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Irreverence and the Sacred: Critical Studies in the History of Religions

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Irreverence and the Sacred: Critical Studies in the History of Religions

2 Moscow, Third Rome, and the Uses of Ressentiment: An Essay in Myth Criticism

  • Published: November 2018
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Historical scrutiny of the myth of Moscow, Third Rome, exposes its being an ideological mainstay of Muscovite imperial autocratic pretentions since the fifteenth century. As Third Rome, Moscow alone inherits the universal authority of imperial Byzantium (Second Rome) over all Christians. In particular, it asserts the rule of autocracy over rule of law. The myth persists stubbornly in the popular Russian mind. There, it seems impervious to historical scrutiny. But, while the myth has withstood standard rational historical critiques, I conclude that it remains vulnerable to being replaced by an anti-autocratic counter-myth that asserts Byzantium’s role in the rise of rule of law.

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1. How effective has the criminal justice system been in dealing with young offenders? 2. How effective are statutory and judicial guidelines as a means of achieving justice? 3. To what extent are post-sentencing considerations a means of achieving just and fair outcomes? 4. Have alternative methods of sentencing been effective for achieving justice? 5. Has the consideration of factors that affect sentencing, including the purposes of punishment and the role of the victim, been adequate for achieving justice? 6. How effective have different types of penalties, including divisionary programs, been at achieving justice?

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W Legal

GRAHAM RITCHIE

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CONSULTANT - CORPORATE COMPLIANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY

Practice area, education and biography.

Graham Ritchie has a long history of legal practice, teaching and training in the U.K. and abroad.  He has been a solicitor since 1975. In 1983 he wrote a report for the Commonwealth Law Ministers meeting on “International Aspects of Child Labour”.  In 2005 he introduced human trafficking workshops to the annual Jesus College, Cambridge Symposium on international crime.  There was no accurate body of information available to the U.K. Government at this time.  The U.K. Human trafficking Agency (now part of the National Crime Agency) was in its infancy. He continues to present papers each year at the symposium.

During law practice he was active in human rights issues and protection of the vulnerable, but he also undertook transnational corporate litigation including serious corporate fraud cases.  Part time judicial sittings have been undertaken since 2000. Whilst a Senior Research Fellow of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies he undertook child protection work in South Africa and Lesotho.

Workshops on corporate responsibility have been provided in Turkey, Malaysia, Moscow, Florida, the Caribbean, and for the Capital Markets Boards of Ankara and Moscow, and other organisations. Each year a lecture has been delivered at Cambridge University Development Studies MPhil course since 2005.  Included amongst his writing of articles for Amicus Curiae, he wrote the E.U. commissioned report “Study on Disqualification from Working with Children in the E.U.” and co-authored, with Professor K. Bakirci “International and European Documents on Child and Young Workers and Modern Forms of Child Slavery

As a result of eighteen years’ experience as a First Tier Tribunal Judge he can provide advice, assistance and representation in the field of military compensation and military justice.

As a practising solicitor he has experience of 

a. Defending clients in Serious Fraud Office investigations and prosecutions.

b. Complex fact and law inter-jurisdictional corporate litigation.

c. Director’s duties and disqualification.

d. Public Law/Judicial review cases.

Education and Biography

Lisa has particular expertise in bribery and corruption, money laundering, fraud, tax evasion and market abuse matters and has acted for clients in some of the most high-profile cases brought by the SFO, FCA, CPS and other UK and international prosecution authorities. Many of those cases involved complex cross boarder issues such as requests made pursuant to mutual legal assistance treaties, double jeopardy, human rights, and extradition. Lisa has also successfully challenged decisions made by different prosecuting authorities in judicial review proceedings and under the victims right to review scheme.

In addition, Lisa has considerable experience acting for clients in civil fraud and director misfeasance cases, civil tax matters brought by HMRC, as well as personal and company insolvency matters.

Lisa is well known and respected in the industry as someone who can provide pragmatic and results oriented advice.

W Legal Limited is not a partnership and the term “partner” applied to a person does not denote that such person is in partnership with W Legal Limited or with any other partner, consultant, director, officer, employee or agent of W Legal Limited.  The term is used to describe a person’s seniority and experience.

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Moscow and the Marshall Plan: Politics, Ideology and the Onset of the Cold War

Profile image of Geoffrey Roberts

Moscow's reaction to the cold war and how ideology shaped the Soviet response and contributed to the polarisations of the cold war.

