civil services essay paper 2022

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UPSC Civil Services Main analysis: No major changes in trend but with simpler topics, elaboration remains the task

The essay paper of upsc cse 2022 followed the previous trend of philosophical and abstract topics but was lucid in language and simpler to understand than the previous years' topics. challenge remained in selecting the right topic and building content..

The UPSC Civil Services Main exam 2022 started off today with the Essay paper. There were 8 Essay topics divided into two sections, out of which candidates were asked to write on two topics in 3 hours, selecting one from each. Candidates were to answer in about 1000-1200 words for each essay. The maximum mark for the essay paper is 250 (125 each).

Here are the topics and brief analysis:

1. Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence

A simpler topic from the area of Environmental Economics where much of the content could have been derived from GS paper. Case studies as examples could have enriched the arguments. Aspirants may have been reminded of State of Forest Report , ‘Forests, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and employment’ Study by UN Foum on Forests (2019), Investing in Forests: The Business insight report by WEF (JUNE 2021), Indonesia’s experiment in reducing emissions and fighting deforestation , Miyawaki method and the case study of Industrial Engineer Shubhendu Sharma who left his high-paying job and work towards “creating natural forests and promoting sustainability.”

2. Poets are unacknowledged legislators of the world

A topic that would have excited students of literature. This topic is a direct lift up from ‘The Defence of Poetry’ 1821 by Shelley. As simple as it looks, required substantiating points with examples of poet, poetry and their effect on society keeping in mind a multidimensional approach.

3. History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man

A topic that may have taken aspirants to their History classes and notes. Thomas Carlyle stated that “The History of the world is but the Biography of great men”. Students must have thought of noble prize winners, successful scientists and their inventions, wisdom, objectivity etc. But the anti-thesis of the topic also demanded an aspirant to think from the perspective romanticism, poerty, art and literature. It is a test of a candidate of what he or she understands of “victories.”

4. A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what is a ship for

The quote that is mostly credited to John A. Shedd takes back to the ethics paper which reminds of how risk-taking ability is necessary to try something new and challenging. This topic invites ideas and examples from different fields like politics, economy, science and sports. An easier topic to attempt but the challenge lies in striking the right balance between arguments, analysis and examples.

ALSO READ | UPSC Essentials: Key terms of the past week with MCQs

5. The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining

Credited to John F. Kennedy (1962), the quote is a reminder to fix what is broken as soon as possible. Between the lines, it talks of attitude, preparedness, swiftness and pro-activeness. A candidate may remind of challenges the world or India is facing and success stories and examples that show it is possible to fix the problem before it gets worse. Stories of failure of individuals, events and programs could have further supported the arguments.

6. You cannot step twice in the same river

Credited to Heraclitus, a philosopher. The quote continues as, “For it’s not the same river and he’s not the same man.” As we move on, time moves on. And therefore it is not possible to repeat past actions and experiences. On face value it appears true but digging deep doesn’t it reminds of the mistakes we as individuals, nation and the world keep repeating. Also, don’t we keep trying and attempting to reach a particular goal. The best examples come from International politics   and sports . This topic required careful thinking and intelligent examples.

7. A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities

Identified as a quote by Herman Melville, an American novelist, it simply means that in situations of doubts, dilemma and unclarity, the smile is the way out. It talks about human nature and attitude. Is the smile product of cool-mindedness while handling challenging and confusing situations or an excuse to avoid? The essay aspects a candidate to discuss why such an attitude? What it leads to? and many other questions. A topic which we all agree too, but the task lies in elaboration.

8. Just because you have a choice, it does not mean any of them has to be right

Picked from The Phantom Tollbooth by Norton Juster. Theories of ethics will make you think of Ethical relativism and morality. What appears to be an easy topic required good examples and dimensions to elaborate.

Overall, there wasn’t a major shift in the nature of the paper. The brighter side of this paper was the lucidity of the topics. Although most of the quotes were not popular quotes, however, they were easy to understand. It is not necessary that a candidate should know the source of the quotes but the real challenge lies in elaborating and building content to reach a respectable word limit. Finally, the key also lies in selecting the right topic.

