essay question about organizational structure

151 Organizational Structure Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best organizational structure topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on organizational structure, 🥇 most interesting organizational structure topics to write about, ✍️ organizational structure topics for college, ❓ research questions on organizational structure.

• Ford Organizational Structure Report (Assessment) The structure of the Ford Motors Company has the Chairman at the apex followed by the President-cum-CEO-cum-Director, then followed by the Executive Vice President.
• Organizational Structure of Nokia Nokia is an international phone company that is currently leading in the phone segment of the electronic market in the world; the company’s organizational structure has enabled it to command the success it has attained.
• Adidas Company Organizational Structure An organizational structure is a framework that specifies how various operations within an enterprise are coordinated to meet its objectives. Joseph and Gaba (2020) enumerated that these operations may include regulations, positions, and obligations. Additionally, the management chart impacts how information moves between firm levels. In a centralized system, for instance, choices flow from the […]
• Apple Organizational Culture and Structure: A Case Study The management of this firm has been keen on tapping special skills of its employees to the advantage of the entire firm.
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Formalization in Organizational Structure Essay One of the key advantages of formalization is the fact that formal organization have easy to fathom leadership structures that are placed in concert by the given rules and regulations thereby eliminating the question of […]
• The Nestle Organizational Structure Case Study This system called for a change in the way employees related with management and vice versa which necessitated a change in the organizational structure of the company.
• Organizational Structure: W.L. Gore & Associates It can be stated that the main factor in the formation of organizational structures is the desire to control the production and the manufacturing process, the division of labour, and the occurrence of management functions.
• Boeing Company Organizational Structure One can argue that the operations of the company can be viewed as the main force that determines the organizational structure of this company. This is one of the issues that can be distinguished.
• Siemens Company’s Internal Organizational Structure Also, the topics discussed within the frame of the assignment include the structure of the organization and signs indicating that it is a bureaucracy.
• The Organizational Structure in Kraft Foods Group It is imperative to note that the organization structure is the one that influences communication within the organization. One of the secrets to the organization’s success is the depth and quality of its employees.
• Volkswagen Company: Applying Organizational Structure The strained relationship between the CEO, Martin Winterkorn, and the chairman of the board revealed the managerial challenges affecting the corporation.
• General Motors Company’s Organizational Structure The organizational structure of an entity is a critical aspect of management. In Europe, the GM subsidiary now adopts this structure to complement the overall structure of the organization.
• Toyota’s Organizational Structure Throughout its entire market history, Toyota Corporation has been referred to as the flagship of the automobile industry due to the genuine quality of its produce.
• Uniqlo Organizational Structure Evaluation Essay The commitment of the UK government to enhance the country’s economic recovery is likely to improve the consumer’s purchasing power and this trend is likely to lead to improvement in Uniqlos’ sales volume in the […]
• Hewlett-Packard Firm’s Organizational Structure The company’s current CEO is Enrique Lores and the CFO is Marie Myers. This aspect emphasizes that he is trying to develop and maintain a certain vision in the company.
• Organizational Structures The rationale for choosing this type of organizational structure for the company 1 is that each of the workers in this company has a specific task to perform depending on the specialization.
• Walmart Company Organizational Design and Structure The Chief Executive Officer and the representatives of the annual shareholders general meeting are responsible for making strategic decisions in the organization, which are then implemented by the board of directors.
• Mechanistic vs. Organic Organizational Structure Formalization of an organization can be defined as the degree by which it relies on the procedures and the rules which monitor the behavior of the employees.
• Air Canada’s Organizational Structure: A Case Study Background & statement of the problems/issues The company in the case study is Air Canada, involved in air travel. Increased competition in the airline industry has been a serious problem to the operations of Air […]
• Organizational Structure at Starbucks Starbucks’ Organizational Structure Intense competition has forced the company to adopt and implement organizational structure to allow it respond more quickly to rapid changes in the business environment.
• Organizational Culture and Physical Structure According to Griswold, ontology is a philosophical study that involves gaining knowledge on the nature of being, the existence of a given phenomenon or a reality about something, and the categorization of the being and […]
• Samsung Group: Organizational Structure Samsung Group is one of the leading companies in the global electronics industry. Samsung began to market its diverse products to different consumers in every part of the world.
• Walmart Organizational Structure There are a total of 41 Walmart regions, each with it’s own Regional Vice-President who works out of Bentonville.
• Organizational Structure and Departmentalization By examining a company’s size, values, product, markets, and customers, one can understand how and why a particular type of departmentalization has developed in a company.
• Bombas Firm’s Organizational Structure and Culture The company has taken the route of giving back as an essential principle of its culture and mission, engaging in charity work and encouraging employees to be proactive in helping and supporting needy people. Thus, […]
• Microsoft Corporation’s Organizational Structure The aim of this paper is to analyze Microsoft Corporation, the agency problems facing the company, its job design and compensation packages to its executives and the employees.
• Organizational Structure and Behavioral Implications The functional structure of an organization is developed in such a way that every section of it is grouped on the basis of functions and tasks that it performs.
• Watson Engine Company Organization Structure and Teamwork The organization structure of the company is old fashioned and hierarchical in nature that minimizes the influence of the employees in the running of the organization.
• “Effect of Organizational Structure on Strategy Implementation”: Organization Structure and Design Therefore, the reconsideration of the organizational structure and the effects that its design has on the creation and implementation of strategic management is critical to a company’s performance.
• Freshii: Flat Organizational Structure By giving employees a share in the company the heads of departments and CEO ensure their effectiveness. Franchises of Freshii are interested in making big profit because they are a business organization, therefore they guarantee […]
• Organizational Structure & Applied Improvement Project In this regard, the knowledge of organizational structure is immensely valuable since it allows us to understand which internal stakeholders can assist in the successful implementation of the project. In summary, the knowledge of organizational […]
• Human Service Organizations, Structures, Processes The organization is a state agency that builds the community by providing child support, catering for the welfare of children, offering assistance to families, and other children and families related programs.
• Apple Organizational Structure: Key Considerations In 2007, the name of the company changed to Apple Incorporation. The company’s innovative strategy is making it easier for more customers to purchase its products and services.
• Consulting Business: Organizational Structure Organizational structure can have a significant influence on the effectiveness of the consulting business. The drawback of this structure is that misunderstanding between team members may hinder projects.
• A Church’s Organizational Structure and Behavior These systems contribute to the wellbeing of the society through various means, for example, they bring together resources in order to accomplish a society’s needs, help to facilitate innovation, they facilitate easy accommodation of ongoing […]
• Divisional Organizational Structure: Pros and Cons The divisional structure, also known as the decentralized one, improves the motivation of employees and control of operations in different locations.
• Matrix Organizational Structure The unit managers may in some instances report to the vice president who in turn reports to the president or the chief executive officer.
• Organizational Behavior in the Health Care Structures PDSA theory is used in organizations, planning and manipulating expected performance, a manager uses it to implement and try to compare predictions of the results in the health care sector.
• Healthcare: Organizational Structures & Leadership Council and committee are already appointed to supervise activities to meet the goals and objectives of a hospital, but the staff is also actively engaged in decision making.
• Organic and Mechanistic Organizational Structures In this regard, a bureaucratic organizational structure is viewed as a network of tasks and not people, as is the case in an organic organizational structure.
• Pfizer Company: Organizational Structure It is based on the principle of double subordination of performers: on the one hand, to the direct head of the active service, on the other hand, to the project manager.
• Preferred Organizational Structure: Functional Organizational Structure One of the vital advantages of the functional organizational structure is the fact that functions are run on the basis of expertise, which allows for maximum productivity of each individual because they are engaging in […]
• Lack of Organizational Structure in Business Management, its Causes and Possible Solutions Organizational structure can be defined as the manner in which a company allocates its management responsibilities and how different activities are coordinated within the firm.
• Organizational Structures and Leadership in Hospitals The combination of these structures results in centralized decision making, focusing the attention of the staff on the influence of formal leadership, leading to informal leaders feeling undervalued as a result.
• Online Second-Hand Book Store Organizational Structure The president will be the overall overseer of the company, making important decisions and he is the final authority in the company.
• Organizational Behavior: Structure, Development and Change Managing change in an organizational is the practice of designing and executing the change wisely with an aim of minimizing resistance of workers in addition to outlaying business, while as well maximizing the efficiency of […]
• Organizational Structure Vision, Mission, and Values Therefore, it is the driving force of the organization and all the other activities in an organization are always geared towards its realization. It refers to the manner in which an organization plans to act […]
• Aspects of New Organizational Structure Additionally, they make sure that everyone is held accountable for their particular tasks and that the team is working together successfully and efficiently. Encourage team members to offer their thoughts and work toward the group’s […]
• Communicating Change in Organizational Structure A grid structure helps the organization to be more adaptive and flexible in response to changing conditions. The change from a functional to a matrix organizational framework will necessitate that employees operate more efficiently and […]
• Organizational Structure in Business They may reorganize the business to address the communication challenges between teams and the entire organization because many managers and project managers are not interacting with one another and are not distributed effectively.
• Avon Hospital: Organizational Structure The board of directors counsels the executive team, and the IT manager is also on the hospital’s leader board. The board of directors counsels the executive team, and the IT manager is also on the […]
• Information Systems and Organizational Structure Increases in the aging workforce affect the practice setting and add to the risks of clinicians’ failure to account for new evidence in decision-making, and a CDSS would reduce these threats to the minimal level.
• Organizational Structure Prior to 2010: Teaming at Disney Animation Various departments and multiple layers of subordinates Systems department: 5 silos and 5 managers, up to 20 group members Vertical and rigid hierarchical structure Centralized authority Top-down decision making and reorganization Diagnostic Conclusion: Bureaucratic, […]
• Public Transport Organization: Functional Organizational Structure Apple is one of the companies that has used the functional organizational structure and has managed to become one of the most innovative firms around the world.
• A Matrix Organizational Structure of Starbucks The technical team of specialists is necessary to promptly and competently respond to threats that the company may receive. A trained team of specialists will be aware of possible dangers and will be able to […]
• Organizational Structures and Processes When the workload per employee is reduced through the division of labor, it will reduce the time taken to complete vital operations, and the business will be productive.
• Types of Organizational Structure for Business For example, authorized leaders have to make sure that action is aligned with the objectives and strategy of the firm. As mentioned above, all operations and decisions of McDonald’s are controlled by a small group […]
• Al Habtoor Group’s Organizational Structure and Hierarchy A firm should be capable of engaging the public regularly to popularize the brand and develop a close relationship with the customers.
• The Amazon Firm’s Organizational Structure In short, Amazon’s functional structure reflects the leadership’s preference for centralized control and global guidance as opposed to the greater autonomy of regional divisions.
• Homeboy Industries Organization’s Structure and Aim There is a variety of services and classes in Homeboy Industries that can be divided into two categories. I believe that religious services and classes would also contribute to the Homeboy Industries cause.
• Corporate Entrepreneurship: Organizational Structure In essence, these are the features of a system which are imperative for open system theorists in explaining the organizational structure and functioning.
• U.S. Healthcare System and Organizational Structures Full rollout to the ICU unit and other areas will begin in the third month and continue for three months, after which data will be collected to evaluate the efficacy of the project.
• Starbucks Coffee’s Organizational Structure and Its Characteristics The first aspect of Starbucks’ policies is related to the people working for the company since the management put much effort into the improvement of their situation.
• McDonald’s Burger: Evaluating Organizational Structure The organizational structure is influenced by the objectives of the company and tailored by its marketing strategy.
• Health Care Organization Delivery Structure: Pain Medicine The traditional hospital structure restricts the natural process of development reasoned by the development of the organization.
• Nursing Rehabilitation Center Organizational Structure At the top of the organizational structure is the owner who has the full control of the facility. The nursing director takes care of the nurses and the nursing services in the facility.