Related Papers

Geoffrey Roberts

This article examines Soviet foreign policy during the Second World War in the light of new evidence from the Russian archives. It highlights the theme of spheres of influence and the relationship between the pursuit of this goal by the USSR and the outbreak of the Cold War. It argues that the Cold War was the result of an attempt by Moscow to harmonise spheres of influence and postwar cooperation with Britain and the United States with the ideological project of a people's democratic Europe.

legal studies crime essay plans

Comparative Perspectives on the Cold War National and Sub-National Approaches

Maryna M Bessonova

The chapter is a part of the "Comparative Perspectives on the Cold War National and Sub-National Approaches" Edited by Lee Trepanier, Spasimir Domaradzki, Jaclyn Stanke, published by Krakow Society for Education (AFM Publishing House) in 2010. In the chapter, there is described the background of the Soviet perspectives on the Cold War and American foreign policy. The main focus is made on the discovering of the Soviet interpretations of the origins of the Cold War, Soviet explanations on the so-called two main "lines" in the world politics after World War II, Soviet perception on American policy towards Eastern Europe. The Cold War period was a time of very complicated relations between two systems - socialist and capitalist (totalitarian and democratic) - when a great number of different conflicts developed between military alliances, economic unions, international organizations, and nations themselves. But the much greater influence of Cold War era was made on the outlook of the Soviet people, because, until now, the Cold War point of view is dominated in some post-Soviet societies. Unfortunately, the image of living in the fortress, which is surrounded by enemies, is still very prevalent in these countries. That is why attempts to describe what was the origin of such attitudes to the outside world is not only of interest for the people outside the former Soviet but of more importance for post-Soviet nations themselves to understand why it happened and to make sure it does not happen again.

Michael Jabara Carley

Encyclopedia of the Cold War. 2 vols.

Priscilla Roberts

3 short articles in Encyclopedia of the Cold War. 2 vols. Eds. Ruud van Dijk et al. “Chiang Kai-shek,” 1:138-141; “Great Leap Forward,” 1:379-381; “Liu Shaoqi,” 2:548-550. New York: Routledge, 2008. Between 1945 and 1991, tension between the USA, its allies, and a group of nations led by the USSR, dominated world politics. This period was called the Cold War – a conflict that stopped short to a full-blown war. Benefiting from the recent research of newly open archives, the Encyclopedia of the Cold War discusses how this state of perpetual tensions arose, developed, and was resolved. This work examines the military, economic, diplomatic, and political evolution of the conflict as well as its impact on the different regions and cultures of the world. Using a unique geopolitical approach that will present Russian perspectives and others, the work covers all aspects of the Cold War, from communism to nuclear escalation and from UFOs to red diaper babies, highlighting its vast-ranging and lasting impact on international relations as well as on daily life. Although the work will focus on the 1945–1991 period, it will explore the roots of the conflict, starting with the formation of the Soviet state, and its legacy to the present day.

Journal of Cold War Studies

Stefano Guzzini

Jonathan Morales

Diplomatic History

William C. Wohlforth

Behçet Kemal Yeşilbursa

Until 1985, the USSR followed two schools of Soviet diplomacy: Stalinist and neo-Stalinist. Under the leadership of Mikail Gorbachov, radical changes in both the theory and practice of Soviet foreign policy resulted in a new concept based on a vision of the world in full evolution. In his self-proclaimed “new political thinking”, Gorbachov moved the emphasis from the importance of class struggle in international relations to “mutual security” and the role of politics in resolving disputes, and underlined the interdependency of the contemporary world. He called for mutual efforts to solve problems such as debt, hunger, pollution and disarmament in particular. The Soviets also referred to new political thinking to explain surprising policy moves, such as the withdrawal of forces from Afghanistan, the acceptance of on-site inspection in the 1986 Conference on Disarmament in Europe (CDE) and the 1987 Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) agreements, and the payment of UN dues long in ...

The American Historical Review

Hunter Heyck

Eva M. Stolberg

This paper explores the neuralgic point of the beginnings of the Cold War in its early phase from the Soviet perspective. After the USSR's victory in World War II which was attributed to Generalissimo Joseph Stalin by Soviet propaganda, the Soviet society experienced with the entrance into the postwar era a fundamental change from war to peace. This wasas my contribution will show-a challenge to Stalin's dictatorship. I argue that Stalin and Stalinist ideology, i.e. Stalinism, needed a prolonged war situation in the shape of a cold war to hold on with the repressive dictatorship in inner Soviet domestic affairs. In this context, cold war meant a retained military confrontation with the United States of America, accompanied by an arms race without risking a hot war.

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    The main points of the Soviet critique of the plan were (a) that it was a plan for the formationof a US-led Western bloc, (b) that it aimed at developing Western Germany into a mainstay of the 'imperialist camp' in Europe, and (c) that it was directed against Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and the anti-capitalistroad that was being taken in ...

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