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UPSC Mains 2022 Essay Question Paper - Download PDF

The UPSC Mains Essay paper was conducted on Friday, 16th September 2022, in the forenoon session (9 AM to 12 PM). The UPSC Mains 2022 is set to take place on 16, 17, 18, 24 and 25th September 2022.

For other papers in the Mains segment of UPSC, candidates can further check the UPSC Mains 2022 Question Papers page at their own behest.

UPSC Mains Essay Questions 2022 – Download PDF Here

UPSC Mains 2022 Essay Questions

The UPSC Essay paper segment consists of two sections. They are Section A and Section B. Both sections have about four questions each. The candidates have to choose one topic from each section, thus having to answer 2 essay questions in total.

The word limit for each question is to be within the range of 1000-1200 words. The mark for each question is 125, thus, the total allotted marks are about 250.

The paper will be included in the merit ranking.

The Essay Topics asked in the UPSC Mains 2022 are given below:

• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence.
• Pets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man.
• A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for.

Section – B

1. The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.

2. You cannot step twice in the same river.

3. A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities.

4. Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Candidates can also refer to the UPSC Mains 2021 Essay Questions , in the given link.

Some of the useful links for the candidates to prepare for an essay paper are as follows:

The candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. While answering the essay questions, the aspirants are expected to keep close to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly manner and to write concisely. It is important to remember that credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

To download the question paper PDFs of General Studies papers, the aspirants can check the links below:

The candidates can also download the question paper PDFs of UPSC Mains 2022 Optional Paper from the linked article.

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UPSC Civil Services Main exam Day 1: Decoding the essay paper

The upsc civil services main exam started off today and here is the paper analysis of the upsc essay paper..

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The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) on Wednesday decided to go ahead with the UPSC Civil Services Mian exams as per schedule. The UPSC CSE Main exams will be held on January 7, 8, 9, 15, and 16. Scroll down below to check a detailed UPSC paper analysis of the essay paper.

UPSC CSE Main 2021 essay paper analysis

The essay paper of USE CSE Main 2021 was as effervescent as it has always been.

UPSC tries to check the depth in one’s ability to think through a broad spectrum of subjects that a candidate studies throughout the year.

5 aspects in the UPSC essay paper this year

1. Topics required broad interpretation

The second essay of section A, titled ‘Your perception of me is a reflection of you; My reaction to you is an awareness of me’ needed a calm interpretation.

To simply mean we don’t see the world as they are but as we are and we react instead of responding.

2. Play of words

The first essay of section A, titled ‘The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced’ is a perennial theme in UPSC about the challenges of science and technology derived from one of Gandhiji's 7 sins of science without conscience is the ruin of the soul.

So, it was on expected lines.

3. Lifeboat to philosophy optional

The essay 3 and 4 of section A are inspired by themes from philosophy optional, in fact topic number 4 of Section A titled ’Real is rational and the rational is real’ is a repeated question from previous year philosophy optional paper.

However, it could have easily also been interpreted in the context of Covid-19, vaccine hesitancy and the role of science and technology versus religion

4. Essay on vulnerable section

Topic 5 of section B titled ‘Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world’ was an indirect essay on role of women mother and child and in context of the first point discussed that is broad interpretation it would include women equality , empowerment, etc.

5. Futuristic and full of optimism

The paper also contained topics to learn from the past as well as to provide for a better future.

UPSC Civil Services Main exam: Tips for the essay paper

Here are a few suggestions for the UPSC essay paper going forward:

1. Identify the theme of the essay

2. Link the essay with the 4 GS papers

3. Go for the broadest interpretation possible

4. Enrich the essay with quotes ,stories ,anecdotes.

5. Practice brainstorming on essay

One simple method is for live essay brainstorming and focusing on dimensions as well as depth.

