outline your presentation
• Plan your presentation slides
• Make the presentation slides
• Practice your presentation

Writing an outline helps you consider the key pieces of your talk and how they fit together from the beginning, preventing you from forgetting any important details. It also means you avoid changing the order of your slides multiple times, saving you time.

Plan your talk as discrete sections. In the table below, we describe the sections for a single study talk vs. a talk discussing multiple studies:

The following tips apply when writing the outline of a single study talk. You can easily adapt this framework if you are writing a talk discussing multiple studies.

Introduction: Writing the introduction can be the hardest part of writing a talk. And when giving it, it’s the point where you might be at your most nervous. But preparing a good, concise introduction will settle your nerves.

The introduction tells the audience the story of why you studied your topic. A good introduction succinctly achieves four things, in the following order.

• It gives a broad perspective on the problem or topic for people in the audience who may be outside your discipline (i.e., it explains the big-picture problem motivating your study).
• It describes why you did the study, and why the audience should care.
• It gives a brief indication of how your study addressed the problem and provides the necessary background information that the audience needs to understand your work.
• It indicates what the audience will learn from the talk, and prepares them for what will come next.

A good introduction not only gives the big picture and motivations behind your study but also concisely sets the stage for what the audience will learn from the talk (e.g., the questions your work answers, and/or the hypotheses that your work tests). The end of the introduction will lead to a natural transition to the methods.

Give a broad perspective on the problem. The easiest way to start with the big picture is to think of a hook for the first slide of your presentation. A hook is an opening that gets the audience’s attention and gets them interested in your story. In science, this might take the form of a why, or a how question, or it could be a statement about a major problem or open question in your field. Other examples of hooks include quotes, short anecdotes, or interesting statistics.

Why should the audience care? Next, decide on the angle you are going to take on your hook that links to the thesis of your talk. In other words, you need to set the context, i.e., explain why the audience should care. For example, you may introduce an observation from nature, a pattern in experimental data, or a theory that you want to test. The audience must understand your motivations for the study.

Supplementary details. Once you have established the hook and angle, you need to include supplementary details to support them. For example, you might state your hypothesis. Then go into previous work and the current state of knowledge. Include citations of these studies. If you need to introduce some technical methodological details, theory, or jargon, do it here.

Conclude your introduction. The motivation for the work and background information should set the stage for the conclusion of the introduction, where you describe the goals of your study, and any hypotheses or predictions. Let the audience know what they are going to learn.

Methods: The audience will use your description of the methods to assess the approach you took in your study and to decide whether your findings are credible. Tell the story of your methods in chronological order. Use visuals to describe your methods as much as possible. If you have equations, make sure to take the time to explain them. Decide what methods to include and how you will show them. You need enough detail so that your audience will understand what you did and therefore can evaluate your approach, but avoid including superfluous details that do not support your main idea. You want to avoid the common mistake of including too much data, as the audience can read the paper(s) later.

Results: This is the evidence you present for your thesis. The audience will use the results to evaluate the support for your main idea. Choose the most important and interesting results—those that support your thesis. You don’t need to present all the results from your study (indeed, you most likely won’t have time to present them all). Break down complex results into digestible pieces, e.g., comparisons over multiple slides (more tips in the next section).

Summary: Summarize your main findings. Displaying your main findings through visuals can be effective. Emphasize the new contributions to scientific knowledge that your work makes.

Conclusion: Complete the circle by relating your conclusions to the big picture topic in your introduction—and your hook, if possible. It’s important to describe any alternative explanations for your findings. You might also speculate on future directions arising from your research. The slides that comprise your conclusion do not need to state “conclusion”. Rather, the concluding slide title should be a declarative sentence linking back to the big picture problem and your main idea.

It’s important to end well by planning a strong closure to your talk, after which you will thank the audience. Your closing statement should relate to your thesis, perhaps by stating it differently or memorably. Avoid ending awkwardly by memorizing your closing sentence.

By now, you have an outline of the story of your talk, which you can use to plan your slides. Your slides should complement and enhance what you will say. Use the following steps to prepare your slides.