• Lee Memorial Health System’s Organizational Structure & Function The nurse leader will provide a detailed account of the organizational structure of the company; how the organizational structure influences daily operations; how the organizational structure affects its ability to function efficiently; and finally, how […]
• Organizational Structure and Culture Within Hospital The organization’s administration act as collaboration between the governing board and clinical staff, and is answerable for implementing a strategic scheme for sustaining the task and objectives of the institution.
• Company Profile and Organizational Structure Vermont Teddy Bear In the customer relationship management paradigm, the management of customer data in eCommerce is necessary, and this is facilitated by the creation and adherence to distinct IT policies. In support of the VTB, the role […]
• Kraft Foods Group: Organizational Structure Its annual revenue is about $ 18 billion, and it expects to be the best food and beverage company in North America by producing consumer-based goods, motivating employees, and increasing the value of its shares […]
• Technology in Organizational Structure The introduction of technology into the organizational structure of educational institutions and financial management systems is a topical issue, which is examined in many scholarly articles and books.
• Modern Management and Organizational Structure Definitely the modern concept of organization boundary-less is not intended to do away with these distinct functions but to make them more porous and flexible to the changes taking place in the modern day business […]
• Burton Menswear Company: Organizational Structure To begin with, the world of management is full of different innovations which are additionally emphasized due to the flow of scientific thought in the world.
• Human Services Organizations Structures and Policy Taking into account healthcare field and the experience of a human service in the field of aged care, there is no conflict between these concepts because the nursing functions and duties involve and imply caring […]
• Organizational Structure in American Police Analysis Supreme Court of Appeal- In respect to all matters this is the highest court and it constitutes of the president, his deputy, and several judges of appeal who are appointed by an Act of parliament.
• The Concept of Organizational Structures An example of this is an incorrect organizational structure which may get in the way of cooperation and hence, obstruct the completion of the orders in a specific period of time as well as the […]
• Organizational Structure and Corporate Responsibility The first principle establishes the roles of management and the board, with a balance of skills, experience, and independence on the board appropriate to the nature and extent of company operations stated under the second […]
• “Organizational Structures and Perceived Cultures of Community Charter Schools in Ohio” by J. Fox To know actually if the charter system was of any much different or contribution to the betterment of students and teachers performance, the researcher would have carried out similar research with the traditional system schools […]
• Fundamental of Organizational Structure There should also be a supervisor to ensure that the work done by the designer is in line with those of the client.
• NATO Organization Civilian & Military Structures Internal lettering is of the formal character, and is not always available for the reader, as it is of no interest for the inhabitant. It may be of scientific interest only for the researcher, and […]
• Organizational Structures for Effective Management Thus, the analysis of the size and management techniques that can be applied to ensure that tasks are accomplished is necessary to create an appropriate structure.
• The Concept of Functional and Divisional Organizational Structure For instance, in a functional structure, the most common formation, the business seeks to group workers in line with a specialized or comparable set of duties. Organizational structures may influence the activities of a company […]
• State Court Organization and Structure The advantages of the unified model are in the fact that they are operationally efficient because of the centralized regulation, effective use of resources, and the efficient approach to organizing the court operations.
• Organization’s Technological Structure The learning and learning and development system will however require independent access that will be allowed to the network manager. He will however operate in conjunction with the network administrator in ensuring that there is […]
• Health Care: Organizational Structure and Communication On the other hand, the social constructionist approach assumes that the existing shape and form of the organization is as a result of communication.
• Organization Structure and Leadership On the other hand, the continual, as well as overall well being of a product in an organization, is undertaken through product management.
• Pfizer Inc.’s Organizational Structure and Issues There is a problem between the aspect of the structure and a problem in the Pfizer organization because the shareholders are not fully engaged in the decisions of the company.
• Lobo’s Restaurant’s Organizational Structure and Team The Restaurant Manager will ensure efficient and effective operations of the restaurant and ensure profitability. He / She will be responsible for monitoring and controlling restaurant activities, setting budgets, planning, resolving disputes, hiring and firing […]
• Senior at Home Food Service Organization’s Structure The following diagram is an organizational chart showing the structure that would be adopted. The organizational structure that would be chosen for this organization is flat.
• The Impact of Organizational Structures The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of organizational structures and hierarchies on employee motivation and morale. A hallmark of a well-structured retail company is the ability to adapt to the ever-evolving […]
• Open Systems and Organizational Structure Inseparability allows the consumers to shape and influence the quality and performance of the offered services. In fact, it promotes the production of a unique product.
• Organizational Behavior & Structure: NewGen Company It can be argued that indeed, Hahn has reason to question the ability of Amie to supervise technical matters, as she does not understand them.
• Organizational Structure: Project Leadership They can include building a trusting relationship, overcoming resistance to change, timely conflict resolution, active listening the opinions of all members, and the conclusion of appropriate agreements for the benefit of the company. As a […]
• Customer Service Representative: Organizational Structure The method is usually simple to undertake, the HR manager will collect adequate information in a timely manner, and it reveals the aspects of the targeted position that might not be captured by the other […]
• Organizational Structure and Inner Relationships The readings present the sociology and the economic aspects of the organization. The social aspect of a firm has a significant impact on the economic and financial status of the organization.
• The Holy Child Health Care Organization’s Structure During the recruitment process, the department also uses the services of other managers within the organization to support the operations involved and to ensure that the team can deliver on its objectives.
• Organizational Structure and Its Models It should be mentioned that the divisional structure implies that a group of people with diverse skills can work on the creation of a certain product. This is one of the main aspects that can […]
• Organizational Structures: Working and Cultural Environments In the 1980s, NGOs became famous for social services nationally and internationally outside the framework of the UN. The spread of NGOs became unavoidable and contributed to the welfare and development of programs for societies.
• BEC’s Organizational Structure Before & After 2006 In the process, the company’s few employees were forced to multitask on numerous projects. This would enable departmental managers to assign tasks by the needs of the company without causing conflict with project managers.
• LPA Group Plc: Organizational Design and Structure The diagram below shows the organizational structure of this firm at the top management unit. The organization is finding it difficult to have a uniform organizational behavior for all the employees of the firm.
• Coca-Cola’s, Nestle’s, Toyota’s Organizational Structure Coca-Cola is the name of one of the best products of the business and the most popular, giving the company its brand name.
• Thika Road Project Organizational Structure To attain project goals and objectives, the project management team needs to be constituted in the right for the benefit of the entire project.
• Nuestra Family’s Organizational Structure One of the differences is in the organizational structure of Nuestra as compared to the Mexican Mafia. In comparison, there can be a leader of the entire organization when it comes to the Nuestra family.
• Sinai Hospital Baltimore: Organizational Structure and Improvement The vision of the hospital is to emerge as a model of comprehensive health care providers in the country through strengthening its Jewish heritage, outstanding clinical strength, and its record of service.
• Formal Organization Structure One of the potent examples of such a formal organization is that of the army. Therefore, many researchers believe that formal organizations, in modern world are expected to lose their bureaucracy and hierarchy and have […]
• Orange PLC’s Organizational Culture and Structure The top bracket in the chain of command consists of the five company board of directors who report to the chairman of the company.
• Differences in Organizational Structure Available to Companies and Corporations However, it is good to note as per the words of Graubner that the rise of technology has made the U.S.companies, the Japanese companies and the multinational corporations similar in that they have created virtual […]
• The Concept of Organization Structure and Teamwork The amount of time team members commits to team assignment relates to team efforts and success of the team. The team members become more committed and extend their effort in ensuring a proactive achievement in […]
• Treetop Forest Production Limited Organization Structure To compensate on this, the planner supervisor is in charge of the department during the morning shit while the sawmill supervisor is in charge of the department during the afternoon shift.
• Organization Structure – Benson Metal Company As some of you know, a company’s organization structure defines the formal reporting relationships in the company including the level of power welded by the supervisors and the amount of levels within the organization.
• The Organizational Structure and Design of Veema Enterprises These include the computer sales division, which deals in computers and laptops; the internet set up and supplies division, which offers the services of internet installation and maintenance; the software division, which deals in the […]
• The Organization’s Structure, Mission and Role The structure of an organization refers to both the formal and informal way that duties and responsibilities, channels of authority, avenues of communication, and levels of power are developed and coordinated in an organization.
• Organization Structure and Design: Matrix Structure The work done under the matrix structure is measured in terms of different teams, such that instead of the whole organization being approved for the success, the leading team gets all the credits for the […]
• Corporate Governance and Organizational Structure In essence, the management panel should be in a position to understand that the corporation is there to make better achievements.
• The Organization Structure of Training2Work It is in the hallmark of this that the author of this report engenders to explicate on the emerging need to restructure the organization.
• Organizational Structure and Design in Southwest Gas and Qualcomm An organizational structure is the hierarchical organization of authority and duties of organizations and it comprises of activities like allocation of duties, supervision and coordination that is intended to make an organization realize its goals.
• Amber Inn & Suites: Organizational Structure Issues Many of these people came with their families and they could be interested in the services of Amber Inn, if they knew more about the amenities that the company could offer them, for instance, indoor […]
• Changing a Company’s Organizational Structure This could be achieved by the company leaders developing a team that will come up with the members to be promoted.
• Sports Shop Organization Structure In the Case under analysis, the owner performs all the managerial duties whereas the employee tackles the mechanical activities of the business.
• Four Types of Organizational Structures in Business An organizational structure is a concept which shows how integrated entities in an organization interact to achieve an organization’s goals and objectives.
• How Does Organizational Structure and Culture Affect Each Other?
• What Are the Effects of Organizational Structure?
• Why Should an Organization’s Structure Be Affected by Its Environment?
• How Can Organizational Structures Affect a Company’s Success?
• What Is the Effect of Organizational Structure on Employees?
• Does Organizational Structure Impact Management Effectiveness?
• What Are the Negative Effects of Organizational Structure?
• How Effective Is Organizational Structure for a Company?
• What Happens Without Organizational Structure?
• How Does Organizational Structure Affect Leadership?
• What Will Happen if Companies Do Not Have Organizational Structure?
• Does Organizational Structure Impact Organizational Ethics?
• What Happens to Bad Organizational Structure for a Business?
• How Does Organizational Structure Influence Strategy Implementation?
• What Organizational Structure Will Work Best?
• Can a Business Survive Without Organizational Structure?
• How Important Is Organizational Structure for Small Businesses?
• What Is the Purpose of Organizational Structure?
• Does the Organizational Structure Have a Positive Impact on Decision Quality and Speed?
• How Does Organizational Structure Affect Human Resources?
• What Is the Role of Organizational Structure in Effectiveness and Performance?
• Does Organizational Structure Impact the Behavior of Its Employees?
• What Is the Concept of Organizational Structure?
• How Can Organizational Structure Support a Strategy?
• What Are the Elements of the Organizational Structure?
• How Do the Organizational Structures of Apple and Facebook Differ?
• What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of a Functional Organizational Structure?
• How Does Organizational Structure Impact Team Effectiveness?
• What Is the Role of Organizational Structure in Innovation?
• Does Institutional Isomorphism Affect Organizational Structure?
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Organization and Structure

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

There is no single organizational pattern that works well for all writing across all disciplines; rather, organization depends on what you’re writing, who you’re writing it for, and where your writing will be read. In order to communicate your ideas, you’ll need to use a logical and consistent organizational structure in all of your writing. We can think about organization at the global level (your entire paper or project) as well as at the local level (a chapter, section, or paragraph). For an American academic situation, this means that at all times, the goal of revising for organization and structure is to consciously design your writing projects to make them easy for readers to understand. In this context, you as the writer are always responsible for the reader's ability to understand your work; in other words, American academic writing is writer-responsible. A good goal is to make your writing accessible and comprehensible to someone who just reads sections of your writing rather than the entire piece. This handout provides strategies for revising your writing to help meet this goal.