Avoid taking rigid extreme positions, keeping the essay dynamic, full of values, grounded in realities of the present world, special emphasis on the vulnerable sections of the society with a positive future looking optimistic conclusion is the sure short way to achieve very good marks in a seemingly unpredictable paper.

- UPSC paper analysis by Sajal Singh, Founder, Civilsdaily

Read: UPSC exam 2021 dates not changed amid Covid-19

Read: UPSC Civil Services Main exam 2021 to begin from January 7, check the latest schedule here

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UPSC Civil Services Main Exam 2022 begins today, schedule & guidelines here

Upsc civil services main exam 2022 begins today in two shifts. candidates can check schedule and guidelines below..

Union Public Service Commission will begin UPSC Civil Services Main Exam 2022 from September 16, 2022 onwards. The mains examination will be conducted on September 16, 17, 18, 24 and 25, 2022 at various exam centres across the country.

UPSC Civil Services Main Exam 2022: Schedule

As per the schedule, the exam will be conducted in two sessions- forenoon session will be conducted from 9 am to 12 noon and afternoon session will be conducted from 2 pm to 5 pm.

UPSC Civil Services Main Exam 2022: Guidelines

Candidates who will appear for the examination can check these guidelines below.

• Candidates must write the papers in their own hand. In no circumstances will they be allowed the help of a scribe to write the answers for them.
• Candidates will be allowed the use of Scientific (Non-Programmable type) Calculators at the conventional (Essay) type examination of UPSC. Programmable type calculators will however not be allowed and the use of such calculators shall tantamount to resorting to unfair means by the candidates.
• The use of any mobile phone (even in switched off mode), pager or any electronic equipment or programmable device or storage media like pen drive, smart watches etc. or camera or blue tooth devices or any other equipment or related accessories either in working or switched off mode capable of being used as a communication device during the examination is strictly prohibited.
• All appearing candidates will have to maintain social distancing, use of sanitizers while appearing for the examination.

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UPSC Civil Services Mains 2022 Essay Paper

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UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2022: The Union Public Service Commission started the UPSC Civil Services Main Exam 2022 on September 16, 2022. The UPSC mains exam started on September 16, 2022 , and will be held on 17, 18, 24, and 25, 2022, at various locations around the country. GeeksforGeeks have brought the UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2022 to make your exam preparation perfect. 

The highest score in the Mains Written level is crucial since 7 out of 9 papers are counted for merit ranking. Preliminary level marks, on the other hand, are not counted for merit ranking. As a result, the candidate’s attention should not only be on passing the exam but also on obtaining the best and highest possible grades. 

To gain a notion of Important Essay Topics for UPSC 2023 , one needs at least to look at the previous seven years of UPSC Essay Topics. Practicing the UPSC Essay Topics of Previous Years helps throughout the UPSC Mains exam, and the aspirant may ace the essay paper with enough preparation.

UPSC 2022 Mains Essay Question Paper:

The UPSC Essay paper is divided into two portions. Section A and Section B are the two. Each segment has four questions. Candidates must select one topic from each section, resulting in a total of two essay questions.

The word count for each question should be between 1000 and 1200 . Each question is worth 125 marks , thus the total number of marks is 250. The question paper will be evaluated on merit.

The Essay Topics asked in the UPSC Mains 2022 are given below:

1) Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence.

2) Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.

3) History is a series of victorious won by the scientific man over the romantic man.

4) A ship in harbor is safe, but that is not what a ship is for. 

1) The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining. 

2) You cannot step twice in the same river. 

3) A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities. 

4) Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Aspirants can evaluate and plan their approach for the Civil Services Examination’s Mains level based on the question paper of 2022. UPSC Mains 2022 Essay Paper UPSC Mains 2022 GS Paper 1 UPSC Mains 2022 GS Paper 2 UPSC Mains 2022 GS Paper 3 UPSC Mains 2022 GS Paper 4

UPSC Mains Essay Previous Year Question Paper:

• UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2021
• UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2020
• UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2019
• UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2018
• UPSC Mains Essay Paper 2017
• UPSC Mains Essay Paper  2016 

How to Score Marks on UPSC Mains Essay Topics?

