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Analyze the Quality and Effect of Professional Training in Domestic Economics—Taking an International Home Economics College as an Example

Project lifelab food and health – innovative teaching for the future: development of student active learning tasks for home economics education in the 21st century.

Food and Health, previously referred to as Home Economics, is a mandatory school subject in Norway. It has the unique advantage of giving all students, regardless of their social background, practical skills and knowledge, life skills that are important for their future health. In the LifeLab Food and Health project, we have developed a research-based and innovative teaching programme and evaluated how it is perceived in a school setting in Norway. This teaching programme is for use in Food and Health teacher education, but also in the education of primary and lower secondary school students in the same subject. LifeLab Food and Health consists of learning tasks in which students in the sixth and ninth grades in school gain first-hand knowledge and an understanding of life skills that are important to manage everyday life. In this paper, we present the learning activities developed and how the students experienced them. Examples of such learning tasks are tasks revealing the science behind dietary guidelines and the promotion of a healthy diet through student active tasks. Our aim is to establish LifeLab Food and Health as a “best practice” within master’s education in Home Economics at the University of Agder in Norway.

Modern Aspects of Home Economics Education and Slovenia

Home economics operates in the academic, curriculum and social realms, as well as in everyday life. Due to its multidisciplinarity, it includes and interconnects the contents of different disciplines (e.g., healthy lifestyle, nutrition, dietetics, textiles, home, family, consumption, personal and family economics, design and technology), which are considered in terms of meeting the needs of the individual, family, and society. Home economics education and literacy play an important role in acquiring knowledge and skills that help raise the quality of life of the individual, family, and society. With the development of society, the needs of both the individual and the family are changing; therefore, changes are also needed in home economics education, which is reflected in the updating of the subject curricula. The goals and contents in the curriculum must reflect and meet the needs of the current society and take into account the cultural dependence and social determinism of the home economics field. To a certain extent, the current curriculum of the subject home economics in Slovene elementary schools already includes some content areas that have been recognised as important for meeting the needs of society. These relate to healthy lifestyle, nutrition, health, textiles, consumption, economics, family, environment and sustainable development. Given the perceived needs of society, the use of household appliances, home contents, and first aid should be additionally included in home economics education in Slovenia, and students should be encouraged to develop social and communication skills. It is also necessary to consider the appropriate placement of the subject in the curriculum, as it is necessary to implement home economics education in the entire elementary school education. Doing so will enable the acquisition of knowledge and skills needed in society and, therefore, the appropriate level of home economics literacy of the individual.

Home Economics Education as Needed in the 21st Century

Danielle dreilinger, the secret history of home economics. how trailblazing women harnessed the power of home and changed the way we live, w. w. norton & company: 2021; 348 pp.: isbn 978-1-324-00449-3, the role of home economics education in the 21st century: the covid-19 pandemic as a disruptor, accelerator, and future shaper.

This paper explores the role of home economics education in the 21st century. It commences with an explanation of the disruption to the five predicted future global megatrends – globalisation, urbanisation, digitisation, cybersecurity, sustainability – as a consequence of the global Covid-19 pandemic. The place of megatrends framing home economics is explored by presenting a textual analysis of a literacy publication created as an acceleration point for framing the next one hundred years of home economics and underpinned by global megatrends, published prior to the pandemic. Using the Voyant Tool, visualisations of the book Creating Home Economics Futures: The Next 100 Years are presented and compared to other key literary documents informing the field. The paper then turns to the ways in which education and learning have led to the repositioning of home economics as a field and home economics literacy as the key strategy for ensuring the field continues to remain relevant into the future. Priority areas for education include food literacy; individual, family and community well-being; and the reconstitution of the place of the home.

I Do, We Do, You Do Home Economics: Explicit Instruction Connecting Content with Ideology

Explicit instruction is a teaching model that demonstrates to students what to do and how to do it. One purpose of ideology is to focus the who, what, when, where, and why of a disciplinary field. Trained home economists make a sustained commitment to the core ideology of home economics. Mechanisms for identifying locally relevant challenges faced by individuals, families, and communities are embedded in the home economics knowledge base. To identify challenges and locate solutions (who, what, when, where, and how), home economics education programmes must actively teach or provide explicit instruction about the ideology that underpins the home economics disciplinary field. Neglecting ideology results in teaching unrelated subjects or compartmentalised content that may dilute connection to the core aims of the home economics’ ‘big picture’. This paper outlines how explicit instruction and embedded home economics ideology have positively impacted perceptions of the discipline amongst professionals who are new to the field. In teaching and learning environments, making home economics ideology visible and reinforced continuously across all content specialisation areas, the author observed that students acquired the words and concepts to explain the importance of home economics to others. Professionals who are new to the field became more confident and passionate advocates for home economics, because they had learnt and appreciated, through explicit instruction techniques, the what, the how to, and the why of home economics. Equipped with the discipline’s core ideology, professionals who make visible the home economics ‘big picture’ (i.e., the why) to others are better equipped to enact real-world applications of home economics that can adapt continuously to meet ever-changing and complex societal needs.