• Write the slide titles to match your talk outline. These should be clear and informative declarative sentences that succinctly give the main idea of the slide (e.g., don’t use “Methods” as a slide title). Have one major idea per slide. In a YouTube talk on designing effective slides , researcher Michael Alley shows examples of instructive slide titles.
• Decide how you will convey the main idea of the slide (e.g., what figures, photographs, equations, statistics, references, or other elements you will need). The body of the slide should support the slide’s main idea.
• Under each slide title, outline what you want to say, in bullet points.

In sum, for each slide, prepare a title that summarizes its major idea, a list of visual elements, and a summary of the points you will make. Ensure each slide connects to your thesis. If it doesn’t, then you don’t need the slide.

Slides for scientific presentations have three major components: text (including labels and legends), graphics, and equations. Here, we give tips on how to present each of these components.

• Have an informative title slide. Include the names of all coauthors and their affiliations. Include an attractive image relating to your study.
• Make the foreground content of your slides “pop” by using an appropriate background. Slides that have white backgrounds with black text work well for small rooms, whereas slides with black backgrounds and white text are suitable for large rooms.
• The layout of your slides should be simple. Pay attention to how and where you lay the visual and text elements on each slide. It’s tempting to cram information, but you need lots of empty space. Retain space at the sides and bottom of your slides.
• Use sans serif fonts with a font size of at least 20 for text, and up to 40 for slide titles. Citations can be in 14 font and should be included at the bottom of the slide.
• Use bold or italics to emphasize words, not underlines or caps. Keep these effects to a minimum.
• Use concise text . You don’t need full sentences. Convey the essence of your message in as few words as possible. Write down what you’d like to say, and then shorten it for the slide. Remove unnecessary filler words.
• Text blocks should be limited to two lines. This will prevent you from crowding too much information on the slide.
• Include names of technical terms in your talk slides, especially if they are not familiar to everyone in the audience.
• Proofread your slides. Typos and grammatical errors are distracting for your audience.
• Include citations for the hypotheses or observations of other scientists.
• Good figures and graphics are essential to sustain audience interest. Use graphics and photographs to show the experiment or study system in action and to explain abstract concepts.
• Don’t use figures straight from your paper as they may be too detailed for your talk, and details like axes may be too small. Make new versions if necessary. Make them large enough to be visible from the back of the room.
• Use graphs to show your results, not tables. Tables are difficult for your audience to digest! If you must present a table, keep it simple.
• Label the axes of graphs and indicate the units. Label important components of graphics and photographs and include captions. Include sources for graphics that are not your own.
• Explain all the elements of a graph. This includes the axes, what the colors and markers mean, and patterns in the data.
• Use colors in figures and text in a meaningful, not random, way. For example, contrasting colors can be effective for pointing out comparisons and/or differences. Don’t use neon colors or pastels.
• Use thick lines in figures, and use color to create contrasts in the figures you present. Don’t use red/green or red/blue combinations, as color-blind audience members can’t distinguish between them.
• Arrows or circles can be effective for drawing attention to key details in graphs and equations. Add some text annotations along with them.
• Write your summary and conclusion slides using graphics, rather than showing a slide with a list of bullet points. Showing some of your results again can be helpful to remind the audience of your message.
• If your talk has equations, take time to explain them. Include text boxes to explain variables and mathematical terms, and put them under each term in the equation.
• Combine equations with a graphic that shows the scientific principle, or include a diagram of the mathematical model.
• Use animations judiciously. They are helpful to reveal complex ideas gradually, for example, if you need to make a comparison or contrast or to build a complicated argument or figure. For lists, reveal one bullet point at a time. New ideas appearing sequentially will help your audience follow your logic.
• Slide transitions should be simple. Silly ones distract from your message.
• Decide how you will make the transition as you move from one section of your talk to the next. For example, if you spend time talking through details, provide a summary afterward, especially in a long talk. Another common tactic is to have a “home slide” that you return to multiple times during the talk that reinforces your main idea or message. In her YouTube talk on designing effective scientific presentations , Stanford biologist Susan McConnell suggests using the approach of home slides to build a cohesive narrative.

To deliver a polished presentation, it is essential to practice it. Here are some tips.