Note that this resource focuses on writing for an American academic setting, specifically for graduate students. American academic writing is of course not the only standard for academic writing, and researchers around the globe will have different expectations for organization and structure. The OWL has some more resources about writing for American and international audiences here .

Whole-Essay Structure

While organization varies across and within disciplines, usually based on the genre, publication venue, and other rhetorical considerations of the writing, a great deal of academic writing can be described by the acronym IMRAD (or IMRaD): Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. This structure is common across most of the sciences and is often used in the humanities for empirical research. This structure doesn't serve every purpose (for instance, it may be difficult to follow IMRAD in a proposal for a future study or in more exploratory writing in the humanities), and it is often tweaked or changed to fit a particular situation. Still, its wide use as a base for a great deal of scholarly writing makes it worthwhile to break down here.

• Introduction : What is the purpose of the study? What were the research questions? What necessary background information should the reader understand to help contextualize the study? (Some disciplines include their literature review section as part of the introduction; some give the literature review its own heading on the same level as the other sections, i.e., ILMRAD.) Some writers use the CARS model to help craft their introductions more effectively.
• Methods: What methods did the researchers use? How was the study conducted? If the study included participants, who were they, and how were they selected?
• Results : This section lists the data. What did the researchers find as a result of their experiments (or, if the research is not experimental, what did the researchers learn from the study)? How were the research questions answered?
• Discussion : This section places the data within the larger conversation of the field. What might the results mean? Do these results agree or disagree with other literature cited? What should researchers do in the future?

Depending on your discipline, this may be exactly the structure you should use in your writing; or, it may be a base that you can see under the surface of published pieces in your field, which then diverge from the IMRAD structure to meet the expectations of other scholars in the field. However, you should always check to see what's expected of you in a given situation; this might mean talking to the professor for your class, looking at a journal's submission guidelines, reading your field's style manual, examining published examples, or asking a trusted mentor. Every field is a little different.

Outlining & Reverse Outlining

One of the most effective ways to get your ideas organized is to write an outline. A traditional outline comes as the pre-writing or drafting stage of the writing process. As you make your outline, think about all of the concepts, topics, and ideas you will need to include in order to accomplish your goal for the piece of writing. This may also include important citations and key terms. Write down each of these, and then consider what information readers will need to know in order for each point to make sense. Try to arrange your ideas in a way that logically progresses, building from one key idea or point to the next.

Questions for Writing Outlines

• What are the main points I am trying to make in this piece of writing?
• What background information will my readers need to understand each point? What will novice readers vs. experienced readers need to know?
• In what order do I want to present my ideas? Most important to least important, or least important to most important? Chronologically? Most complex to least complex? According to categories? Another order?

Reverse outlining comes at the drafting or revision stage of the writing process. After you have a complete draft of your project (or a section of your project), work alone or with a partner to read your project with the goal of understanding the main points you have made and the relationship of these points to one another. The OWL has another resource about reverse outlining here.

Questions for Writing Reverse Outlines

• What topics are covered in this piece of writing?
• In what order are the ideas presented? Is this order logical for both novice and experienced readers?
• Is adequate background information provided for each point, making it easy to understand how one idea leads to the next?
• What other points might the author include to further develop the writing project?

Organizing at the sentence and paragraph level

Signposting.

Signposting is the practice of using language specifically designed to help orient readers of your text. We call it signposting because this practice is like leaving road signs for a driver — it tells your reader where to go and what to expect up ahead. Signposting includes the use of transitional words and phrasing, and they may be explicit or more subtle. For example, an explicit signpost might say:

This section will cover Topic A­­ and Topic B­­­­­.

A more subtle signpost might look like this:

It's important to consider the impact of Topic A­­ and Topic B­­­­­.

The style of signpost you use will depend on the genre of your paper, the discipline in which you are writing, and your or your readers’ personal preferences. Regardless of the style of signpost you select, it’s important to include signposts regularly. They occur most frequently at the beginnings and endings of sections of your paper. It is often helpful to include signposts at mid-points in your project in order to remind readers of where you are in your argument.

Questions for Identifying and Evaluating Signposts

• How and where does the author include a phrase, sentence, or short group of sentences that explains the purpose and contents of the paper?
• How does each section of the paper provide a brief summary of what was covered earlier in the paper?
• How does each section of the paper explain what will be covered in that section?
• How does the author use transitional words and phrases to guide readers through ideas (e.g. however, in addition, similarly, nevertheless, another, while, because, first, second, next, then etc.)?

WORKS CONSULTED

Clark, I. (2006). Writing the successful thesis and dissertation: Entering the conversation . Prentice Hall Press.

Davis, M., Davis, K. J., & Dunagan, M. (2012). Scientific papers and presentations . Academic press.

106 Organizational Structure Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on organizational structure, ✍️ organizational structure essay topics for college, 👍 good organizational structure research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting organizational structure research titles, ❓ research questions on organizational structure.

• Current Organizational Structure of British Airways
• Organizational Structure: Zara
• Apple: Organizational Culture, Structure, and Leadership
• Apple Organizational Behavior, Structure, & Culture
• Dunkin’ Donuts: Organizational Structure, Recruiting, Training, & More
• Hospital’s Organizational Structure and Departments
• Organizational Structure of the Tesla Company
• Alibaba Organizational Structure and Values Alibaba Group Holding Limited specializes on the online trades accomplished by means of mobile services and the internet.
• Organizational Structure of the Private Medical Company The current essay describes the organizational structure and the organizational chart of the private medical company that provides services in the field of laboratory diagnostics.
• Organizational Structure of Google Company: Case Study Example The organization structure at Google is highly decentralized, which makes sense considering the large size of the organization.
• Organizational Structures in the Clinical Environment Healthcare organizations can choose among several effective organizational structures, the most notable of which are functional, service line matrix, and flat.
• Organizational Structure and the Global Marketing The study is about Monster Health care Company (MH Co), headquartered in the northeastern part of the United States.
• McDonald’s Restaurant Chain’s Organizational Structure The present paper examines the organizational structure of a McDonald’s restaurant and discusses its classification.
• Walmart Company: Organizational Structure, Mission, and Vision Walmart employs a structure known as a hierarchy; senior managers make the high-level decisions that guide the company.
• McDonald’s: Organizational Structure At McDonald’s, the hierarchical structure of the organization fits the company’s goals and mission since it is a clear, subordination-oriented, and controllable structural model.
• HubSpot Firm’s Organizational Structure and Culture HubSpot follows a team-based organizational structure and prioritizes sharing creative ideas and promoting diversity by providing opportunities for various social groups.
• The Dow Corning Organization’s Structure The current paper demonstrates the impact of organizational structure and managerial practices on business performance on the example of Dow Corning.
• The Novant Health Organization’s Structure & Management This paper analyzes Novant Health’s organizational structure, service line, the interaction between leadership and service quality, and management strategy.
• Twitter Organizational Structure Besides the promotion of the brand, businessmen use the platform the search for operative information, research competitors, and for finding out the topical news of the current day.
• Organizational Culture, Structure, and Leadership in the 21st Century International and local companies of the 21st century have to change their missions, organizational culture, structure, power division, reward system, and leadership styles.
• Organizational Structure of The Ambulatory Surgery Center The Ambulatory Surgery Center was not sufficiently equipped with all technical devices necessary for performing daily operations.
• The Link Between Organizational Structure and Change The organizational structure is a set of organizational units, and their interrelationships, within which management tasks are distributed between the units.
• Alberta Health Services: Organizational Structure In this essay, the organizational and relationship diagram of the Alberta Health Services will be discussed in detail.
• Hospital Organizational Structure Breakdown Any hospital has an adequately organized structure, consisting of specific components without which the healthcare organization will not function for its patients’ benefit.
• Project Management and Organizational Structure A Guide to the Project Management underlines the main characteristics of projects: “performed by people, constrained by limited resources and planned, executed and controlled”.
• Nucor Corporation’s Organizational Structure Nucor’s strategic plan included new acquisition and even new joint ventures that had been successfully implemented since the start of the new millennium.
• Relations Between Organizational Structures and Behavior Researching organizational behavior helps employers obtain an insight into covert patterns of their employees’ performance at work.
• Organizational Structures: Ford Motor Company The development of Ford Motor Company is shaped by different internal and external forces. The firm has matrix structure due to the peculiarities of their human resource and operation standards.
• Clinx Clinic’s Organizational Structure and Staffing Most structures in organizations are in a hierarchical manner, with the top management at the apex, followed by middle management, senior supervisors and the workers.
• Organizational Theory, Structure, Change, and Culture in Health Care In health care, organizational theory is used by the executives of hospitals and other health care organizations to improve their functioning and the quality of services.
• Google’s Values, Image, Organizational Structure The paper discusses the multifaceted value system of Google, the company’s organizational structure, its image and ways of presentation of this image to the public.
• Organizational Structure’s and Culture Relationship The paper considers the questions about creating and managing organizational culture, and organizational design and strategy in a changing global environment.
• Organizational Management and Structure Efficient and effective organizations should develop effective sharing goals at each corporate level. Management successfully communicates with employees about its goals.
• Cooperatives’ Types and Organizational Structure Cooperatives can be classified into five main types according to their principal economic activity: consumer, producer, worker, purchasing, and hybrid.
• Organizational Culture, Structure, and Leadership in the 21st century Traditional organizational culture stressed commitment, solidarity, identity, and sameness. New companies are oriented on responsiveness, cooperation, performance, and diversity.
• Organizational Structures: History and Development This paper provided general information about the history of organizational structures, their development, and the implications of emerging organizational structures.
• Organizational Performance and Structure in Healthcare The structure and the leadership of a health organization influence the motivation, work environment and the general feeling of the patients and health care workers.
• Organizational Structure: Matrix (Balanced) Lucky me Animal Rescue is an organization that has a mission of protecting the welfare of homeless and abandoned animals that live on the street.
• Organizational Structure of Vipshop Holdings Limited The divisional structure is highly suitable for companies that operate with independent business units that offer distinct and recognizable products.
• Hospitals’ Centralized Organizational Structure Healthcare providers should possess culturally competent skills in order to support the diverse health needs of persons from diverse backgrounds.
• The American Nurses Association and Their Organizational Structure The paper discusses the comprehensive integration of nurses in all levels of the healthcare delivery systems improves the quality of the provided healthcare to the patients.
• Good Mark Precision Industrial Company’s Organizational Structure Good Mark Precision Company has lately been established in China, it’s a foreign-owned venture and is invested by Good Mark Industrial which is headquartered in Hong Kong.
• Impacts of Organizational Culture and Structure on Healthcare Outcomes The paragraphs discuss the implications of organizational structure and culture on performance and how nurse leaders can promote diversity, equity, and inclusion.
• The Zappos Firm’s Effective Organizational Structure Reception to customers and staff by Zappos company will improve their client service and expand their employees’ attitudes and work environment.
• Organizational Structures: The Systems Archetypes Organizational structures have repeating archetypes. Recognizing and addressing these archetypes breaks down complex management problems into manageable tasks.
• Organizational Structures and Management The paper discusses only the differences between the approaches to managing business activity due to the absence of shared characteristics.
• Differences in Organizational Structures The paper talks about the differences in organizational structures and how they can impact a company’s bottom line.
• Aspects of Organizational Structure Organizational structure refers to the system encompassing fundamental activities within a particular enterprise that define its operating procedures and routine rests.
• Organizational Structure for Redeemer Residence Minneapolis This paper aims to identify different organizational structures within the current healthcare system and explain leadership theories for improving organizational performance.
• Organizational Structure and Market Strategies The paper describes three very different global companies, determines their organizational structure, and what market entry strategies each of these companies are currently using.
• Strategic Management and Organizational Structure The importance of organizational structure is that it facilitates teamwork and enhances communication across all levels of organizations.
• Organizational Behavior: Definition and Structure For any employee, manager, entrepreneur, and administrator working in the field of business, understanding organizational behavior is essential.
• Hardford Hospital’s New Organizational Structure The implementation of the model of shared governance at the Hardford hospital setting has proven to be effective for the client-centered approach to providing health care services.
• Comparison: The Goods and Services and the Organizational Structure Apart from various factors influencing the choice of organizational structure, it is essential to take into account the goods and services the company produces.
• Organization’s Internal Environment Structure In an organization the management compensates employees as a way of attracting, recruiting, and also reducing employees’ turnover.
• Organizational Structures and Their Differences An organization has a specific structure according to which the relationships within its context are built, and the principles of the corporate culture are redesigned.
• Galanz Enterprise Group’s Organizational Structure As a private company, Galanz consists of 14 production facilities that operate across China. It is one of the largest companies in the world in the microwave business.
• Organizational Structure: Project Leadership Drug to drug interactions are among the major causes of medicine-induced harm in patients with various diseases.
• Small Business Organization’s Structure The structure can improve or disrupt the quality of the product. The following paper analyzes the organizational structure of a small business organization.
• Organizational Structure, Its Types and Influences The paper studies the effects of organizational structure on employees, types of organizational structures, and proposes a solution to mitigate negative implications.
• Texas’ Local Government and Its Organizational Structure The Texas local government is made up of several members in the U.S. House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, the Texas House of Representatives, and the Texas Senate.
• Market Structure, Organizational Structure, and R&D Diversity
• Labor Union Bargaining and Firm Organizational Structure
• Consumer Search, Competition, and the Organizational Structure of Multi-Unit Firms
• Organizational Structure and the Choice of Price vs. Quantity in a Mixed Duopoly
• The Organizational Structure and Leadership in Different Gangs
• Siemens Organizational Structure: The Hard Task of Restructuring
• The Centralized Organizational Structure of the Us Military
• The Desirable Organizational Structure for Evolutionary Firms in Static Landscapes
• Organizational Structure and Expected Output at Nuclear Power Plants
• Factors Affecting Organizational Structure Selection in Multinational Companies
• The Theoretical Organizational Structure and How It Is Used in Organizations
• REIT Organizational Structure and Operating Characteristics
• The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Organizational Structure of Airborne Express
• Mintzberg’s Hypothesis for the Design of Organizational Structure
• Different Organizational Structure Types Used in the UK Business
• Debt Restructuring and the Role of Banks’ Organizational Structure and Lending Technologies
• Organizational Structure and Operation of the Illinois Wine Industry
• Healthcare Organizational Structure and Implementing Strategy
• SME’s Main Bank Choice and Organizational Structure: Evidence From France
• Organizational Structure and Metropolitan Hospital Center of New York
• How Do Organizational Structure and Culture Affect Business Performance?
• What Is an Organizational Structure and What Is Its Importance in the Workplace?
• How Does Organizational Structure Affect Project Management Implementation?
• Is There a Relationship Between Organizational Structure and Culture?
• What Is the Most Effective Organizational Structure and Why?
• How Does Organizational Structure Impact People’s Business?
• Why Has Apple a Flat Organizational Structure?
• What Affects the Organizational Structure of a Company the Most?
• Does Organizational Structure Impact Competitive Advantage?
• What Are the Main Organizational Structures?
• How Can the Company Outgrow Its Current Organizational Structure?
• Why Is a Flat Organizational Structure Good?
• How Can the Relationship Between an Organizational Structure and Culture Impact the Performance of the Business?
• What Organizational Structure Is Best for Startups?
• Why Is Organizational Structure Important?
• How Does Organizational Structure Influence the Behavior of the Employee at Workplace?
• What Is a Traditional Organizational Structure?
• Does Organizational Culture Affect Organizational Change?
• How Are Organizational Structure and Culture Related?
• What Are the Key Elements of Organizational Structure?
• How Does Organizational Structure Affect Decision-Making?
• What Is the Difference Between Organization Structure and Organizational Structure?
• How Does Environment Impact Organizational Structure?
• What Type of Organizational Structure Is McDonald’s?
• Does Organizational Structure Affect a Company’s Culture?