Content Analysis of Independence for Seniors Reflected in the 2015 Revised Curriculum High School Technology and Home-Economics Textbooks: From the Perspectives of Life-Span Development, Successful Aging, and Ageism

“we can never close the book and say, ‘we’ll continue next week’” – the rhythms of cooking and learning to cook in swedish home economics, an analysis of subject competencies applied in the activity tasks of the ‘home life and safety’ area in middle school technology-home economics textbooks based on the 2015 revised national curriculum.

The purpose of this study was to analyze two subject competencies (practical problem-solving capability and independent life capability) reflected in the activity tasks included in the ‘home life and safety’ area of 12 middle school technology-home economics textbooks in accordance with the 2015 revised curriculum. The analysis criteria were sub-elements of two subject competencies. Seven sub-elements were derived from each competency. Frequency analysis was performed to determine how often the sub-elements were reflected in the activity tasks. The results were as follows. First, with regard to the sub-elements of ‘practical problem-solving capability’, ‘value judgment’ was reflected most frequently in the activity tasks followed by ‘exemplification of solution’, ‘logical thinking’, ‘critical thinking’, ‘decision-making’, ‘practical reasoning’, and ‘evaluation of solutions’. Secondly, the sub-elements of ‘independent life capability’ were unevenly distributed in the activity tasks. The ‘capability to perform conscious living’ was reflected most frequently followed by ‘development and self-identity’, ‘time, money, and leisure management’, and ‘reasonable consumption and resource utilization’. For teachers wanting to teach activity-oriented classes and student participatory classes, the results pinpoint the materials necessary to develop learners’ subject competencies by using textbooks from different publishing companies.

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Home Economics Education: Preparation for a Sustainable and Healthy Future

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• Helen Maguire &
• Amanda McCloat  

Part of the book series: State of the World ((STWO))

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As complex societal and ecological challenges increasingly jeopardize the future of the planet, it is critical that humans, and especially younger generations, develop new ways of being in the world. All global citizens urgently require new modes of thinking and doing. As we settle into the realities of the Anthropocene—an epoch in which human beings are changing the Earth in profound and potentially irreversible ways—fundamental transformations in learning are required to enable all citizens to adapt. People everywhere will need to develop applicable life skills, appropriate competencies in specific domains, and improved critical and reflective capabilities.

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Tuomi-Grohn, “Everyday Life as a Challenging Sphere of Research,” 9.

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Maguire, H., McCloat, A. (2017). Home Economics Education: Preparation for a Sustainable and Healthy Future. In: EarthEd. State of the World. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-843-5_14

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Nursing Home Industry May Obscure Some of its Profits, Lehigh Researcher Finds

Andrew Olenski, assistant professor of economics, publishes finding in a National Bureau of Economic Research working paper.

Editorial Services

• Andrew Olenski

The nursing home industry may be hiding nearly two-thirds of its profits through the use of opaque business practices, based on data from a study of the industry in Illinois, according to new research from Andrew Olenski, assistant professor of economics.

The finding, published in a National Bureau of Economic Research working paper by Olenski and Ashvin Gandhi of UCLA, is cited in the Biden administration’s new regulation implementing a minimum staffing standard for long-term care facilities and is drawing calls for reform from industry advocates and watchdogs.

“A consensus among these groups is that it is widely known that this is going on, but nobody has been able to show it empirically or estimate the magnitude prior to our study,” Olenski said.

'Tunneling' and Related Party Transactions

The nursing home industry purports to be widely unprofitable, with about 50% of firms reporting negative profits in a given year. Yet, despite this largely losing record, the industry has been increasingly attractive to capitalists.

About 70% of firms are for-profit entities, and private equity has been entering the industry at high rates over the past several years.

For an economist such as Olenski, this confluence raised questions: If the industry is so unprofitable, why aren’t firms closing at higher rates, and why is private equity getting involved?

His research found that the true profitability of nursing homes was being misrepresented through “tunneling,” making inflated payments for goods and services to related parties. Related parties are companies held by the same ownership as the nursing home.

“Essentially, owners are moving money from their left pocket to their right, and then showing they have no money in their left pocket,” Olenski said. “Correctly accounting for this activity reveals that the industry is meaningfully more profitable than it appears: About 63% of industry profits are ‘hidden’ through this sort of activity.”

A nursing home trade industry association cited in a recent Forbes article on the findings, said in response: “We do not believe it is common practice to “tunnel” profits to other lines of business….The sad truth is that because long term care is chronically underfunded, ancillary services and related parties sometimes help keep these facilities afloat. These issues are a distraction from the real challenges facing the majority of the long-term care sector.”

How Does Tunneling Work?

The research indicates that the vast majority of tunneling in the nursing home industry occurs within two costs that are reported publicly: real estate and management services.