Writing provides insight into your cognitive process. This is precisely what the examiner looks at when reading your answer script. An essay is essentially a well-organized collection of ideas on any given topic. Mastering the skill of getting the highest possible grade on a test involves a lot of effort and dedication. The UPSC Mains essay is more than just a test of factual knowledge; it is also a test of creativity and confidence. 

Follow these strategies to get high marks in the UPSC Mains Essay paper:

1. Choose your topic carefully

The UPSC Essay paper 2022 is divided into two portions, and applicants must write one essay from each area. Both essays are worth 125 points and are 1000-1200 words long. Before choosing a topic, consider if it is too contentious or whether you have enough facts to write about it.

2. Think about the subject

Once you’ve decided on a topic, think about it and jot down the essential keywords you’ll use in your essay. Try to take a multifaceted approach to the essay and stick to a decent format of introduction, body, and conclusion.

3. Structure the essay in a proper manner

The opening paragraph is the heart of the essay and should provide a clear overview of the issue. The main focus should be on your thoughts on the subject. The primary body of the essay should be broken into little paragraphs that are interconnected nicely. The essay’s wording should be simple, clear, and easy to grasp. 

The UPSC Mains essay assesses your critical thinking abilities rather than your use of fancy language. Facts and statistics should be supplied whenever necessary. The use of quotations and sayings strengthens the essays. The final paragraph should speak for itself. Candidates should aim to write the essay in an unbiased or balanced manner.

Economic Growth, women empowerment, art & culture, media & society, social justice or poverty, education, renowned quotes from notable individuals , and other themes are among the UPSC Essay Topics.

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[UPSC Mains 2021] ESSAY PAPER- UPSC CIVIL SERVICES MAINS EXAM (CSE) 2021

• January 7, 2022

Important Updates , UPSC MAINS 2021 QUESTION PAPERS

1) The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced.

2)  Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me.

3) Philosophy of wantlessness is Utopian, while materialism is a chimera.

4)  The real is rational and the rational is real

1) Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world

2)  What is research, but a blind date with knowledge!

3) History repeats itself, first as a tragedy, second as a farce.

4)  There are better practices to ‘best practices’.

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UPSC Civil Services Mains 2022 Essay Question Paper PDF

Revise entire year current affairs in a week, upsc civil services mains 2022 essay question paper pdf download in english and hindi.

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If you are preparing for the upcoming UPSC 2024, it is important to review the IAS Topper List with Marks . This list can help you set a target for yourself and develop a study plan accordingly.

Aspiring IAS, IFS, and IPS officers put in a lot of hard work to achieve their goals. The IAS topper list with marks can help you learn about the best strategies for preparing for this challenging exam, the books you should refer to, and the optional subjects that can help you score higher.

The UPSC exam requires rigorous practice and determination. To achieve the highest marks in the UPSC exam, you need to carefully plan and implement the strategies used by previous years' toppers. Therefore, knowing the UPSC Toppers Marks can be helpful in developing a better strategy. In this article, we will provide a list of UPSC toppers by year, the highest marks ever scored in the UPSC exam, and the topper's mark sheet.

UPSC Toppers List with Marks 2023 

April 16, 2024, witnessed the announcement of the results of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Civil Services Examination 2023, with ADITYA SRIVASTAVA emerging as the topper. ANIMESH PRADHAN secured the second position, followed by DONURU ANANYA REDDY and P K SIDHARTH RAMKUMAR in the third and fourth spots respectively.

Download:  UPSC Topper List with Marks PDF (2023-24)

UPSC IAS Toppers List 2022-23

On May 23, 2023, the results of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Civil Services Examination 2022 were announced, and Ishita Kishore was declared the topper. Ishita, an economics graduate from Shri Ram College of Commerce, Delhi University, secured All India Rank 1 in the exam. She was followed by Garima Lohia, Uma Harathi N, and Smriti Mishra in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th place respectively.