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10.1 Organizational Structures and Design

• What are mechanistic versus organic organizational structures?

First, an organizational structure is a system for accomplishing and connecting the activities that occur within a work organization. People rely on structures to know what work they should do, how their work supports or relies on other employees, and how these work activities fulfill the purpose of the organization itself.

Second, organizational design is the process of setting up organizational structures to address the needs of an organization and account for the complexity involved in accomplishing business objectives.

Next, organizational change refers to the constant shifts that occur within an organizational system—for example, as people enter or leave the organization, market conditions shift, supply sources change, or adaptations are introduced in the processes for accomplishing work. Through managed change , leaders in an organization can intentionally shape how these shifts occur over time.

Finally, organizational development (OD) is the label for a field that specializes in change management. OD specialists draw on social science to guide change processes that simultaneously help a business achieve its objectives while generating well-being for employees and sustainable benefits for society. An understanding of OD practices is essential for leaders who want to maximize the potential of their organizations over a long period of time.

Together, an understanding of these concepts can help managers know how to create and direct organizations that are positioned to successfully accomplish strategic goals and objectives. 1

To understand the role of organizational structure, consider the experience of Justin, a young manager who worked for a logistics and transportation company. Their success at leading change in the United States gave their leaders the confidence that Justin could handle a challenging assignment: organize a new supply chain and distribution system for a company in Northern Europe. Almost overnight, Justin was responsible for hiring competent people, forming them into a coherent organization, training them, and establishing the needed infrastructure for sustained success in this new market.

If you were given this assignment, what would you do? How would you organize your employees? How would you help them understand the challenge of setting up a new organization and system? These are the kinds of questions that require an understanding of organizational structure, organizational design, organizational change, and organizational development.

One of the first issues Justin will need to address deals with how they will organize the system. “The decisions about the structure of an organization are all related to the concept of organizational design. There are two fundamental forms of structure to remember when designing an organization.

To address these questions, we need to be familiar with two fundamental ways of building an organization.

The formal organization is an officially defined set of relationships, responsibilities, and connections that exist across an organization. The traditional organizational chart, as illustrated in Exhibit 10.2 , is perhaps the most common way of depicting the formal organization. The typical organization has a hierarchical form with clearly defined roles and responsibilities.

When Justin sets up the formal organization, they will need to design the administrative responsibilities and communication structures that should function within an organizational system. The formal systems describe how flow of information and resources should occur within an organization. To establish the formal organization, they will identify the essential functions that need to be part of the system, and they will hire people to fill these functions. They will then need to help employees learn their functions and how these functions should relate to one another.

The informal organization is sometimes referred to as the invisible network of interpersonal relationships that shape how people actually connect with one another to carry out their activities. The informal organization is emergent, meaning that it is formed through the common conversations and relationships that often naturally occur as people interact with one another in their day-to-day relationships. It is usually complex, impossible to control, and has the potential to significantly influence an organization’s success.

As depicted in Exhibit 10.3 , the informal organization can also be mapped, but it is usually very different than the formal organization. The chart you see in this example is called a network map, because it depicts the relationships that exist between different members of a system. Some members are more central than others, and the strength of relationships may vary between any two pairs or groups of individuals. These relationships are constantly in flux, as people interact with new individuals, current relationships evolve, and the organization itself changes over time. 2

The informal organization in Justin’s design will form as people begin interacting with one another to accomplish their work. As this occurs, people will begin connecting with one another as they make sense of their new roles and relationships. Usually, the informal organization closely mirrors the formal organization, but often it is different. People quickly learn who the key influencers are within the system, and they will begin to rely on these individuals to accomplish the work of the organization. The informal organization can either help or hinder an organization’s overall success.

In sum, the formal organization explains how an organization should function, while the informal organization is how the organizational actually functions. Formal organization will come as Justin hires and assigns people to different roles. They can influence the shape of the informal organization by giving people opportunities to build relationships as they work together. Both types of structures shape the patterns of influence, administration, and leadership that may occur through an organizational system.

As we continue our discussion of structure and design, we will next examine different ways of understanding formal structure.

Types of Formal Organizational Structures

Now, Justin will need to choose and implement an administrative system for delegating duties, establishing oversight, and reporting on performance. They will do this by designing a formal structure that defines the responsibilities and accountability that correspond to specific duties throughout an organizational system. In this section, we’ll discuss the factors that any manager should consider when designing an organizational structure.

Bureaucracy

One of the most common frameworks for thinking about these issues is called the bureaucratic model . It was developed by Max Weber, a 19th-century sociologist. Weber’s central assumption was that organizations will find efficiencies when they divide the duties of labor, allow people to specialize, and create structure for coordinating their differentiated efforts, usually within a hierarchy of responsibility. He proposed five elements of bureaucracy that serve as a foundation for determining an appropriate structure: specialization, command-and-control, span of control, centralization, and formalization. 3

Specialization

The degree to which people are organized into subunits according to their expertise is referred to as specialization —for example, human resources, finance, marketing, or manufacturing. It may also include specialization within those functions. For instance, people who work in a manufacturing facility may be well-versed in every part of a manufacturing process, or they may be organized into specialty units that focus on different parts of the manufacturing process, such as procurement, material preparation, assembly, quality control, and the like.

Command-and-Control

The next element to consider is the reporting and oversight structure of the organization. Command-and-control refers to the way in which people report to one another or connect to coordinate their efforts in accomplishing the work of the organization.

Span of Control

Another question addresses the scope of the work that any one person in the organization will be accountable for, referred to as span of control . For instance, top-level leaders are usually responsible for all of the work of their subordinates, mid-level leaders are responsible for a narrower set of responsibilities, and ground-level employees usually perform very specific tasks. Each manager in a hierarchy works within the span of control of another manager at a level of the organization.