One common practice the researchers found was for a nursing home to sell its building and land to a real estate company, and then lease the property back. This leaseback practice is legal, and there are some cases in which it might be done for legitimate business purposes, Olenski said.

However, when the real estate company is owned by the same entity that owns the nursing home, the arrangement can be used to hide profits by funneling them to the real estate company, often by paying rents far higher than fair market rate. The nursing home then publicly reports higher costs for rent and decreased profits, while the “hidden” profits continue flowing to the same owners.

The analysis found that, on average, leaseback transactions typically led to higher real estate costs for the nursing homes and in many cases resulted in negative book equity—with their total liabilities eclipsing their total assets. In other words, such transactions left nursing homes with fewer net assets while also paying higher costs for rent than they did to own their properties.

“Why would a firm do this? What benefit is there for the nursing home? It’s very hard to rationalize this from an economic standpoint as anything other than an accounting trick,” Olenski said.

For the management services line item, the researchers also found that nursing homes that outsourced management to related parties also ended up paying more for services than their prior costs for direct management and similarly reported decreased profits.

Tunneling Under the Public Eye

The vast majority of funds flowing through nursing homes come from publicly funded Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. As such, nursing homes are required to publicly report costs, including real estate and management services, to the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) as well as state offices.

How then, could such practices be occurring under the public eye?

According to Olenski, the nursing home cost data that gets reported to CMS is “infamously noisy.”

“This is because the data are not subject to audit risk, and so nursing homes often leave blank values or put in obviously erroneous data,” he said.

The government has long been reluctant to implement auditing of CMS reports out of fear that doing so would be too resource-intensive.

However, some states have taken steps to ensure more complete and accurate data. Illinois is one such state, which is why the study focused on nursing home data from that state (from the years 2000-2019). The reports Illinois collects include more detailed data from related parties and requires that every related party cost correspond directly to line items that would traditionally be required.

What’s the Damage?

About 75-80% of nursing homes across the sector engage in related-party transactions, including both for-profit and nonprofit entities. In Illinois, the average nursing home that used related party transactions was found to be hiding about $300,000 in profits each year.

With well over 15,000 nursing homes operating in the U.S., the total sum of profits potentially being hidden in a year is in the billions. And the authors believe that the figure calculated from Illinois’ data likely underestimates the problem nationally, given more lax reporting requirements in other states.

The study details that if these hidden profits were instead directed back toward patient care, they could fund an additional 15 minutes of care from a registered nurse per day per patient, or 30 minutes per day from a certified nursing assistant. While those figures may seem low, they would represent an increase of approximately 30% over the current average.

Potential Solutions

With profits being hidden at such a magnitude, drastic measures may seem to be needed. But the authors say that relatively simple steps could make a big difference.

“A first priority is trying to improve the federal reporting of these types of data. Second, it is important to note that it’s important to not only audit nursing homes’ financial data, but the reported costs of any related parties as well,” Olenski said.

While auditing all CMS reports would create a massive burden, the authors believe that selective auditing would nudge nursing homes to submit more accurate data. Just as the remote possibility of an IRS audit keeps most taxpayers honest, the looming threat of a CMS audit would likely encourage nursing homes to be more accurate in their reports.

Another potential step would be to require review of certain consequential transactions, such as related-party leaseback deals. Olenski said he also believes that direct quality regulations, such as the new minimum staffing rule, may be needed.

“For the last two to three decades, the terms of the debate around nursing home reimbursement policy have been that the industry is struggling, can’t afford to hire more nurses and can’t implement higher staffing standards because facilities will close, and therefore reimbursement rate increases are needed,” he said. “These results underscore that this public debate has been off the mark—this industry has not been entirely forthcoming about how profitable they really are, and that is no way to start a discussion of what’s economically feasible.”

Story by Dan Armstrong

Listen to Olenski talk more about his research on the ilLUminate podcast.

Read more stories on the Lehigh News Center.

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The Macroeconomic Impact of Climate Change: Global vs. Local Temperature

This paper estimates that the macroeconomic damages from climate change are six times larger than previously thought. We exploit natural variability in global temperature and rely on time-series variation. A 1°C increase in global temperature leads to a 12% decline in world GDP. Global temperature shocks correlate much more strongly with extreme climatic events than the country-level temperature shocks commonly used in the panel literature, explaining why our estimate is substantially larger. We use our reduced-form evidence to estimate structural damage functions in a standard neoclassical growth model. Our results imply a Social Cost of Carbon of $1,056 per ton of carbon dioxide. A business-as-usual warming scenario leads to a present value welfare loss of 31%. Both are multiple orders of magnitude above previous estimates and imply that unilateral decarbonization policy is cost-effective for large countries such as the United States.

Adrien Bilal gratefully acknowledges support from the Chae Family Economics Research Fund at Harvard University. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

MARC RIS BibTeΧ

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Home Economics Education: Addressing Concerns of the Filipino Family

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