• For your first run-through, practice alone. Pay attention to your narrative. Does your story flow naturally? Do you know how you will start and end? Are there any awkward transitions? Do animations help you tell your story? Do your slides help to convey what you are saying or are they missing components?
• Next, practice in front of your advisor, and/or your peers (e.g., your lab group). Ask someone to time your talk. Take note of their feedback and the questions that they ask you (you might be asked similar questions during your real talk).
• Edit your talk, taking into account the feedback you’ve received. Eliminate superfluous slides that don’t contribute to your takeaway message.
• Practice as many times as needed to memorize the order of your slides and the key transition points of your talk. However, don’t try to learn your talk word for word. Instead, memorize opening and closing statements, and sentences at key junctures in the presentation. Your presentation should resemble a serious but spontaneous conversation with the audience.
• Practicing multiple times also helps you hone the delivery of your talk. While rehearsing, pay attention to your vocal intonations and speed. Make sure to take pauses while you speak, and make eye contact with your imaginary audience.
• Make sure your talk finishes within the allotted time, and remember to leave time for questions. Conferences are particularly strict on run time.
• Anticipate questions and challenges from the audience, and clarify ambiguities within your slides and/or speech in response.
• If you anticipate that you could be asked questions about details but you don’t have time to include them, or they detract from the main message of your talk, you can prepare slides that address these questions and place them after the final slide of your talk.

➡️ More tips for giving scientific presentations

An organized presentation with a clear narrative will help you communicate your ideas effectively, which is essential for engaging your audience and conveying the importance of your work. Taking time to plan and outline your scientific presentation before writing the slides will help you manage your nerves and feel more confident during the presentation, which will improve your overall performance.

A good scientific presentation has an engaging scientific narrative with a memorable take-home message. It has clear, informative slides that enhance what the speaker says. You need to practice your talk many times to ensure you deliver a polished presentation.

First, consider who will attend your presentation, and what you want the audience to learn about your research. Tailor your content to their level of knowledge and interests. Second, create an outline for your presentation, including the key points you want to make and the evidence you will use to support those points. Finally, practice your presentation several times to ensure that it flows smoothly and that you are comfortable with the material.

Prepare an opening that immediately gets the audience’s attention. A common device is a why or a how question, or a statement of a major open problem in your field, but you could also start with a quote, interesting statistic, or case study from your field.

Scientific presentations typically either focus on a single study (e.g., a 15-minute conference presentation) or tell the story of multiple studies (e.g., a PhD defense or 50-minute conference keynote talk). For a single study talk, the structure follows the scientific paper format: Introduction, Methods, Results, Summary, and Conclusion, whereas the format of a talk discussing multiple studies is more complex, but a theme unifies the studies.

Ensure you have one major idea per slide, and convey that idea clearly (through images, equations, statistics, citations, video, etc.). The slide should include a title that summarizes the major point of the slide, should not contain too much text or too many graphics, and color should be used meaningfully.

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Biology Thesis

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Aristotle said that “by ‘life,’ we mean a thing that can nourish itself and grow and decay.” Biology is, indeed, the study of life as such. If you have just finished your thesis on biology and your viva is approaching, use our Biology Thesis template!

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Biol 4330 : developmental biology.

• Introduction
• Cite Your Sources
• Search Strategies
• Find Articles
• Find Background Reading

Designing Effective Science Presentations

How to give an awesome powerpoint presentation, give proper attribution to papers and images, how to prepare good images, text instructions for preparing a presentation.

This is an excellent presentation and Dr. McConnell is a good role model for presenting.

This is a longer video, but well worth your time. She goes into more depth than you will need for 12 minutes, but many of her points are applicable to your paper or blog presentations. The talk is divided into: Minutes 0 to 19:10 - Using Powerpoint wisely and Minutes 19:10 to 42:08 - How to structure a science presentation. See commentator Wes Suhler below the video for a further breakdown and links to the sections of the presentation.

For paper presentations, you don't have to present every figure in the paper, just the most important for understanding. Make "data dives" for two or three points. 

Showing other scientists' research and images are frequently required for science presentations, but we always want to respect the rights of authors when we use these. Here are some tips for using research and images properly.

• For single paper presentations, put the citation for the article on an early slide and state that subsequent images are from the paper. This gives proper attribution to the authors.
• For presentations about multiple papers, put an abbreviated citation, e.g., Jones et al., 2019, at the bottom of the slide where you show an image and/or discuss a paper and then add full citations in the reference list on one of the last slides.  This gives proper attribution to the authors.
• You must get the author's permission to use the images if 1) you are going to use this presentation multiple times in the future, and/or 2) it's going to be stored online where the general public can access it.