Centralization

The next element to consider is how to manage the flows of resources and information in an organization, or its centralization . A highly centralized organization concentrates resources in only one or very few locations, or only a few individuals are authorized to make decisions about the use of resources. In contrast, a diffuse organization distributes resources more broadly throughout an organizational system along with the authority to make decisions about how to use those resources.

Formalization

The last element of bureaucracy, formalization , refers to the degree of definition in the roles that exist throughout an organization. A highly formalized system (e.g., the military) has a very defined organization, a tightly structured system, in which all of the jobs, responsibilities, and accountability structures are very clearly understood. In contrast, a loosely structured system (e.g., a small, volunteer nonprofit) relies heavily on the emergent relationships of informal organization.

Mechanistic and Organic Structures

Using the principles of bureaucracy outlined above, managers like Justin have experimented with many different structures as way to shape the formal organization and potentially to capture some of the advantages of the informal organization. Generally, the application of these principles leads to some combination of the two kinds of structures that can be seen as anchors on a continuum (see Table 10.1 ).

On one end of the continuum is mechanistic bureaucratic structure . This is a strongly hierarchical form of organizing that is designed to generate a high degree of standardization and control. Mechanistic organizations are often characterized by a highly vertical organizational structure , or a “tall” structure, due to the presence of many levels of management. A mechanistic structure tends to dictate roles and procedure through strong routines and standard operating practices.

In contrast, an organic bureaucratic structure relies on the ability of people to self-organize and make decisions without much direction such that they can adapt quickly to changing circumstances. In an organic organization, it is common to see a horizontal organizational structure , in which many individuals across the whole system are empowered to make organizational decision. An organization with a horizontal structure is also known as a flat organization because it often features only a few levels of organizational hierarchy.

The principles of bureaucracy outlined earlier can be applied in different ways, depending on the context of the organization and the managers’ objectives, to create structures that have features of either mechanistic or organic structures.

For example, the degree of specialization required in an organization depends both on the complexity of the activities the organization needs to account for and on the scale of the organization. A more organic organization may encourage employees to be both specialists and generalists so that they are more aware of opportunities for innovation within a system. A mechanistic organization may emphasize a strong degree of specialization so that essential procedures or practices are carried out with consistency and predictable precision. Thus, an organization’s overall objectives drive how specialization should be viewed. For example, an organization that produces innovation needs to be more organic, while an organization that seeks reliability needs to be more mechanistic.

Similarly, the need for a strong environment of command-and-control varies by the circumstances of each organization. An organization that has a strong command-and-control system usually requires a vertical, tall organizational administrative structure. Organizations that exist in loosely defined or ambiguous environments need to distribute decision-making authority to employees, and thus will often feature a flat organizational structure.

The span of control assigned to any specific manager is commonly used to encourage either mechanistic or organic bureaucracy. Any manager’s ability to attend to responsibilities has limits; indeed, the amount of work anyone can accomplish is finite. A manager in an organic structure usually has a broad span of control, forcing her to rely more on subordinates to make decisions. A manager in a mechanistic structure usually has a narrow span of control so that they can provide more oversight. Thus, increasing span of control for a manager tends to flatten the hierarchy while narrowing span of control tends to reinforce the hierarchy.

Centralization addresses assumptions about how an organization can best achieve efficiencies in its operations. In a mechanistic structure, it is assumed that efficiencies will occur in the system if the resources and decisions flow through in a centralized way. In an organic system, it is assumed that greater efficiencies will be seen by distributing those resources and having the resources sorted by the users of the resources. Either perspective may work, depending on the circumstances.

Finally, managers also have discretion in how tightly they choose to define the formal roles and responsibilities of individuals within an organization. Managers who want to encourage organic bureaucracy will resist the idea of writing out and tightly defining roles and responsibilities. They will encourage and empower employees to self-organize and define for themselves the roles they wish to fill. In contrast, managers who wish to encourage more mechanistic bureaucracy will use tools such as standard operating procedures (SOPs) or written policies to set expectations and exercise clear controls around those expectations for employees.

When a bureaucratic structure works well, an organization achieves an appropriate balance across all of these considerations. Employees specialize in and become highly advanced in their ability to perform specific functions while also attending to broader organizational needs. They receive sufficient guidance from managers to stay aligned with overall organizational goals. The span of control given to any one manager encourages them to provide appropriate oversight while also relying on employees to do their part. The resources and decision-making necessary to accomplish the goals of the organization are efficiently managed. There is an appropriate balance between compliance with formal policy and innovative action.

Business Structures

Aside from the considerations outlined above, organizations will often set structures according to the functional needs of the organization. A functional need refers to a feature of the organization or its environment that is necessary for organizational success. A business structure is designed to address these organizational needs. There are two common examples of functional structures illustrated here.

Product structures exist where the business organizes its employees according to product lines or lines of business. For example, employees in a car company might be organized according to the model of the vehicle that they help to support or produce. Employees in a consulting firm might be organized around a particular kind of practice that they work in or support. Where a functional structure exists, employees become highly attuned to their own line of business or their own product.

Geographic structures exist where organizations are set up to deliver a range of products within a geographic area or region. Here, the business is set up based on a territory or region. Managers of a particular unit oversee all of the operations of the business for that geographical area.

In either functional structure, the manager will oversee all the activities that correspond to that function: marketing, manufacturing, delivery, client support systems, and so forth. In some ways, a functional structure is like a smaller version of the larger organization—a smaller version of the bureaucracy that exists within the larger organization.

One common weakness of a bureaucratic structure is that people can become so focused on their own part of the organization that they fail to understand or connect with broader organizational activities. In the extreme, bureaucracy separates and alienates workers from one another. These problems can occur when different parts of an organization fail to communicate effectively with one another.

Some organizations set up a matrix structure to minimize the potential for these problems. A matrix structure describes an organization that has multiple reporting lines of authority. For example, an employee who specializes in a particular product might have both the functional reporting line and a geographic reporting line. This employee has accountability in both directions. The functional responsibility has to do with her specialty as it correlates with the strategy of the company as a whole. However, her geographic accountability is to the manager who is responsible for the region or part of the organization in which she is currently working. The challenge is that an employee may be accountable to two or more managers, and this can create conflict if those managers are not aligned. The potential benefit, however, is that employees may be more inclined to pay attention to the needs of multiple parts of the business simultaneously.

Concept Check

• What is an organizational structure?
• What are different types of organizational structures?
• What is organizational design?
• What concepts should guide decisions about how to design structures?

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9.3 Organizing Your Writing

Learning objectives.

• Understand how and why organizational techniques help writers and readers stay focused.
• Assess how and when to use chronological order to organize an essay.
• Recognize how and when to use order of importance to organize an essay.
• Determine how and when to use spatial order to organize an essay.

The method of organization you choose for your essay is just as important as its content. Without a clear organizational pattern, your reader could become confused and lose interest. The way you structure your essay helps your readers draw connections between the body and the thesis, and the structure also keeps you focused as you plan and write the essay. Choosing your organizational pattern before you outline ensures that each body paragraph works to support and develop your thesis.

This section covers three ways to organize body paragraphs:

• Chronological order
• Order of importance
• Spatial order

When you begin to draft your essay, your ideas may seem to flow from your mind in a seemingly random manner. Your readers, who bring to the table different backgrounds, viewpoints, and ideas, need you to clearly organize these ideas in order to help process and accept them.

A solid organizational pattern gives your ideas a path that you can follow as you develop your draft. Knowing how you will organize your paragraphs allows you to better express and analyze your thoughts. Planning the structure of your essay before you choose supporting evidence helps you conduct more effective and targeted research.

Chronological Order

In Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” , you learned that chronological arrangement has the following purposes:

• To explain the history of an event or a topic
• To tell a story or relate an experience
• To explain how to do or to make something
• To explain the steps in a process

Chronological order is mostly used in expository writing , which is a form of writing that narrates, describes, informs, or explains a process. When using chronological order, arrange the events in the order that they actually happened, or will happen if you are giving instructions. This method requires you to use words such as first , second , then , after that , later , and finally . These transition words guide you and your reader through the paper as you expand your thesis.

For example, if you are writing an essay about the history of the airline industry, you would begin with its conception and detail the essential timeline events up until present day. You would follow the chain of events using words such as first , then , next , and so on.

Writing at Work

At some point in your career you may have to file a complaint with your human resources department. Using chronological order is a useful tool in describing the events that led up to your filing the grievance. You would logically lay out the events in the order that they occurred using the key transition words. The more logical your complaint, the more likely you will be well received and helped.

Choose an accomplishment you have achieved in your life. The important moment could be in sports, schooling, or extracurricular activities. On your own sheet of paper, list the steps you took to reach your goal. Try to be as specific as possible with the steps you took. Pay attention to using transition words to focus your writing.

Keep in mind that chronological order is most appropriate for the following purposes:

• Writing essays containing heavy research
• Writing essays with the aim of listing, explaining, or narrating
• Writing essays that analyze literary works such as poems, plays, or books

When using chronological order, your introduction should indicate the information you will cover and in what order, and the introduction should also establish the relevance of the information. Your body paragraphs should then provide clear divisions or steps in chronology. You can divide your paragraphs by time (such as decades, wars, or other historical events) or by the same structure of the work you are examining (such as a line-by-line explication of a poem).

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph that describes a process you are familiar with and can do well. Assume that your reader is unfamiliar with the procedure. Remember to use the chronological key words, such as first , second , then , and finally .

Order of Importance

Recall from Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” that order of importance is best used for the following purposes:

• Persuading and convincing
• Ranking items by their importance, benefit, or significance
• Illustrating a situation, problem, or solution

Most essays move from the least to the most important point, and the paragraphs are arranged in an effort to build the essay’s strength. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to begin with your most important supporting point, such as in an essay that contains a thesis that is highly debatable. When writing a persuasive essay, it is best to begin with the most important point because it immediately captivates your readers and compels them to continue reading.

For example, if you were supporting your thesis that homework is detrimental to the education of high school students, you would want to present your most convincing argument first, and then move on to the less important points for your case.

Some key transitional words you should use with this method of organization are most importantly , almost as importantly , just as importantly , and finally .

During your career, you may be required to work on a team that devises a strategy for a specific goal of your company, such as increasing profits. When planning your strategy you should organize your steps in order of importance. This demonstrates the ability to prioritize and plan. Using the order of importance technique also shows that you can create a resolution with logical steps for accomplishing a common goal.

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph that discusses a passion of yours. Your passion could be music, a particular sport, filmmaking, and so on. Your paragraph should be built upon the reasons why you feel so strongly. Briefly discuss your reasons in the order of least to greatest importance.

Spatial Order

As stated in Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” , spatial order is best used for the following purposes:

• Helping readers visualize something as you want them to see it
• Evoking a scene using the senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, and sound)
• Writing a descriptive essay

Spatial order means that you explain or describe objects as they are arranged around you in your space, for example in a bedroom. As the writer, you create a picture for your reader, and their perspective is the viewpoint from which you describe what is around you.

The view must move in an orderly, logical progression, giving the reader clear directional signals to follow from place to place. The key to using this method is to choose a specific starting point and then guide the reader to follow your eye as it moves in an orderly trajectory from your starting point.

Pay attention to the following student’s description of her bedroom and how she guides the reader through the viewing process, foot by foot.