Ishita is a very active sportsperson and has cracked the UPSC exam in her 3rd attempt.

The UPSC Topper List with Marks is a valuable resource for CSE exam aspirants. It can help you set a target for yourself, develop a study plan, and learn from the best. If you are serious about becoming an IAS, IFS, or IPS officer, going through the UPSC Topper List 2022 will help you set your target score for UPSC 2024 .

Download:  UPSC Topper List with Marks PDF (2022-23)

UPSC Toppers List 2022 with Marks

Check the marks scored by UPSC toppers in the Mains exam and Personality Test in the following table:

Highest Marks in UPSC Optional

The Optional Paper plays an important role in determining the overall score of a candidate. Having a high score in the Optional Paper can significantly improve your final rank in the UPSC Final Result list. The Highest Optional Score in 2022 was earned by Nidhi Pal, Rank 36. She scored a total of 325 marks in her Optional paper I & II and had Anthropology as her Optional Subject. Lets have a look of the Highest marks in the Optional paper-

Highest Marks in Essay Paper 2022

The highest Marks in the UPSC Main Essay Paper 2022 were scored by Rank 61 Gautam Vivekanandan with the highest Essay score of 149 marks. The essay paper in the UPSC Civil Services Examination plays a pivotal role in determining your overall success. It serves as a unique platform for you to showcase your analytical skills, clarity of thought, and the ability to articulate complex ideas coherently. This paper holds the potential to set you apart from the competition and boost your scores significantly. Moreover, the essay paper not only evaluates your knowledge but also your capacity to present your ideas concisely and persuasively.

Highest Marks in UPSC Mains GS Papers 2022

The UPSC Mains Examination consists of four General Studies Papers- I, II, III and IV. All the four GS Papers are counted in determining the merit score of the candidate in the UPSC Exam. Lets have a look at the Highest Marks scored by the candidates in UPSC Mains GS Papers 2022.

UPSC IAS Toppers List 2021

The Union Public Service Commission released the results of the 2021 Civil Services Examination on its official website. Shruti Sharma, a resident of the Bijnor District in Uttar Pradesh, topped the exam with a score of 1105 marks. This was her second attempt at the exam. Sharma opted for History as her optional subject, as she has a bachelor's degree in History and a master's degree in Modern History.

Ankita Agarwal was the second-ranked candidate in the 2021 UPSC Civil Services Examination. She cleared the exam on her third attempt and scored more marks on the personality test than Sharma. Agarwal obtained an AIR 236 in 2019 and was training with the Indian Revenue Services Customs and Indirect Taxes at Faridabad when the results were declared.

Download: UPSC IAS Toppers 2021 Marks PDF

UPSC IAS Toppers List 2020

Shubham Kumar, UPSC IAS Topper 2020 a resident of Bihar, topped the exam with a score of 1054 marks. He had always dreamt of serving the underprivileged and chose Anthropology as his optional subject because he felt it would help him understand the challenges faced by marginalized communities.

The other toppers in the list are also highly accomplished individuals. Jagrati Awasthi is a graduate of the University of Delhi and worked as a teacher before taking the UPSC exam. Ankita Jain is a graduate of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and worked as a software engineer at Google before taking the UPSC exam. Yash Jaluka is a graduate of the Sri Ram College of Commerce, Delhi, and worked as a consultant at Bain & Company before taking the UPSC exam . Mamta Yadav is a graduate of the University of Delhi and worked as a researcher at the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations before taking the UPSC exam.

The UPSC Civil Services Examination is one of the toughest exams in the world, and the toppers are truly exceptional individuals. Their success is a testament to their hard work, dedication, and perseverance.