Distorted or overly complex images will confuse your audience. Make sure to adjust the size or resolution to create good images for your presentation.

• Use a snipping tool (e.g., Windows has Snipping Tool) to cut only the essential images or parts of images to insert in your presentation.
• It's even better if the online paper gives you different sizes of an image to download. Choose more pixels than fewer.
• After downloading an image, you can open it in Paint or a comparable software to resize and/or crop it.
• Insert the image in Powerpoint and don't forget to give the attribution for the image.
• Designing an Effective PowerPoint Presentation: Quick Guide This resource concentrates on the creation of the PowerPoint slides. A guide from the Purdue Online Writing Lab.
• Presentation Tips for College Students A blog posting from ValuED by Teddy Parker-Renga, sponsored by Colorado State University

Need help? Then use the library's  Ask Us service. Get help from real people face-to-face, by phone, or by email.

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18 Biocore Oral Presentation Rubric

Organization, presentation mechanics, rubric scores to letter grade conversion guide.

Download Biocore rubrics in PDF format

Process of Science Companion: Science Communication Copyright © 2017 by University of Wisconsin-Madison Biology Core Curriculum (Biocore) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Creating a 10-15 Minute Scientific Presentation

In the course of your career as a scientist, you will be asked to give brief presentations -- to colleagues, lab groups, and in other venues. We have put together a series of short videos to help you organize and deliver a crisp 10-15 minute scientific presentation.

First is a two part set of videos that walks you through organizing a presentation.

Part 1 - Creating an Introduction for a 10-15 Minute Scientfic Presentation

Part 2 - Creating the Body of a 10-15 Minute Presentation: Design/Methods; Data Results, Conclusions

Two additional videos should prove useful:

Designing PowerPoint Slides for a Scientific Presentation walks you through the key principles in designing powerful, easy to read slides.

Delivering a Presentation provides tips and approaches to help you put your best foot forward when you stand up in front of a group.

Other resources include:

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Biology PPT

Dear Biology Aspirants, Welcome to Easybiologyclass. Here you can find the topic wise list of our Biology PPT (PowerPoint Presentations) . Please select a category to explore the contents beneath each topic. You can download all presentations as PPT or PDF files absolutely free without any subscription or payments. Please feel free to contact the Admin if you have any doubts or queries. You may also like to explore the other learning resources in EasyBiologyClass such as Biology Notes   |   Question Bank   |   Biology MCQ   |   Mock Tests     |   Practical Notes etc. 

@. Biochemistry PPT

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@. Microbiology PPT

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@. Botany / Plant Sciences PPT

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Paper Presentations and Discussions

In oeb 119: deep sea biology, groups of students have to present and lead discussions on scientific papers throughout the semester. before class each week, all  students have to read an assigned scientific paper and post a summary paragraph and two questions to an online forum. a group of students has to prepare a short presentation about one part of the paper, so that each paper is presented by a different group of three to four students each week. .

The class breaks up into two groups, each led by one TF. The group leading the discussion gives their presentation, using and resources or images that they have brought in, and then that group (with help from the TF) facilitates a discussion of the paper.  Students are asked, either by the TF or the presenting students, specific questions about the paper to make sure they understand the key components. Students are asked to share any thoughts, critiques, or questions they have about the paper. Then, the class is invited to try to answer these questions.

After class,  the presenting group has to write a one-page summary of their presentation experience. They are asked to describe what went well and what could have been done differently.  The goal of this activity is to help students learn to read scientific papers and to help them gain experience leading discussions.

See below for a handout and PowerPoint instructions of this activity. 

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Biology PowerPoint Presentations Class 11

Biology presentations for plus one, part-1 botany, biological classification 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt plant kingdom 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt morphology in flowering plants 👉    ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt anatomy in flowering plants 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt cell-the unit of life 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt cell cycle and cell division 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt transport in plants 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt mineral nutrition 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt photosynthesis in higher plants 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt respiration in plants 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt plant growth n development 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt, part-2 zoology , the living world 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt animal kingdom 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt structural organization in animals 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt biomolecules 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt digestion and absorption 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt breathing and exchange of gases 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt body fluids and circulation 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt excretory products & their elimination 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt locomotion and movement 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt neural control and co-ordination 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt chemical control and co-ordination 👉   ppt 👉   animated presentation 👉   pdf ppt.