Attached to my bedroom wall is a small wooden rack dangling with red and turquoise necklaces that shimmer as you enter. Just to the right of the rack is my window, framed by billowy white curtains. The peace of such an image is a stark contrast to my desk, which sits to the right of the window, layered in textbooks, crumpled papers, coffee cups, and an overflowing ashtray. Turning my head to the right, I see a set of two bare windows that frame the trees outside the glass like a 3D painting. Below the windows is an oak chest from which blankets and scarves are protruding. Against the wall opposite the billowy curtains is an antique dresser, on top of which sits a jewelry box and a few picture frames. A tall mirror attached to the dresser takes up most of the wall, which is the color of lavender.

The paragraph incorporates two objectives you have learned in this chapter: using an implied topic sentence and applying spatial order. Often in a descriptive essay, the two work together.

The following are possible transition words to include when using spatial order:

• Just to the left or just to the right
• On the left or on the right
• Across from
• A little further down
• To the south, to the east, and so on
• A few yards away
• Turning left or turning right

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph using spatial order that describes your commute to work, school, or another location you visit often.

Collaboration

Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.

Key Takeaways

• The way you organize your body paragraphs ensures you and your readers stay focused on and draw connections to, your thesis statement.
• A strong organizational pattern allows you to articulate, analyze, and clarify your thoughts.
• Planning the organizational structure for your essay before you begin to search for supporting evidence helps you conduct more effective and directed research.
• Chronological order is most commonly used in expository writing. It is useful for explaining the history of your subject, for telling a story, or for explaining a process.
• Order of importance is most appropriate in a persuasion paper as well as for essays in which you rank things, people, or events by their significance.
• Spatial order describes things as they are arranged in space and is best for helping readers visualize something as you want them to see it; it creates a dominant impression.

Writing for Success Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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• Section 1. Organizational Structure: An Overview

Chapter 9 Sections

• Section 2. Creating and Gathering a Group to Guide Your Initiative
• Section 3. Developing Multisector Task Forces or Action Committees for the Initiative
• Section 4. Developing an Ongoing Board of Directors
• Section 5. Welcoming and Training New Members to a Board of Directors
• Section 6. Maintaining a Board of Directors
• Section 7. Writing Bylaws
• Section 8. Including Youth on Your Board, Commission, or Committee
• Section 9. Understanding and Writing Contracts and Memoranda of Agreement
• Main Section

What is organizational structure?

Why should you develop a structure for your organization, when should you develop a structure for your organization.

By structure, we mean the framework around which the group is organized, the underpinnings which keep the coalition functioning. It's the operating manual that tells members how the organization is put together and how it works. More specifically, structure describes how members are accepted, how leadership is chosen, and how decisions are made.

• Structure gives members clear guidelines for how to proceed. A clearly-established structure gives the group a means to maintain order and resolve disagreements.
• Structure binds members together. It gives meaning and identity to the people who join the group, as well as to the group itself.
• Structure in any organization is inevitable -- an organization, by definition , implies a structure. Your group is going to have some structure whether it chooses to or not. It might as well be the structure which best matches up with what kind of organization you have, what kind of people are in it, and what you see yourself doing.

It is important to deal with structure early in the organization's development. Structural development can occur in proportion to other work the organization is doing, so that it does not crowd out that work. And it can occur in parallel with, at the same time as, your organization's growing accomplishments, so they take place in tandem, side by side. This means that you should think about structure from the beginning of your organization's life. As your group grows and changes, so should your thinking on the group's structure.

Elements of Structure

While the need for structure is clear, the best structure for a particular coalition is harder to determine. The best structure for any organization will depend upon who its members are, what the setting is, and how far the organization has come in its development.

Regardless of what type of structure your organization decides upon, three elements will always be there. They are inherent in the very idea of an organizational structure.

• Some kind of governance

Rules by which the organization operates

• A distribution of work

The first element of structure is governance - some person or group has to make the decisions within the organization.

Another important part of structure is having rules by which the organization operates. Many of these rules may be explicitly stated, while others may be implicit and unstated, though not necessarily any less powerful.

Distribution of work

Inherent in any organizational structure also is a distribution of work. The distribution can be formal or informal, temporary or enduring, but every organization will have some type of division of labor.

There are four tasks that are key to any group:

• Envisioning desired changes . The group needs someone who looks at the world in a slightly different way and believes he or she can make others look at things from the same point of view.
• Transforming the community . The group needs people who will go out and do the work that has been envisioned.
• Planning for integration . Someone needs to take the vision and figure out how to accomplish it by breaking it up into strategies and goals.
• Supporting the efforts of those working to promote change . The group needs support from the community to raise money for the organization, champion the initiative in the state legislature, and ensure that they continue working towards their vision.

Common Roles

Every group is different, and so each will have slightly different terms for the roles individuals play in their organization, but below are some common terms, along with definitions and their typical functions.

• An initial steering committee is the group of people who get things started. Often, this group will create plans for funding, and organizational and board development. It may also generate by-laws, and then dissolve. If they continue to meet after approximately the first six months, we might say they have metamorphosed into a coordinating council .
• A coordinating council (also referred to as a coordinating committee, executive committee , and executive council ), modifies broad, organization-wide objectives and strategies in response to input from individuals or committees.
• Often, one person will take the place of the coordinating council, or may serve as its head. Such a person may be known as the Executive Director, Project Coordinator, Program Director, or President . He or she sometimes has a paid position, and may coordinate, manage, inspire, supervise, and support the work of other members of the organization.
• Task forces are made up of members who work together around broad objectives. Task forces integrate the ideas set forward with the community work being done.

For example, from the director of a coalition to reduce violence in a medium-sized city: "Currently, we have three operational task forces. Members of each have an ongoing dialogue with members of the coordinating council, and also with their action committees. The oldest was formed with the goal of eliminating domestic violence about fifteen years ago, when a local woman was killed by her husband. Then, after several outbreaks of violence in the schools a few years back, our group offered to help, and a second task force sprung up around reducing youth violence. We've just started a third, with the goal of increasing gun safety. "All of it is interrelated, and all of it applies to our mission of increasing the safety of residents of South Haven, as well as that of our visitors. But each task force is contributing to that mission in vastly different ways, with different objectives, and using different strategies. 'Cause, you know, the strategies you use to stop a ninth grader from bringing a gun to school just aren't the same as the ones you use to stop a 40-year-old man on unemployment from beating his wife."

•   Action committees bring about specific changes in programs, policies, and practices in the sectors in which they work.

For example, the task force on domestic violence mentioned above has the following action committees: A government and law enforcement committee . Members include police officers, lawyers, a judge, and a state representative. Currently, they are trying to pass laws with stronger penalties for those convicted of domestic violence, especially repeat offenders. They are also training officers to be better able to spot an abusive relationship, and better able to inform a victim of his or her options. A social services committee . Members (who include representatives from most of the service agencies in town) work to assure that staff members know where to send someone for the resources he or she needs. They are also trying to increase the number of trained volunteer counselors who work at the battered women's shelter. A media committee . Members include local journalists, writers, and graphic designers. They keep the project and the issue in the public's minds as much as possible with editorials, articles and news clips of events, as well as advertisements and public service announcements.

•   Support committees are groups that help ensure that action committees or other individuals will have the resources and opportunities necessary to realize their vision. Financial and media committees are examples of committees formed to help support or facilitate your work.
• Community trustees , also known as the board of trustees or as the board of directors , provide overall support, advice, and resources to members of the action groups. They are often either people who are directly affected by the issue or have stature in the community. That way, they are able to make contacts, network with other community leaders, and generally remove or weaken barriers to meeting organizational objectives.
• Grantmakers are another part of the picture. Grantmakers exist on an international, national, state, and local level and may be private companies and foundations, or local, county, state, or federal government organizations (for example, block grants given by the city would fall into this category).
• Support organizations (not to be confused with the support committees listed above) are groups that can give your organization the technical assistance it needs.
• Partner organizations are other groups working on some of the same issues as your organization.

Although this list is pretty extensive, your organization may only use two or three of the above mentioned roles, especially at the beginning. It's not uncommon for a group to start with a steering committee, ask others to serve as board members, and then recruit volunteers who will serve as members of action committees. In this broad spectrum of possibilities, consider: Where does your organization fit in? Where do you want to be?

Examples of Structure

So how can all of these pieces be put together? Again, the form a community group takes should be based on what it does , and not the other way around. The structures given are simply meant to serve as examples that have been found to be effective for some community-based organizations; they can and should be adapted and modified for your own group's purposes.

  A relatively complex structure

Example - The Ste. Genevieve's Children's Coalition The Ste. Genevieve's Children's Coalition is a relatively large community-based group. They have a coordinating council, a media committee, and three task forces, dealing with adolescent pregnancy, immunization, and child hunger. Each of the task forces has action committees as well. For example, the adolescent pregnancy reduction task force has a schools committee that focuses on keeping teen parents in school and modifying the human sexuality curriculum. A health organizations committee focuses on increasing access and use of the youth clinic. The media committee works to keep children's issues in the news, and includes professionals from the local television stations, radio stations, newspaper, and a marketing professional. The coordinating council is composed of the executive director, her assistant, the media committee chair, and the chairs of each of the three task forces. A board of directors has been invaluable in helping keep the coalition financially viable.

In diagram form, a complex organization might look like this:

And in diagram form:

As smaller size means fewer people, these groups are usually less complex, as they have less need for a formal hierarchy and instead have governance that is consensus-based. A diagram of such a small group might look something like this, with each of the circles representing an individual member:

What type of structure should you choose?

First, decide upon the formality your organization will have. The following table, adapted from The Spirit of Coalition Building can help you make this first decision.

Organizational structure is something that is best decided upon internally, through a process of critical thinking and discussion by members of the group.

In your discussions, your answers to the following list of questions may guide your decisions.

• What is your common purpose? How broad is it? Groups with broader purposes often have more complicated structures, complete with many layers and parts, than do groups with more narrow purposes.
• Is your group advocacy oriented or service oriented? Service organizations use "top down," one-person-in-charge structure much more often than do advocacy based groups.
• Is your organization more centralized (e.g., through the work of a specific agency ) or decentralized (e.g., different neighborhoods working independently on the same problem)? A decentralized group might find a "top-down" structure inappropriate, as such a group often has several peers working together on an issue.
• How large is your organization? How large do you envision it becoming? A very small organization may wish to remain relatively informal, while a community-wide group might require a more formal structure. A related question, with similar consequences, is:
• How large is the community in which you work?
• How old is your organization? How long do you envision it lasting? A group formed to resolve a single issue might not need a formal structure at all, while an organization with long-term goals may want something more concrete, with clearer divisional responsibilities and authority.
• Is the organization entirely volunteer, or are there (or will there be) paid staff? How many? An organization with many paid staff members may find it more necessary to have people "in charge," as there are generally more rules and responsibilities for paid staff members, and thus, there must be more supervision in carrying out these roles.
• Should yours be a new organization, or part of an existing structure? Do you really need to form a new structure, or would it be better to work within existing structures? Sometimes, your goals may be better met if you are part of (or linked with) another organization.

Structure is what ensures that your organization will function smoothly and as you intended. You should think about structure early in the development of your organization, but be aware that the type that fits best may change as your organization grows.

Online Resources

How to Develop an Organization Structure , by Tara Duggan, Demand Media, is an informational article on how to develop organization structure with a short step-by-step analysis.

It's All About the Base: A Guide to Building a Grassroots Organizing Program   from Community Catalyst.

Module 2: Organizational Structure , by Pathfinder International, is a concise manual describing pros and cons, together with suggestions for how one might change the organizational structure one has.