Download:  UPSC Toppers List with Marks 2020 PDF

The top 10 UPSC toppers in 2020 are:

• Shubham Kumar (Anthropology)
• Jagrati Awasthi (History)
• Ankita Jain (Political Science and International Relations)
• Yash Jaluka (History)
• Mamta Yadav (Sociology)
• Meera K (History)
• Praveen Kumar (History)
• Jivani Kartik Nagjibhai (Geography)
• Apala Mishra (Geography)
• Satyendra Singh (Geography)

UPSC IAS Toppers List 2019

Pradeep Singh UPSC Topper 2019, is a resident of Haryana and cleared the UPSC Civil Services Examination with an All India Rank 1. Prior to this, he had completed his Engineering in Computer Science at DCRU College of Science and Technology in Murthal, Haryana.

Jatin Kishore is a resident of Bihar and cleared the UPSC Civil Services Examination with an All India Rank 2. He is a graduate of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and worked as a software engineer at Amazon before taking the UPSC exam.

Pratibha Verma is a resident of Madhya Pradesh and cleared the UPSC Civil Services Examination with an All India Rank 3. She is a graduate of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and worked as a software engineer at Google before taking the UPSC exam.

All three toppers are highly accomplished individuals and their success is a testament to their hard work, dedication, and perseverance. They are an inspiration to us all and we wish them all the best in their future endeavors.

Download:  UPSC Toppers List with Marks 2019 PDF

Who Scored the Highest Marks in UPSC Ever?

Anudeep Durishetty scored the highest marks in the UPSC Civil Services Examination ever , with a total of 1126 marks in 2017. He is a graduate of the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) and cleared the UPSC exam on his fifth attempt. His optional subject was Political Science and International Relations. Durishetty's success is a testament to his hard work, dedication, and perseverance.

Who scored the highest marks in UPSC Mains till now?

Anudeep Durishetty scored the highest marks in UPSC Mains till now. He scored 950 marks out of 1025 marks in 2017. He qualified the UPSC Exam 2017 in his fifth attempt.

Why is it important to know the IAS topper list with marks?

IAS Topper list with marks can help you in your UPSC preparation . It can guide you and motivate you to set realistic goals and perform better with determination.

Who scored the highest marks in UPSC ever?

Anudeep Durishetty is known to have obtained the highest marks in UPSC CSE 2017, making it to be the highest score in UPSC ever.

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[ GENERAL STUDIES PAPER – 3 ] : UPSC MAINS CIVIL SERVICES IAS EXAM 2022 QUESTION PAPER

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UPSC MAINS GENERAL STUDIES PAPER – 3  MAINS 2022 

GENERAL STUDIES

1. Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects ? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10

2. Is inclusive growth possible under market economy ? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10

3. What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India ? How can it be made effective and transparent ? (Answer in 150 words) 10

4. Elaborate the scope and significance of the food processing industry in India. (Answer in 150 words) 10

5. The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them ? (Answer in 150 words) 10

6. Each year a large amount of plant material, cellulose, is deposited on the surface of Planet Earth. What are the natural processes this cellulose undergoes before yielding carbon dioxide, water and other end products ? (Answer in 150 words) 10

7. Discuss in detail the photochemical smog emphasizing its formation, effects and mitigation. Explain the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol.  (Answer in 150 words) 10

8. Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10

9. Discuss the types of organised crimes. Describe the linkages between terrorists and organised crime that exist at the national and transnational levels. (Answer in 150 words) 10

10. What are the maritime security challenges in India ? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve the maritime security. (Answer in 150 words) 10

11. Economic growth in the recent past has been led by increase in labour activity.” Explain this statement. Suggest the growth pattern that will lead to creation of more jobs without compromising labour productivity. (Answer in 250 words) 15

12. Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030 ? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective ? Explain. (Answer in 250 words) 15

13. What are the main bottlenecks in upstream and downstream process of marketing of agricultural products in India ? (Answer in 250 words) 15

14. What is Integrated Farming System ? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India ? (Answer in 250 words) 15

15. Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes ? What are the key goals of this mission ? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (Answer in 250 words) 15

16. What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines ? (Answer in 250 words) 15

17. Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (Answer in 250 words) 15

18. Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard ? (Answer in 250 words) 15

19. What are the different elements of cyber security ? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (Answer in 250 words) 15

20. Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues gest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (Answer in 250 words) 15

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