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63 Comments

Sir i am not able to download botany PPTs Please send me on my email.ID [email protected]

Sir what about the remaining ppt ie botany ecology biotechnology sir

sir can you send me botany ppt .ppts are so useful for study

Sir l am highly grateful to you .God will bless you sir for your kind act

Sir i am heartly thanks to you i am working as biology lecturer and since from one month i referring ur notes , and those are very helpful . and plz upload Botony ppt

Dear sir, I m grateful for this wonderful articulation and master work. Your notes and ppts are helping many more biology students and lecturers as well. Kindly upload remaining ppts of plus 1 and 2. Thanks again !!!

Hello sir Hats off for your wonderful work for it is highly usefull to both teachers as well as students....

THANKS FOR HIS GIFT

sir can you please tell me what is the password for human reproduction ppt sir plz

sir plz tell me how to read this file without password

Thank you very much sir

hello sir,botany exam is coming please upload slide shows please xm near to 2 days

It is very useful, thanks for providing

please provide botany ppts

There is no presentation for organisms and population

This information is really very good and I got really very good help related to biology Thank to the author. www.hsc.co.in

Great work for our biology in studing

Password please

sir i need a botany presentation as soon as possible plzzz uplaod..

Excellent work.Keep it up.

please upload transport in plants for +1

Sir, what is the password to open the ppt.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants Plant kingdom Morphology in flowering plants Anatomy in flowering plants I can not download above pdfs sir..pls send kindly.

Very easily understandable put. Thanks.

Sir could u say the password please

very great work, and best persentation

Very nice helpful to every one.Easy to understand keep it up

Kindly upload the botany remaining parts too..

I want ppt pp morphology and anatomy

1st of thank you to do this PPT it is so helpful and I was got 95/100 in bio in 11th

Thank you sir. The PPT were good and easy to understand sir.But some Botany PPT are not available to download sir.So please send that ppt to my mail sir.

Thanks a lot for this wonderful collection.

Nice and easy to understand.congratulations

Thanks a lot for this wonderful collection of ppts , easy to understand with clarity of concepts

Very informative and helpful.Thank you sir

thank you a lot sir...it was damn helpful...i loved the ppts...

GREAT WORK DEAR SIR OR MAM , KEEP IT UP............ PEOPLE LIKE YOU ALWAYS REQUIRED IN THIS WORLD ....... GREAT HELP FOR BIOLOGY LOVER..............GOD BLESS YOU.

Sir plz arrange notes for physics and chemistry

SIR PLEASE ARRANGE NOTES FOR CLASS10

sir please arrange notes for physics and chemistry

thankyou very much sir

What an incredible work by you sir. Thank you so much for this one. Very useful notes...

really appreciable

SIR YOU ARE DOING A GREAT JOB OF ENHANCING YOUNG GENERATION COTINUE YOUR WORK THIS IS GREAT JOB

Awesome 😎 very helpful ☺️👍

Thank you🙏🙏

Sir plz arrange notes for physics and chemistry also

just amazing ....thankyou

thank you May God bless you

Sir plz provide notes for class 10 biology

Amezing video PPT

Nice and informative

Great effort sir

GOOD PPT PRESENTATIONS THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Good collection

thankyou for the ppts can i get the remaining part of cell and cell division through email [email protected]

You have class 9 and 10 ppt

This website is god gift for all students

thank you very much for your amazing work and priceless dedication

• biology research topics
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100+ Interesting Biology Presentation Topics with PPT

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Biology Topics for Presentation & Research