Print Resources

Berkowitz, W., & Wolff, T. (1999). The spirit of coalition building. Washington , DC: American Public Health Association.

Unterman, I. & Davis, R. (1984). Strategic management of not-for-profit organizations: From survival to success . New York, NY: Praeger.

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Essay: Organisational Structures: An Overview

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INTRODUCTION AND DEFINATION OF ORGANIZATION According to the (council dictionary fourth edition, p 1103) organisation means means union organization comprising parts and other people in a body (association, corporation, etc.) for specific purposes (mutual interest ). According to (Professor Schein (1973), the organization serves as a rational adjustment of human activity in order to achieve the goals set by the division of labor, and also functions through authoritative hierarchy ) . (Ralph Davis (1951) also quote that the organization is a group of a number of a group of large men who worked under one head or manager to achieve an objective) Chester Barnard in his book, “The Function of the Executive” published by Harvard University Press, 1938, said that the organization is a system of personal power activity, consciously coordinated to achieve organsation goal. (Ralph M. Stogdill, the author of “Dimensions of Organizational Design” output of Pittsbury University Press, 1966,) defines the organization as a system of work that is done with structure that contains position and feelings are shaped and determined in advance of the role and the position filled by actors or workers. However what is important in the definition of organization is that it is a group that has certain parts in it which consists of a group of people who work together and help each other and their surroundings are interwined with each other in order to achieve the objectives and goals of individuals, groups or organization. Based on the chart, the Department of YAYASAN TERENGGANU has established the functional structure of different tasks or work to achieve the objectives and goals of the plan. Refering to a functional structure that has formed above, the Director General of YAYASAN TERENGGANU has the highest function power where he is responsible for administering and directing an organization with established policies, rules, working methods, making legal advise, coordinate the activities of the organization, department or unit / interior and goals of the organization , There are two parts function under the direct order Director General which is the Deputy Director (Operations) and Director General (Development) where both the function serves as chairman of the unit / section below. The parts have different functions or tasks workflow. In addition, the functional structure is also designed to enable many individuals with expertise and experience in controlling and supervising the work of each taskforce . Besides, it can provide opportunities for member organizations to learn from other people and become more efficient in their job. Thus, indirectly it has facilitated the process of controlling and adjusting the good work. In addition, the functional structure has been set up to facilitate the work and service operation which is designed to run more smoothly. In addition, the functional structure serves as the focus and gather members or employees to facilitate organisational needed skills and use certain skills where the staff are needed. This functional structure allows the division of labor as a whole and indirectly facilitate the process of communication and interaction that can improve the ability and efficiency in producing the best technique in performing its obligations and is the best way to resolve any problem Moreover, it also facilitates the performance of some top managers know- how divisions, units or departments within an organization. The work done or carried as a whole can be adjusted for all activities and skills will be classified or grouped in one place / divisions under one head. In addition, the division function makes supervision easier because each unit has a chief and specific skills. In addition, the function can be used according to the change of the work, fast and effectively done

THE BENEFITS OF FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE 1) The task of supervision becomes easier because each head of department has and equipped with specific skills. 2) Any functional problem between units, departments and divisions can be easily identified and brought to attention immediately 3) Resources can be used efficiently 4) The functions and individual position is clear. 5) Expertise, knowledge, skills and experience can be consolidated or combined among individuals.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE 1) The response time might be slow and interupted because of waiting above from higher authority 2) It does not encourage innovation between staff and its perspective of view is narrow 3) Recaiving feedback may be slow because of the units, departments and divisions current un-done task 4) It contributes unto the lack of communication between units, departments and divisions. 5) It is weak in addressing all individual needs because of the slowness might occured in terms of action plan that can leads to un-achievable organisational objectives

Retrieved from : http://www.airasia.com/iwov-resources/my/common/pdf/AirAsia/IR/annual-report-2007b.pdf1.2 THE GEOGRAFIC STRUCTURE OF AIR ASIA ORGANISATIONAL BRANCHES IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES

The organizational structure of geography divide the workers by geographical area designated as below at different part of its bracnches operation . It was formed on the request of customers who are far away or outside an organization’s operations center. The organizational structure of geography in operation among different staff is responsible for carrying out business activities in designated locations. The chart below shows an example of the organization of geographical structure adopted by The Air Asia Management . At below of the image, I also present the advantages and disadvantages of the organizational structure of geography. In this geographic structure, units and divisions based on the places and the geographical area. This structure is suitable when companies or offices operate in many different geographical areas in which the state, religion and country. In addition, the geographical structure is the coordination of work and workers in the unit or where different parts are all responsible for each of the organization or activity in a specific geographical area. Based on the geographical structure chart of the Air Asian Management , it has expanded its production in some specific geographical area. The advantage gained is the company able to expand its business across borders including financial markets, social relationships and the resulting product or products to the local market. In addition, the company is able to foster a closer relationship between places worldwide. The company is also able to expand the understanding and friendship between the peoples of the world with opportunities for personal conversion that is progressively emerged. Thus indirectly the company has formed or able to meet its own slogan which is “Now, Everyone Can Fly”. In addition, the company is also able to improve the standards prescribed or used in the ranking of global requirements such as the standards prescribed or used in the ranking of global requirements such as copyright law. The company on the other hand is also able to shape the universal’s value and get the technology needed to help in spreading its market (marketing) throughout the world. The company is also conducting management activities between the border and the processes of development which will be adopted when the emergence of a global market in the future. In addition, these companies are also more frequent use of advanced technologies because it often built connection or get connected between the border and to develop a global telecommunications infrastructure

ADVANTAGES OF GEOGRAFIC STRUCTURE 1) The whole organisation is able to use the expertise of all staff in ‘worldwide’ speaking according to the geographical location of the organization. 2) Products and services can be produced and marketed to different countries thus, make marketing job easier and effective 3) It is able introduce the organization to the world. 4) The organization becomes larger. 5) ) It can reduce organisation costs by putting the resources of the organization closer to the geographical area specified.

DISADVANTAGES OF GEOGRAFICAL STRUCTURE 1) There might be difficulty in coordinating the departments in the geographical area because its location that isfar from each other.

2) Lack of control might occur to each geographical department of the organization

3) Redundancies can happen

4) It can not guarantee the full loyalty of employees to the organisation

5) The existence of a change in products ( travelling ) and services as cultural factors, physical and weather

Retrieved from : http://kamarularnizam.blogspot.com/2015/02/contoh-pbs-pengajian-perniagaan.html

1.3 THE PRODUCT STRUCTURE OF SAMSUNG COMPANY The product is the output of an organization that can be produced in the form of goods or service . This refers to the coordination of work between workers in a unit or the other. This means each unit hold different responsibility to produce the output of products or services that have been set. The advantage of this section is to allow employers and employees to broaden their experience and expertise in relation to the overall activities of the products or services to be offerd. Accordingly, this allows management to assess the performance of work done in each work unit. From the image of product structure below , SAMSUNG company is capable of designing and producing a wide range of different products which generally meet the needs of everyone. All of these products are produced in different part or unit of work and function. Each division will be headed by a chairman and a chief that is responsible for coordinating the work or production activities as well as other activities such as purchasing, marketing and distribution of any products. Products produced by SAMSUNG company headed by a chairman with responsibility to ensure the product is produced in accordance with the criteria set and ensure marketing, distribution is done correctly. Thus working to produce each product is easy because each product will be distributed to the head that will manage it and supervise it The separation of individual products and these products have facilitated the production of such products. This separation is important because it can generate and collect ideas and brilliant creative in producing these products to market s. Each product has a function, purpose, use, benefits and advantages of its own. The resulting product is equipped with features such as it is psysicalll attractive, colorful, and the materials used to form the product . ( in eaxample: how a new I-Phone is formed with its colourful structure and its function) Apart from the physical characteristics SAMSUNG companies also produce products based on non-physical characteristics such the image, concept and its flexibility to use. These features make the users and buyers interested in purchasing. With the diversity of the products it can also solve the needs of purchasers or users and the importance of such a requirement in other words, the higher term needs of a person, the higher the consumer is willing to buy The company further then makes high quality products and good price comparable with other competitors after a thorough discussion of each of the products made

THE BENEFITS OF PRODUCTS STRUCTURE 1) Managers and employees can develop their talents, their experience and expertise in product development activities. 2) Managers in every department can monitor the activity of each unit and staff in the production of the product under operation. 3) A very clear lines of responsibility between departments. 4) The structure of the product is very suitable for large-sized organizations. 5) It is appropriate for organizations that produce various kind of products

THE DISADVANTAGES OF PRODUCTS STRUCTURE 1) The Manager is focused only in products management 2) There is a lack of communication between departments and its staff 3) The cost of the operation is big because each department has its own managers and experts. 4) It requires a high amount of workforces . 5) It does not promote cooperation which is a very important value because each department is of different expertise

Retrieved from : http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/apr05/hanford/

1.4 MATRIX STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANISATION DOING SITE PROJECT( IBM INTERNATIONAL COMPANY

Matrix structure is a result of two or more of the combined organization at the same time and the matrix structure is suitable for use when an organization has to handle a large project or task at a time. It is very complicated and complex structure as of individuals from different organizational structures work together to control and ensure the success of a project to achieve the intended purpose. There are some factors that distinguish this matrix structure that differentiates with other structures such workers report and work-related contact of two ifferent supervisors or managers. “Matrix structure developed as a way to improve horizontal coordination and information sharing” (Richard. L Daft, 2008). Managers have a responsibility to ensure the success of the projects undertaken while the departments of other acts to maintain technical competence in their work. (Harold Kerzner, 2003) also quote that there were certain rules that exist for the construction of a matrix structure 1) “participant must spend full time on this project to ensure the loyalty” 2) “there must be good communication channels between managers and independent access” 4) “there must be a quick and effective methodto resolve the conflict ”

For organizations like this ( image 1.4 ) that are experts iin commissioning employees from different units and parts to perform tasks for one or more projects led by a project manager. The project was carried out on a temporary or contract where its members consist of different functional departments that collaborate in carrying out the project. In this structure, the manager will be responsible to his supervisor or the head. There are lots of advantages to be obtained. Including the presence of matrix functions provide flexibility (flexibility) to the organization. Besides, it enable the employee to discipline themselves to do two or more tasks provided with full responsibility. It also stimulates the matrix function of co-operation between the employees and other employees in two or more work done. Among other advantages derived from this organizational structure is that they can learn new skill at one time during the working process. Matrix organizational structure also allows them to transfer skills to the other participant workers to the areas that are and this in turns help when desperation of skills workes are in demand in certain areas. In addition, the matrix structure of this organization can strengthen the relationship between each worker because they are connected and can carry out their duties in accordance with the requirements set. This organizational matrix structure will also be able to further develop desired goals and is of good use when the organisation need to use two or more employees to perform two or more tasks / work in an organosation ADVANTAGES OF MATRIX STRUCTURE IN AN ORGANISATION 1) It encourage the staff to use resources more effectively. 2) It provides more accurate and extensive information. 3) Collaboration between disciplines and expertise is available to all sections. 4) Flexibility and adaptation to the changing environment. 5) It fosters the spirit of cooperation which is an important asset for all organisation

THE DISADVANTAGES OF A MATRIX STRUCTURED’S ORGANISATION 1) Confusion can happen because there are two directions. 2) It can be a complicated approach because instructions can come between the two sides of different departments 3) More meetings and discussions need to be held to determine action plan 4) Distribution of resources becomes difficult when many projects are carried out simultaneously. 5) There will be a dominant power struggle when there are managers who are more prominent.