Interesting and Easy  Biology Presentation Topics

• Biology: Study of life
• The Fundamental Unit of Life
• Career Options with a Biology Degree
• Famous Biologists and Their Contribution
• Biological Discoveries that Revolutionized Life Science
• Biology in Fiction
• Biological Immortality
• The 6 Kingdoms of Life  ( PPT 2 )
• Taxonomic Rank
• Animal Cognition :  Most Intelligent Non-Human Animals
• Latest Developments and Discoveries in Biology
• The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth  ( PPT 2 )
• The Origins of Life on Earth
• Human evolution
• The Origins of Agriculture
• Disease and Its Types
• Immune System (Complete PPT)
• Major Tropical Diseases  ( Article )
• Darwinism:  Theory of Biological Evolution  ( PPT 2 )
• Domestication of Animals and Plant
• Genetically Modified Organisms ( GMO )
• GMO Crops: Friends or Foe
• Molecular Biology
• Microbiology
• Microbial Genetics
• Biological Molecules
• Gene: Fine Structure of Gene 
• Fundamentals of Genetics
• Life Cycle of the Cell
• Classification of Chromosomes
• Gravitational Biology : Gravity and Life on Earth ( Articles )
• The Biology of Wood
• Amazing World of Marine Life 
• Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction
• Bioluminescence
• Stem and Plant Growth Basics
• Biopolymers and Environmental Impacts
• Impact of Climate Change on Marine Ecosystem
• Ecological Impact of Climate Change
• Bioremediation  ( PDF Link )
• Coral Reefs Preservation
• Development and  Ageing
• Overpopulation / Overabundance
• Overpopulation: The Causes, Effects And Potential Solutions
• De-extinction: Bringing Extinct Species Back to Life
• Micro-animals
• Aquaculture
• Human Eye: Evolution of the Eye
• Biodiversity and Its Importance
• Importance of Photosynthesis
• Artificial Ecological Systems
• Calvin Cycle
• Phase-Contrast Microscopy
• Central Nervous System
• Reproductive Cloning
• Genetic Mutation in Plants
• Vaccines: How are they Developed?
• Oxygenic photosynthesis: Photosynthesis in Bacteria
• Human Cloning: The origin and its basic principles
• The Origin and Anatomy of COVID-19 Virus
• Mutation of Viruses
• Protein Structure
• Human Microbiome: Gut microbiota 
• Pheromones: Are Human Pheromones Real?
• Hydroponics
• Essential Vitamins and Minerals Our Body Needs
• Polymorphism and Colonialism in Honey Bees
• Cellular Structure and Function
• Evolution and Natural Selection
• Major Theories of Evolution
• DNA sequencing and Genetic Code
• Structure, Functions, and Types of Ecosystem
• Food Chains and Food Webs: Concept and Applications
• Conservation Biology: The Latest Efforts for Prevention Extinction
• What makes Tardigrades, the world's toughest animal?
• Different methods of Food Preservation
• The Nitrogen cycle and Nitrogen Fixation
• Hormones and Human Behaviour
• Life Cycle of Your Favorite Plant
• Environmental Sustainability
• Influence of Noise Pollution on Living Organisms
• Fertilizers and Influence on Plants
• Urban Ecology
• Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology
• Natural Disease Resistance in Plants
• Tissue Engineering
• Circadian Rhythm or Circadian Cycle
• Muscle Contraction
• Skeleton System in Human and Animals
• Respiratory System in Animals and Plants
• Urinary system
• Nutrition in Human, Plant, Animals
• Minerals in the plant cell
• Plant Roots, Anatomical Structure, and Functions
• Phytohormones: Plant Hormones
• Glands: Anatomy and Function
• Human Immune System
• Heart and Circulatory System
• Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism
• Plant Root System
• Decomposers and Scavengers: Importance
• Migration of Organisms
• Animal Navigation Ability
• Animal Reproduction
• Plant Reproduction
• Urinary System of Aquatic Animals
• Plant Diseases: Natural Disease Resistance in Plants
• Antibiotics
• Factors Affecting Enzymatic Activity
• Plant Morphology
• Endangered species
• Ecotourism and Its Benefits
• Modern Technology and Scientific Tools in Biology
• Water cycle / Hydrologic Cycle / Hydrological Cycle
• Homeothermy
• Poikilothermy
• Medicinal Plants Around Us
• The Biology of Seamounts
• Biotechnology Revolution in India
• Noise pollution and the environment
• Nucleotide Biosynthesis

These ideas will fit most standards without creating too much stress if you're seeking simple Biology Presentation Topics for high school assignments and Biology Speech Topics. These interesting and easy topics are listed for anyone who has to deal with Biology for any reason, including school and undergraduate students. It all relies on the scope and magnitude of your project, which is why you may require professional research paper assistance.

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• 🔬 Informative Speech Topics on Science and Technology