Each organization has a clearly established objectives and goals of its own. In general, the organizational chart has been used by many organizations to assist their operations. Without careful planning and the right implication or action plan, the organization would not be able to operate at the level best to achieve the goals set. It also requires knowledge and efficient management of the organization is to ensure great success. In short every organization should take into account every factors either internal or external to make sure every task is done accordingly and smoothly in line with the goals set

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Organizational Structure, Essay Example

Pages: 2

Words: 592

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You are free to use it as an inspiration or a source for your own work.

The organizational structure that should be adopted by companies is one that will maximize the firm’s performance by attaining balance between the technical and the social requirements. Since an organization entails coordination of activities amongst different stakeholders of the company, there is the need to develop powerful communication network and make sure that there is apparent understanding of interdependencies and relationships among the different members of the organization (Baligh, 2006). This will make the organization process simple and meet the objectives of the organization in a cost-effective manner. The system managers in a given organization should ensure that the managers are allocated different responsibilities in their different departments of the company and their responsibilities coordinated by the systems managers.

Organizational change is a tough activity to undertake, therefore, it is advisable to make announcement after consulting all the stakeholders in the company. Making announcements without informing all the members who will be affected by the announcement will spark some resistance. There is need before making any announcement to answer employees’ questions as well as responding to their issues and communicating all the elements contained in the announcement. Any appointment of the manager will be made during the announcement, which after consulting the entire major stakeholders in the company (Baligh, 2006).

While restructuring the organizational structure of the company it is essential that system managers invite all the stakeholders of the company and other consultants. This will ensure that feasible management decisions are made to avoid any conflict that may arise while implementing the management decisions.

In order to train people in the company concerning the organizational structure of the company, there is need to undertake it in an outside seminars. Outside seminars will eliminate the bore down on the usual environment and will impact the trainees on matters related to organization of the company (Hall & Tolbert, 2005).

The matrix organization structure has many complicated and it is not simple to adopt it. In this structure the organization is divided as per the functions and their services/products. For example, a company which produces consumer goods may have three functional divisions: personal care, foods, and cleaning products. In the same company, it may have three functional divisions, which include marketing, research and development, and distribution (Baligh, 2006). Therefore, every individual in the company serves two divisions, one product, and functional division. Consequently, this structure is confusing to both the employees and the managers. The matrix structure is extremely encouraging of knowledge sharing and collaboration between divisions. The matrix structure is not devoid of challenges, though. Since workers in a matrix organization report to two departments, there might be conflicts in their responsibilities.

Downfall of functional managers arises when these managers do not understand their responsibilities where their functions are not well defined in the organization. This will eventually lead to potential conflicts, which will affect their performance. Downfall among the functional managers develops poor reporting systems that do not meet the communication structures set by the company. This is true for the situation of matrix structure that has not clear structures. In some cases, the functional managers can delegate some management roles to inexperienced staff leading poor performance of tasks or projects being undertaken by the firm. Therefore, lack of understanding of their roles by the functional managers is the leading cause of downfall because conflicts always arise in such circumstances (Baligh, 2006).

Baligh, H. H. (2006). Organization structures: Theory and design, analysis and prescription . New York, NY: Springer.

Hall, R. H., & Tolbert, P. S. (2005). Organizations: Structures, processes, and outcomes. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall.

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A clear, arguable thesis will tell your readers where you are going to end up, but it can also help you figure out how to get them there. Put your thesis at the top of a blank page and then make a list of the points you will need to make to argue that thesis effectively.

For example, consider this example from the thesis handout : While Sandel argues persuasively that our instinct to “remake”(54) ourselves into something ever more perfect is a problem, his belief that we can always draw a line between what is medically necessary and what makes us simply “better than well”(51) is less convincing.

To argue this thesis, the author needs to do the following:

• Show what is persuasive about Sandel’s claims about the problems with striving for perfection.
• Show what is not convincing about Sandel’s claim that we can clearly distinguish between medically necessary enhancements and other enhancements.

Once you have broken down your thesis into main claims, you can then think about what sub-claims you will need to make in order to support each of those main claims. That step might look like this:

• Evidence that Sandel provides to support this claim
• Discussion of why this evidence is convincing even in light of potential counterarguments
• Discussion of cases when medically necessary enhancement and non-medical enhancement cannot be easily distinguished
• Analysis of what those cases mean for Sandel’s argument
• Consideration of counterarguments (what Sandel might say in response to this section of your argument)

Each argument you will make in an essay will be different, but this strategy will often be a useful first step in figuring out the path of your argument.  

Strategy #2: Use subheadings, even if you remove them later  

Scientific papers generally include standard subheadings to delineate different sections of the paper, including “introduction,” “methods,” and “discussion.” Even when you are not required to use subheadings, it can be helpful to put them into an early draft to help you see what you’ve written and to begin to think about how your ideas fit together. You can do this by typing subheadings above the sections of your draft.

If you’re having trouble figuring out how your ideas fit together, try beginning with informal subheadings like these:

• Introduction  
• Explain the author’s main point  
• Show why this main point doesn’t hold up when we consider this other example  
• Explain the implications of what I’ve shown for our understanding of the author  
• Show how that changes our understanding of the topic

For longer papers, you may decide to include subheadings to guide your reader through your argument. In those cases, you would need to revise your informal subheadings to be more useful for your readers. For example, if you have initially written in something like “explain the author’s main point,” your final subheading might be something like “Sandel’s main argument” or “Sandel’s opposition to genetic enhancement.” In other cases, once you have the key pieces of your argument in place, you will be able to remove the subheadings.  

Strategy #3: Create a reverse outline from your draft  

While you may have learned to outline a paper before writing a draft, this step is often difficult because our ideas develop as we write. In some cases, it can be more helpful to write a draft in which you get all of your ideas out and then do a “reverse outline” of what you’ve already written. This doesn’t have to be formal; you can just make a list of the point in each paragraph of your draft and then ask these questions:

• Are those points in an order that makes sense to you?  
• Are there gaps in your argument?  
• Do the topic sentences of the paragraphs clearly state these main points?  
• Do you have more than one paragraph that focuses on the same point? If so, do you need both paragraphs?  
• Do you have some paragraphs that include too many points? If so, would it make more sense to split them up?  
• Do you make points near the end of the draft that would be more effective earlier in your paper?  
• Are there points missing from this draft?  
• picture_as_pdf Tips for Organizing Your Essay

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Home » Change Management » Organizational Change FAQ: Top 10 Questions and Answers

Organizational Change FAQ: Top 10 Questions and Answers

This organizational change FAQ covers the basics of organizational change.

This guide is ideal for:

• Business professionals who need to implement organizational change
• HR professionals 
• Students researching organizational change
• People who want a quick refresher on the subject of organizational change
• And anyone else who wants to learn about this essential business topic

Intermediate or advanced learners may want to browse the rest of our change management blog .

It contains a wide range of articles on change management, organizational change, the digital workplace, and more.

Organizational Change FAQ

Let’s look at 10 of the top questions on the topic of organizational change.

What is organizational change?

Organizational change refers to changes that take place within an organization.

There are different types of organizational change that affect:

• Individuals
• Organizational culture
• Tools and technology
• Business strategy

To name some of the most common examples.

Organizational changes can be large, small, or somewhere in the middle.

Also, a particular change project may include several types of change. A merger, for instance, can often encompass many changes, from cultural changes to workflow changes.

Who is involved with organizational change?

Organizational change is often handled by a cross-disciplinary team that includes:

• Change management
• Business leadership
• Outside vendors

As well as those being directly affected by the change project.

Prosci suggests using five separate roles to implement change:

• The change management resource / team
• Executives and senior managers
• Managers and supervisors
• The project team
• Project support functions

Not every business approaches change management delegation in this way.

But this list provides a good framework for understanding the roles in change management.

Why is organizational change important?

Organizational change, as a concept, helps change practitioners better understand business transformations.

There are different models and frameworks for understanding organizational change and change management.

Which model you use is often a matter of preference. 

It is better to have some model than no model at all.

Understanding organizational change, in short, helps you:

• Understand the different types of organizational change
• Understand how changes impact employees, business practices, profit margins, customers, and stakeholders
• Learn how to approach change effectively
• Streamline organizational change projects

To name just a few things.

What are the benefits of managed organizational change?

Managed organizational change, or change management, doesn’t just offer benefits.

It’s essential.

Here are a few reasons why:

• Managed projects have a much greater chance of succeeding than unmanaged projects
• Change management improves project outcomes and ROI
• Negative impacts – to the business itself, people, processes, and so forth – are minimized
• Employees are more likely to have a positive experience – which will boost productivity, performance, and engagement

If leaders don’t address employees’ needs or understand how a given change will impact their experience, successful change will evade them. https://t.co/M1GEOdP8pT #changemangement #employeeexperience #HR — WalkMe (@WalkMeInc) August 1, 2019

Change management is also an essential factor in mitigating risk and overcoming barriers to change.

What are barriers to organizational change?

Some of the biggest challenges include:

• Employee resistance
• Resistance from middle managers
• Technology constraints
• Budget constraints
• Organizational inertia
• Lack of executive support
• Inability to prove the ROI of a change project

As mentioned, overcoming such obstacles is a key function of change management.

How is organizational change implemented?

Change management is a business discipline dedicated to managing, executing, and optimizing change projects.

Here are a few processes that can illustrate how change management operates:

• Change frameworks break down organizational change into stages and provides action steps for executing and managing change
• Change managers use metrics and KPIs to ensure that change projects meet their objectives
• Effective communication strategies ensure that all stakeholders stay in sync
• Change managers also use the latest technology, such as digital adoption platforms and training platforms, to improve employee training and onboarding.

Change manager duties vary from business to business, but their goal remains the same: plan, manage, and execute change projects.

What are the drawbacks to organizational change?

The drawbacks to organizational change are similar to the drawbacks of other business projects:

• They require investment
• Investments carry risk
• Projects may be unsuccessful, either partially or totally
• Changes can have negative impacts on business functions, such as service delivery or the customer experience

As with any business endeavor, it is important to carefully weigh the risks and potential downsides against the rewards.

What are some best practices for organizational change?

People drive change. 

For this reason, change managers should blend “soft” disciplines with “hard” disciplines.

For instance:

• A solid communication strategy helps maximize employee cooperation, while ensuring all parties stay aligned
• Data and analytics can improve organizational changes on a variety of fronts – from software usage analysis to predicting team synergies
• Leadership, from someone on the change team, is essential for mobilizing support and earning trust

To name just a few.

When should organizational change take place?

Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question.

A short answer would be: “when it’s necessary.”

But a more intriguing answer is that change is constant – especially in today’s volatile marketplace.

To stay competitive, organizations should rethink organizational change .

In a marketplace that is always moving, the company that stops moving won’t be able to compete.

Therefore, forward-looking businesses should evolve their change management capability.

Agile change management is a good first step, for instance.

Where can I go for further information?

There are plenty of excellent resources online, including:

• Change management blogs, such as this one
• The blogs of industry leaders, such as Prosci
• Change management association websites

And for those who want more, certifications, workshops, and courses are a good choice.

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